For Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students

Reference your

academic work

How to:

2

Contents

Acknowledgements 4 Illustration 4 Plagiarism and Referencing 5

Why do I need to reference my academic work? 5 What is Plagiarism? 6 How can I avoid plagiarising? 7 How do I reference sources in the text of my work? 9 How do I quote other people’s work correctly? 10 How do I paraphrase other people’s work correctly? 12 When are footnotes used? 13 How do I write Numbers and Dates? 14 What are Appendices? 15

Bibliography 16

What is a bibliography? 16 How do I compile a bibliography? 17

Examples of formats for your bibliography and references 18

1.Books 19 2.Journal and magazine articles (hard copies) 26 3.Newspaper articles (hard copies) 27 4.Published reports 29 5.Conference proceedings or published conference papers 30 6.Tutor’s notes/handouts/lecture notes/seminars 31 7.Electronic sources 32 8.Films, videos, dvds, audiocassette, audio cds and cd-roms 43 9.Television and radio programme 46 10.Exhibitions/visits 47 11.Interviews 47

3

Illustrations 48

How do I reference illustrations? 48 How do I make a list for my illustrations? 51 Where do I include my reference list of illustrations? 52

Bibliography 53

4

Acknowledgements

With thanks to Sema Gupta, Phil Inchley, Rosemary Lidington, Naomi

Melbourne, Dave Missen, James Newton and Rageen Premji, students of

Ravensbourne College, for allowing examples of referencing from their

Advanced Researches to be used.

Illustration

Figure.1 Walker’s Plagiarism Continuum.

Walker, John. (1998) Student Plagiarism in Universities: what are we doing about it? Higher Education Research and Development Journal,

Vol.17, No.1 (1998), pp.89 -106.

5

Plagiarism and Referencing

Why do I need to reference my academic work?

Students often think that they only have to reference actual quotations they

include in their work, but college writing often involves integrating

information from different sources such as books, journal articles,

recordings and web sites into your own writing. Therefore, you need to

acknowledge the source of your information, ideas or arguments, as well as

any quotations you use. This is called a ‘reference’ or a ‘citation’. How to

‘reference’ or ‘cite’ sources is explained in this booklet, using the most

common method, known as the Harvard (author-date) system.

NOTE:

• Ravensbourne does not use the ‘endnote’ style of referencing.

• Footnotes are not used for referencing: they are used for additional

information. See page 13.

6

What is Plagiarism? To plagiarise is to use the writings of others, either their expressions or their ideas, without acknowledging the original author.

This type of intellectual dishonesty is considered a very serious academic

offence, so it is important that you are aware of the various types of actions

that may be construed as plagiarism. Another writer’s material should never be presented without acknowledging the source.

Ravensbourne College tutors have access to electronic software that

checks for evidence of plagiarism.

For information about this software go to:

http://www.jiscpas.ac.uk

or

http://www.submit.ac.uk

7

How can I avoid plagiarising?

Types of Plagiarism Description of Plagiarism

Sham Paraphrasing Quoting word for word from another text with

acknowledgement to the source within your text,

but representing the quotation as a paraphrase

Illicit paraphrasing Paraphrasing from another text without

acknowledgement of source within your text

Other plagiarism Copying another student’s assignment with the

knowledge of the other student

Verbatim copying Quoting word for word from another text without

acknowledgement of the source within your text

Recycling Submitting the same assignment more than once

for different courses

Ghostwriting Submitting an assignment written by a third party

as your own work

Purloining / passing

off as your own

Copying from another person’s assignment without

that person’s knowledge

Fig.1. Plagiarism Continuum (Walker, 1998, p.89)

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Note: It is important that you learn how to quote, paraphrase and

acknowledge all sources of information used when submitting assignments

at college.

When writing an essay or dissertation, you must:

• Reference all information derived from other people’s work within the

text of your work, not only the quotations you use;

• Compile a bibliography of all the sources you used while researching

and writing the assignment, which will allow others to trace these

references if they wish.

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How do I reference sources in the text of my work?

There are two usual ways to refer to other people’s work when writing your

assignment. You can:

• quote an author’s words exactly or

• paraphrase their work by expressing their ideas using your own words.

You will also need to reference your work when referring directly to another

source e.g. a statistic.

At the end of each quotation or paraphrase, you must put in brackets:

• the author’s surname,

• the year of publication

• the page number the reference is on.

EXAMPLE (Matthews, 2002, p.67)

Readers can then use this information to refer to your bibliography to find

out more about the source to which you are referring.

EXAMPLE ‘The great strength of the crafts rests in their common visual language of

familiar shapes, forms and functions.’ (Dormer, 1990, p.32)

You will write the full details of this reference in your bibliography as follows:

Dormer, Peter. (1990) The Meaning of Modern Design. London. Thames

& Hudson.

10

• How you compile a bibliography will be explained later on page 17.

• For how to reference all sources both in your text and in your bibliography, see page 18.

How do I quote other people’s work correctly?

1. Brief quotations, from one word up to 3 lines, should be indicated by

using single inverted commas (‘ ’), followed by the source information

in brackets (author’s surname, year of publication and page number).

EXAMPLE ‘If Gaudi is seen as the chief agent in transforming Barcelona, he was also

utterly a product of the city, the region and his era.’ (Gill, 2000, p.10)

2. Longer quotations (more than 3 lines):

• should be indented as a separate paragraph

• single line spacing should be used (this shows up clearly when

the rest of the dissertation is 1.5 or double spacing1)

• no inverted commas (‘ ’) are used at the beginning or end of the

quote

• speech marks (“) should only be used to indicate a quotation

within a quotation.

1 To alter the line spacing in Microsoft Word: Format>Paragraph

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EXAMPLE If, as Charles Harrison has claimed, minimalist theory was “the most

coherent and the most powerful avant-garde discourse of the mid-60s”,

this was merely because of its “cultural adjacency to the discourse of

Abstractionism”. (Osbourne, 2002, pp 23 -24)

3. Words added by you to quotations for clarification should be set in

square brackets.

EXAMPLE ‘The first observable effect of this event [the Paris 1925 exhibition] was

upon the furniture trade.’ (Author, year, page)

4. Words omitted by you from the quotation, should be indicated by the

use of 3 dots (…)

EXAMPLE ‘Comfort is paramount …Cox does not believe in the agonies of fashion’

(Cox, 1998, p.13).

5. Titles of books and articles mentioned in your text should be typed in

bold or in italics and not placed in quotation marks.

Note: You can choose bold or italics, but keep to the same choice

throughout your piece of work. In this booklet bold is used.

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How do I paraphrase other people’s work correctly?

When you are paraphrasing a passage from source, you should completely

rewrite the passage using your own carefully composed sentences. A

paraphrase accurately expresses all the essential information contained in

the original passage in a new form.

Your paraphrase will echo the meaning and tone of the original source, but

the actual sentences, structures and words will be different.

Quotation marks (‘ ’) should be used round any unique term of phrase that

is taken directly from the source.

At the end of your paraphrase, you reference the source in brackets as usual (author, year, page number).

13

When are footnotes used?

Footnotes are used to make additional comment, which is not easily

assimilated in the main flow of the text. They should be numbered

sequentially in your text.

EXAMPLE In your text you may write a sentence,

‘According to Peter Dormer (1), there is no reason to believe that….’

and at the bottom (foot) of the page, you could add:

(1)Peter Dormer has written widely on craft, its history and conceptual

basis.

Superscript numbers (small ones created automatically by the computer) are usual)2

2 To create automatic footnotes in Microsoft Word, highlight the word where you want the number to be, then go to Insert>Reference>Footnote.

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How do I write Numbers and Dates?

Numbers up to nine in the text should be given in words; 10 and above in

figures:

EXAMPLES The model was four metres long. 866 workers were employed.

Dates in the text should be written as follows:

20 September 1949.

Decades should be written thus: 1770s 1960s 1990s

Note: no apostrophe (’). This would also apply when writing words

consisting of initials, for example, DVDs, CDs.

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What are Appendices?

If you have any detailed data, e.g. statistics, technical information, a

questionnaire or the transcription of an interview, that you want to include,

then put each one in a separate Appendix and place them in the

Appendices section at the end of your work, before your Bibliography.

In your text, you refer to your Appendix like this: (see Appendix).

If you have more than one Appendix i.e. Appendices, then you identify them

by capital letters like this: (see Appendix C)

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Bibliography

What is a bibliography?

• At the end of your written work, you must give more details of the

quotations or paraphrases you have used in your text by giving a full

reference. This is often called a Reference List.

• You will also have researched information, which you may not have

quoted from in your text, yet has helped you build up the background

knowledge for your work. These sources can also be listed.

In the Harvard style of referencing, both the above lists can be combined

into one, known as a bibliography.

This is also where you can list places/exhibitions you have visited in

connection with your research and the details of the people you have

interviewed (not the transcripts of the interviews; they go in your

Appendices), which you may or may not have referred to directly in your

work.

See ‘How to compile a bibliography’ A Helpful Hint: Make sure you record full bibliographic details of sources at the time you use them. This overcomes the problem of trying to find them when you have completed your work!

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How do I compile a bibliography?

Your bibliography should be organised into sections according to the source

of the material, with appropriate headings so the reader can locate them

from the reference in the text. Every section should be set out in

alphabetical order by author’s surname. When the author and title are not

given, then just write the URL of the web page.

Section headings in your bibliography may include:

Books

Journals and magazines (Hard copies)

Newspaper articles (Hard copies)

Conference papers

Internet information

Electronic sources

Electronic journals

Electronic newspapers

Emails

Films, videos, DVDs

Visits: e.g. exhibitions/museums/conferences

Interview/s details (not the transcript/s)

NOTE: Use single spacing for the bibliography, leaving a line between

each entry.

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Examples of the formats for your bibliography and references

The entries in each section are in alphabetical order so your reader can locate them.

The details should be set out following the order and punctuation as shown

in the examples below. In the bibliography the various parts of the

reference are separated by full stops. A colon (:) is used to divide a title

from a subtitle. In the text the reference parts are separated by commas.

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1. BOOKS

The list should be organised in alphabetical order according to authors’

surname. Put the author/s last name first, e.g. Evans, B.J.W.

a) Citing information/quoting from a book.

Format in the bibliography

Author surname/s, author first name/s or initials. (Year of publication in

brackets) Title [in bold or italics]. Place of publication. Publisher.

You do not need speech marks (“ ”) nor quote marks (‘ ’) when you write the title. Format in the text written in brackets Author’s surname, date of the edition you read and the page the quote

appears in the book (p. for one page; pp for more than one page)

EXAMPLE

Book with one author.

In your bibliography:

Spiller, Neil. (1998) Digital Dreams. London. Ellipsis.

In the text (Spiller, 1998, p. 62)

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• Book with 2 authors

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography

Martin, Richard and Koda, Harold. (1993) Infra-Apparel. New York. The

Metropolitan Museum.

In the text (Martin and Koda, 1993, p.104)

• Book with more than two authors

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Anderson, Craig A., Gentile Douglas A., Buckley, Katherine E., (2007).

Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research and Public Policy. New York. Oxford University Press Inc,

USA.

In the text (write the first author’s surname followed by et al, instead of all

the other surnames)

(Anderson et al, 1997, p.87)

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b) chapter/section of an edited book with one editor [ed] or more than one

editor [eds]

Format: Author of the chapter/section (surname followed by initial/first name); year

of publication (in round brackets); title of chapter or section in quotation

marks ‘ ’; in; the editor of the book; title (in bold/italics); place of publication;

publisher; pages of the chapter/section.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Kadinsky, Wassily. (1968) ’ Concrete Art’, in Cill, H.B., (ed.) Theories of Modern Art. University of California Press, Chapter 4 pp. 329 – 348.

In the text (Kadinsky, 1968, in Cill, p.336)

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c) A quote already quoted in a book

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Marsh, J., and Millard, E., (2000) Literacy and Popular Culture. London.

Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd

In the text (Garvey, 1977, in Marsh & Millard, 2000, p.96)

d) Dictionaries3, encyclopaedia and atlases are usually cited by the title

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography

Chambers 21st Century Dictionary (2004) Edinburgh. Chambers

Harrap Publishers

In the text (Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, 2004)

3 Also see http://intranet.rave.ac.uk/electronicDatabases.htm and scroll down to Credo Reference.

23

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Larousse Encyclopaedia of Archaeology (1974). England. The Hamlyn

Group

In the text (Larousse Encyclopaedia of Archaeology, 1974, p.245)

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography The Phaidon Atlas of Contemporary Architecture (2004). London & New

York. Phaidon Press Ltd.

In the text (The Phaidon Atlas of Contemporary World Architecture, 2004, p.790)

24

e) Citing from Holy Books

i) The Bible

This uses the book name, chapter and verse (not the page number)

Format: Book of the Bible, Chapter: verse, version of the Bible.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Matthew 5: 3-12, Revised Standard Version of the Bible.

Note: The date, place and publisher are not required

In the text (Matthew 5: 3-12)

ii) Citing from the Torah

Format: Torah, Book, Chapter: verse.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Torah. Shemot 3:14

In the text (Shemot 3:14)

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iii) Citing from the Qur’an.

Format: Qur’an (never in Italics), Surah (or chapter): verse

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Qur’an 9:11

In the text (Qur’an 9:11)

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2. JOURNAL AND MAGAZINE ARTICLES (HARD COPIES)

Format: Author surname/s, author first name/s of article. (year of publication in

brackets). Title of article in quotation marks. Journal Name [or in italics],

issue information (volume number, part number, month or season) page

number/s.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Burgoyne, Patrick. (May 2002) ‘The Chosen Ones’. Creative Review.

Vol.22, no.5, p.7.

In the text (Burgoyne, 2002)

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3. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (HARD COPIES) Format: a) Author surname, author first name/s. (Date) Title of Article in quotation

marks. Newspaper Name [or in italics], (Location). Date, page number/s.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Donachy, Jacqueline. (2002) ‘Mix Retro Furniture with Modern Design’.

Evening Times (Glasgow). 20th March, p.32.

In the text (Donachy, 2002)

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b) When no author is given use the following citation:

Title of publication (in bold or italics), Year of publication (in round brackets),

title of article in quotation marks, day and month, page reference.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Northern Echo, (2003), ‘Mixed fortunes for schoolboy racer’, 11th July, p.8

In the text (Northern Echo, 2003)

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4. PUBLISHED REPORTS

Format: Author surname/s, author first name/s (date of publication) Title of Report [or in italics]. Publication location. Publisher/Institute. (Report code/number -

if there is one)

EXAMPLE: Author known

In the bibliography

Hewson,Tim., McKnight, C.E., Clarke, Anne., Marsh, Peter. (1994)

Desktop Video: a Report to the Advisory Group on Computer Graphics. Loughborough. HUSAT Research Institute.

In the text (Hewson et al, 1994, p.68)

EXAMPLE: Organisation as author

In the bibliography Dell Inc. (2004) Client Server System Performance Benchmarks. Dell

Technology White Paper. April

In the text (Dell Inc. 2004 Report. p.27)

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5. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS OR PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPERS

Format: Author/Editor surname/s, author first name/s, (Year). ‘Title of Article’. Title of the Conference, location and date of conference. Place of publication,

publisher’s name, page numbers.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Matlow, Erica. (1997) ‘Can Anyone Speak Binary: the impact of new

technologies on graphic design education. Digital Creativity.’ The CADE Conference, London. April 1- 4 1997. Derby. University of Derby, pp. 65-

73.

(If found on the Internet then add the ULR and the Accessed date.)

In the text (Matlow, 199, Conference paper p.18)

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6. TUTOR’S NOTES/HANDOUTS/LECTURE NOTES/SEMINARS

Format: Author or tutor, (year of publication), ‘title of item’/ ‘title of lecture’ name of

academic module.

(Note: If the notes are online state where they are available and when accessed)

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Cooke, Sian. (2003). ‘Dissertation preparation materials’. BA Graphics

Level 3 Handout 10th March

If citing an online copy add, for example: Available at learn@rave Accessed 06.08.07

In the text (Cooke, 2003, Lecture handout, p.2)

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Schaff, B. (2005). Contemporary Furniture. Lecture. 11.05.07. In the text (Schaff, 2005, Lecture handout)

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7. ELECTRONIC SOURCES

For all electronic information you need to note the date you accessed the

information and include the database name or web address.

a) Internet document Format: Author surname, author first name/s or initials. (Year) ‘Title’. online. Place of

publication, publisher. Available at URL. Page number if applicable.

(Accessed date)

Sometimes no author is mentioned.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Buchannan, Val. (2002) Web Guides: Fashion. [online] London. London

College of Fashion. Available at

http://www.lint.ac.uk/library/webguides/fashion.htm (Accessed 21/03/05)

In the text (Buchannan, 2002, www.lint.ac.uk, p.23)

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For web pages with no author, use the title and web page’s URL

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Renewable Energy http://www.est.org.uk/myhome/publications/index.cfm?mode=listing&doctyp

e=51 (Accessed 04.04.07)

In the text (Renewable Energy, www.est.org.uk)

For web pages with no author or title identified, you use the web page’s

URL

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography http://www.levistrauss.com/Cpmpany/Cpmpamy/Tranformation.aspx

(Accessed 28.09.06)

In the text (www.levistrauss.com)

34

b) Articles in Journals in an electronic format Format: Author’s surname/s, first name/s/initials. (Year) Document title. Journal Title, Volume, [online]. Available at URL (Accessed date)

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Robertson, Alec. (1997) 4D Product Design, Mechatronics and Multimedia Technologies: some conceptual challenges. 4th National

Conference on Product Design Education 7-8 July 1997. Brunel University.

Available at http://www.dmu.ac.uk/in/4dd/und.html (Accessed 30/11/2004)

In the text (Robertson, 1997, journal article, p.41)

35

c) Articles and newspaper articles in an electronic format Format: Author’s surname/s, first name/s/initials. (year of publication).’Title of article’

(in quotation marks). Title of newspaper Day and month. [online]. Available

at URL. (Accessed date)

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Moore, Rowan. (2007). ‘The Tate Goes To Town’. The Evening Standard. Monday 21 May.[online] Available at

http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/artexhibition/ (Accessed 25.06.07)

In the text (Rowan, 2007, www.thisislondon.co.uk)

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d) Information from an electronic database (e.g. LRC electronic databases)

1. Electronic Journal from InfoTrac electronic database

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Considine, P. (2003) ‘Ethnic Diversity: Understanding Ethnic Media’,

Campaign, September 26, p.26. InfoTrac Onefile [Online] Available at

http://find.galegroup.com/ (Accessed 05.10.07).

In the text (Considine, 2003, Electronic Journal)

37

e) Electronic newspaper article from Proquest Learning News database

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Wainwright, M. (2007) ‘Floods: Worst hit areas braced for yet more rain:

Nine-hour downpour if forecast for the weekend: Work to restore supply

goes on despite vandalism.’ The Guardian. 01 August [Online]. Available

at http://find.galegroup.com/ (Accessed 01.08.07)

In the text (Wainwright, 2007, Electronic Newspaper).

38

f) Industry report from electronic database Business Insights:

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Band, J. (2003) ‘The Wireless Outlook: Dealing with Decline’, Business Insights Interactive [Online]. Available at

http://www.biinteractive.com/index.aspx (Accessed 12 April 2007).

In the text (Band, 2003, www.bi-interactive.com)

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g) VLE and BLOGS

I. VLE (learn@rave) Ravenbourne’s Virtual Learning Environment is called learn@rave. Tutors

can upload details such as course documents and briefs to this. Journal

articles and digitised books can also be found on VLEs. Firstly, you need to

distinguish what your source is, so you can reference it correctly. In the

example below it is a tutor’s notes.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Colwell, S. (2007) ‘Unit 16 BRD 309: Professional Skills for Production’.

Factual Notes, [Online]. Available at

http://learn.rave.ac.uk/moodle/course/view.php?id=55 (Accessed 12 April

2007).

In the text (Colwell, 2007, Factual notes, at learn@rave)

40

II. Blogs These are produced by individuals or organisations. They contain updates

on issues or interests and give other people, not just the author, an

opportunity to add information.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Rees, Roger (2007) ‘Networks and Complexity,19 July 2007. Available at

http://blogs.rave.ac.uk/blojsom/blog/rrees/?permalink=Networks-and-

Complexity.html (Accessed 20 July 2007).

In the text (Rees, 2007, www.blogs.rave.ac.uk)

41

h) E-mails and other personal communications (by face-to-face conversation, letter, telephone, text message or fax)

In the bibliography under the heading Personal Communication, list in

alphabetical order by surname, those people with whom you have been in

contact.

Format: Sender/speaker/author (year). Medium of communication. Receiver of

communication. Day/month of communication.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Faulkner, Mike. Creative Director D-Fuse (2006) email to the author (or

student’s own name), 16th September.

In the text (Faulkner, 2006, email)

42

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Lashmar, Paul (2006) investigative journalist. Telephone interview with the

author (or student’s own name). 1st November.

In the text (Lashmar, 2006, phone interview)

43

8. FILMS, VIDEOS, DVDS, AUDIOCASSETTE, AUDIO CDS AND CD-ROMS

Format: Title of film or programme. (Year of distribution)

Producer/director.[medium] Place of distribution. Distribution/Production

company.

N.B When you list a film you write the original year the film was released in

the country of production, and the original place and organisation that

produced the movie.

EXAMPLE of film

In the bibliography Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. (2001) Directed by Ang Lee. [Motion

picture] California. Columbia Tri-Star Home Entertainment

In the text (Crouching Tiger, 2001, film)

44

EXAMPLE of video

Videocassette/DVD Format: Title of film or programmes. Year of distribution, Director,[videocassette],

Place of distribution, Distribution company.

In the bibliography:

Face to Face: Kate Adie. BBC2. 28 January, 1998. Produced by Julien

Birkett. [videocassette 1 hour]

In the text: (Face to Face: Kate Adie, 1998, video)

45

EXAMPLE of DVD

In the bibliography Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch’s War on Journalism. (2004). Directed

by Robert Greenwald. [DVD 1 hour 14 minutes]. The Disinformation

Company.

In the text. (Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch’s War on Journalism, 2004, DVD)

46

9. TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMME

Format: Programme Title [or in italics]. (Year of transmission) Name of channel.

Day/month of transmission/broadcast.

EXAMPLE

In the bibliography Found. (2007). BBC1. 30.04.07.

In the text (Found, 2007, T.V programme)

47

10. EXHIBITIONS/VISITS

List in alphabetical order with the date of when you made the visit.

11. INTERVIEWS

List in alphabetical order of surname, followed by first name,

position/organisation, date of interview. You can also add a brief

description of the person for clarification.

EXAMPLES Antoine, Karl and Brissett, Delaro .Dancers. Holland. 11 August 2004.

They are both leaders of the Nubian Step Dancers.

Davies, Wyn. Architect and Designer. Chislehurst, Kent. 25 November

2004.

Ellard, P. Lecturer. New Ash Green, 13 October 2004.

Patrick is the author of the Span-Kent website and an expert on the history

of Span housing. He is the author of ‘New Ash Green: Span’s latter 20th

century village in Kent,’ in Simms, Barbara, (ed.) Eric Lyons & Span.

(2006) London. RIBA.

48

Illustrations

How do I reference illustrations? You may want to include illustrations in your work. This includes

photographs, which may be your own or from books, line drawings, maps,

models, statistical graphs etc. You need to think about the way you want to

present them, for example, whether situated on the page with the text of the

chapter, or placed all together on a separate page.

You will need to:

1. reference the actual illustrations you use

2. refer to them within the text,

3. make a list to give the full details

4. know where to place the list.

What do I write next to my illustrations? Above/below/beside the insert of your illustration you write:

1. The figure number

2. The caption relating to the illustration

3. In brackets put the author, year and page number of the book or

journal, like you do with quotations in the text.

Fig. 1 Chair and ‘Dinner’ by Kate Millett. Examples to show mixed media .

(Simpson, 1968, p.86)

Students often take their own photographs, so the reference can be

‘author’s own’ or the student’s name and the date it was taken.

Fig. 2 Distinctive profile of the mono-pitched roofs. (Author’s own April

2004)

49

50

How do I reference illustrations within the text? You must also make reference to your illustration within the text. Reference

within the text could be the figure number in brackets for example, (See

Fig.2), or may be part of your sentence.

EXAMPLE

The Span homes are mono-pitched, meaning they are pitched at one end

and gives the homes a unique side profile (see Fig.2).

or

Figure 2 shows how the Span homes are…

EXAMPLE

Illustration 3 shows how the fashion industry models have changed since

the 1860s.

51

How do I make a list for my illustrations? Your list includes:

• your figures in numerical order, with the caption

• the author and year

• the title, place of publication and publisher

• the page number on which the illustrations appear in your work.

EXAMPLES

Figure 1. Chair and ‘Dinner’ by Kate Millett.

Simpson, Thomas. (1968) Fantasy Furniture. Design and Decoration. New York. Reinhold Book Co…………………………………………………19

Figure 2. Distinctive profile of the mono-pitched roofs.

Author’s own photograph. April 2004………………………………………...28

Figure 3. Pie chart showing how much television news is watched.

Results of Audience Survey. Author’s own. January 2004……………..47

Figure 4. Bethnal Green Slum, Colingwood Street, 1919.

www.raggedschoolmuseum.org.uk (Accessed date 24/03/04)…………..56

52

Where do I include my reference list of illustrations? The list of illustrations goes at the front of your Advanced

Research/dissertation, after the ‘CONTENTS’ page.

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Bibliography

Pears, Richard and Shields, Graham. (2006) Cite them right. Northumbria. Northumbria Learning.

Sussex University Library Harvard Style Referencing

www.sussex.ac.uk/library [Accessed 08/04/07]

Updated July 2007

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Notes

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