Rationale - Wakefield Council documents/RTC12.5 Multiple Health... · Rationale It is important to investigate the clustering of lifestyle risk factors because of possible synergistic

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Multiple Health Behaviours, Wakefield 2013

Rationale

It is important to investigate the clustering of lifestyle risk factors because of possible synergistic health effects. There is some

evidence that combinations of lifestyle risk factors are more detrimental to people's health than can be expected from the added

individual effects alone suggesting that the health effects of lifestyle risk behaviours are multiplicative rather than additive.

Public health research and policy are moving from a focus on analysing single health behaviours to multiple health behaviours.

There are two approaches for analysing multiple behaviours – co-occurrence, which investigates concurrent but independent

participation in multiple behaviours, and clustering, where account is taken of dependence between the behaviours.

A major proportion of deaths could be prevented if people were to change their health-behaviours”. An individual’s behaviour plays

a central role in the maintenance of health and the prevention of disease. Health-risk behaviour can be defined as any activity

undertaken by people with a frequency or intensity that increases risk of disease or injury (Steptoe & Wardle, 2004). The health risk

behaviours might cluster together into a risky lifestyle.

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Survey The surveys were carried out in 3 different areas of Wakefield District (St. Johns, Flanshaw and Knottingley) in order to get

qualitative data. A lot of research that has been previously conducted has been in common areas and hence it was decided to do

the survey in the mentioned locations as they have never been researched into.

We calculated the total number of population with age range 16-45 in all three areas (Knottingley, 5230; St Johns, 663 and

Flanshaw, 1906). Using the total population of 7799 (between age group 16-45) using 95% confidence level and a sample size of

350 we are 95% sure that 40% of the participating population will have at least 2 or more lifestyle risk behaviour based on a margin

of error (CI 5.5) ranging from 34.5% and 45.5%.

The questionnaire was carried out face to face and door knocking exercise. In all there were 353 participants completing the

questionnaire (see appendix 1)

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Demographics - Quantitative report In all we received 353 responses in total [90 (25%) - Flanshaw; 78 (22%) - St. Johns and 185 (53%) Knottingley]

197 females (56%) and 156 Males (44%)

Age responses

16-24 year old – 155 responses (44%)



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

16-24 25-34 35-45

Age Group

Male female

Tota

l nu

mb

er o

f

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Occupational Groups

The highest percentage of participants within the sample were classed in the routine and manual category (30%), equating to 106

out of the 353 participants. A similar percentage of participants were full-time students, never worked/ long term unemployed or full

time carers (13.6%, 13.3% or 13% respectively). Both Intermediates and Managerial/Professional roles accounted for 11.3% of the

population (40 out of 353 participants). This was followed by unable to code (19%), Sick-disabled and unable to work (1.7%) and

did not answer (0.3%).

We also looked at distribution of occupational classification accounting for age and gender. The spread of routine/manual workers across age

groups was similar in both genders and accounted for 55% of participants within the 22-34 age groups. Within the male participants, those classed

106

40

40 48

6

47

46

19

1 Occupational groups

Routine and manual

Intermediate

Managerial/professional

Full-time student

Sick/disabled and unable to work

Never worked/long-termunemployedHome carer

Unable to code

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as intermediates accounted for 4% of 18-24 year olds, 15% of 25-34 year olds and 17.1% of 35-45 year olds, compared with 5% of 18-24 year olds,

13.4% of 25-34 year olds and 12.2% of 35-45 year olds within the female category.

The percentage of male participants in manual/routine occupations aged 18-24, 25-34 and 35-45 years old were 2.7%, 17.5% and 22% respectively,

compared to 6.3%, 14.9% and 14%, respectively in females. Full time students were solely based in the 18-24 year old category in males and mostly

so in females. They accounted for 38.7% and 22.5% of 18-24 year old males and females, respectively. The only other full time female student was

classified in the 25-34 age group.

Ethnicity

Overall, Majority of the participants classed themselves as English / Welsh / Scottish / Northern Irish / British (82 %). Other backgrounds with the highest

percentage were “Any other white background”, “Pakistani” or “African”, which accounted for 8.8%, 3.4% and 2% of participants respectively.

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Table below shows the frequency of participants engaging in any number of the five behaviours. Overall 43.3% of all participants engaged in 2 behaviours,

followed by 22.1% engaging in 1 behaviour, 20.4% engaging in 3 behaviours, 6.5% engaging in 4 behaviours, 6.2% engaging in no behaviours and 1.4%

engaging in all five behaviours.

289, 82%

1, 0% 31, 9%

1, 0% 2, 1%

12, 3%

1, 0% 5, 2%

7, 2% 1, 0%

2, 1%

1, 0%

Ethnicity English / Welsh / Scottish / NorthernIrish / BritishGypsy or Irish Traveller

Any other White background

White and Black African

Any other Mixed background

Pakistani

Chinese

Any other Asian background

African

Any other Black / African / Caribbeanbackground

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49% of people who responded from Flanshaw had 2 behaviours followed by 19% and 18% having 3 and 1 behaviour respectively wheras only 1 %

had all 5 behaviours and 10% having no risky behaviours at all.

40% of respondents from St. Johns had 2 behaviours followed by 32% having 1 behaviour, 15% said they have 3 behaviours, 5% having no

behaviours and remaining 4% had 4 and 5 behaviours each.

42% respondents from Knottingley said they have 2 behaviours followed by 23% having 3 behaviours. 20% said they have one risky behaviour, 5%

claim to have none and 9% said they have 4 behaviour.

When we looked at age groups by different behaviours we found that 44% (average)had 2 behaviours as the highest in all age groups (both males

and females)followed by 21% (avg) having 1 and 3 behaviours in all age groups (both males and females ) and only 1% having all 5 risky behaviours.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

No behaviours 1 behaviour 2 behaviours 3 behaviours 4 behaviours 5 behaviours

Total number of behaviours people have

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Key Results

31% of adults eat takeaway food on 2+ days a week.

How many days a week do you have takeaway meals or eat out? (pizzas, fish &

chips, curries, eating at restaurant,Chinese, kebabs or fast food chains)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid .00 69 19.5 19.5 19.5

1.00 172 48.7 48.7 68.3

2+ days a week 109 30.9 30.9 99.2

Did not answer 3 .8 .8 100.0

Total 353 100.0 100.0

Adults that eat takeaways on two or more days a week are more likely to say their diet is unhealthy (p=0.01).

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How many days a week do you have takeaway meals or eat out? (pizzas, fish & chips, curries, eating at restaurant,Chinese,

kebabs or fast food chains) * How healthy do you think your diet is now? Crosstabulation

How healthy do you think your diet is now?

Total Healthy Unhealthy Don’t know

How many days a week do

you have takeaway meals or

eat out? (pizzas, fish &

chips, curries, eating at

restaurant,Chinese, kebabs

or fast food chains)

0 Count 59 9 1 69

% within How many days a

week do you have takeaway

meals or eat out? (pizzas,

fish & chips, curries,

eating at restaurant,Chinese,

kebabs or fast food chains)

85.5% 13.0% 1.4% 100.0%

1 Count 136 29 7 172







79.1% 16.9% 4.1% 100.0%

2+ days a week Count 64 36 9 109







58.7% 33.0% 8.3% 100.0%

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Did not answer Count 3 0 0 3







100.0% .0% .0% 100.0%

Total Count 262 74 17 353







74.2% 21.0% 4.8% 100.0%

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Adults that eat takeaways on two or more days a week are less likely to eat 5+ portions of fruit and vegetables a day than those that never eat takeaways

(p=0.03).

How many days a week do you have takeaway meals or eat out? * Nowadays how many portions of fruit or vegetables do you eat on an average day? Crosstabulation

Nowadays how many portions of fruit or vegetables do you eat on an average day?

Total .00 1.00 2.00 3-4 5 or more Did not answer







.00 Count 6 6 15 24 17 1 69







8.7% 8.7% 21.7% 34.8% 24.6% 1.4% 100.0%

1.00 Count 12 32 52 60 15 1 172







7.0% 18.6% 30.2% 34.9% 8.7% .6% 100.0%

2+ days a week Count 8 31 27 31 12 0 109

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7.3% 28.4% 24.8% 28.4% 11.0% .0% 100.0%

Did not answer Count 0 1 2 0 0 0 3







.0% 33.3% 66.7% .0% .0% .0% 100.0%

Total Count 26 70 96 115 44 2 353







7.4% 19.8% 27.2% 32.6% 12.5% .6% 100.0%

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Adults that eat takeaways on two or more days a week are less likely to choose low fat options (p=0.06).

How many days a week do you have takeaway meals or eat out? (pizzas, fish & chips, curries, eating at restaurant,Chinese, kebabs or fast food chains) * Nowadays

do you choose low fat or skimmed versions of foods (e.g. milk,cheese, spread, salad dressings)? Crosstabulation

Nowadays do you choose low fat or skimmed versions of foods (e.g. milk,cheese, spread,

salad dressings)?

Total

Never Rarely Sometimes

Usually/ Most

days

Always/

everyday







.00 Count 11 6 12 22 18 69







15.9% 8.7% 17.4% 31.9% 26.1% 100.0%

1.00 Count 34 18 51 46 23 172







19.8% 10.5% 29.7% 26.7% 13.4% 100.0%

2+ days a week Count 29 11 32 29 8 109

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26.6% 10.1% 29.4% 26.6% 7.3% 100.0%

Did not answer Count 0 0 1 2 0 3







.0% .0% 33.3% 66.7% .0% 100.0%

Total Count 74 35 96 99 49 353







21.0% 9.9% 27.2% 28.0% 13.9% 100.0%

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Adults that eat takeaways on two or more days a week more likely to eat crisps, sweets or chocolate (p=0.001)

How many days a week do you have takeaway meals or eat out? (pizzas, fish & chips, curries, eating at restaurant,Chinese, kebabs or fast food chains) * Nowadays how

often do you eat crisps,sweets or chocolate? Crosstabulation

Nowadays how often do you eat crisps,sweets or chocolate?

Total


Usually/ Most

days

Always/

everyday Did not answer







.00 Count 8 10 33 10 8 0 69







11.6% 14.5% 47.8% 14.5% 11.6% .0% 100.0%

1.00 Count 9 35 70 34 24 0 172







5.2% 20.3% 40.7% 19.8% 14.0% .0% 100.0%

2+ days a week Count 3 17 33 38 17 1 109

17







2.8% 15.6% 30.3% 34.9% 15.6% .9% 100.0%

Did not answer Count 0 3 0 0 0 0 3







.0% 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0%

Total Count 20 65 136 82 49 1 353







5.7% 18.4% 38.5% 23.2% 13.9% .3% 100.0%

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Adults that eat takeaways on two or more days a week are less likely to take into account food labels (Wakefield Council 2013a).

How many days a week do you have takeaway meals or eat out? (pizzas, fish & chips, curries, eating at restaurant,Chinese, kebabs or fast food chains) *

Nowadays when deciding what food and drink to buy for yourself and your family do you take into account food labels(showing fat, calories, sugar and salt)?

Crosstabulation

Nowadays when deciding what food and drink to buy for yourself and

your family do you take into account food labels(showing fat, calories,

sugar and salt)?

Total


Usually/

Most days

Always/

everyday

Did not

answer

How many days a week do you have

takeaway meals or eat out? (pizzas, fish

& chips, curries, eating at

restaurant,Chinese, kebabs or fast food

chains)

.00 Count 18 7 19 17 8 0 69

% within How many days a week do you

have takeaway meals or eat out? (pizzas,

fish & chips, curries, eating at


chains)

26.1% 10.1% 27.5% 24.6% 11.6% .0% 100.0%

1.00 Count 44 22 49 30 26 1 172





chains)

25.6% 12.8% 28.5% 17.4% 15.1% .6% 100.0%

2+ days Count 42 10 29 21 7 0 109

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a week % within How many days a week do you




chains)

38.5% 9.2% 26.6% 19.3% 6.4% .0% 100.0%

Did not

answer

Count 0 0 2 1 0 0 3





chains)

.0% .0% 66.7% 33.3% .0% .0% 100.0%

Total Count 104 39 99 69 41 1 353





chains)

29.5% 11.0% 28.0% 19.5% 11.6% .3% 100.0%

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Rationale - Wakefield Council documents/RTC12.5 Multiple Health... · Rationale It is important to investigate the clustering of lifestyle risk factors because of possible synergistic