RASIONALITAS VLADIMIR PUTIN DALAM KEBIJAKAN INTERVENSI

MILITER DI SURIAH

SKRIPSI

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat

memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

SHERLA NAYA PUTRI

201310360311049

PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2018

ii

RASIONALITAS VLADIMIR PUTIN DALAM KEBIJAKAN

INTERVENSI MILITER DI SURIAH

Diajukan Oleh :

SHERLA NAYA PUTRI

201310360311049

Telah disetujui

Pada hari / tanggal, Senin/ 26 Maret 2018

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

Hafid Adim Pradana, MA Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si

Dekan Ketua Program Studi

Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M,Si Syaprin Zahidi, MA

iii

S K R I P S I

Dipersiapkan dan disusun oleh :

Sherla Naya Putri

201310360311049

Telah dipertahankan di depan Dewan Penguji Skripsi

dan dinyatakan

L U L U S

Sebagai salah satu persyaratan untuk memperoleh gelar

Sarjana ( SI ) Ilmu Politik

Pada hari Senin, 26 Maret 2018

Dihadapan Dewan Penguji

Dewan Penguji :

1. Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int ( )

2. Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int ( )

3. Hafid Adim Pradana, MA ( )

4. Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si ( )

Mengetahui

Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik

Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M,Si

viii

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas berkah rahmat, hidayah dan

karunia-Nya yang diberikan kepada penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan

skripsi ini dengan judul “Rasionalitas Vladimir Putin dalam Kebijakan Intervensi

Militer di Suriah”. Skripsi ini disusun dan diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat

memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Hubungan Internasional pada Fakultas Ilmu

Sosial dan Ilmu Politik.

Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan skripsi ini masih banyak

kekurangan dan jauh dari kesempurnaan, baik karena sumber data dari media

yang beragam maupun kemampuan penulis. Oleh karena itu penulis menerima

segala saran dan kritik yang berguna untuk perbaikan skripsi ini.

Akhir kata penulis berharap agar skripsi ini dapat memberikan banyak

manfat bagi seluruh pembaca.

Malang, 02 Maret 2018

Sherla Naya Putri

xi

DAFTAR ISI

Lembar Cover..........………………………………………………….... i

Lembar Persetujuan....…………………………………………………. ii

Lembar Pengesahan....…………………………………………………. iii

Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi.....…………………………………..... iv

Pernyataan Orisinalitas.......…………………………………………..... v

Abstraksi......………………………………………………………….... vi

Abstract........………………………………………………………….... vii

Kata Pengantar..........…………………………………………………... viii

Moto dan Persembahan..........………………………………………….. ix

Daftar Isi.........………………………………………………………….. xi

Daftar Gambar.....……………………………………………………….. xiv

Daftar Tabel.............…………………………………………………..... xv

Daftar Lampiran...................................................................................... xvi

BAB I : Pendahuluan

1.1 Latar Belakang............………………………………..... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah.......………………………………….. 8

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian.......…………………………. 9

1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian.....…………………………. 9

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu....………………………………… 9

1.5 Kerangka Teori dan Konsep

1.5.1 Teori Rational Choice.............………………... 17

1.6 Metodologi Penelitian..................................................... 23

1.6.1 Variabel Penelitian dan Level Analisa................ 24

1.6.2 Metode dan Tipe Penelitian....…………………. 24

1.6.3 Teknik dan Analisa Data........…………………. 25

1.6.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data.....…………………. 25

xii

1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian......…………………. 25

1.7 Hipotesa........………………………………………….... 26

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan.……………………….....…….... 27

BAB II : Sejarah dan Kompleksitas Konflik Suriah

2.1 Gambaran Umum Konflik Suriah................................... 30

2.1.1 Akar Konflik Suriah

.................................................................................... 31

2.1.2 Pemicu Konflik

Suriah…………………………………….......... 34

2.1.3 Reaksi Pemerintahan Bashar Al Assad

…………………………………………………. 38

2.1.4 Kemunculan Kelompok Oposisi di

Konflik Suriah................................................... 45

2.2 Konflik Suriah Sebagai Pintu Masuk Perebutan

Kuasa Antara Negara Great Power

.......................................................................................... 47

2.3 Keterlibatan Negara-Negara Besar dalam Konflik Suriah

……………………………………………..................... 49

2.3.1 Aliansi Amerika Serikat

…………………………………………………... 50

2.3.2 Aliansi Rusia

…………………………………………………. 51

2.4 Tindakan dan Aksi Rusia dalam Melakukan Intervensi

Militer di Suriah..………………………………………. 54

BAB III: Kalkulasi Keuntungan dan Kerugian Yang Didapatkan Vladimir

Putin Atas Kebijakan Intervensi Militer di Suriah

3.1 Perekonomian Rusia Pada Masa Presiden Vladimir

Putin…………………………………………………… 56

xiii

3.1.1 Keuntungan Atas Kebijakan Intervensi Militer

di Suriah Dalam Faktor Ekonomi

………………………………………………… 62

3.1.2 Kerugian Atas Kebijakan Intervensi Militer

di Suriah Dalam Faktor Ekonomi

………………………………………………….. 75

3.1.3 Dampak Ekonomi Yang Akan Dihadapi

Pemerintahan Vladimir Putin Atas Kebijakan

Intervensi Militer di Rusia

………………………………………………… 78

3.2 Peningkatan Hubungan Diplomatik Antara

Rusia dan Suriah…...………………………………….. 79

3.2.1 Keuntungan Atas Kebijakan Intervensi Militer

di Suriah Dalam Peningkatan Kerjasama

Bilateral………………………………………. 82

3.2.2 Pengaruh dan Dampak Atas Kebijakan

Intervensi Militer di Suriah Bagi Vladimir

Putin dan Bashar Al Assad…………………... 83

BAB IV : Penutup

4.1 Kesimpulan.....………………………………………….. 86

4.2 Saran…..........………………………………………….... 87

Daftar Pustaka..........……………………………………………….... 88

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 3.1

PDB atau Produk Domestik Bruto Rusia...…………………………… 61

Gambar 3.2

Ekspor Senjata Rusia di Dunia..........…………………………………. 64

Gambar 3.2

Ekspor Senjata Rusia 2000-2015..……………………………..……. 65

Gambar 3.3

Penjualan Senjata Rusia di Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara

pada tahun 2000-2016...………… …………………………………… 66

Gambar 3.4

Senjata Rusia di Timur Tengah....…………………………………… 67

Gambar 3.5

PDB dan Utang Luar Negeri Rusia.....………………………………….. 76

xv

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1

Penelitian Terdahulu................................................................................. 15

Tabel 1.8

Sistematika Penulisan.............................................................................. 28

Tabel 3.1

Transaksi Transfer Senjata Buatan Rusia ke Suriah..…………………… 68

xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 : Penjualan Senjata buatan Rusia.......................................... 100

Lampiran 2 : Ekspor Senjata Rusia ke Timur Tengah

dan Afrika Utara.................................................................... 100

Lampiran 3 : Total ekspor senjata global 2000-2016................................ 101

Lampiran 4 : Pemasok senjata Suriah........................................................ 101

Lampiran 5 : Transfers of major weapons: Deals with deliveries

or orders made for 2011 to 2016........................................ 102

88

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Buku :

Browning & Helcli. Webster (ed). 2000. Understanding Contemporary Society:

Theories of The Present. London: Sage Publications.

Fahrurodji, A. 2005. Rusia Menuju Demokrasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Mas’oed, Mohtar. 1989. Studi Hubungan Internasional : Tingkat Analisis dan

Teorisasi. Yogyakarta : Pusat Antar Universitas-Studi Sosial Universitas

Gadjah Mada.

Shevtsova, Lilia. 2005. Putin’s Russia, Washington DC : Carnegie Endowment

For International Peace.

Tamburaka, Apriadi . 2011. Revolusi Timur Tengah : Kejatuhan Para Penguasa

Otoriter di Negara-negara Timur Tengah. Yogyakarta: Narasi.

Skripsi/Tesis/Disertasi :

Azzuro, Nisful Lail. Alasan Pemerintah Rusia pada Era Vladimir Putin

menerapkan kebijakan represif terhadap gerakan separatis Chechnya.

Skripsi. Malang : Jurusan Hubungan Internasional. Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

Artikel dan Jurnal Ilmiah :

Anonymous. Syria. Country Reports on Human Rights Practice by United States

of Department of States. Diakses dari

https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186661.pdf (25/02/2018.

13.15 WIB)

Bar, Shmuel. Bashar’s Syria : The regime and its Strategic Worldview. Diakses

dari http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_uploads/2590bashars.pdf

(24/01/2018. 16.20 WIB)

Biswas, Masudul & Sipes, Carrie. Social Media in Syria’s Uprising and Post-

Revolution Libya: An Analysis of Activists’ and Blogger’s Online

Engagement . Diakses dari

http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20140926111739_B

iswasSipes_SocialMedia_Final.pdf (26/01/2018. 21.17 WIB)

89

Casagrande, Genevieve. Russian airstrikes in Syria, Institute for the Study of War.

Diakses dari

http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Russian%20Airstrikes

%20Maps%20SEPT%202015-SEPT%202016.pdf (20/02/2018. 22.12

WIB)

Derinova, Anna. Who Rules Russia?. Diakses dari http://www.e-

ir.info/2013/05/22/who-rules-russia/ (03/04/2018. 22.04 WIB)

Durfee, Liam. The Battle for Aleppo. Diakses dari

http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/battle-aleppo (09/01/2018.

21.00 WIB)

Felgenhauer, Pavel. Russia Building New Bases to Counter United States. The

Jamestown Foundation Global Research and Analysis. Diakses dari

https://jamestown.org/program/russia-building-new-bases-counter-united-

states/ (14/02/2018.12.08 WIB)

Fulton, Will, dkk. Iranian Strategy in Syria. Diakses dari

http://www.understandingwar.org/report/iranian-strategy-syria

(20/01/2018. 23.22 WIB)

Galeotti, Mark. The Truth about Russia’s Defence Budget. Diakses dari

http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_the_truth_about_russias_defence_

budget_7255 (17/02/2018. 23.34 WIB)

Goldenberg, Ilan & Smith, Julie. US-Russia Competition in the Middle East is

Back. Diakses dari http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/07/u-s-russia-

competition-in-the-middle-east-is-back/ (27/01/2018. 12.40 WIB)

Hille, Kathrin, dkk. Russia’s Middle East ambitions grow with Syria battlefield

success. Diakses dari https://www.ft.com/content/c131d7c2-dda7-11e6-

9d7c-be108f1c1dce (29/01/2018. 17.45 WIB)

Howard, Philip N. Dkk. What was the Role of Social Media During the Arab

Spring?. Project on Information Technology & Political Islam. Diakses

dari https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2595096

(27/01/2018. 19.42 WIB)

Iddon, Paul. A Recap of the Syrian Crisis to date. Digital Journal. Diakses dari

http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/329590#ixzz2rwRxEk2O

(02/01/2018. 17.50 WIB)

90

Johnston, Patrick B. The Islamic State (Terrorist Organization). Diakses dari

https://www.rand.org/topics/the-islamic-state-terrorist-

organization.html(11/01/2018. 11.22 WIB)

Katz, Mark N. Putin’s Foreign Policy Toward Syria.George Mason University.

Diakses dalam: https://www.rubincenter.org/meria/2006/03/Katz.pdf

(20/04/2016, 21:35 WIB)

Kiniklioglu, Suat. What does Turkey want in Syria and why?. Diakses dari

https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/DCAF-

STRATIM-Paper-1.pdf (20/01/2018. 14.32 WIB)

Laub, Zachary. Who’s Who in Syria’s Civil War. Diakses dari

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/whos-who-syrias-civil-war (11/01/2018.

12.45 WIB )

Lindenstrauss, Gallia, & Magen, Zvi. The Russia-Turkish Reset, Foreign Policy

Research Institute. Diakses dari

https://www.fpri.org/article/2016/08/russian-turkish-reset/ (15/02/2018.

18.36 WIB)

Muradov, Kirill. Russia’s economic policy under Putin 2.0, East Asia Forum.

Diakses dari http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/13/russia-s-economic-

policy-under-putin-2-0/ (03/02/2018. 11.42 WIB)

Noor, Ibrahim. Analisis Intervensi Rusia dalam Konflik Suriah.Universitas

Mulawarman Samarinda. Diakses dalam: http://ejournal.hi.fisip-

unmul.ac.id/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Artikel%2520%2520(12-02-

14-04-56-05).pdf (30/05/2015, 20:33 WIB)

Pariona, Amber. What Type of Government Does Russia Have?. Diakses dari

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-type-of-government-does-

russia-have.html (24/02/2018. 18.19 WIB)

Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan Statuta Mahkamah Internasional.

Diakses dalam:

hhtp://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/un

charter/jakarta_charter_bahasa.pdf (01/03/2017, 19:26 WIB)

Pike, John. Russian Naval Base at Tartus/ Tartous. Diakses dari

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/tartous.htm

(28/03/2018. 23.45 WIB)

Pike, John. Syria Revolution – 2011. Global Security Organization. Diakses dari

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/syria-2011.htm

(03/01/2018. 22.15 WIB)

91

Pike, John. Syria-Russia Relations. Diakses dari

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/forrel-russia.htm

(18/01/2018. 23.13 WIB)

Plakoudas, Spyridon A. Putin, Assad, and Geopolitics. Rubin Center Research in

International Affairs. Diakses dari

http://www.rubincenter.org/2016/02/putin-assad-and-geopolitics/

(18/02/2018. 20.05 WIB)

Pujayanti, Adirini. 2013. Isu Pengunaan Senjata Kimia dalam Konflik Suriah.

Diakses dalam :

http://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info%20Singkat-V-18-II-

P3DI-September-2013-16.pdf(06/03/2017, 21:42 WIB)

Rai, Manish. Tallying the score : Russia gained much in Syria. Diakses dari

www.atimes.com/article/tallying-the-score-russia-gained-much-in-syria

(02/08/2017. 17.56 WIB)

Salih, Kamal Eldin Osman. The Roots and Causes of the 2011 Arab Uprisings.

Diakses dari

http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.35.2.0184(14/12/201.

23.10 WIB)

Saletan, William. If the Syrian bombing didn’t kill civilians, it wasn’t terrorism.

Diakses dari

http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/frame_game/2012/07/syri

a_s_july_18_damascus_bombing_wasn_t_terrorism_it_was_plain_old_ass

assination_.html (07/01/2018. 22.44 WIB)

Shine, Sima, dkk. President Rouhani’s Visit to Russia : A New Level of Relations.

The Institute for National Security Studies. Diakses dari

http://www.inss.org.il/publication/president-rouhanis-visit-russia-new-

level-relations/ (27/02/2018. 23.04 WIB)

Sinjab, Lina. Syria Presidential election, Assad’s Stage-Managed Show of

Democracy. Diakses dari

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/02/syria-election-bashar-al-

assad-president (19/01/2018. 20.29 WIB)

Standish, Reid. Putin’s Eurasian Dream Is Over Before It Began. Diakses dari

http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/06/putins-eurasian-dream-is-over-

before-it-began/ (25/02/2018. 19.26 WIB)

Stanford University. International Security in a Changing World : The Syria Civil

War. Diakses dari

92

https://web.stanford.edu/~imalone/Teaching/ps1/SyriaCivilWarCheatSheet

.pdf (03/04/2018. 20.22 WIB)

Stepanova, Ekaterina. Russia’s Policy on Syria after the Start of Military

Engagement, Ponars Eurasia. Diakses dari

http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-

pdf/Pepm421_Stepanova_Feb2016.pdf (18/02/2018. 22.36 WIB)

Stepanova, Ekaterina. The Syria Crisis and the Making of Russia’s Foreign Policy,

IMEMO, Russian Academy of Science. Diakses dalam:

https://www.gwu.edu~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pepm199.pdf

(18/04/2016, 22:44 WIB)

University For Peace and Conflict. Causes and Catalysts of the Civil War in Syria.

Diakses dari http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=1017

(03/04/2018. 20.45 WIB)

Wangke, Humphery. Krisis Politik dan Konflik Kepentingan di Suriah, Pusat

Pengkajian Pengolahan data dan Informasi (P3DI) Setjen DPR RI.

Diakses dalam: https://pengkajian.dpr.go.id/produk-ilmiah/index/id/3,

(28/03/2015, 21:19 WIB)

Sumber Internet :

Adomeit, Hannes. Putin’s ‘Eurasian Union’ : Russia’s Integration Project and

Policies on Post-Soviet Space. Diakses dari

http://www.khas.edu.tr/cms/cies/dosyalar/files/NeighbourhoodPolicyPaper

(04).pdf(25/02/2018. 19.14 WIB)

Anonymous. Government, Legislature. Diakses dari

http://www.countriesquest.com/europe/russia/government/legislature.htm

(28/03/2018. 12.15 WIB)

Anonymous. Mapping Militant Organizations. Diakses dari

http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/1

(19/01/2018. 10.10 WIB)

Alliance for Kurdish Rights. Syria To Grant Citizenship To Some of Its Stateless

Kurds. Diakses dari https://kurdishrights.org/2011/04/07/syria-to-grant-

citizenship-to-some-of-its-stateless-kurds/ (04/01/2018. 22.50 WIB)

Anjarini, Moh’d. Oppressive Laws in Syria (1 of 5). The Syrian Human Rights

Committee. Diakses dari http://www.shrc.org/en/?p=19812 (04/01/2018.

21.45 WIB)

93

Amos Deborah . Syria ‘Great Friday’ Protest Turns Blody. National Public Radio

Media Organization. Diakses dari

https://www.npr.org/2011/04/22/135628118/syrian-forces-protesters-face-

off-on-great-friday (04/01/2018. 23.10 WIB)

Arromadloni, M. Najih. Memahami Konflik Suriah, Tragedi Kemanusiaan

Terbesar Abad 21. Diakses dari https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-

3398935/memahami-konflik-suriah-tragedi-kemanusiaan-terbesar-abad-

21?single=1 (28/03/2018. 20.25 WIB)

Attacks on Ghouta – Analysis of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria.

Diakses dari https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/09/10/attacks-

ghouta/analysis-alleged-use-chemical-weapons-syria (10/01/2018. 22.17

WIB)

Baronin, Anatoly. Russia Occupies Syria in Return for Security Guarantees for

Bashar al-Assad. Diakses dari https://informnapalm.org/en/russia-

occupies-syria-return-security-guarantees-bashar-al-assad/ (27/02/2018.

23.17 WIB)

BBC. Aleppo: Key dates in battle for strategic Syrian city. Diakses dari

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38294488 (09/01/2018.

21.04 WIB)

____. Rusia dan Cina memveto resolusi DK soal Suriah. BBC Indonesia. Diakses

dari http://bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2012/07/120719_veto_suriah.shtml.

(24/04/2016, 20:27 WIB)

Bumisyam, Setahun Intervensi Militer Rusia di Suriah, Ribuan Korban Jiwa

Berjatuhan. Diakses dari http://www.bumisyam.com/2016/10/setahun-

intervensi-militer-rusia-di-suriah-ribuan-korban-jiwa-berjatuhan.html

(03/11/2016, 18:49 WIB)

Cahyadi, Herri. Melihat Lebih Dekat Aleppo. Diakses dari

http://republika.co.id/berita/jurnalisme-warga/wacana/

16/12/19/oieqfw408-melihat-lebih-dekat-aleppo(06/03/2017, 21:36 WIB)

CNN News . McKirdy, Euan. 8 Times Russia Blocked a UN Security Council

Resolution on Syria. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/13/middleeast/russia-

unsc-syria-resolutions/index.html (20/01/2018. 23.18 WIB)

Chappell, Bill. Russia Begins Airstrikes In Syria After Assad’s Request. Diakses

dari https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-

way/2015/09/30/444679327/russia-begins-conducting-airstrikes-in-syria-

at-assads-request (28/03/2018. 00.35 WIB)

94

Conflict Background. I Am Syria Campaign. Diakses dari

http://www.iamsyria.org/conflict-background.html (02/01/2018. 08.32

WIB)

Conway, Madeline. Timeline : U.S approach to the Syrian civil war. Diakses dari

https://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/timeline-united-states-response-

syria-civil-war-237011 (31/01/2018. 21.52 WIB)

Dictionary. State Capitalism. Diakses dari

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/state-capitalism (03/02/2018. 12.40

WIB)

Djankov, Simeon. Russia’s Economy under Putin : From Crony Capitalism to

State Capitalism. Diakses dari

https://piie.com/sites/default/files/publications/pb/pb15-18.pdf

(31/01/2018. 14.12 WIB)

Felgenhauer, Pavel. Russia Building New Bases to Counter United States. The

Jamestown Foundation Global Research and Analysis. Diakses dari

https://jamestown.org/program/russia-building-new-bases-counter-united-

states/ (14/02/2018. 12.08 WIB)

Gaprom Press New., Gazprom inks documents for cooperation in Iran. Diakses

dari http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2017/december/article386279/

(15/02/2018. 18.02 WIB)

Gaub, Florence & Popescu, Nicu. Russia and Syria - The Odd Couple. Diakses

dari

https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Alert_Russia-

Syria.pdf (10/02/2018. 12.26 WIB )

Gazeta, Rossiyskaya. Who buys Russian weapons?. Diakses dari

https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/infographics/2015/11/05/who-buys-

rusian-weapons_537441 (04/02/2018. 11.46 WIB)

Gulf News. EU Names 13 Syrian officials on Santions list, including President’s

brother. Diakses dari http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/syria/eu-names-13-

syrian-officials-on-sanctions-list-including-president-s-brother-1.805761

(04/01/2018. 22.17 WIB)

Harmer, Christopher. Russian Naval Base Tartus, Institute for the Study of War.

Diakses dari

http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_Russia

n_NavalBaseTartus.pdf (12/02/2018. 13.06 WIB)

95

Heathman, Amelia. What you need to know about Russia’s arms exports. Diakses

dari https://www.verdict.co.uk/need-know-russias-arms-exports/

(09/02/2018. 20.36 WIB)

Inilah Aktor Utama Perang Suriah. Diakses dari http://m.dw.com/id/inilah-aktor-

utama-perang-suriah/g-18884183(24/04/2016, 19.22 WIB)

International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) Report . Syria’s Chemical

Weapons – The Terrorism Threat. Diakses dari https://i-hls.com/wp-

content/uploads/2013/09/Syria-Chemical-Weapons-The-Terrorism-Threat-

final-ICT-Report.pdf (09/01/2018. 22.40 WIB)

Kamus Bisnis. Kapitalisme Kroni. Diakses dari

http://kamusbisnis.com/arti/kapitalisme-kroni/ (03/02/208. 12.35 WIB)

Karimov, Fatih. Iran, Russia sign 14 co-op documents. Diakses dari

https://en.trend.az/iran/politics/2735717.html (27/02/2018. 23.10 WIB)

Koopmann, Karla. Syrian Arab Republic Tartous Port. Diakses dari

http://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.1.2+Syrian+Arab+Repub

lic+Tartous+Port;jsessionid=A15EC69EDFF6C461C2291CBA1FFF5EF5

(28/03/2018. 23.18 WIB)

Lalapet, Sha. The Dichotomy : Russia’s foray into the Middle East, NATO

Association. Diakses dari http://natoassociation.ca/the-dichotomy-russias-

foray-into-the-middle-east/ (10/02/2018. 23.27 WIB)

Langley, Jason . Politics and Religion in Iraq and Syria : What is the Ba’ath

Party?. Diakses dari https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-baath-party-as-the-

west-doesnt-want-you-to-know-it/5319120 (31/01/2018. 20.44 WIB)

Lucas, Grahame. Tidak Ada Damai di Suriah, DW News. Diakses dari

http://www.dw.com/id/tidak-ada-damai-di-suriah-tanpa-assad/a-19035212

(18/02/2018. 21.13 WIB)

MacMillan, Steve. Bashar al-Assad : The Democratically Elected President of

Syria. Diakses dari https://www.globalresearch.ca/bashar-al-assad-the-

democratically-elected-president-of-syria-2/5584950 (18/01/2018. 22.12

WIB)

Macleod, Hugh. Syria Sans Emergency Law No Different, Aljazeera Media

Network. Diakses dari

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/201142015306616501

.html (04/01/2018. 23.02 WIB)

96

Mahaputra, Angga. Rusia dan Cina kembali Veto Resolusi Suriah. Okezone news.

Diakses dari http://m.okezone.com/read/2014/05/23/414/988982/rusia-

dan-china-embali-veto-resolusi-suriah (24/04/2016, 20:43 WIB)

Manfreda, Primoz. Top 10 Reasons for the Uprising in Syria. Diakses dari

https://www.thoughtco.com/top-10-reasons-for-the-uprising-in-syria-

2353571 (12/01/2018. 19.33 WIB)

Maulana, Victor.ISIS, Alasan Rusia Bantu Bashar Al Assad. Diakses dari

http://international.sindonews.com/read/1048935/41/isis-alasan-rusia-

bantu-bashar-al-assad-1443517993 (19/11/2016,19:32 WIB)

Mercouris, Alexander. Russia just tipped the balance of power in the

Mediterranean. Diakses dari https://www.globalresearch.ca/russias-

permanent-military-base-in-syria-moscow-just-tipped-the-balance-of-

power-in-the-mediterranean/5541294(13/02/2018. 14.18 WIB)

Miriello, Nick. Why Aleppo Matters. Diakses dari

https://www.vice.com/en_id/article/3dbpm5/why-aleppo-matters-en-id

(09/01/2018. 20.31 WIB)

Movchan, Andrey. Decline, Not Collapse: The Bleak Prospects for Russia’s

Economy. Carnegie Moscow Center. Diakses dari

http://carnegie.ru/2017/02/02/decline-not-collapse-bleak-prospects-for-

russia-s-economy-pub-67865 (17/02/2018. 02.14 WIB)

Mugg, James. The one chart that Russia’s military should be very afraid of. The

National Interest. Diakses dari http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-

buzz/the-one-chart-russias-military-should-be-very-afraid-18513

(16/02/2018. 13.32 WIB)

Nikolsky, Alexei . Putin submits deal with Syria on expanding Tartus naval base

for State Duma approval. Diakses dari http://tass.com/defense/980640

(14/02/2018. 10.17 WIB)

Ozalp, Mehmet . Syria. Russia and Turkey – the uneasy alliance reshaping world

politics. Diakses dari http://theconversation.com/syria-russia-and-turkey-

the-uneasy-alliance-reshaping-world-politics-71079 (29/01/2018. 15.47

WIB)

Petkova, Mariya. Russia : Talking War in Times Economic Crisis, Aljazeera

News. Diakses dari

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/russia-talking-war-

times-economic-crisis-161225082642953.html (17/02/2018. 23.18 WIB)

97

Pryce, Paul. Putin’s Third Term : The Triumph of Eurasianism. Diakses dari

http://greater-europe.org/archives/3335 (28/03/2018. 22.44 WIB)

Rai, Manish.Tallying the score : Russia gained much in Syria. Diakses dari

www.atimes.com/article/tallying-the-score-russia-gained-much-in-syria

(02/08/2017, 17.56 WIB)

Reuters News. Kremlin : Syria, oil high on Putin’s agenda on trip to Iran on Wed.

Diakses dari https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-iran-

azerbaijan/kremlin-syria-oil-high-on-putins-agenda-on-trip-to-iran-on-

wed-idUSKBN1D019O (27/02/2018. 22.42 WIB)

Robinson, Belinda. World on a Knife Edge : Iran asks Vladimir Putin to

Eliminate US Dollar and Isolate America. Diakses dari

https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/874772/Iran-supreme-leader-

Ayatollah-Ali-Khamenei-asks-Vladimir-Putin-isolate-US-ditch-dollar

(28/02/2018. 23.03 WIB)

Rolland,Oliphant.Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria’s

civil war. Diakses dari

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11845635/Vlad

imir-Putin-confirms-Russian-military-involvement-inSyrias-civil-war.html

(29/07/2017, 19:10 WIB)

Roth, Andrew. Russiadefends Moscow’s deliveries of weapons to Syrian army.

Diakses dari https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/putin-

defends-deliveries-of-russian-weapons-to-syrian-

army/2015/09/15/ad032c4e-0eda-4e17-a2b9-

205157128df4_story.html?utm_term=.519c2b70560f (28/02/2018. 12.52

WIB)

Russia Today News. Putin and Assad hold surprise meeting in Moscow. Diakses

dari https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeXGpb7i8Bs (29/03/2018.

01.10 WIB)

Russia Today News. The 21st St. Petersburg International Economic Forum

(SPIEF 2017). Diakses dari https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Gr-

U80t_rc (31/07/2017. 15.37 WIB)

Russiapedia. Basic Facts about Russia : Political System. Diakses dari

https://russiapedia.rt.com/basic-facts-about-russia/political-system/

(29/03/2018. 17.24 WIB)

Sidik, Jafar M.Seperti apakah intervensi militer Rusia. Antara news. Diakses dari

http://m.antaranews.com/berita/521106/seperti-apakah-intervensi-rusia-di-

suriah (19/11/2016, 12:11 WIB)

98

Sharkov, Damien. Putin Announces Plans to Sell More Guns to Africa, Asia and

Latin America. Diakses dari http://www.newsweek.com/putin-announces-

plans-sell-more-guns-africa-asia-and-latin-america-302698 (28/01/2018.

13.06 WIB)

Sladden, James, dkk. Russia Strategy in the Middle East. RAND Corporation.

Diakses dari

https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE200/PE236/R

AND_PE236.pdf (29/01/2018. 20.23 WIB)

Soldatkin, Vladimir. Assad says Syria starts signing oil and gas deals with

Russian companies. Diakses dari http://in.reuters.com/article/russi-syria-

energy-idINKBN17N1ZA (24/07/2017, 18:24 WIB)

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, International Transfers of

Major Weapons 2012-16. Diakses dari

https://public.tableau.com/profile/kate.blanchfield#!/vizhome/International

armsexports2012-16_0/Dashboard1 (06/02/2018. 00.47 WIB)

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. International Transfers of

Major Weapons 2012-16. Diakses dari

https://public.tableau.com/views/Internationalarmsimports/Dashboard2?:e

mbed=y&:display_count=yes&:showTabs=y&:toolbar=no (08/02/2018.

17.52 WIB)

_______________________________________. The State of Major Arms

Transfers in 8 Graphics. diakses dari

https://www.sipri.org/commentary/blog/2017/state-major-arms-transfers-

8-graphics (05/02/2018. 15.52 WIB)

Taylor, Moira Goff. Why Turkey Needs Russia. Dakses dari

https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/why-turkey-needs-russia

(15/02/2018. 19.45 WIB)

The Guardian. Russia’s Campaign in Syria Leads to Arms Sale Windfall. Diakses

dari https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/29/russias-campaign-

in-syria-leads-to-arms-sale-windfall (17/02/2018. 00.38 WIB)

The Syria Institute. Syria Conflict Overview. Diakses dari

http://syriainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Conflict-Overview-

secure.pdf (14/12/2017. 23.14 WIB)

Tilford, Robert. Copy of agreement between Russia and Syria regarding the

basing of Russian troops in Khmeimim airfield. Diakses dari

99

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/copy-agreement-between-russia-syria-

regarding-basing-russian-tilford (14/02/2018. 13.00 WIB)

United States Intitute of Peace. Rouhani and Putin Strengthen Iran-Russia Ties.

Diakses dari http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2017/mar/29/rouhani-and-

putin-strengthen-iran-russia-ties (15/02/2018. 16.22 WIB)

Wagner, Daniel & Cafiero, Giorgio. Saudi Arabia’s Dark Role in the Syria

Conflict. Diakses dari https://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-

wagner/saudi-arabias-dark-role-i_b_3402447.html (20/01/2018. 15.10

WIB)

Wang, Brian. Russia cuts military budget 25 % from $65 bilion to $48 billion.

Diakses dari https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/03/russia-cuts-military-

budget-25-from-65.html (17/02/2018. 23.28 WIB)

Wheeler, Eric, & Desai, Michael. Iran and Russia : A Partnership in the Making,

Middle East Institute. Diakses dari http://www.mei.edu/content/iran-and-

russia-partnership-making (15/02/2018. 17.15 WIB)

World Bank. GDP Russian Federation. Diakses dari

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2016&loca

tions=RU&start=1989&view=chart (24/01/2018. 21.25 WIB)

World Watch Monitor . Four Years Since Teenage Graffiti Sparks Syrian Civil

War. Diakses dari https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2015/03/four-

years-since-teenage-graffiti-sparks-syrian-civil-war/ (02/01/2018. 18.27

WIB)

Yeates, Wlater. Putin’s World : The Economic Ties Between Russia & Syria.

Diakses dari https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/putins-world-the-

econmic-ties-between-russia-syria_us_5921c6a4e4b0b28a33f62d33

(20/01/2018. 20.17 WIB)