Raspunsuri Pentru Examen La Geoeconomie

8/10/2019 Raspunsuri Pentru Examen La Geoeconomie.

1/13

1) Subject study of geoeconomy. Developing geoeconomy.

Geo-economy studies the states strategies and international production rates that assure itseconomic development. Geo-economy appeared in the late 20 thcentury as a result of worlds politicalchanges.

Geo-economy appeared due to the following factors:

Globalization and regionalization;

Economic integration;Labour division;

Scientific revolution;

Collapse of Soviet union.

Geoeconomic conception of F.List.

F. Liststates that states development depends on both, goods trade and production processesimprovement;

Similitidine and difference between free economic zone and off-shore.FEZ is a part of the national territory (enclave), with a favorable economic-geographical position, whereare originated the best conditions for attracting internal and external investments.

.Principala deosebire acestora fata de ZEL consta in faptul ca companiile inregistrate in zonele off -shore nuau dreptul sa efectuieze o activitate de productie.Iar companiile off-shore nu pot fi rezidenti ale statului unde se afla

zona off-shore.In zonele off-shore exista un regim fiscal preferintial care prevede scutirea totala sau partiala de plataa impozitelor pe profit a companiilor.

Sectors(sphere) structure of economy.

By sphere:1 Primary: extraction;Agriculture.2 Secondaryprocessing industry;3 Third:Services;Transportation.Quaternaryproduction of technology (nano-technology).Place and role of geoeconomy in the economic system of science. Interrelationship with

geoeconomical science.

Geoeconomics is a fusion of economics and geography. Geoeconomy studies the modoficationproduced in economy as a result of growing dependence between different countries.

Geoeconomy is important aspect of economy as it answers to two question. What is economicpower and where is located economic power.6)Geoeconomic conception of Pitter Drucker.P. Druckerthe main role in states development belongs to qualified labourforce7) Similitudine and difference between tehopolis and industrial park.A science park or science and technology park is an area with a collection of buildings dedicated toscientific research on a business footing.Typically businesses and organizations in the parks focus on product advancement and innovation asopposed to industrial parks that focus on manufacturing and business parks that focus on administration.Usually in techno polis are produced nano-technologies, which are used in industrial parks.8)Geospatial structure of economy.spatial analysis includes thetechniqueswhich study economic system using theirtopological,geometric,

orgeographicproperties.9)Methods of study geoeconomy. Importance andssence.

geo-statisticalthe analysis of national and international statistics referring to worldwide economicdevelopment, natural and human resources reserves of different geo-economic space;

systemic analysis of geo-economic spacebased on processing statistics by applying differentcalculation methods;

historical research methodre-establishing of economic, geo-economic, demographic, historic andpolitical phenomena and comparison with current situation;
http://localhost/var/wiki/Scientific_techniquehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Scientific_techniquehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Scientific_techniquehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Topologicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Topologicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Topologicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geometrichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geometrichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geometrichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geographichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geographichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geographichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geographichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geometrichttp://localhost/var/wiki/Topologicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Scientific_technique


2/13

balance the analysis of rates between production of goods and services, existence of energy resourcesand its consumption (energy balance), economic and demographic leaders, among different countries,regions and big geo-economic spaces;

Mathematical statistics analyzing economic, social and environmental phenomena.

Geoeconomic conception of Lister carl Trou.

L. Tirroustates that 20thcentury was for national economies, but 21stfor global ones;Geo-finance. Essence and moder tedency in world economy.

Geo Finance assesses business opportunities in all sectors of economy to create effectiveprojects in industrial areas.

Geofinance is a model to find opportunities to develop world economy and utilize innovativein technologies in a effeicient way

Branch structure of world economy.Branch structure Economy:1) Industry:Energetical; Metalurgy; Machine construction; Chemical; High light industry;Food industry (extraction and processing).2) Agriculture:Plants (basis for undeveloped countries);Animals (the main in developed countries).3) Transportation:Water;Land (railway, car, pipe, energy, informational);

Air.

Enclave and exclave. Essence. Geoeconomical and political importance.

Inpolitical geography,an enclaveis a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreignterritory, and an exclaveis one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not

actually contiguous with it. Enclaves may be created for a variety ofhistorical,politicalor

geographicalreasons.

Many exclaves today have anindependencemovement, especially if the exclave is far awayfrom the mainland. It is important as it alows resolving political and historical problems.

Transport coridors. Exemples.Transportation corridor way of transcontinental communication which creates thepossibility of free transit. Road rail canal.

geoeconomy as a science. Geoeconomic schools.

The study of the relationship between politics and economics. It study the human behaviour inlooking to geographical and economical aspects.1. American schools- that dominate all the world.2. Russian schools- the principa idia is to create a force power3. British schools- its meaning is to control transportation corridors.4. Italian schools- extend the activity trough technology.16)Function structure of economy.Functional structure:

Peace;Military.

Geoeconoomic criteria of structure of world economy.Tate structurile. Bordel conception, branch structure, functional structure, by sphere.

Methods of study geoeconomy.Deamu este. La 1x. 9

Geospatial parameters. Geoeconomic manifestation. Surface:
http://localhost/var/wiki/Political_geographyhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Political_geographyhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Political_geographyhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Historicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Historicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Historicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Politicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Politicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Politicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geographicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geographicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Independencehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Independencehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Independencehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Independencehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Geographicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Politicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Historicalhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Political_geography


3/13

Resources; Number of population; Human resources; Productive potential; Market; Number of states. 1.distance 2.dimension 3. borders 4. configuration. Big areas, big population, the problem of configuation-where is located the capital. Bariers.

Factors of developing geoeconomy.

Factors:

Naturalbasis of localization each branch: climate, soil, water, rivers..;Economicagriculture, industry, services;Sociallevel of organization of labour force;Technological;

Historical.

Broudel coception.

Brodel conceptionthe whole world structure consists of center, periphery and semi-periphery => geo-centrical.

Center:25 countries (12%) with big potenial >> 46% GDP

Semiperiphery:70-80 countriesmedium level of development:Ex-socialist countries (Poland, Romania..);New industrial countries (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong-Kong, Singapore);Second new industrial countries (Philipines, Indonesia, Malaysia);Third new industrial countries (Brazil, India, Mexico).Periphery:100 countries (50% - Africaundeveloped + 40 countries from Asia).este deamu la x.5

Geoeconamical position. Criteria of apreciation.Geo-economical position of a country may be favorable or unfavorable. This is determined by existenceof: surface, market, seaside, number of neighboring countries and its level of development. Countries thathave seaside have a big priority over enlarging their space.Types of geo-economical position:

Centrallocated in the central part of a region (e.g. Germany, USA);Neighboringin report with developed countries (e.g. Czech Republic in report with Germany);PeripheralGreece in report with EU;

Transitionbetween 2 regions or 2 parts of the world or 2 centers of polarization (e.g. Republic ofMoldova).Basic particularity of geoconomy.

Basically, geo-economy is based on political economy and political geography. Politicaleconomy studies production as a whole and Political geographyspace role in economicdevelopment.Objectives:

Each states aim is to control the most important natural resources, maritime transportation and themain political and geographic positions, both water and land;

To elaborate strategies for national economic development;

To create a competition among countries, referring to transportation corridors, commodity marketand the main water and land positions;

To apply specific economic strategies which will maintain economic security in case ofcompetitions;

To combat economic crimes, such as: money laundering, non-payment of states taxes and othernegative actions which diminish national security and states authority among internationalorganizations;

To manage correctly the crises and geo-economic conflicts.25) Economical integration. Evolution.


4/13

Economic integration is a process where barriers to trade are reduced or eliminated to facilitatetrade between regions or nations. Reducing barriers to trade has the tendency to cut costsassociated with economic activities. Not having to pay taxes,tariffs,fees, and other expenses canbe beneficial for trading partners

26) Types of geoeconomical position. (N.Baranskii). Exemples. Essence.

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

27) Regionalization. Essence.

Regionalisationis the tendency to formregions,or the process of doing so.

28) New economic order of he world.

The apperance of the new conception of the World Order was caused by several inconvenience of

the Old one (which consisted of 2 big powers: USA and Soviet Union).Super power:Big surface;

Big reserves of naturale resources;

Economic and social potential;

Control over big land surfaces;

Control over oceans, seas;

Cosmos/ space recovery;

Demographic power;

Military power;

Nuclear weapon.The new conception of the World Order appears in 90. At this stage, as a big power might be: China,

India, Iran, Belorusia, South Korea. In this way appeared the multipolar world, because of the need ofcontrolling the world through several super powers and not only by 2.

Free economic zone. Types.

FEZ is a part of the national territory (enclave), with a favorable economic-geographical position,where are originated the best conditions for attracting internal and external investmentsOne of the mainreasons which conditioned the appearance of FEZ is the trade. Also, there are such factors as labourdivision, the diversification of economic relations, scientific and technical revolution etc. There areseveral types of organization of geo-economic space: a duty free zone or only with preferential taxes; anexport oriented industrial free zone; a territory with no administrative an economic boundaries pressure.

According to the economic specialization, there are 5 types of FEZ: commercial, industrial-processing, scientific-technological (technological innovative), service providing and complex. A specialcategory is international FEZ, which are grouped into: free trade zone (located in transport knots,authorized and controlled by the customs administration; duty-free); industrial processing zone (besidestrade there is performed also production activity; it can be import or export oriented); scientifictechnological zones (located near big scientific centers, with a special infrastructure, elaboration andimplementation of IT); service providing free economical zones (tertiary sectorbanking, finance,insurance, tourism); complex free economic zones (various types of zones). Lately the level of economicdevelopment requires the appearance of international FEZ.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tariff.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tariff.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tariff.htmhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Regionhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Regionhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Regionhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Regionhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tariff.htm


5/13

ca la ex.19

Factors of geoeconomical localization.

Factors:Naturalbasis of localization each branch: climate, soil, water, rivers..;Economicagriculture, industry, services;Sociallevel of organization of labour force;Technological;Historical.

Localization of heavy metalurgy. Factors. Geoeconomical tendency and modification.

1.Raw materials (natural resources);2.Energycoal, electric energy;3.Labour force, males (9 places from 10 are for men);4.Located in ports (Harbor) => imports of raw materials and export of final goods.

Tendency with technological caracter, with global etention,

World energetic balance. Tendency and modification.

Huge consumption of energy;

Unequal distribution of resources;

peaking of oil production in major industrial nations (Germany, U.S., Canada, etc.) and embargoes fromother producers;

anOPEC oil export embargo by many of the majorArab oil-producing states, in response to westernsupport ofIsrael during theYom Kippur War.An electricity shortage is felt most by those who depend on electricity for their heating,cooking andwatersupply.In these circumstances a sustained energy crisis may become ahumanitarian crisis.

If an energy shortage is prolonged acrisis managementphase is enforced by authorities.Energy auditsmay be conducted to monitor usage. Various curfews with the intention of increasingenergy conservationmay be initiated to reduce consumption. To conserve power during the Central Asia energy crisis,authorities in Tajikistan ordered bars and cafes to operate by candlelight. Warnings issued that peakdemand power supply might not be sustained.In the worst kind of energy crisisenergy rationing and fuelrationing may be incurred.Panic buying maybeset outlets as awareness of shortages spread. Facilities close down to save on heating oil; and factoriescut production and lay off workers. The risk ofstagflation increases.Access to cheapenergy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, theuneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities. Threats toenergy securityinclude the political instability of several energy producing countries, the manipulation ofenergy supplies, the competition over energy sources, attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents

and natural disasters. The limited supplies, uneven distribution, and rising costs offossil fuels,such as oiland gas, create a need to change to moresustainable energy sources in the foreseeable future.Security threats:One of the leading threats to energy security is the significant increase inenergy prices,either on theworld marketsas has occurred in a number ofenergy crises over the yearsor by the imposition ofprice increases by anoligopoly ormonopoly supplier,cartel orcountry.In some cases the threat mightcome from a singleenergy superpowerthose states able to significantly influence world markets by theiraction alone. Rather than just manipulating prices, such suppliers might go beyond this by suspending orterminating supplies. This has been done to apply pressure during economic negotiations - such as during
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_audithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_rationinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_pricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_superpowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_superpowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_pricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_rationinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_audithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC


6/13

theRussia-Belarus energy dispute - or to apply political pressure, for example byOPEC in response toWestern support forIsrael in theYom Kippur War.Suspension of supplies may also come about as aresult of worldwideinternational sanctions against a country.Energy plays an important role in the national security of any given country as a fuel to power theeconomic engine. Hence, threats to energy security can also result from physical damage to the energyinfrastructure either of the supplier, or of the importer as a result of natural events, misfortune,terrorism,

orwarfare.The political and economic instability caused by war or other factors such asstrike action canalso prevent the proper functioning of the energy industry in a supplier country.In recent years, new threats to energy security have emerged in the form of the increased worldcompetition for energy resources due to the increased pace ofindustrialization in countries such asIndiaandChina.Although still a minority concern, the possibility of price rises resulting from thepeaking ofworld oil production is also starting to attract the attention of at least theFrench government.Increased competition over energy resources may also lead to the formation of security compacts to enablean equitable distribution of oil and gas between major powers. However, this may happen at the expenseof less developed economies. TheGroup of Five,precursors to theG8,first met in 1975 to coordinateeconomic and energy policies in the wake of the1973 Arab oil embargo,a rise in inflation and a globaleconomic slowdown.NATO leaders meeting in Bucharest in April 2008 may discuss the possibility of using the military

alliance "as an instrument of energy security." One of the possibilities includes placing troops in theCaucasus region to police oil and gas pipelines.

Worldwide balance between fuel and energy represents the ratio between the main energetic resourcesused.Stages:

Woodtill steam engines discovery (~17thcentury);Coal18-21 centuries;Oil20thcentury;Gas (about 18-20% from energy);

Atomic.

Pricipals of geoeconomic localization.

Principles:

Energy;

Raw materials;

Labour force and its quality (men, women, young..);

Market (high light industry, food, textile);

Water resources;

Ecological (chemical branch).Principles are: general and specific.Classification of geo-economic principles of localization is based on 3 main grades: 1) the principle itself;2) labour force; 3) branch. For example, geo-economical localization of metallurgy industry: 1) rawmaterials; 2) branch: energetic; 3) labour forcemen.

Localzatio of machine constraction.1.Raw materials (natural resources);2.Energycoal, electric energy;3.Labour force, males (9 places from 10 are for men);4.Located in ports (Harbor) => imports of raw materials and export of final goods;.

Energetic stability and energetic security. Essence.

Ca si la ex.33
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-Belarus_energy_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Fivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Fivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-Belarus_energy_dispute


7/13

Advantages and disadvantages of water transportation.

Is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport bywater is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continentalshipping.There also exist pipelinetransport, cable transport, etc.

Mashbits concption.

Mashbitsaccording to this conception, economic production has 2 cycles: 1) resources; 2) export offinal goods (export cycle). This theory was characteristic for middle 19thcentury. Idem, in this stage wecan divide production in: resources extraction, production itself, transportation and redistribution ofgoods;

Localization of chemical branch.

The chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty years. It is a new branch, central tomodern world economy, converting raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into

more than 70,000 different products. Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods, aswell as thousands inputs to agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and service industries. The chemicalindustry itself consumes 26 percent of its own output. Chemical industry is nearly a $3 trillion globalenterprise, and the EU and U.S. chemical companies are the world's largest producers. It is specific fordeveloped countries with a wide developed infrastructure. Usually, the chemical plants are located nearrow materials (the row materials have different nature, starting with minerals, and ending with materialsfrom agriculture); near energy, because it requires huge energy resources for all the intricate reactionsused in order to obtain certain goods and substances; it is also located near water (huge amounts of waterare used in order to provide the necessary conditions of the transformation process of the substances asimple example of which could be the production of paper, which requires 30-40 tones of water for just 1tone of paper); also, when locating chemical plants, one of the first factors which have to be taken intoaccount is the ecological factor. And thats because chemical branch is a very dangerous one. It affects the

environment and human life. It requires harsh disciplinary rules, and proper working conditions, as well asdiscipline, because any little mistake could kill thousands of people or destroy millions of kilometers offlora and fauna.

ca si ex.33. Energetic crisis.

Nu stiu cei asta Care

Tunis conception.

According to Tunins conception, which was characteristic for the first part of the 20 thcentury, the mainfactor in economical location is the way of transportation. This factor is crucial because it ensures the

independence of all countries in report with the sources of natural resources and at the same time broadensthe limits of the market. Also, Tunin explained that each country should develop the infrastructure, byextending the ways of transportation. This should be the next stage in the economical development. Hemade the classification of all industrial branches, as follows: common industrial branches and newbranches (pulled by the scientific revolution, new technology and better quality).

Localization of textile industry. Factors, pricipals and modification. Industrial units.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping


8/13

Light industry is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry, and is more consumer-orientedthan business-oriented (most light industry products are produced for end users rather than asintermediates for use by other industries). Light industry facilities typically have less environmentalimpact than those associated with heavy industry, andzoning laws are more likely to permit light industrynearresidential areas.Light industries require only a small amount of raw materials, area and power. Thevalue of the goods is low and they are easy to transport. The number of products is high. It causes

relatively little pollution, as compared to heavy industries. The light industry enterprises are grouped into4: big enterprises (over 5000 employees, e.g. textile industry); medium enterprises (500-1000 employees,e.g. carpet industry); small enterprises (100-200 employees, e.g. knitting industry); very small enterprises(20-50 employees, e.g. confections industry). Usually, light industry and metallurgy are located together,so there is a balance between male and female labour force. All production is oriented for consumption, sothe light industry is located near the market. Also it is located near female labour force (9 of 10 employeesare women).

Modern tandency in developing system of comunication.

The transportation and communication system represents Earths carcass, which connects differentcivilizations, and multiple economic systems. Among the biggest and oldest communication ways can be

mentioned: the great silk route, Tran-Siberian highway, the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, the Europeantunnel, Rhine-Main-Danube Canal, Pan-American Highway.The communication system is vital for the proper development of the economy. It is a real vascularsystem of the world economy. The great rivers, ocean wiring, railways and highways, the worldinformational system, build the world communication carcass and create the base of inter-civilizationdialogue. The communication and transport system ensures the link between row materials productionconsumption, between the information promoter and receiver. Transport and communication systemfacilitates the proximity between households, countries and continents; doesnt allow the isolation ofcountries and full economic zones, which are located peripheral in report with the economic centers of theworld.

Energetic crisis. Ways of solution. Ca la ex.33

Transnational corporation. Criteria of clasification. Evolution. Strategy.

Transnational corporations -- those corporations which operate in more than one country or nation at atime -- have become some of the most powerful economic and political entities in the world today. TheInternational Labour Organization (ILO) has defined a transnational corporation as a corporation that hasits management headquarters in one country, known as the home country, and operates in several othercountries, known as host countries. The first modern multinational corporation is generally thought to bethe Dutch East India Company. Nowadays many corporations have offices, branches or manufacturingplants in different countries from where their original and main headquarters is located. Somemultinational corporations are very big, with budgets that exceed some nations' GDPs. Multinational

corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies, and even theworld economy,and play animportant role ininternational relations andglobalization.The presence of such powerful players in theworld economy is reason for much controversy.

Localization of food industry. Factors and pricipals, geoeconomic tendency.

Food industry is usually located near the market. Thats because all the products are oriented to theimmediate consumption and the transportation shouldnt take much time, because the food is rapidlyperishable. It is also located near drinking water. It may be explained by the fact that in order to process 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)


9/13

unit of vegetable are needed 10 units of water. When speaking about labour force, food industry requiresnot qualified labour force, the same as in agriculture, where the cycle of production is very short. Again,70-80% of al the labour force is female labour force. So, to summarize, food industry is located in reportwith regions with row materials and is oriented to the market (basically it is the city). The waste productsfrom food industry are used as provender for animals.

Advantages and diadvantages of air transportation.

Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, butincur high costs and energy use.

Explain why heavy industry is located together with light industry. Trebue sa raspund singur.

W.Weber conception.

Webber middle of 20th century. The main factor of localization is qualified labour force. Webberexplained that localization depends on 2 factors: general (raw materials, resources) and specific (labourforce, market..). Through qualifies labour force we can reach a high level of economic development;

Spatial localzation and organization of agriculture. Extensive and intensive ways of developing

agriculture.

Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. There are several factors ofagriculture development: natural factor (climate conditionsinfrastructure of agriculture; relief; soil),economic factor (capital, technology, agricultural machines) and social factor (the level of organizationand education of the society). Agriculture is very important for people and society, because 50% of human

life depends on agriculture. Also 90% of world population works in agriculture and 2/3 of industrialbranches perform their activity due to agriculture. Lately appeared the food problem, which is due to thelow productivity and capacity of agriculture. Developed countries dont have problems with the quantityof agricultural goods, in report with low developed countries, which have low agriculture productivity andat the same time which deal with demographical explosion. Thus, these countries deal with difficultieswhen speaking about quantity of agricultural goods and cant ensure the population fully with food.

There are 2 main ways to develop one countrys agriculture: extensive and intensive. The extensiveone relies on increasing the agricultural areas year by year, in order to cover the necessities. These extraagricultural areas as a rule are obtained by clearing woods, and this is a negative effect of this type of


10/13

agriculture. The intensive type of agriculture implies: gyratory cultivation; electrification of agriculture;mechanization of agriculture; selection of plants; irrigation (it may provide 2 or even 3 harvest per year);using chemicals (utilizing fertilizers, protecting plants); improving the soil productivity.

There are 3 main types of agriculture: subsistence, traditional and commercial agriculture.Subsistence agriculture may be characterized by low productivity, all products are oriented toconsumption, its typical for low developed countries, the trade is absent or only in 1ststageonly barter.

The traditional agriculture is distinctive by its specialization, the relation goods-money. A big share ofcultivations are colonial and also intended for export, which is a very important source of income andcapital. In the commercial agriculture everything is intended for export (or at least 90%). The price for thegoods is established by the low of demand and supply, and this kind of agriculture is characteristic fordeveloped countries.

Explain why textile and metalurgy industry are localized together in the same economic center.

Ca la ex.49

Cristilier conception.

Cristailerfinal decades of 20thcentury. The main factormarket. In this way, labour force is moved inreport with direction of financial capital. Idem, appears international migration in report with economicalactivity.

Green revolution. Thechnological and Chimical revolution in agriculture.

Agro-industrial complex is the economical unit in which agriculture and industry go together anddevelop together. Agriculture ensures with row materials the industrial branches. And industrial branchesensure agriculture with machinery and modern technologies and techniques. The industry provides factorsof production, for example chemical branch ensures with fertilizers, engineering branch ensures withagricultural technology and machines. It also includes hi-tech and biotechnology based agriculture. The

agro-industrial complex is characteristic for medium and developed countries, representing a strategy forall developed countries.As for the Green Revolution, it was started in the middle of 20thcentury by United Nations

Organization (UNO). It includes 2 stages:

1. In the first stage it had the aim to solve the food problem in the low developed statesfrom Africa, Asia. In this way, there were created scientific research centers in the plant selectiondomain, in order to implement in low developed countries highly productive cultures. It had apartial efficiency, because the plants selected hadnt been acclimatized, and besides, smallfarmers couldnt afford to buy the selected cultures. This stage had a success only in the countrieswith big private property, and partially in India.

The second stage is typical for the last decades from the 20thcentury, in the developed countries.

The aim was to create agro-industrial complexes, especially in European countries. It was also aimed to

develop farm households, and to transform landlord households into farm ones. In all the developedcountries, the green revolution was finalized as an agrarian reform in the stage of economical integrationof the European countries.

55) Geoeconomic and geopolitic appreciation of Moldova. Mai trebue sa adaug ceva

Moldova officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian:Republica Moldova) is alandlockedcountry inEastern Europe,located betweenRomaniato the west andUkraineto the north, east
http://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_languagehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_languagehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romanian_languagehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romanian_languagehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romanian_languagehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Landlockedhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Landlockedhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romaniahttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romaniahttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romaniahttp://localhost/var/wiki/Ukrainehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Ukrainehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Ukrainehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Ukrainehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romaniahttp://localhost/var/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Landlockedhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Romanian_languagehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_language


11/13

and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding MoldovanSSRin 1991, as part of the dissolution of theSoviet Union

Fod problem. Ways of solution. Demu este.

Geoeconomic localization of electric station. Priorities, advantages and disadvantages.

Nu stiu??????????????????????????????????????????/

Thunins conseption.

Tiunin first part of 20thcentury; according to his theory, the main factor of economic localization isway of transportation because countries depends more and more on it: beginning with extraction withraw materials and finishing with distribution of goods. Idem, Tiunin stated that a country should developits infrastructure;

59) Railway transportation. Clasification. Advantages and disadvantages.

Railways have big transportation capacity, are frequent and circulate regularly. It is safe, and lately itis capable of high speeds, at a relative low cost. Of course one of the big disadvantages is that it is slower

than other transportation systems, like air transport for example

RM. Advantages and disadvantages of integrating in CSI.

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional organization whoseparticipating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the SovietUnion.The CIS is comparable to a very loose association of states and in no way comparable to afederation, confederation or supra-national organization such as the old European Community.Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is more than a purely symbolic organization,possessing coordinating powers in the field of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security. It has alsopromoted cooperation on democratization and cross-border crime prevention. As a regionalorganization, CIS participates inUN peacekeeping forces.Some of the members of the CIS haveestablished theEurasian Economic Community with the aim of creating acommon market.TheCommon Economic Space would involve a supranational commission on trade and tariffs.Theultimate goal would be a regional organization that would be open for other countries to join aswell, and could eventually lead even to a single currency.

Geopolitic conflicts of RM. Essence and geoeconomic aspects.
http://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_SSRhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_SSRhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_SSRhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Soviet_Republicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeepinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeepinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Soviet_Republicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_organizationhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_SSRhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_SSRhttp://localhost/var/wiki/Moldovan_Declaration_of_Independence


12/13

PopulatiaRepublicii Moldova constituie 4 264 300 locuitori, dintre care 65% - moldoveni,13,8% - ucraineni, 13% - rusi, precum si alte grupuri etnice: gagauzi, bulgari, bielorusi, evrei,armeni etc.

SuprafataMoldovei este de 33 843 km2 .

Riurile principaleale Moldovei sint Nistrul (657 km pe teritoriul tarii), Prut (655 km, respectiv).Bazinele acvatice naturale sint reprezentate, in temei, de iazurile din vaile aferente riurilor Nistrusi Prut.

Limba oficialaa Republicii Moldova este limba moldoveneasca, identica cu cea romana. Calimba de comunicare intre etniile conlocuitoare se utilizeaza si limba rusa, gagauza, bulgara siukrainiana.

CapitalaMoldovei este orasul Chisinau.. Populatia capitalei constituie peste 700 000 locuitori.Suprafata - aproximativ 200 km2 . La momentul actual acesta este centrul administrativ, politic,

cultural si stiintific al Moldovei. Chisinaul are 563 de ani de la intemeiere.

Alte orase mari din Moldova sint Tiraspolul cu 184 000 locuitori, Balti cu 162 000 locuitori siTighina (Bender) cu 160 000 locuitori.

Unitatea teritorialautonom Gguzia a fost format n anul 1994, avnd 32 de localiti i ncalitate de centru administrativ municipiul Comrat.

60. Aprecierea geoeconomica a pozitiei geografice a RM

Republica Moldova stat tnr, situat n Sud-Estul Europei Centrale, a aprut pe harta politic a lumii la 27august n urma dezmembrrii URSS. La aceast cotitur istoric R. Moldova i realizeaz ansa istoric de

a se transforma ntr-un stat suveran i independent. ns se tie c drumul spre afirmare nu a fost obinutuor i c independena a fost pltit cu preul unui rzboi civil, al pauperizarii populaiei, omajului iemigraiilor masive, blocadei economice din partea Federaiei Ruse, principalul partener comercial. Deiactualmente R. Moldova este recunoscut de majoritatea statelor lumii ca subiect de drept internaionalsuveranitatea nu este una deplin, deoarece nu-i exercit puterea asupra Transnistriei separatiste (11,8%din teritoriu), la care se adaug i prezena unor baze militare ruseti.

Experiena statal a Republicii Moldova este una destul de mic, de doar 15 ani. S fie asta unadintre cauzele insucceselor n economie invocat adesea de autoriti?! Cert este c modificrile frecventede hotar, divizarea spaiului geoeconomic, ignorarea DIM (diviziunea internaional a muncii) i-au spuscuvntul n dezvoltarea social-economic a Republicii Moldova.

61. Aprecierea geopolitica a pozitiei geografice a RM

Republica Moldova este un stat de dimensiuni mici, avnd o suprafa de 33 843 km 2, ocupnd poziia a32-a n Europa. Dei din punct de vedere geografic ea este situat n nemijlocita apropiere de centrulEuropei ,din punct de vedere geopolitic ea a avut ntotdeauna o poziie periferic. Neavnd ieire la mare,Republica Moldova este ancorat ntre Romnia i Ucraina, state cu un potenial economic mult maimare dect al rii noastre, dar totui, state cu nivel mediu de dezvoltare, state n curs de dezvoltare, nproces de tranziie.

Un avantaj mare din punct de vedere geopolitic al teritoriului republicii l constituie apropierea dehotarele UE i hotarul direct cu blocul de securitate NATO care vor schimba poziia politico -geografic arii.


13/13

Hotarele statului reflect dependena geopolitic de rile estice, care direct prin Ucraina i indirect dectre Federaia Rus i manifest interesele geopolitice n regiune.

Documents

Raspunsuri Pentru Examen La Geoeconomie