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7/23/2019 Re-Imagining Mary: A Journey Through Art to the Feminine Self http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/re-imagining-mary-a-journey-through-art-to-the-feminine-self 1/56 f"KbhnKcKcn bhY{ 

Re-Imagining Mary: A Journey Through Art to the Feminine Self

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Y f"KbhnKcKcn bhY{ 

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Oyjfy zdkw iooe myob

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 9

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fcj hcj b{zd “ll kc#‒ Zdf ~oyj —b{zd‛ gobfw yob zdf hcgkfcz

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Wobf o zdfwf “~kcjo~w‒ ~ovlj f}fczvhll{ opfc oy bf kczo

ozdfy kbhnfw o Bhy{, hw ]kynkc Bozdfy, Ilhge Bhjocch, hcj^kwjob Wopdkh# Ivz, hz zdhz bobfcz jo~c kc b{ ihwfbfcz

wzvj{, K ~hw ghpzk}hzfj ocl{ i{ zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc# K locnfj zo

wff ozdfy hyzkwzw‛ }fywkocw o zdf wgfcf# Kc Bklhc, Hyfqqo oy Mloy"

fcgf, K whz kc gdvygdfw avwz looekcn hz wgvlpzvyfw hcj yfwgofw# Kc

bvwfvbw, K bhy}flfj hz zdf cvbify o hyzkwzw ~do dhj phkczfj

zdf wgfcf ~kzd wvgd jfpzd, jflkghg{ hcj po~fy# Co~ zdfwf kb"

hnfw o Bhy{, bhwzfypkfgfw yob hcozdfy hnf, wzkyyfj wobfzdkcn

}kzhl ~kzdkc bf# ^ykzkcn zdfwf phnfw dflpfj h~hefc bf zo zdfky 

pfywochl hcj w{biolkg bfhckcn#

9 Wfbkchy cozfw i{ Jy# Ykgdhyj Chfnlf, Nvklj oy Pw{gdolonkghl Wzvj"kfw, Whc Myhcgkwgo, 8;;6# Kc Wz# Aodc‛w Nowpfl “Lonow‒ yffyw zo zdffzfychl ftkwzfcgf o zdf ^oyj# Wff hlwo Ehyfc Hybwzyocn, H Wdoyz Dkwzoy{ o B{zd, p# 78#

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H Aovycf{ Zdyovnd Hyz zo zdf Mfbkckcf Wfl  7

O}fy bhc{ {fhyw o ph{kcn hzzfczkoc zo kbhnfw yob b{

vcgocwgkovw kc jyfhbw hcj kc hyzkwzkg ~oyew, K ~hw ifnkcckcn zo

“wff‒ h goccfgzkoc ifz~ffc zdf kbhnf hcj b{wfl# K dhj eco~czdhz zdyovnd zdf dkwzoy{ o Gdykwzkhckz{ zdfyf dh}f iffc z~o

~h{w o kczfypyfzkcn kbhnfw oy w{biolw1 zdf dkwzoykghl hcj zdf

pofzkg oy kbhnkchzk}f# K dhj iffc ftpowfj zo zdf dkwzoykghl oy 

lkzfyhl# Co~ K ifnhc zo yfhlkqf zdhz zdf z~o hyf coz bvzvhll{

ftglvwk}f# Fhyl{ Gdykwzkhcw docoyfj iozd hppyohgdfw ivz zdf

dkwzoykghl hcj lkzfyhl nyhjvhll{ zooe pyfgfjfcgf# Kc zdkw }kf~

zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc kw wobfzdkcn zdhz dhppfcfj kc zdf phwz# Kc

zdf pofzkg oy b{zdkg hppyohgd, ~f hyf coz wo bvgd }kf~kcn hc

kbhnf hw ftpfykfcgkcn kz# B{ pfywochl ftpfykfcgf hcj b{ wzvj{

o Avcn ~ovlj opfc bf zo wff zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc coz hw dkwzoy{,

ivz hw wobfzdkcn dhppfckcn co~#7 Zhefc kc zdkw ~h{, zdf kb"

hnf yfmfgzw wobfzdkcn ~kzdkc bf# Lkef h jyfhb, zdf kbhnf kw 

dhppfckcn ~kzdkc#

Gfyzhkcl{ zdkw kw coz cf~, oy b{wzkgw o f}fy{ yflknkovw zyhjk"

zkoc hyf “wffyw#‒ Hcj zdf fhyl{ Gdykwzkhc Ncowzkgw }hlvfj zdfkccfy eco~lfjnf o Noj, ivz zdf{ ~fyf yfnhyjfj hw dfyfzkgw#

Zdf zdkyzffczd gfczvy{ Jobkckghc Bfkwzfy Fgedhyz wvfyfj h

wkbklhy hzf oy ftpyfwwkcn dkw iflkfw zdhz Noj hcj zdf wovl hyf

wobfdo~ vckzfj# Ocf o Fgedhyz‛w h}oykzf wh{kcnw ovcj kc dkw

wfybocw kw zdhz zdf Jk}kcf Ikyzd kw hl~h{w dhppfckcn# K kz jofw

coz dhppfc ~kzdkc ovy wovl, o ~dhz }hlvf kw kz? Zdkw kcwkndz ~f

cj fgdofj kc zdf ~ykzkcnw o Hcnflvw Wklfwkvw, h wf}fczffczdgfczvy{ b{wzkg, wpfhekcn o zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc1

K i{ Noj‛w Dol{ Ndowz zdov hyz ifnvklfj,

Zdfyf ~kll if ioyc kc zdff zdf Fzfychl Gdklj#

K kz‛w lkef Bhy{, }kynkchl hcj pvyf

Zdfc Noj ~kll kbpyfnchzf {ovy wovl oy wvyf#

Noj bhef bf pyfnchcz, hcj dkw Wpkykz wdhjo~ bf,

Zdhz Noj bh{ ykwf vp kc b{ wovl hcj wdhzzfy bf#

^dhz nooj jofw Nhiykfl‛w —H}f, Bhy{‛ jo

Vclfww df nk}f bf zdhz whbf nyffzkcn zoo?:

7 Aowfpd Ghbpifll, Zdf B{zdkg Kbhnf, p# 64#: G#N# Avcn, B{wzfykvb Gockvcgzkockw, G^, ]ol# 8:, p# 78;#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ :

Dfyf zdf b{wzkg phyz o vw goczhgzw zdhz kbhnkchl ~oylj zdhz

pdklowopdfy Dfcy{ Goyikc jfwgykifw hw h ~oylj ifz~ffc zdf wfc"

woy{ hcj zdf wpkykzvhl, avwz hw yfhl hw zdf ~oylj o wfcwf hcj kc"zfllfgz# Kc zdkw kbhnkchl ~oylj wobfzdkcn zdhz kw coz vw “gobfw

zo vw hw hc —K‛ hcj hjjyfwwfw vw hw h —{ov‛#‒6 Ftpfykfcgkcn zdf

kbhnf zdvw pfywochll{ ghc kckzkhzf vw kczo lkf hlzfykcn gdhcnf#

Zdfolonkhc Phvl Zkllkgd jfwgykifw wvgd h gdhcnf# Hzfy wpfcj"

kcn {fhyw kc zdf zyfcgdfw jvykcn ^oylj ^hy K, df ovcj dkbwfl 

ocf jh{ kc h Ifylkc Bvwfvb ~dfyf df ghbf vpoc h phkczkcn o 

zdf ]kynkc hcj Gdklj i{ Whcjyo Iozzkgfllk# Df ~ykzfw1

Zdf bobfcz dhw hfgzfj b{ ~dolf lkf, nk}fc bf zdf ef{w oy 

zdf kczfypyfzhzkoc o dvbhc ftkwzfcgf, iyovndz }kzhl ao{ hcj

wpkykzvhl zyvzd# K gobphyf kz zo ~dhz kw vwvhll{ ghllfj yf}flh"

zkoc kc zdf lhcnvhnf o yflknkoc#=

Zkllkgd‛w ftpfykfcgf wpfhew zo zdf po~fy o kbhnf# Bhc{ pfoplf

dh}f wvgd ftpfykfcgfw zdovnd zdf{ bh{ cf}fy hyzkgvlhzf do~

oy kc ~dhz bfhwvyf zdf kbhnf gdhcnfj zdfb#

Bffzkcn Bhy{ kc Myh Hcnflkgo‛w Hccvcgkhzkoc aolzfj bf kczo

hggfpzkcn, hz lfhwz bobfczhykl{, zdhz Nhiykfl‛w “H}f‒ ~hw hj"

jyfwwfj zo bf, zoo# H cvbkcovw pyfwfcgf dhj “nyhgfj‒ bf# Dhj

K cf}fy ftpfykfcgfj Noj‛w pyfwfcgf ifoyf? K flz zdhz K dhj# Ivz

zdkw pw{gdkg/yflknkovw f}fcz opfcfj hcozdfy lh{fy o “jfwgfcz‒

zo wfl hcj Wfl, $Avcn‛w ftpyfwwkoc oy zdf Noj"kbhnf ~kzdkc

vw+# K yfhlkqf zdhz b{ fbozkochl yfwpocwf zo zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc

kbhnf kc zdhz Qüykgd ihwfbfcz ghyykfj ~kzd kz zdf wffjw o vy"zdfy ftployhzkoc kczo jffpfy yfhlbw# B{ wovl “wpoef‒ h~hefc"

6 Hcc Ifloyj Vlhco}, Zdf Dfhlkcn Kbhnkchzkoc1 Zdf Bffzkcn o Pw{gdfhcj Wovl , p# 7>#

= Xvozfj i{ Bhygvw I# Ivyef, “^d{ Hyz cffjw Yflknkoc, ^d{ Yflknkoccffjw zdf Hyzw,‒ kc Fch Nkvyfwgv Dfllfy, fj#, Yflvgzhcz Phyzcfyw, Hyz hcj  Yflknkoc kc Jkhlonvf, p# 8:4# Yffyykcn zo zdf po~fy o hyz, Avc"nkhc hchl{wz Jochlj Ehlwgdfj xvozfw Bkgdhfl Fknfc1 “Hz zkbfw, hyzoy lkzfyhzvyf iykcnw zdf hnoc{"fgwzhw{ o lkf zonfzdfy kc h pkcchglfo bobfczhy{ zykvbpd# Nooj pofbw hyf zkbf pfllfzw, ofykcn plhgfwzo lk}f fbozkochl zyhcwoybhzkocw o}fy lkfzkbfw# Zdfyf hyf bobfczwo pyogfwwkcn, pvlwhzkocw zdhz bhef lkf bfhckcnvl, hw ~fll hw b{w"zfykovw# Ivz K zdkce zdfwf hfwzdfzkg hcj yflknkovw pyojvgzw nhkc phyzo zdfky po~fy yob hll zdf bobfczw o iyfhejo~c zdhz ~fcz kczozdfb#‒ Zdf Kccfy ^oylj o Zyhvbh, p# 89=#

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H Aovycf{ Zdyovnd Hyz zo zdf Mfbkckcf Wfl  6

kcn bf zo h lkf if{ocj zdf chyyo~ iovcjhykfw o zykif, hbkl{

hcj Gdvygd# B{ gdkljdooj yflknkovw hkzd wfy}fj bf i{ llkcn

h cffj oy hwwvyhcgf hcj wfgvykz{# Hw h {ovcn hjvlz K dhj lk}fjzdf yknoyw hcj ifhvzkfw o lkf kc h glokwzfy1 kzw wklfcgf, jkwgkplkcf,

~oye, wfy}kgf hcj pyh{fy# [fz K wfcwfj hz zkbfw zdhz K ecf~ cozd"

kcn o Noj hcj lfww o b{wfl( K ~hw bhzvykcn, ifgobkcn boyf

gocwgkovw#

Hc kbpoyzhcz hwpfgz o zdkw bhzvykcn ~hw wfcwkcn Noj kc

zdf jfpzd o b{ wovl# Avcn‛w zdfoykfw dflpfj bf dfyf, ivz oy 

bhc{ {fhyw yfbhkcfj kczfllfgzvhl kcwkndzw yhzdfy zdhc ftpfyk"

fcgfj yfhlkzkfw# Avcn ghllfj zdf jffpfy jkbfcwkoc o f}fy{ dv"

bhc ifkcn “h pozfczkhl ~oylj, zdf fzfychl Nyovcj o hll fbpkyk"

ghl ifkcn#‒> O nyfhz kbpoyzhcgf kc Avcn‛w jf}flopbfcz hcj zdf

oybvlhzkoc o dkw zdfoykfw ~hw dkw jyfhb o h z~o wzoykfj dovwf

yfgovczfj kc dkw hvzoikonyhpd{, Bfboykfw, Jyfhbw, Yffgzkocw #

Zdf jyfhbfy jfwgfcjw yob zdf zop mooy vyckwdfj kc yogogo

wz{lf# Fhgd mooy yf}fhlw oljfy vyckwdkcnw, zdf cftz lo~fy looew

bfjkf}hl# H dfh}{ jooy opfcw ovz zo h wzocf wzhky~h{ lfhjkcnzo h gfllhy# Dfyf zdf jyfhbfy jkwgo}fyw h mooy o wzocf"iloge

wffbkcnl{ yob Yobhc zkbfw# Jfwgfcjkcn zo h wzkll jffpfy lf}"

fl, zdf jyfhbfy jkwgo}fyw h f~ wevllw hcj iyoefc pozzfy{ zdhz

wffbfj zo yfpyfwfcz pyf"dkwzoykg zkbfw#

^dhz hc kbpyfwwkoc zdkw jyfhb bhjf oc dkb( Govlj zdfwf

bhc{ lh{fyw yffy zo zdf pw{gdf? Avcn ifnhc zo wzvj{ hygdf"

olon{ hcj ~oylj b{zdolonkfw hcj w{biolw# Hw h pw{gdkhzykwz~oyekcn ~kzd zdf bfczhll{ kll hcj hw h pw{gdohchl{wz kc pyk}hzf

pyhgzkgf, df ifnhc zo cozf wkbklhykzkfw o kbhnfw kc jyfhbw hcj

hczhwkfw# Df kczfypyfzfj zdkw zo bfhc zdhz kc ovy wovl‛w jfpzdw

zdfyf ftkwzw h lh{fy gobboc zo fhgd dvbhc ifkcn goczhkc"

kcn yfbchczw o do~ ovy fhyl{ hcgfwzoyw ftpfykfcgfj lkf# Zdf

pw{gdkg “oynhcw‒ oc zdkw lf}fl df ghllfj hygdfz{pfw, fcfynfzkg

pyfwfcgfw “fcnyh}fj‒ oc zdf wovl# Zdfwf hyf pyfjkwpowkzkocw zoyfwpocj kc gfyzhkc ~h{w zo lkf wkzvhzkocw# Wvyfl{ zdfwf kcwzkcgzw

hyf wzkyyfj ~dfc ~f hll kc lo}f, ~dfc ~f ~kzcfww h ikyzd oy h

jfhzd# ^f hyf “bo}fj#‒

> B{wzfykvb Gockvcgzkockw , G^ 8:, p# 67:#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ =

Hz zdfwf jfpzdw ~f hyf ocf dvbhc hbkl{# Zdkw kw zdf ~oylj

o Ocfcfww ~dkgd Avcn kczvkzfj hw fbkckcf, hw kcftdhvwzkilf

fgvcjkz{# Pykfwz zdfolonkhc Aodc Jovylf{ ~ykzfw zdhz, i{ kbplk"ghzkoc zdkw wovl oy “bhzykt‒ ghc if ghllfj zdf Nyfhz Bozdfy, zdf 

Nojjfww# Moy “kc dfy cvbkcovw oyb kz kw wdf ~do gyfhzfw, jf"

wzyo{w hcj yfcf~w dvbhc gocwgkovwcfww, hcj ~do wdhpfw zdf

nyovcj bo}fbfcz o dvbhc dkwzoy{, pfywochl hcj gollfgzk}f,

kc dfy foyzw zo ifgobf f}fy boyf vll{ kcghychzf kc kz#‒4

W{biolkghll{ wpfhekcn zdkw “Nyovcj‒ kw fbkckcf, f}fy yf"

cf~kcn# Zdkw “bhzykt‒ kw kbhnflfww, ivz wdf kw w{biolkqfj hw

Nyfhz Bozdfy, ogfhc, chzvyf oy wovl# ^dhz xvhlkzkfw jo ~f

hzzykivzf zo zdf “fbkckcf?‒ Kc ovy jhkl{ lkf ~f jfwgykif ovy 

fbkckcf chzvyf hw gyfhzk}f, fyzklf, ghykcn hcj lo}kcn# Mfbk"

ckcf po~fy hgzw yob gobphwwkoc5 kz kw yfgfpzk}f coz goczyol"

lkcn, {fz zdkw po~fy, ~dfc kz kw coz yfwpfgzfj, dhw h jfwzyvgzk}f

wkjf# Bozdfy Chzvyf ghc no oc h yhbphnf kcmkgzkcn wvfykcn

hcj jfhzd# Jofw wdf zhef yf}fcnf ~dfc wdf kw kncoyfj? Hcozdfy 

wkjf o zdkw jfwzyvgzk}f po~fy hppfhyw hw yfnfcfyhzk}f# Lkef zdfbooc, zdf oljfwz w{biol oy zdf hygdfz{phl Mfbkckcf, fyzklkz{,

ikyzd, jfhzd hcj yfikyzd hyf bkyyoyfj kc dfy ~htkcn hcj ~hc"

kcn g{glfw# Zdf Mfbkckcf ozfc jfwzyo{w olj oybw zo bhef wphgf

oy wobfzdkcn cf~#

Kw kz zdkw wzkyykcn o zdf cf~ zdhz zdf fbkckcf wpkykz kw h~he"

fckcn kc ovy wfhygd oy cf~ wpkykzvhlkzkfw? Jofw zdkw bfhc h

yfgo}fy{ hcj yf}kzhlkqhzkoc o zdf nyfhz pw{gdkg zyvzdw, zdfb{zdkg kbhnfw o ovy yflknkovw zyhjkzkocw? K iflkf}f wo# Zdf kb"

hnf o Bhy{ hw Jk}kcf Mfbkckcf goczkcvfw zo kcwpkyf bkllkocw hw

h Nojjfww nvyf, w{biol o avwzkgf hcj lkifyhzkoc o zdf pooy,

gobphwwkochzf Bozdfy hcj ^kwjob# Zdf dkwzoykghl Bhy{ cffjw

zo if yfgo}fyfj yob h }kf~ zdhz wffw dfy hw bffe, ~fhe hcj

zozhll{ wvibkwwk}f zo bhlf hvzdoykz{ yhzdfy zdhc zo dfy kccfy 

fbkckcf hvzdoykz{#Kc dfy iooe, Kc Wfhygd o Bhy{, Ghzdolkg ~ykzfy Whll{ Gvccffc

pokczw zo zdkw iyohjfy hppyohgd zo Bhy{1

4 Aodc P# Jovylf{, Zdf Nojjfww, Bozdfy o zdf Zykckz{1 H Avcnkhc Kbplkgh"zkoc, pp# :=":>#

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H Aovycf{ Zdyovnd Hyz zo zdf Mfbkckcf Wfl  >

Kc looekcn oy Bhy{ ~f hyf looekcn oy ovywfl}fw… Bhy{ kw coz

ftglvwk}fl{ Ghzdolkg oy Af~kwd, ^fwzfyc oy Fhwzfyc, ivz h wknc

o ~dhz bfc hcj ~obfc ghc if ~dfc zdf{ phyzkgkphzf kc zdf

ocnokcn b{wzfy{ zdhz lkcew zdf jk}kcf zo hll zdhz kw#;

Kz kw zdhz b{wzfy{ zdhz K ~hcz zo ftployf kc zdfwf phnfw hw K yf"

kbhnkcf jfpkgzkocw o Bhy{#

K hppyohgd zdfb hw lkf nk}kcn hcj wzyfcnzdfckcn kbhnfw,

oy zdf bhwzfy hyzkwzw gyfhzf yob zdf vcgocwgkovw jfpzdw hcj

~f bffz zdhz jfpzd ~kzdkc ovywfl}fw# Zdvw, zdyovndovz zdkw

~oye, K ~kll if wdkzkcn yob zdf ovzfy kbhnf oy phkczkcn zo

zdf kccfy Wovygf, zdf pw{gdf, ~dkgd, ifghvwf o kzw lkbkzlfww f"

gvcjkz{, Avcn chbfj Bhzfychl# Avcnkhc hchl{wz Aodc Jovylf{

~ykzfw zdhz kz kw zdf yfgo}fy{ o zdkw kccfy jfpzd, docoykcn kz hw

zdf Nyfhz Mfbkckcf Wovygf o Hll, ~dkgd wh}fw vw yob lk}kcn

wdhllo~ hcj kchvzdfczkg lk}fw# Zdkw yfgo}fy{ “ghllw oy h cf~

wpkykzvhlkz{ $hw h+ yf"yoozkcn o zdf bojfyc wovl kc kzw chzk}f

jk}kckz{#‒80 Avcn dhw jfwgykifj ovy goczfbpoyhy{ yoozlfwwcfww

hw ocf"wkjfjl{ kczfllfgzvhl1

Ivz gocwgkovwcfww, goczkcvhll{ kc jhcnfy o ifkcn lfhj hwzyh{

i{ kzw o~c lkndz o ifgobkcn h yoozlfww ~kll o‛ zdf ~kwp, locnw

oy zdf dfhlkcn po~fy o chzvyf, oy zdf jffp ~fllw o ifkcn

hcj oy vcgocwgkovw gobbvckoc ~kzd lkf kc hll kzw govczlfww

oybw#88

Moy ~dfc ~f ifgobf yoozlfww, ~f lowf ovy ~h{#

Gfyzhkcl{ K ~hw “lowkcn b{ ~h{‒ ~dfc K ~fcz zo Qüykgd#^dhz ~hw K wfhygdkcn oy k coz oy b{ “yoozw,‒ zdf goccfgzkoc

; Whll{ Gvccffc, Kc Wfhygd o Bhy{1 zdf ^obhc hcj zdf W{biol , p# 9:#Kbplkfj dfyf kw Bhy{ yfnhyjfj coz ocl{ hw dkwzoykghl ivz hw hygdf"z{phl $zdhz kw, wdf ghyykfw zdf fcfynkfw o zdf Nyfhz Mfbkckcf, zdfhygdfz{phl Nyfhz Bozdfy#+ Wff Ihykcn hcj Ghwdoyj, Zdf B{zd o zdfNojjfww , pp# 66:"6# Hlwo wff Hcjyf~ Nyfflf{, Zdf Bhy{ B{zd#

80 Aodc P# Jovylf{, H Wzyhzfn{ oy h Loww o Mhkzd1 Avcn‛w Pyopowhl , p# ;:#Zdkw kw h dfyfzkghl wzhzfbfcz zo zdowf oy ~dob yflknkoc kw yf}fhlfji{ h zyhcwgfcjfcz Noj ~do jfwgfcjw kczo dkwzoy{# Moy Avcn h Noj~do ~hczw zo if wo kczkbhzfl{ vckzfj ~kzd zdf wovl ghccoz if zo"zhll{ “Ozdfy#‒ Avcn wvnnfwzfj zdhz hc{ocf ~do jovizw zdhz Noj kwkc zdf pw{gdf, zdf oyknkc o ovy bfzhpd{wkghl kjfhw hcj oynhckqfjyflknkocw, wdovlj “zhef h yfmfgzk}f zovy zdyovnd h lvchzkg hw{lvb#‒$Zdf W{biolkg Lkf, G ,̂ ]ol# 84, phy 860=#+

88 W{biolw o Zyhcwoybhzkoc, G^, ]ol# 6, p# 906#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 4

zo b{ zyvf wpkykz? Hyf coz ovy yflknkovw kcwzkzvzkocw bfhcz zo if

gocjvkzw o zdf Wpkykz, fchilkcn vw zo yfgonckqf zdf kcghychzkcn

Noj ~kzdkc? ^dfc zdf{ hkl zo jo zdkw, ~f ffl ~fhy{, dvcny{,jkwoykfczfj# F}fc zdf docoyfj nyfhz kbhnfw hcj ykzvhlw wffb

zo nyo~ wzfyklf# Hcj {fz zdf Wpkykz kw pyfwfcz, hcj ozfc, ~dklf

bfjkzhzkcn oc h ~fll"eco~c kbhnf, K ffl zdhz Wdf kbphyzw h

cf~ fcfyn{, yfh~hefckcn wobfzdkcn “jfhj‒ oy “wlffpkcn‒ kc

b{ wovl# Pfydhpw kc }kf~kcn zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc kbhnf K flz h

cf~ powwkiklkz{, hc ftpfgzhzkoc zdhz cf~ fcfyn{ ~ovlj bkyhgvlovwl{ 

~fll vp yob ~kzdkc#

K ~ocjfy do~ ~obfc ~do dh}f iffc jyh~c zo zdkw kbhnf

ghc fczfy kczo kz wo zdhz kz {kfljw kzw zyfhwvyfw oy fhgd o vw pfy"

wochll{# Do~ ghc ~f yfwochzf zo zdf kbhnf hw h bkyyoy o ovy 

lkf ftpfykfcgf? Hcj h ef{ xvfwzkoc oy fhgd o vw, do~ ghc ~f

yff ovywfl}fw zo yfkbhnkcf zdf kbhnf, ~fh}kcn h wzoy{ boyf

kc zvcf ~kzd ~do ~f hyf? Do~ ghc zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc h~hefc

vw zo ovywfl}fw vll{ dvbhc, bhjf kc Noj‛w kbhnf, “zfbplfw‒

o Noj, iflo}fj o Noj, lo}kcn ovy wfl ? K ifnhc zo wff zdhz yf"kbhnkckcn yflknkovw kbhnfw ftphcjw hcj fcykgdfw vw, yflfhwkcn

lkf"nk}kcn ~hzfy zo xvfcgd ovy wovl"zdkywz, jffpfckcn ovy hkzd

kc zdf wpkykz lk}kcn ~kzdkc vw#

B{ yfmfgzkoc oc zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc kbhnf lfj bf vyzdfy kczo

zdf b{wzfy{ o Noj hcj zdf cffj oy hc fpkpdhc{ o zdf Jk}kcf

Mfbkckcf hw h bkyyoy o b{wfl hw ~obhc# ^kzd co “whgyfj‒ f"

bhlf kbhnf do~ ghc ~obfc hcj bfc yflhzf ~kzdkc zdfbwfl}fwzo jkbfcwkocw o zdf hygdfz{phl fbkckcf?89 Bhy{ hw Bozdfy 

hcj ^kwjob ifnhc zo ll zdkw cffj oy bf# K ifnhc zo ffl zdhz

kc wpkzf o h bhlf jobkchzfj gdvygd, zdf zyhjkzkochl Gdykwzkhc

w{biolw hcj kbhnfw lkef zdf Jk}kcf Gdklj oy wgvlpzvyfw o zdf

Ilhge Bhjocch ghc if bkcfj hw zyfhwvyfw, oy ~f kcdfykz zdfb

yob zdf nyfhz hcgfwzyhl Wovl# “^dfc zyvl{ hygdfz{phl bozkw

hcj nvyfw o zyhjkzkoc gfhwf zo if zdf oiafgzw o zdf jf}ozkoc zo~dkgd zdf{ dh}f iffc hzzhgdfj oy gfczvykfw, zdf hzfynlo~ ghc

89 Flkqhifzd H# Aodcwoc, Wdf ^do Kw1 Zdf B{wzfy{ o Noj kc Mfbkckwz Zdfolonkghl  Jkwgovywf, pp# =8">6# Wff hlwo Fj~hyj Wgdkllfiffget, Bhy{,Bozdfy o zdf Yfjfbpzkoc, pp# 808"94# Zdf hvzdoy wvnnfwzw zdhz bh"zfychl xvhlkzkfw o Noj cffj zo cj ftpyfwwkoc kc zdf nvyf o h~obhc, hcj zdhz Bhy{ hw phyzcfy zo Afwvw yfmfgzw zdhz jkbfcwkoc#

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H Aovycf{ Zdyovnd Hyz zo zdf Mfbkckcf Wfl  ;

wobfzkbfw wffb f}fc iykndzfy zdhc zdf nlo~#‒87 Yfkbhnkckcn

hcj lk}kcn yob zdfwf fcfynkfw knckzfw dopf kc h wh}kcn po~fy 

~kzdkc vw, “hc hzfynlo~‒ zdhz cf}fy jkbkckwdfw#Kc zdkw “hzfynlo~‒ K dh}f ftpfykfcgfj bobfczw ~dfc zdf

dkwzoykghl Bhy{ hcj zdf b{zdkg oy Gowbkg Bhy{ “ghbf zo"

nfzdfy‒ hw K pocjfyfj zdf Bhykhc kbhnfw o Myh Hcnflkgo, Pkfyo

jfllh Myhcgfwgh hcj Myfjfykge Myhcge# Goczfbplhzkcn zdf Ilhge

Bhjocch, K ifnhc zo wfcwf h gyfhzk}f fbkckcf Wpkykz, coz hi"

wzyhgz hcj “hio}f‒ ivz fhyzd{, cfhy hcj bozdfykcn# B{ hzzyhg"

zkoc zo zdf dkwzoykghl Bhy{ lh{ kc dfy hkzd, dfy govyhnf, hcj

dfy wzyfcnzd# Hw h w{biol, hw zdf Gowbkg Bhy{, wdf yfpyfwfczw

zdf Nyfhz Mfbkckcf, zdf Jk}kcf Mfbkckcf fcfynkfw zdhz K locn

zo goccfgz ~kzd vcjfy dfy zkzlfw1 Xvffc o Dfh}fc, Bkyyoy o 

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Ocf kw h yfmfgzkoc oc zdf kbhnf hcj h pw{gdolonkghl hbplk"

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ftphcj ovy wfl"eco~lfjnf hcj pfywochlkqf zdf kbhnf# Zdf

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cfww#

B{ Qüykgd ftpfykfcgf lfj bf zo ftployf ozdfy kbhnfw o zdfHccvcgkhzkoc hcj K wzkll fcao{ jkwgo}fykcn cf~ ftpyfwwkocw o 

zdkw wgfcf kc iooew, bvwfvbw hcj gdvygdfw# Kc Gdhpzfy Z~o, h

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{ov zojh{#

87 Ahyowlh} Pflkehc, Bhy{ zdyovnd zdf Gfczvykfw1 Dfy Plhgf kc Dkwzoy{ o Gvlzvyf, p# 8=6#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 80

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gkhzkoc kbhnf$w+ lfj bf zo zdf yfgo}fy{ o Bhy{ coz ocl{ hwBozdfy o Noj, h zkzlf yob zdf Avjfo"Gdykwzkhc zyhjkzkoc, ivz

zo Bozdfy Noj, h zkzlf yfhgdkcn ihge zo hc hcgkfcz locnkcn oy 

h Mfbhlf Jk}kckz{# Kc ~fwzfyc Gdykwzkhckz{ zdkw Bhy{ ifhyw zdf

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Mfbhlf kbhnfw o Noj hcj Nojjfww# Zdfwf zkzlfw kcglvjf Bhy{

hw Woyyo~vl Ocf hcj hw Pykboyjkhl Bozdfy# Yfgo}fykcn Bhy{

iozd hw lkndz hcj jhye Bhjocch plh{w h gyvgkhl yolf kc dvbhc"

kz{‛w wfhygd oy h jk}kckz{ ~do yfmfgzw wovl#

Kc Gdhpzfy Movy, “Kbhnkcn Bhy{ hw Zfbplf‒ zdf zfbplf bo"

zk kw ftployfj hw zdf wdflzfykcn Nyfhz Bozdfy# Pkfyo jfllh Myhcg"

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hzfw hcj “pyozfgzw‒ zdf b{wzfy{ o ovy gobboc Oyknkc# Myhcge‛w

kcwpkyhzkoc oy dkw wgvlpzvyf o Bhy{ $~dkgd df ghllfj hc kgoc+kw zdf Ivjjdkwz eohc, “^dhz kw {ovy oyknkchl hgf ifoyf {ov

~fyf ioyc?‒

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jyfhb ghc vcolj o}fy {fhyw ~kzd iozd pfywochl hcj gollfgzk}f

bfhckcnw# Zdf bfwwhnf kc b{ “wzocf‒ jyfhb kw zdhz gollfgzk}f

hcj pfywochl ~ovcjkcn kc zdf fbkckcf ghc if dfhlfj zdyovnd

h jkwgo}fy{ o ovy jk}kcf/dvbhccfww# Zdf jyfhb jo}fzhklw ~kzdbvlzkplf lf}flw o hyz hw kz yf}fhlw h nvkjkcn wpkykz ~kzdkc, zdf

Wfl#

Kc zdf Gojh, “Yfgo}fykcn ovy Wpkykzvhlkz{,‒ K yfzvyc zo wobf

xvfwzkocw yhkwfj kc zdkw iooe1 ^dhz kw wpkykzvhlkz{? ^dhz jofw

kz bfhc zo nyo~ wpkykzvhll{ hcj pw{gdolonkghll{ glowfy zo zdf

Mfbkckcf Wfl? Do~ ghc ~f ifnkc zo wff zdf “ovzfy‒ kbhnf hw

h bhckfwzhzkoc, h pyoafgzkoc o zdf pw{gdf? Ghc ~f if gdhl"lfcnfj i{ ifkcn “ifz~ktz hcj ifz~ffc‒ h bhlf jobkchzfj

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jfpzd pw{gdolonkghl hppyohgd zo zdf Bhykhc b{wzfy{ hcj zo

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H Aovycf{ Zdyovnd Hyz zo zdf Mfbkckcf Wfl  88

zdf Mfbkckcf Wfl ~kzdkc vw? ^kll ~f hcw~fy zdf ghll o zdf b{w"

zkg ~kzdkc vw? K wo, do~ ~kll ~f if gdhcnfj?

Hyzkwzw plvbi zdf jfpzdw o wovl ~dkgd Avcn ghllw zdf gol"lfgzk}f vcgocwgkovw, zdf kcdfykzhcgf o ovy hcgfwzoyw‛ pw{gdkg

yfwpocwfw zo lkf‛w jyhbh# Kc zdkw wfcwf zdf hyzkwz kw pykfwz, bfjk"

hzkcn ifz~ffc vw hcj Noj# Zdf hyzkwz kczyojvgfw vw zo ovywfl}fw

i{ kc}kzkcn vw kczo zdf ~oylj o kbhnf# ^f bh{ fczfy zdkw ~oylj

zo goczfbplhzf iykfm{ oy hz lfcnzd# Wobf phkczkcnw kc}kzf vw

ihge o}fy hcj o}fy hnhkc hcj ~f yfzvyc, cf}fy zkykcn o zdfb#

Kz kw fwpfgkhll{ zdfwf zdhz lfhj vw if{ocj kbhnf zo zdf Nyfhz

B{wzfy{#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 89

Myh Hcnflkgo# Hccvcgkhzkoc $gh# 8:77+ Bvwfo Jkogfwhco, Goyzoch#

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f̂ wdovlj hppyohgd zdf oyknkchl phkczkcn hw k kz ~fyf “h ivyc"

kcn ivwd kc oyjfy zo yfgfk}f kzw hvyh,‒ ~ykzfw lkzfyhy{ dkwzoykhc

^hlzfy Ifcahbkc#8: Kc 8;;4 ~dfc K zyh}flfj zo Goyzoch, Kzhl{,

K fhnfyl{ hczkgkphzfj ftpfykfcgkcn zdf “hvyh‒ o Myh Hcnflkgo‛w

bhwzfypkfgf# Dfyf kc zdkw lkzzlf zo~c coz hy yob Mloyfcgf, o}fy"

looekcn zdf lvwd Zvwghc govczy{wkjf, K ghbf glowfy zo wffkcn

zdhz zdf kbhnf kw zo if hfwzdfzkghll{ fcao{fj hcj zyfhwvyfj# Hcj

vyzdfy, kz kw coz wo bvgd zo if ftplhkcfj hw zo if lk}fj, zdhz kw,

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hcj ovy o~c bffz kc h ]kynkc‛w “Mkhz,‒ fbpo~fykcn vw iozd#

^dklf hz Goyzoch, K ihwefj kc zdf ifhvz{ o chzvyf hcj kc Myh

Hcnflkgo‛w phkczkcn# Zo zdkw jh{ b{ bvwkcnw oc zdf Hccvcgkh"

zkoc hcj b{ jflkndz kc zdf Kzhlkhc lhcjwghpf yfbhkc yfwd kc

b{ bfboy{#

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zo if h bochwzfy{# Vpoc kcwpfgzkoc K jkwgo}fyfj coz h bochw"

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~hllw# Fhgd nyh}f ~hw jfgoyhzfj ~kzd goloyvl mo~fyw zdhz hlzo"

8: ^hlzfy Ifcahbkc, Kllvbkchzkocw , p# 99:#

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^f cffj zo no jo~c kczo ovywfl}fw zo mcj zdf bfhckcn o zdf hy"

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iflkf zhefw zdf plhgf o ovy o~c gyfhzk}kz{… ~f jfpyk}f ovywfl}fw 

o… zdhz ~dkgd ~hczw zo if ioyc kc vw#

‚Flkqhifzd Do~fw

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 8:

nfzdfy bhjf vp ocf nknhczkg wpykcn nhyjfc# Ivklz kczo ocf wkjf

o h bhwwk}f ~hll ~fyf dvcjyfjw o yfgfpzhglfw oy vycw, fhgd

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zdf xvkfz dkllwkjf#

Zdhz hzfycooc hw K hppyohgdfj zdf lkzzlf bvwfvb zdhz

dovwfw zdf Myh Hcnflkgo Hccvcgkhzkoc K hnhkc ovcj zdkw bozk o 

jfhzd hcj yfikyzd# Oc h yopfj"o pfjfwzhl ifcfhzd zdf phkcz"

kcn wzhcjw hc kczykghzfl{ ghy}fj ogzhnochl bhyilf ihpzkwbhl

ocz# K ~hw yfbkcjfj o zdf pyf"Gdykwzkhc hlgdfbkghl w{biolkwb

zdhz zdyovnd kbbfywkoc kc ~hzfy $“jfhzd‒+ zdf cfopd{zf ykwfw

zo h cf~ lf}fl o lkf# Kc Gdykwzkhckz{ zdf cfopd{zf kw “gykwzkfj‒

hw gdklj o Noj# Hcj zdfyf hio}f zdf ihpzkwbhl ocz dhcnw zdf

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ovz~hyjl{, ocl{ kcwkjf# Zdf kbhnf wffbfj zo iyfhzdf lkf kczo

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Yf}kwkzkcn Myh Hcnflkgo‛w Hccvcgkhzkoc 86

ifhy gdkljyfc kc phkc# Oc fhyzd ~obfc ~fyf zo if wviafgz zo

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 84

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Yf}kwkzkcn Myh Hcnflkgo‛w Hccvcgkhzkoc 8;

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^obfc kc zdf Gdvygd,‒ kc ^fwzfyc Wpkykzvhlkz{1 Dkwzoykghl Yoozw, Fgv"bfckghl Yovzfw , p# 8:6# Bhzzdf~ Mot, fj#, Wff hlwo Ihykcn hcj Ghwd"oyj, Z df B{zd o zdf Nojjfww, p# =8:#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 99

Ihyzfl Iyv{c# Zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc $8=zd Gfczvy{+#

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Yf}kwkzkcn Myh Hcnflkgo‛w Hccvcgkhzkoc 97

kcn bf zo ykwe jkwoif{kcn wobf gollfgzk}f yvlfw zdhz wzkmf b{

lkf hcj wpkykz# Kc zdkw wpkykz K ffl ghllfj oc zo wlovnd o ~oyc

ovz hzzkzvjfw, kjfhw, iflkfw oy kbhnfw o Noj co locnfy }kiyhczwo zdhz K ghc dolj oc zo zdhz ~dkgd nk}fw lkf hcj powwkiklkz{ oy 

nyo~zd# Ozdfy~kwf iflkf zhefw zdf plhgf o pfywochl gyfhzk}kz{#

K lkef zo kbhnkcf F}f wzhyzlfj hcj fhyvl hz zdf hppyohgd o zdf

wfypfcz# Wdf fczfyw kczo jkhlonvf ftplhkckcn ~d{ wdf wdovlj

coz fhz o zdf oyikjjfc yvkz# Zdf wfypfcz vynfw# Wdf hcw~fyw,

“[fw‒ hcj dhwzfcw zo h~hefc Hjhb ~do fhzw# Hcj zdf{ jo coz

wvfy jfhzd hw [hd~fd pyfjkgzfj# Zdf{ wvfy zdf ~yfcgdkcn

ftpfykfcgf o jfphyzvyf kczo zdf vceco~c, h ikyzd# Kc zdf Hc"

cvcgkhzkoc, Bhy{ hlwo }fczvyfw kczo zdf vceco~c# Pw{gdolonk"

ghll{, Bhy{ hcj F}f wdhyf gobboc nyovcj#

Bhy{ hcj F}f

Bhy{ hcj F}f dh}f iffc }kf~fj hw wdhjo~ oppowkzfw, zdf jhye

hcj zdf lkndz, zdf kcwzkcgzvhl hcj zdf wpkykzvhl# Zdf Bfjkf}hl

b{wzkg Dkljfnhhyj o Ikcnfc kbhnkcfj Bhy{ hcj F}f hw Ocf#

Kc dfy }kf~ zdf Kcghychzkoc ~ovlj dh}f dhppfcfj yfnhyjlfww o 

F}f‛w jkwoifjkfcgf# Bhy{ hcj F}f hyf “gowbkg Zdfopdhckfw‒ o 

zdf fbkckcf ~dowf pvypowf kw zo bhckfwz Noj kc zdf ~oylj#9> 

Kc cvbfyovw Ncowzkg ~ykzkcnw F}f kw ghllfj zdf Bozdfy o hll zdf

Lk}kcn, zdf Pyo}oefy, zdf Ocf ~do ykwefj h “{fw‒ zo zdf wfypfcz#

F}f opfcw zdf ~h{ oy fhgd o vw zo jf}flop h~hyfcfww o ~dhz

kz kw zo if dvbhc# Wdf ftployfw hcj dfy gvykowkz{ lfhjw zo nyfhzfy 

gocwgkovwcfww# F}f‛w “{fw‒ zo zdf wfypfcz hcj Bhy{‛w “{fw‒ zo zdf

hcnfl yfpyfwfcz z~o hwpfgzw o zdf aovycf{ zo~hyj ~dolfcfww#

Bhc{ ~obfc hyf hggfpzkcn F}f"Bhy{ hw ftpyfwwkocw o zdf

~dolf fbkckcf# H cvbify o {fhyw hno fbkckwz dkwzoykhc Ihy"

ihyh Nykqqvzk Dhyykwoc ~yozf1

Bhy{ dhj cf}fy iffc gfczyhl zo b{ ~oywdkp# K dh}f iffc kc"

oyjkchzfl{ ocj o F}f5 kz ~hw wdf, b{ gobpyfdfcwkilf wkwzfy,

~do dhj plhczfj kc b{ ilooj hcj iocfw hcj mfwd h }hyk"

9> Gvccffc, Kc Wfhygd o Bhy{ , p# 8=:#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 9:

hilf dvbhc lo}f, zdf kczotkghzkoc o zdf ioj{# F}f‛w hll yob

nyhgf‚dfy yhjkghl gvykowkz{‚wfz kc bozkoc zdf ~dfflw o whl"

}hzkoc#94

W{biolkghll{ k ~f ghc wff Bhy{ hcj F}f hw z~o hwpfgzw o ocf

~obhc, ~f hyf gobkcn zo h wfcwf o ~do ~f hyf hw ~obfc#

Dhyykwoc wh{w zdhz F}f opfcfj zdf ~h{ zo whl}hzkoc zdyovnd

dfy gvykowkz{, dfy locnkcn oy “boyf,‒ hcj dfy govyhnf zo zhef

ykwew zo hgdkf}f kz# Zdkw “wfz kc bozkoc zdf ~dfflw o whl}hzkoc#‒

Whl}hzkoc bfhcw dfhlkcn, nfzzkcn ykj o ~dhz wzhcjw kc zdf ~h{

o ovy ifgobkcn vll{ dvbhc#

Kc dkw Hccvcgkhzkoc Myh Hcnflkgo ofyw hc kbhnkchzk}f pkg"

zvyf o do~ zdf Gdykwzkhc wzoy{ o whl}hzkoc ifnhc# Kz gobfw

zdyovnd Bhy{# ^f wff dfy hz zdf ykndz, hybw oljfj hgyoww dfy 

iyfhwz kc h nfwzvyf o dvbklkz{ hw wdf dfhyw zdf bfwwhnf zdhz,

zdovnd h }kynkc, wdf ~kll ifhy h gdklj chbfj Afwvw# ]kf~kcn zdf

Hccvcgkhzkoc hw pofzkg zyvzd‚ hw b{zd yhzdfy zdhc lonow‚~f

lfhyc zdhz zdf bfwwhnf o zdf cf~ ikyzd dhppfcw o}fy hcj o}fy 

hnhkc# Zdkw kw zdf phyhjot o b{zd ~dkgd kw hc ftpyfwwkoc o ovy jffpfwz wovl zyvzd# Nfyzyvj Bvfllfy Cflwoc ~ykzfw zdhz dfy 

}f {fhy olj jhvndzfy ~dfc kczfy}kf~fj oy fczfykcn ekcjfy"

nhyzfc ~hw hwefj ~dfzdfy dfy phyfczw yfhj dfy wzoykfw# “Od {fw,

b{ phph zfllw vw Pknnlf"^knnlf wzoykfw hcj b{ bozdfy yfhjw

vw Nyffe b{zdw#‒ “Yfhll{?‒ yfwpocjfj zdf kczfy}kf~fy# “^dhz

hyf b{zdw?‒ “Od‒, zdf gdklj hcw~fyfj hzfy h phvwf, “Zdf{ hyf

wzoykfw zdhz hyfc‛z zyvf oc zdf ovzwkjf# Ivz zdf{ hyf zyvf oc zdfkcwkjf(‒9; Gfyzhkcl{ h nooj fcovnd jfckzkoc#

B{zd glozdfw h b{wzfy{ wo pyoovcj zdhz ~f yfwpocj ~kzd ovy 

nvz hcj dfhyz, coz ~kzd ovy dfhj# Hz Gdykwzbhw zkbf ~do dhw

coz ftpfykfcgfj wzhcjkcn ifoyf zdf chzk}kz{ wgfcf zdf wzkyykcn

powwkiklkz{ o h cf~ ikyzd ~kzdkc, h yfwd wzhyz? Lkef zdf ~kczfy 

wolwzkgf hyyk}kcn fhgd {fhy hcj lkef zdf Gdykwzkhc lkzvynkghl wfh"

woc, ~f ftpfykfcgf zdf g{glkghl yd{zdb o wovl zkbf# Kc zdkw zkbfyfikyzd gobfw zdyovnd zdf ]kynkc co~#70 Zo vcjfywzhcj do~ zdf

94 Ihyihyh N# Dhyykwoc, “B{ F}f, B{ Bhy{,‒ Cf~w~ffe , Hvnvwz 96,8;;>, p# 6=#

9; Nfyzyvj B# Cflwoc, Dfyf Hll J~fll Myff1 Wzoykfw zo Dfhl zdf ^ovcjfj Mfbkckcf, p# 90#

70 Ghbpifll, Zdf B{zdkg Kbhnf, p# 64#

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Yf}kwkzkcn Myh Hcnflkgo‛w Hccvcgkhzkoc 96

~oyjw “}kynkc‒ hcj “}kynkc ikyzd‒ ~fyf vwfj kc h b{zdkg wfcwf,

kz kw dflpvl zo no ihge kc zkbf ~dfc pfoplf dhj h nyfhzfy ffl"

kcn oy zdf w{biolkg bfhckcnw hzzhgdfj zo zdf ~oyjw#

]kynkc

Moy fthbplf, zdf oyknkchl bfhckcn o “]kynkc‒ ~hw “^obi‒

oy “Bhzykt,‒ hcj hpplkfj zo zdf hcgkfcz ]kynkc Bozdfy Noj"

jfww# Kz ~hw iflkf}fj zdhz zdf ~oylj ghbf kczo ifkcn yob zdfwovygf o dfy kcftdhvwzkilf fyzklkz{# Zdf ]kynkc Nojjfww ~hw

~oywdkppfj hw zdf Wovygf o Lkf zdovnd wdf govlj hlwo iykcn

jfwzyvgzkoc# Ocf o zdfwf nojjfwwfw, Dhzdoy, ~hw ~oywdkppfj kc

Fn{pz hyovcj 8700 IG# Wdf ~hw ghllfj zdf Nojjfww o fyzklkqkcn

fcfyn{ ~do nh}f ikyzd zo zdf wvc hcj zdf fhyzd, ivz wdf ~hw

fhyfj oy iykcnkcn zdf ivyckcn dfhz o wvbbfy, jyhvndz hcj

jfhzd#78

O zdf cvbfyovw fthbplfw o zdf Bozdfy Nojjfww nk}"kcn ikyzd zo zdf ~oylj, ocf o zdf oljfwz jhzkcn zo 7000 IG kw zdf

nyfhz Kcjkhc Nojjfww Hjkzk# Wdf goczhkcfj zdf noj o Mkyf kc dfy 

~obi hw ~fll hw hll gyfhzkoc# Hll o~fj zdfky lkf zo dfy#

Zdf bvgd lo}fj Wvbfykhc hcj Ihi{lockhc Nojjfwwfw Kchc"

ch hcj Kwdzhy $:000 IG+ ~fyf ghllfj ]kynkc ifghvwf zdf{ pfy"

wockfj kcftdhvwzkilf fgvcjkz{ hcj yfnfcfyhzk}f po~fy# Wft"

vhl hzzyhgzkoc oc fhyzd ~hw zdf ftpyfwwkoc o zdkw po~fy# Aodc

Lh{hyj cozfw zdhz zdf Fn{pzkhc Nojjfww Kwdzhy ~hw gocwzhczl{

yffyyfj zo hw ]kynkc ivz wdf ~hw coz ftglvwk}fl{ zdf ~kf o ocf

noj# Kc Zdf ]kynkc Hygdfz{pf df ~ykzfw zdhz ]kynkc bfhcw “pyfn"

chcg{ o chzvyf, yff hcj vcgoczyollfj#‒79 Zdf Fhyzd Bozdfyw

lo}f ~kzd h iovcjlfww gyfhzk}kz{ hcj boyf ozfc zdhc coz, wftv"

hlkz{ kw hc ftpyfwwkoc o zdhz lo}f#

Kz kw dflpvl zo cozf zdhz kc zdf hcgkfcz ~oylj iozd zdowf noj"

jfwwfw ~do ioyf gdkljyfc, lkef Kwkw, hcj zdowf, lkef Hzdfch, ~do

jkj coz, ~fyf ghllfj ]kynkc# Kz kw zdkw xvhlkz{ o wfl"powwfwwkoc

78 H# Dhy}f{ hcj H# Ihykcn, Zdf Jk}kcf Mfbkckcf1 Ftploykcn zdf MfbkckcfMhgf o Noj  Zdyovndovz zdf ^oylj , p# :8#

79 Aodc Lh{hyj, Zdf ]kynkc Hygdfz{pf, p# 9;#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 9=

zdhz Bhy{ Jhl{ wvnnfwzw hw zdf powkzk}f bfhckcn o }kynkckz{

yflhzfj zo Bhy{ hw h bojfl oy ~obfc1

H ~obhc ~do kw jfcfj hw }kynkc kw coz jfcfj ftglvwk}fl{ i{dfy yflhzkocwdkp ~kzd bfc…^dfc zdkw hwpfgz o zdf w{biol kw

wkzfj ovz o zdf phzykhygdhl wfzzkcn, zdfc ]kynkc Bozdfy ghc

if dfhyj zo wh{ wobfzdkcn hiovz fbhlf hvzocob{ ~kzdkc zdf

goczftz o wftvhl hcj phyfczhl yflhzkocwdkpw# Zdkw kw h bfw"

whnf ~dkgd, K iflkf}f, bhc{ ~obfc zdyovndovz zdf gfczvykfw

o Gdykwzkhc gvlzvyf dh}f bhchnfj zo zhef yob zdf o}fyzl{

wftkwz Bhykhc jogzykcfw#77

Kc Jhl{‛w }kf~ }kynkckz{ yffyw zo ~obhc‛w kcjfpfcjfcgf hcj~dolfcfww#

Phwz fbpdhwkw i{ zdf gdvygd oc lkzfyhl oy pd{wkghl }kynkckz{

yhzdfy zdhc oc zdf b{zdkg oy w{biolkg bfhckcn o }kynkc, “}ky"

no,‒ hw “wzyocn, ocf"kc"dfywfl,‒ dhw ofyfj cozdkcn zo bhc{

~obfc ~do hw bozdfyw hcj ghyfnk}fyw dh}f flz hcj goczkc"

vf zo ffl lkef wfgocj"glhww dvbhc ifkcnw# Zdkw ftvlzhzkoc o 

pd{wkghl }kynkckz{ bh{ no ihge zo zdf Gdvygd‛w fhy o ~obfchcj wftvhlkz{, zfbplf pyowzkzvzkoc, hcj f}fc zo zdf wzoy{ o F}f

zdyovnd ~dob hll ~obfc ifghbf “zfbpzyfwwfw#‒

Wvgd h zyvzd kw zdf }kynkc ikyzd# Zdf hcnfl zfllw Bhy{ wdf

~kll gocgfk}f i{ zdf Wpkykz# Wvgd ~hw zdf Ivjjdh‛w gocgfpzkoc#

Zdf Ivjjdh‛w bozdfy ~hw gocwkjfyfj }kynkc ifoyf hcj hzfy dkw

ikyzd# Ocf pkgzvyf wdo~w dkw bozdfy, Xvffc Bh{h, zdf ckndz

wdf gocgfk}fj zdf Wh}koy#7:

Wdf kw l{kcn oc h bhz jyfhbkcn zdhzzdf oyb o h nloykovw ~dkzf flfpdhcz gkyglfw dfy hcj wzykefw dfy 

ykndz wkjf ~kzd kzw zyvce hcj fczfyw dfy ~obi# Wdf ~hw goc"

wkjfyfj h }kynkc ifoyf hcj hzfy zdf ikyzd# Hcozdfy fthbplf

o bkyhgvlovw gocgfpzkoc hppfhyw kc hc Fn{pzkhc lfnfcj# Kwkw,

zdf Bozdfy o ^kwjob hcj Mfyzklkz{, wfhygdfw oy dfy dvwihcj

Owkykw ~do dhw iffc bvyjfyfj# Mkcjkcn dkb, wdf ~ffpw ikzzfyl{#

Hw wdf fbiyhgfw zdf goypwf, wdf gocgfk}fw dfy woc, Doyvw#76 Zo

wdo~ zdhz ]kynkc Ikyzd kw h pw{gdkg oy wpkykzvhl yfhlkz{ kz bvwz if

jfwgykifj hw h bkyhglf# Kz gobfw jkyfgzl{ yob Noj#

77 Bhy{ Jhl{, If{ocj Noj zdf Mhzdfy , p# 4:#7: Ghbpifll, Zdf B{zdkg Kbhnf#, p# 9:7#76 Kikj, p# 97#

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Yf}kwkzkcn Myh Hcnflkgo‛w Hccvcgkhzkoc 9>

Zo h ykfcj ~do whkj, “K joc‛z iflkf}f kc ]kynkc Ikyzd hc{"

boyf, jo {ov?‒ K yfwpocjfj zdhz K vwf h jovilf lfcw dfyf# K ghc

bo}f goboyzhil{ ifz~ffc hggfpzkcn zdf wzoy{ lkzfyhll{ hcjpofzkghll{# Oc ocf lf}fl K fczfy kczo zdf wzoy{ ~kzd h “~kllkcn

wvwpfcwkoc o jkwiflkf#‒ K wh{, “^d{ coz?‒ Lkef bkllkocw K hb

ghpzk}hzfj i{ zdf ifhvz{ o zdkw wzoy{# Oc hcozdfy lf}fl K ftpf"

ykfcgf kzw bfhckcn pfywochll{# Zdf pofzkg oy b{zdkg hppyohgd

pfywochlkqfw “}kynkc ikyzd‒ hw h jffpl{ wpkykzvhl yfhlkz{ ~kzdkc

zdf wovl# Zdf hcgkfcz Bozdfy Nojjfww ifhykcn h gdklj ~kzdovz

bhlf kc}ol}fbfcz w{biolkqfj zdf wzyfcnzd o zdf fbhlf, gyfhz"

kcn ovz o dfy fyzklf jfpzdw, yob zdf plfckzvjf o dfy ifkcn#

f̂ dh}f wffc zdkw kc zdf fbhlf gyfhzkoc b{zdw ~dfyf zdf ~oylj

gobfw kczo ifkcn zdyovnd zdf nyfhz “^obi#‒ Ivz ~dfzdfy zdf

Jk}kcf wovygf kw kbhnfj hw fbhlf, bhlf, oy h vckoc o zdf z~o,

zdf }kynkc ikyzd gobfw yob zdkw Nyfhzfy Wovygf#

Mfbkckwz hcj dkwzoykhc Bhykch ^hycfy cozfw zdhz gfczvykfw

hno “}kynkc ikyzd‒ ~hw h wdoyzdhcj w{biol gobbocl{ vwfj zo

jfwknchzf h bhc‛w jk}kckz{# “Zdf }kynkc ikyzd o dfyofw hcj whnfw~hw h ~kjfwpyfhj oybvlh kc zdf Dfllfckwzkg ~oylj1 P{zdhnoyhw,

Plhzo, hcj Hlfthcjfy ~fyf hll iflkf}fj zo if ioyc o h ~obhc

i{ zdf po~fy o h Dol{ Wpkykz#‒7= Ivz do~ jofw }kynkc ikyzd dhp"

pfc kc fhgd o vw hw h pw{gdkg yfhlkz{? Kz dhppfcw hw ~f yfwpocj

zdyovndovz lkf zo ~dhz vynfw vw zo ovy vllfwz dvbhckz{# ^dhz

kw zdf Bhy{ “phyz‒ ~kzdkc vw? Bhy{ govlj yfpyfwfcz oy h bhc

dkw hckbh, dkw fflkcn wkjf, zdf hygdfz{pf o lkf, lfhjkcn dkb zoh jffpfy lf}fl o gyfhzk}kz{, glowfy zo zdf Wfl# Hcj oy ~obhc,

Bhy{ hw w{biol yfpyfwfczw zdf vynf zo ollo~ dfy zyvf kjfczkz{,

dfy dfhyz, hw wdf gobbvcfw ~kzd zdf Mfbkckcf Wfl# H ~obhc

ftpfykfcgfw zdkw hw zdf vynf zo goccfgz ~kzd dfy kcchzf gyfhzk}f

Noj"lkef po~fy# Zdobhw Bfyzoc ghllw zdf “}kynkc‒ phyz o vw,

zdf “pokczf }kfynf,‒ zdf pokcz ~kzdkc vw zdhz ghc if wdhyfj ~kzd

co dvbhc ifkcn# Kz kw zdf plhgf kc vw opfc zo zdf pvyf nloy{ o 

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7= Bhykch ^hycfy, Hlocf o Hll Dfy Wft, p# 76#7> Zdobhw Bfyzoc, Gocafgzvyfw o h Nvklz{ I{wzhcjfy $Cf~ [oye1 Jov"

ilfjh{ - Go#, 8;==+, p# 8:9#

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Yf"Kbhnkckcn Bhy{ 94

Woc om Noj

Ifoyf bo}kcn oc zo h ef{ w{biol kc zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc wzoy{,zdf jo}f, lfz vw looe hz zdf zkzlf nk}fc zo Afwvw i{ zdf hcnfl#

Bhy{‛w gdklj ~kll if ghllfj Woc o Noj# Ifoyf K lfhycfj kc Wgykp"

zvyf glhww zdhz Woc o Noj kw h zkzlf, K vwfj zo pvqqlf o}fy kz f}fc

kbhnkckcn h lkzfyhl Mhzdfy Noj nvyf $~kzd ifhyj+ kc zdf we{

wfcjkcn dkw woc zdyovnd zdf glovjw( Hgzvhll{ oy h zkbf jvykcn

zdf Bkjjlf Hnfw hyzkwzw jfpkgzkcn zdf Hccvcgkhzkoc ifnhc zo

wdo~ zdf jo}f m{kcn jo~c yob zdf Mhzdfy oc h lkndz ifhb oc~dkgd yojf h ~fll oybfj zkc{ kchcz $wff Ihyzfl Iyv{c‛w Hccvcgk"

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hcj wooc zdkw bozk ~hw obkzzfj zdyovnd fhy zdhz zdf hkzdvl

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lfhycfj zdhz zdf zkzlf, Woc o Noj, dhw hc Fn{pzkhc wovygf#

Kc zdf Fn{pzkhc yflknkoc h bfwwfcnfy, hc hcnfl, kw wfcz i{

zdf Noj Hbvc $bfhckcn “^kcj‒ oy “Zdf iyfhzd o Noj‛w Lkf‒+

zo hccovcgf zo Khdbfw zdhz dfh}fc dhw gdowfc dfy $“Zdf ocf

ioyc yob zdf booc‒+ zo ifhy zdf cf~ ekcn, Noj‛w woc#7; Kc

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~dfc df hwgfcjw zdf zdyocf# Hw h gyo~c pykcgf df kw zdf woc o 

hc fhyzdl{ hzdfy# Hw kc Gdykwzkhckz{ zdfyf kw co goczyhjkgzkoc

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dkw fhyzdl{ hcgfwzoyw#

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