Rawang Grammar by Samuel Mani

RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng SAMUEL

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Kâpung Introduction

Rawang låga nö English Lågasè pñn lîë nô mðnyângâ. Wervt låga vrulðm vtêng ku nö Romanize Writing System alëe. Lågasè yalîngç Rawang mvdërè, ângwâ xèwânñng xônè kârèsñng sânë nô vru lðm rvt çe.

Dvtí we (Instruction):

Vdåpñn kâ, låga nñng wðngzârèë kâ, låga åsvnxè dvgvp yarè zómdñnge. 1. Svnxè we (Studying), Ângkä dvtñng (Basic level, Intermediate level

1,2. Advance level 1, 2, 3. etc..) 2. Vru xvmunxè we (Writing), wurç vrulðm, (hand writing) gârcñng ku

(Capital or bold letter, Cursive letter) nñng Nñmbvn lågasè ku.3. Rö xvmunxè we (Reading), Bible, Newspapers, magazines, periodical

magazines, stories and others. 4. Tá xvmunxè we (Listening), radio, native speaker. 5. Xón xvmunxè we (Speaking) Tone system, nasal, fricative, sound,

syllables etc. Kârutêng svnxè we (Learning Grammar)

Note: Kâ nö Gvrayç mvtðnyângâ (Ds.11:6-7) we ç rvt, Xânxär Hangç zitnönt leqzidaq vjí åröntxè, Gs. 2:6-7 taq Mëngôrkâ dvxvng lðm dvpvt dvgóngëe.

Rawang Kâru Ângkä Dvtñng (Basic Rawang Language):

Orthography

I. *Rawang Kâru Ângkäcñngla (Alphabet):

1. Lågasè zè pñn (Small letter):

i e a v ö u o

g k h j c d t

x f s z n b p

l r m w y

Note: Mvkín xaqç mvkín lðm vlle. * [From Yt. Esaya]

Grapheme

Phonemes

Phonetics

SAMUEL RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng2. Lågasè gâr pñn (Capital letter):

I E A V Ö U O

G K H J C D T

X F S Z N B P

L R M W Y Note: [Darè nö Kâru Ângkäcñngla (Alphabet) mâdáyângè.]

II. Ânggí nñng Ângmâcñngla

( Consonants and Vowels): [Phonemes of Rawang Language.]1. Ângmâcñngla (Vowels):[From Mr. Robert H. Morse, Sr.,]

i e

a v ö

u o

Kâgín paqzç vtêngtaq, Rawangrèë nënggömpmö, ângmâcñngla (Cardinal Vowles) góngxaq dang nö yadö çe.

front mid back high i e mid a v ö low u aw o ( )

2. Ânggícñngla (Consonants):

g k h j cd t x f sz n b p lr m w y

Note: Góngxaq (Pronunciations):

ga ka ha ja ca

da ta xa fa sa

za na ba pa la

ra ma wa ya

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RAWANG Kàru Àngké Dvbóng

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3. Wurç vrulðm gâr pñn (Cursive Alphabet):

4. Wurç vrulðm zè pñn (Small letters):

III. Xaq cñngla (Tones): Xèwânñng xaq (Neutral tone) [ ö ]

Hweram xaq (Mid- tone) [ õ ] Hweram yvngxaq (Mid-long) [ö ö] Vsip xaq (Low-tone) [ ô ] Vháng xaq (High-tone) [ ó ] Vsip vhángxaq (Low –rising) [ ö ] Vháng vsipxaq (Rising-low) [ ö ] Kvrung xaq (Glottalization) [öq]

Note: Hweram yvngxaq (Mid-long) tiqmaqtaq vlle. Werè nö; mvtööng, marshoom, Rz. Gômpööng, money, Wdk. Vrá, xèwânñng xaq nñng hweram xaq môç dö yvngxaq, “mvtõng, gômpõng” etc.., lðng xvlae. Vsip, vhángxaq nñng falling-rising, rising-falling xaqnç nö dvgá mvdërè tiqmaq dvpvt lðng râdvr má? wa rvt dvbáxèe. “Q” cñng nö xaq pêngtaq Symbol nö môç, ç we, darè nö Glottal stop nñng ânggí cñng dö lðngyângâ. Ladðng mvdë tiqmaqtaq “q”, (Q) cñng initial ku pângë we vllong kvt kånç nö (ö'), stock lðng xvlae. Pâwálðm wani, vru yîl we wa mvtaq, tone systems, ö, õ, ô, ó, ö' etc., symbol tiq pñn wa çvmme.

SAMUEL RAWANG Kà Àngké Dvbóng

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Kâdvtîngërè [ Drills ]:Tone drills with Vowels: Word meaning will change with each tone;Each word has a meaning except –v-.

Dvtç [ Oder], Mvga [Pattern] ⇒⇓Letter Neutral Mid Low High Glottal Stop

[ - - ] [ ] [ ¯ ] [ ` ] [ ´ ] [ -q ] I, i i é è ç iq E, e e æ å ä eq A, a a ã â á aq V, v v- -ò- -ñ- -ð- (-vq) Ö, ö ö õ ô ó öq U, u u ï î í uq O, o o ì ë ê oq

Kâxvbêng: èçèe, Kr., yè yèèe, Mw., çaëa ça, çaç (Rvxóm) çaë we ç we tiqlëng in Mw.

Note: Xaq nö ângmâcñngla mvdñmmö wa zðng râe. Xaq tiq cângç lvjöm rçë we ç rvt, xaq mâzðng mvdaq. Hweram xaq nñng xèwânñng xaq nö tiqdvcá góng rvt, hweram xaq måzángënè gö daqe. Çwe, sñmrärè xångötlíngë ke, hweram xaq vlle, wa xñngönt râe.

IV. Nvmbvt Ângkä nñng Xèwânñng Nvmbvt rölëng: (Cardinal Number and Ordinary Number)1. Nvmbvt Ângkä rölëng (Cardinal Number):

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10tiq nç xôm bè pëngwâ cuq xvngönt xvt dvgô tiqsä

Note: [“v” cñng mvlðngxè. Kâxvbêng, vnç, vxôm, vcuq, vxvt, Vpong, Vdó etc.., article ç rvt mvlðngxè we çe.]

2. Xèwânñng Nvmbvt rölëng (Ordinary Number): [Naqtë dvtiq rö we] [Naqtë rölëng] 1st Mätiq Dvngtiq Ditjëy 2nd Mänç Dvngnç Mâjëy 3rd Mäxôm Dvngxôm Jèngnñm 4th Mäbè Dvngbè Kvknñm 5th Mängâ Dvngngâ Xixawt 6th Mäcuq Dvngcuq Lapeq 7th Mängit Dvngngit Kokdáwng 8th Mäxvt Dvngxvt Lângprâ 9th Mägô Dvnggô Magëy 10th Mäsä Dvngsä Xupxç


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V. Góngxaq (Phonetics) Vowels and Consonants Chart:

A. Ângmâcñngla (Vowels): 1. Xaq yvngcñngla (Long Vowels): i e a ö u o [ i /ai ] i, Start with the jaw open wide for the /a / sound and closed

part way for the / i / sound. Two Vowels together, making compound sound. Say: ça, çe – yes, i, è, ç, iq, etc..,

[ e / i / ] e, The lips are drawn back the jaw is dropped slightly as that the teeth are a part. The tongue is raised midway.

Say: åç, ee, åä, åçe, e, å, ä, eq, etc.., [a /e / ] a, The jaw are opened about half an inch. The tongue is

down. Say: âa, a kind of bamboo, âe- to boast, aâ! to be surprise, a, â, á, aq, etc..,

[ö / eu /] ö, The lips are in an opened position. The tongue is down. Say: öë, cover with dirt, óe, smoking, ö, ô, ó, öq, etc..,

[u / yu /] u, The sound of /yu / is necessary. The jaws are slightly lowered. The lips are in smiling position, moving to a whistle position. The tongue is down. Say: íë, spinning, u, î, í, uq, etc.., [o / o / ] o, The lips are rounded. The jaw is dropped about one inch. Say: o!, surprise, ëä, yes, agree to someone. o, ë, ê, oq, etc..,

2. Xaq tôcñngnç (Short Vowels):

[v / a / ] -v- The jaws are opened by one inch. The tongue is down. Say: -v-, -ñ-,-ð-,vq?, etc. Vzñngkaq nñng måpvnglap ânggícñng mvrvmxè kvt kånç nö kâkôm lvjöm mâvl. “a” cñng nö Long Vowel ç nô, “v” cñng nö Short Vowel çe. Vrá, Gvnông kâtaq, kâxvdín: “xñ”, “xð” nñng Dèngraq kâtaq “lñ” wa lðng xvlae.

Note: “v” cñng nö English kârutaq ânggícñng (Consonant) çaëe. Rawang kârutaq ângmâcñng (Vowel) ku lángèe. Gvlômxöl, gvlexölsårè lingxèdvr má? wa dvdvm lðm vlle. Rawang kâtaq “v” cângç pðngxè we (Initial) vl rvt “a” xaq, tôcñng (short “a”) cñng dö tvle râlong má?

[aw / / ] oo=aw, The jaw is down, the lips are rounded. The tongue is in the middle back position. Say: awng, passed examination, not ong (for 1st person Singular dvpvt)

lo - lawng, not long, gone. të - tawng, not tong, to carry in a cart. [tawngxônge] tëng - tâwng, not tëng, to kick, or to play a ball. kê - káwngëe, not kêngëe, to preach.


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3. Dvgá cñngnç (Other Vowels):[w, y,] w, y cñngnç nö ângmâcñngla nñng wa lðng xvlae. English kâtaq semi vowels alëe. “w” is equal to o / u, kâxvbêng, åwíë, åíë, etc.., “y” sometimes take the /ai, oi, öi position. ai= ay, oi=oy,

öi=öy, etc..,

4. Vowel Shifts: [Rawang kâru ângmâcñngla nö dvgá pñn kâ nñng mâbêng. Ângmâcñngla tiqmaq nö xôngósñng sânë nô vlçnge. Welëngsñng ângmâcñngla (Vowel Shifts) vpovmme, alëe. Werè nö;

Kâxvbêng: i =ö, di = dönge, v =a, kðng = kángëe, u=o, tu =tongëe, oo=aw, të=tawngxônge, lo=lawnge, kê = káwngëe, = káwngangëe, etc..,

Kâxvbêng: 1. a – i, “a” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “ai” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö

“y” ç rvt, “ai” nö “ay” vpovmme. Vkây, the 5th daughter, áy, áygê- goodbye! in Krvngkí. Háy- to arrive in Dèngsâ,

Xèlâ, hays’dông, hçpa, in Mvrangdîng. 2. v – a, “v” cñngsñng “a” rvmxèvm kvt, “va” çe. Çwe, “a” tvle nö “y” ç rvt, “va” nö “vy” vpovmme. Kðy, bite, kä, tðy, big, tä.3. ö – i, “ö” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “öi” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö “y” ç rvt, “öi” nö “öy” vpovmme. Töy- splite, söy, blood, sóy, comb, vgöy, dvgöy, dog, söqóy, bear, etc.., Mvdërèë kâsñng sñn nô vru lðm vlle. 4. o – i, “o” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt “oi” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö “y”

ç rvt, “oi” cñng nö “oy” vpovmme. Vgëy- monkey, këy, loan, joy, viss, Vdêy, mètádêy, etc.., 5. u- i, “u” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “ui” çe. Çwe, “i” tvle nö “y” ç rvt,“ui”cñng nö “uy”vpovmme. Vlä kîy, kwå, tape kîy, kuyyë,

kweë in Mw. etc.., 6. e - i, “e” cñngsñng “i” rvmxèvm kvt, “ei” çe. Çwe, “i” cñng tvle “y” ç rvt, “ei” nö “ey” vpovmme. Vtäy má ç? 7. Au, aw cñngnç nö ângmâxvgömp ç we, “y” cñng tvle nô lðng

mvrâ. Nènggrau, paqdñng in Mw., graînôngê, vlínnöng, praí, jikraí, grauwa, täwa, Mw. etc..,

5. Ânggícñngla góngxaq (Consonants Chart): [Compare with The IPA phonetic symbols]

b b, Lips together, hum as you blow lips opened. Say: ba, jump over. Kâxvbêng: ba, bâ, bá, baq, etc.., p p, Lips together, blow them open with a puff of air. Say: pa- side.

Kâxvbêng: pa, pâ, pá, paq, etc.., d d, With tongue touching the gum ridge behind the teeth, lips


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slightly parted. Say: da, vda, to welcome. Kâxvbêng: da, dâ, dá, daq, etc..,

t t, Touch together to the gum ridge behind the upper teeth. Say: ta, tun ta [to catch a fish with a basket]. Kâxvbêng: ta, tâ, tá, taq,

etc.., g g, Tip the back of the tongue quickly against the soft palate as before. Hum as you send your breath out. Say: ga. to break glass.

Kâxvbêng: ga, gâ, gá, gaq, etc.., k k, Tip the back of the tongue quickly against the soft palate as you send your breath out. Say: ka- chicken. kw, sound “k” and “w” closed

together as (qua) kwa, kwá. Kâxvbêng: ka, kâ, ká, kaq, etc..,h h, Part lips and breath out with sigh. ha, to be cursed. hw, round lips as if to blow out a candle. Say: hwa, vgo hwaxèe.

Kâxvbêng: ha, hâ, há, haq, etc.., w w, Round lips as if to blow out a candle. Say: wa, to speak. Kâxvbêng: wa, wâ, wá, waq, etc.., j j, Place tongue tip on the gum ridge as the tongue drops. Say: ja, to plan. Kâxvbêng: ja, jâ, já, jaq. c c, Slide the sound of “ch” or “t” sound of “x” together. Say: ca,

bird in Kr, cá, drunkard. Kâxvbêng: ca, câ, cá, caq, etc.., z z, Hold the teeth together with tip of the tongue up but not touching the gum ridge, as you blow air past the tongue. Say: za,

to understand. Kâxvbêng: za, zâ, zá, zaq, etc.., (ts) ts, Push lips (forward, or backward) lift tongue slightly, without touching roof of the mouth, blow out the air with a hum.

Say: tsa, to wait in Kr. Kâxvbêng: tsa, tsâ, tsá, tsaq, etc. s s, Hold the teeth together with tip of the tongue up but not touching

the gum ridge. Blow air past tongue with a heavy sound. Say: sa- bird in Mw. Kâxvbêng: sa, sâ, sá, saq, etc..,

x x,(sh)Push the lips (backward, or forward). Lift the tongue slightly without touching the roof of the mouth, blow it.

Say: xa- flesh in Mw. Kâxvbêng: xa, xâ, xá, xaq etc.., m m, Lips together as for “p” and “b”. Say: ma- to deny. Kâxvbêng: ma, mâ, má, maq, etc.., n n, With tongue touching gum ridge behind the teeth. Say: na – to accuse. Kâxvbêng: na, nâ, ná, naq, etc..,l l, With tongue tip on the gum ridge, keep the tongue up and let

the breath flow around the side of the tongue as you hum. Say: la, unreap. Kâxvbêng: la, lâ, lá, laq, etc..,

r r, Shift tongue back slightly from the position for / l / with tip upward, touching the upper teeth, make sounds in the throat.

The air comes along the roof of the mouth over the tip of the tongue. Say: ra, hit the target. Kâxvbêng: ra, râ, rá, raq, etc..,

y y, Place the tongue against your teeth at the tip of the mouth so that it is flat on each side pass air over the tongue. Say: ya- addicted. Gani ya. Kâxvbêng: ya, yâ, yá, yaq, etc..,


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f f, With lower lip slightly against the upper teeth, blow out gently. Say: fa, fax, faro. Falong, fitnëe. Kâxvbêng: fa, fâ, fá, faq, etc..,

(ng) ng, Make the back of the tongue touch the soft palate. Force air through the nose, make the sound in the nose. Say: nga, fish. Kâxvbêng: nga, ngâ, ngá, ngaq, etc..,

(ny) ny, Make the forward of the tongue touch the soft palate. Force back, air through the nose. Say: nya, to feed a baby.

Kâxvbêng: nya, nyâ, nyá, nyaq, etc..,

Notes: Ng, ny, ts, cñngla nö Ânggíxvgömpcñngla ç we xaq tiqxaq wa gónge. [Õ,õ], This letter is used labial dental and is used the word for “ õööngõööng” is meant yelling. And “õönt nâwðngxè” means about turn.

VII. Ângmâxvgömprè nñng Ânggíxvgömprè (Diphthongs and Double Consonants):

1. Ângmâxvgömprè (Diphthongs):

ey öy

ay vy uy

au aw oy etc..,

2. Ângmâxvgömprè vrâl we (Function of Diphthongs):

front mid back

high i ö mid e v u

low a aw o ()

Note: Ângmâxvgömprè nö kâru ângmâ vnç cñng ç we, tiqxaq wa gónge. Ângmâxvgömprè nö Rawang mvdë vrñmmë kâtaq gvzâ zómdñnge. Ângmâxvgömprè mvdñmtaq xaq åzángë weê ânglvjöm vlle. Werè nö;

ii, ie, ia, iv, iö, iu, io, ei, ee, ea, ev, eu, eo, öö, etc.., (yadö çrè çe.)

ve v uv


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3. Ânggíxvgömprè (Double Consonants) Nñmlat pñn

gl kl ml bl pl gr kr mr br pr

gw kw mw bw pw

gy ky my by py

Ânggíxvgömprè (Double Consonants) Vnç pñn wa pñn: hl hr hw hy

kl kr kw kycl cr cw cykh hk hkw khy?bl br bw bypl pr pw pyml mr mw myhw ch th shts ng ny etc..,

4. Rawang mvdërè nö 75-100 rvzä kâ, svmaqmaq mâbêng we vl rvt mvdë kârèë kâsñng sñn nô, Ânggíxvgömprèç vru lðm dvtç:

gl, Tvrîng (Tr.) kâtaq glang wae. kl, Tvrîng kâtaq klñng, cñng in Mw. ml, Tr. kâtaq mlaq káy. bl, Tr. kâtaq blat, blon, bli, blu, vblè, Number 4. pl, Tr. kâtaq plon, plang, plaq wae. gr, Krvngkí (Kr.) grung, grang, grôm, greng, grin, grip

grèt, Grawngyang, grawp, grñy, Grîng, Grîngsðr. etc.., kr, Kristu, Krêng, Krëngmî, vkríng, krèng, têngkrèng, krñngwâ

krím etc.., mr, Tr, mriq, mraq, mröq, br, brèmbrèm, brèng, brông, bríng, brêng, mvbrñm, brñngday,

etc.., pr, Kr. Zw. kâtaq gvzâ luqe. prè, prân, vprðy, preng, priq,prut,

prôm, praí, prên, prëmprëm etc.., gw, gwá, Gwázâ, Gwázu, gwe, gwelöq, etc.., kw, kwá, kwáyôm, kwárvp, kwátè, kwen, kwang, kwâë, etc..,

hw, hwa, hwe, hweram, hwáng, hwaxè. mw, mvmwè, or mvmîy, yemwç, or yemíy etc.., bw, Koqbwç, or Koqbíy, zñngbwè or zñngbîy etc.., pw, Xipwè, or Xipîy etc.., gy, gyang, vtèsñng wae. Gyanggyang wa, gya kvt, gyâkyíng etc.., ky, kyíng, kyâkyíng, vkyak, nâkyaqxè, nôç kyae, Zingzangríng.


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my, dvmyaq, dvmyaqç myaqðmbóâ. Vmyat mvzðn mâmyat by, Pîngbyá, Pîngbyáá, nñm byâbö má? pvyñnggä! Tobya rvp, Lvbyen, sabya, byo, etc.., py, Pyakngë, vpyaq, Pyu Kingdom, pyëyå, etc. (loan word) Kh, hk, Ní nñng Vnîng kâtaq lángëe. [See, Vnîng version.] ch, Chiang Mai, Chiang Tein [loan word, Alphabetyðng Single Consonant ç rvt, “ch” cñng initialtaq mvlðngxè.] th, (Rawang mvdëtaq vl má?)

sh Mashawng, Brangshawng, Mashaw, Dvgárèë bông vrualðm wa vlle. [Alphabetyðng Single Consonant ç rvt, “sh” cñng initialtaq mvlðngxè]

ts, “ts” cñng nö Mw. kâtaq “s” ç bônne. Çwe, dvgá mvdërèë kâtaq mâlðng mvdaq we tiq cñng çe. Tsonuq, tsñn, tsñl, tsa, tsêna! f, fitnëe. fçfç wa dvfçxèe., Faro, Falong, Fax etc.., ng, nga, ngâ, ngá (mvdñmyðng vbábóè, ng ( ), ny, nya, nyaq, nyut, nyuq, ny, ( ) etc..,

Note: Ângmâxvgömpcñngla nö Xânxär Låga kâtaq tiqmaq wa lðngxèe. Täwa nö, mvdërèë kâtaq lðng dñnge.

VIII. Kâdômrè (Punctuations): Kâdômrè nö kâyan tiq yan dvhôö môçni, lñngdômmö lángë we mvxðlpvrásñng

wae. Werè nö: , . : ; ? ! - rè çe. [Kârutêng boktaq vbábóè.] 1. , kânar (comma) 2. . kâtvng (fullstop) 3. : kâlvn (colon) 4. ; kâlvnså (semi-colon) 5. ? kârönt (question mark) 6. ! dâtiqkâ (exclamation) 7. - mvzasiq (dash)IX. Kâkömtaq lángë cñngla (Ânggí nñng Ângmâcñngla) [Endings ]:

1. Ângmâcñnglaç kömërè: 1.) -i, -e, -a, -ö, -u, -o

2.) -v-, -aw 2. K, p, t, cñnglaç kömëlëng xaq (tone) zðng mvdaq, wa Kâgín

(Linguistics) vtêngtaq xônëe. Çwe, Rawang kâ kâkôm tiqmaqtaq vháng, vsipxaq zðng râe. Gvtömp, gvtômp gvlômp etc. Vtömp, tömptömp wa, krönt, kröt wa, krvk krðk wa, tvt tðt nô, tup dvtup, grip dvgrçp, krep dvkräp, krepdèn,? kråpdèn etc. [See, also –nk, -nt, -mp, rule.]

3. Ânggícñnglaç kömërè (Consonant Endings): -k, -p, -t, -y, -r, -m, -n, -l, -ng, ( )

Kâxvbêng: vkrvk, tvp, tvt, kðy, gar,gâm, gân, kðl, ngang,(nga-ng)


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Note: -“ng” cñng nö “D” ng (double) pñn ç we, tiq cñng wa lðngxèe. Kâxvbêng: ngangnge > ngange. ngöngnge >ngönge, etc..,

4. Kâkömtaq mvlðngxè we Ânggícñngla: -g, -h, -j, -c, -x, -d, -s, -z, -b, -w,* -f, -ny ( ).

Note: Wðngzârèë (foreign) bôngtaq “David” wa bông Davit, Abib, Abip, yadö “d” cñng tvle “t”, “b” cñng tvle “p” målçngë kvt kånç nö, dvgá cñngla nö Rawang Kâru dvtçtaq kâköm lðng mâxvla. “W*” cñng nö tiqkvtkvt lðngxè we vlle.

X. -nt, -mp,-nk cñngla pónkâ:

-nt is nasal dental, -nk is nasal velar and –mp is nasal bilabial. 1. -nt, gönt, könt, hönt, jönt, cönt, dönt, tönt, sönt, zönt, nönt, bönt,

pönt, lönt, rönt, mönt, wönt, yönt, xönt, fönt. 2. -mp, gömp, kömp, hömp, jömp, cömp, dömp, tömp, sömp, zömp,

nömp, bömp, pömp, lömp, römp, mömp, wömp, yömp, xömp, fömp.

3. -nk, gönk, könk, hönk, jönk, cönk, dönk, tönk, sönk, zönk, nönk, bönk, pönk, lönk, rönk, mönk, wönk, yönk, xönk, fönk.

Note: Kâkômrè yadö zçxènè gö, 1st Person, Singulartaq wa lðngxèe. Dvgá gólataq nö xôngósñng sânë nô vlçnge. Yadö bônlëng nö xèwânñng xônkâ ç rvt, wedö vrua râe. [“Nönt” wa cñngni vl kvt kånç nö dvgárè,“bönt”, “lömp”, “lönk” etc., wa cñngla gö dvtç (rule) tiq pñn wa çe.] Çwe, -nk cñng nö “ö” cñngtaq wa lðngxèe. (i, e, a, v, u, o yðng lðng mvrâ.)

Kâxvbêng: Kârö, “Nönt” xvná xaq. Xôngó dvtç ku vrvngxèe. Singular Dual Plural

Ngâç nöntnëe. Ngânçç nöntxëe. Nöngmaqç nötnèe.

I We, two We

Nâç ånötnëe. Nânçç ånöntxëe. Nâmaqç ånöntnônge. You (single) You, two You (plural)Ângç nötnëe. Ângnçç nötnëe. Ângmaqç nötnëe. He / She They, two They (plural)

XI. Rvmgungkâ (Formation of words):

Dvtç [order] , Mvga [pattern] ⇒ ⇓ i e a v ö u o aw è å â ñ ô î ë âw ç ä á ð ó í ê áw iq eq aq vq öq uq oq [ awq? ]


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Kârö (Root)

order 1. pattern [ v ] dvtç mvga prefix i suffix v1 è ç, iq çe, v2 åçe v3

åçae v4 åçaèe v5 åçaaçe v6 åçaèaçe v7 åçaèaçaç v8

çaëa ça çaç v9 åçaçaçaçaç v10

Note: Dvgá pñn dvsè kâtaq ângmâ tiq cângç wa kâ mvbôn. Çwe, Rawang kâtaq ângmâ tiq cângç wa gö kâ lvjöm vlle. “C” nö Consonant, “V” nö Vowel wa lvjöm çe. Yalëngsñng, “V”, “VC” & “CV” pattern alëe.

order 2. pattern [vc ] ip ap ep up öp ut ön or íl äm vt öt öm

order 4. pattern [ cv ] ga gâ gá gaq sa sâ sá siq mâ má

order 3. Pattern [ vcv ]

vtuq vbuq Vpuq vpiq vhaq vmaq

order 5. pattern [ vcc ]

âng ung ing êng ömp óng


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order 6. pattern [ccv ] nga ngâ ngá ngaq nya nyâ nyá nyaq nye nyå nyä nyuqorder 8. pattern [ vccv ] vnyä vngâ vnyâorder 10. pattern [ vcvc ]

vlap vlut vsup vsvp vtör vsar vbup vbóm vgón

order 11. pattern [cvcc ] dömp bömp gömp lömp könt tönt mömp

Note: Yadö cv, vc, patternrè nö, tiq kånç - yvng vtvng 28 höq vlle. Pattern tiq pñn nö ângbok vru lðm vlle.

dvlönkngangðmdakngënöng - 23 damvlönkngangðmdakngënöng – 25 damvlönkngangðmmanglêngënöng-28

order 9. pattern [cvcv ] tvle dvte dvtç mvnó gvle kvlo kamâ koná nari nvlâ nvpå nvmå

order 7. pattern [ cvc ] gat lap tap tvp lôm döm bôm lvn xêr


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Chart of the

INITIAL LETTER VOWELS SINGLE CONSONANTS DIPHTHONGS

A aB bC cD dE eF fG gH hI iJ jK kL lM mN nO oP pQ qR rS sT tU uV vW wX xY yZ zÖ öÕ õ

abcdefghijkl

mnopqrstuvwxyzö

a

e

i

o

uv

ö

bcd

fgh

jkl

mn

pqrst

wxyz

ay, au, aw

ey

ii

oy

uyvy

ööõ

Note: Kâru Ângkäcñngla xvngbe nö xôngday (single) wa çe. [Mënggângtaq Romanize Writing Systemç Alphabet lvngxèrè, English, French, German nñng Russia xvngbe nö Ângkäcñngla xôngdây wa çaëe.]


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rawang alphabet

DOUBLE CONSONANT

ENDINGS V+C

TONES &GLOTAL STOP

NASAL ENDING/STOP PUNCTUATIONS

-a

-e

-i

-k-l

-m -n, -ng

-o-p

-r

-t-u

-w

-y

-ö

bl, br, bw, bych

frgl, gr, gw, gy

kl, kr, kw, ky, kh

ml, mr, mw, my,ny

pl, pr, pw, py

shts

-q

( ) Neutral tone(-) Mid-tone (öö)Mid-long [double “ö” lðng xvlae](`) Low-tone(´ ) High-tone

-mp-nk, -nt

(,) Kânar

(.) Kâtvng

(:) Kâlvn

(;) Kâlvnså

(?) Kârönt

(!) Dâtiqkâ

(-) Mvzasiq

(“ ”) Håmvdim

(( )) Nëngwâ rông

([ ]) Kârêng

(–) Mvhwit yvng

(...) Vxôm gvteq


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POINTS OF ARTICULATION(Doing Phonetics)

ng ()

ny ()

g, k, hi, e, a, v, ø, u, o,

Glottal Stop

12

13

11

10

987

65

4321

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1. bilabial2. labio-dental3. inter-dental4. dental5. alveolar6. retroflexed7. palato-alveolar8. alveolo-palatal9. palatal10. velar11. uvular12. phryngeal13. glottal14. nasal

q

Tongue Root

BackMid

BladeTip

w, m, p, b,

f,

õ

n, l, r, t, z, ts, x,

c, s, dz, j, y

{

}Alvelopalatal

Documents

Rawang Grammar by Samuel Mani