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RAS Technologies for eels in Europe
Ep Eding
Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, WU, WUR, The Netherlands
Global European eel production 1950-2012
http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Anguilla_anguilla/en (accessed 24-9-2014)
Germany
Farms 3
Production 750-1200MT
Poland
Farms 1
Production ̴ 2-3 MT
UK
Glass eel fishing
Estonia
Farms 3
Production ̴̴ 55 MT
Greece (FEAP, 2013)
Farms 3
Production 100 MT
Netherlands
Farms 13
Production 2900 MT
France
Glasseel fishing
Italy
Glass eel fishing
Sweden (FEAP, 2013)
Farms 1
Production ̴ 93 MT
Portugal
Glass eel fishing
Eel farming in Europe Estimates
Denmark
Farms 5-6
Production ̴̴ 800 MT
Italy (FEAP, 2013)
Farms 3
Production ̴ 1000 MT
Eel farming
After VIA AQUA for France AGRIMER Eel market chain study-2014.
Spain
Glass eel fishing
Glaseel fishing
Spain (FEAP, 2013)
Farms 1
Production 315 MT
Eel farming in Europe per country Estimates
Why RAS for eel farming?
Why recirculation systems for eel farming
Eel culture temperature: 23 - 26°C
‘Control’ over energy and ground water consumption (heating)
Reduction waste discharge (permits, fees)
Complete control environment (temperature, pH, conductivity, oxygen,…..)
Control disease control (pH, drumfilter screensize)
Stock management (predictability, marketing)
RAS design Steps
Step:
1. Production plan (maximum carrying capacity)
2. Waste production calculations (in g/kg feed)
3. Diurnal variation in waste production
4. Water quality limits (Climit)
5. Suspended Solids control systems
6. Biofiltration (principles and design)
7. Gas control
8. Denitrification
9. RAS design concept (Qrec., Qe etc.)
10. Heat (energy) balance model
11. Economic evaluation
1. Production plan
Glasseel intake
Glass eel system : Production of fingerling (5-10g) from glass eels
Ongrowing or fattening of eels
Depuration
1. Production plan Glasseel intake
Glasseel intake (in yearly running process)
Desinfection system with caustic soda
2-3 days.
Empty, dry for a few days
Glass eel can be taken in without biofilter start up but with high refreshment.
Time is used to start the biofilter
Otherwise minimum 3 - 4 weeks for biofilter startup.
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Glasseel intake
Glasseel intake (in yearly running process)
France, transported in tanks, oxygenated
Sometimes glass eels already pretreated with salt
Transport temperature ± 6 - 7°C (March, sometimes glass eels are already pretreated)
One time 400 kg glass eel for 140 MT (intake time March)
Adaptation within one day to 24-25°C ( ˜ 0,5°C / hour)
Stocking 80 kg/tank of 3 m (thus five tanks filled).
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Glass eel system
Glass eel system (for 140 MT/year)
one insulated building
two RAS/building
fingerling production capacity 20-25 tons/y; potential 30 MT/y in the building
Overall FCR: 1.5 -1.6
Performance depends strongly on water quality and parasites.
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Glasseel system
Glass eel RAS design values (per RAS):
Tanks: 9 or 10 tanks/RAS, 3m diameter, water depth 0.7 m, central drain
Qtanks = 150 m3/hour; 2 pumps; 4,5KW each
Qtrickling filter = 100 m3/hour; 2 pumps; 3 KW each.
Oxygenation reactor: O2 concentration 20 mg/L, full flow.
Bioreactor (trickling) : plastic media; a = 200 m2/m3; total biofilter volume 45m3;
filter height 4m
Drumfilter: Hydrotech 804; 8 plates/drum; mesh size screen 40µm
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Side view RAS
Sump
Trickling filter
Filter
O2
UV
Sewer Septic tank
Eel culture basin
Emergency oxygen
Fan
Mondiaal, Veenendaal, The Netherlands
1. Production plan Stocking Glasseel system
Stocking glass eel system (for 140 MT/year)
400 kg glass eel /140 MT; 1 kg glass eel / 350 kg production
80 kg / tank; 5 tanks will be stocked
From 6 - 7°C (transport) to 24 - 25°C in one day (1 versus 7 days fish faster on feed)
Cod eggs available in jan - febr. (have to be bought in this period)
After two days start feeding Cod eggs (400- 600 kg frozen cod eggs needed)
Cod eggs are fed during 10 days adaptation to dry feed
.
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Stocking Glasseel system
Stocking glasseel system (for 140 MT/year)
Start: 400 kg glasseel/140 MT; 1 kg glass eel / 350 kg production
Start: 80 kg / tank; 5 tanks will be stocked
5-6 wks: BWavg. 2-3 g; grading in two size classes (< and > 3g); SGSavg: 5% BW/day
5-6 wks: restocking density ˜450 kg / tank; 8 tanks
13-14 wks: BWavg. 10 g; grading in two size classes (< and > 10 g), tot. biomass ˜ 5.7-7MT)
13-14 wks: restocking density 500-600 kg/tank
13-14 wks: 9 tanks restocked; 500-600 kg/tank
13-14 wks: fast growers (1200kg to ongrowing section; 1 tank of 5m; water depth 0.7 m).
…………………….
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Treatments
Glasseel intake (treatments contact a veterinarian)
Intake ….
Oxytetracycline or Salt 10 ppt (against fungus)
Formaline 40 ppm + 2ppt (once and than washed from the system).
Parasites: Mebenvet (5 ppm, active substance 90%)
Active immunization: after first grading (wk. 5-6) a few eels are introduced in the
system
Effect after 10 days (roodkop virus)
20 days after infection disappearance
Magnification effect when done in combination severe gill parasite presence
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Ongrowing phase
Two buildings 140 MT (120 MT/year)
Building 1
14 tanks, diameter 5 m; water depth 0.7 m
6 tanks, diameter 3 m; water depth 0.7 m
2 biolfters, total volume 240 m3 ; height 3,5m
3 pumps fish tanks; 600 m3/hour
2 pumps biofilter; 400 m3/hour
1 Hydrotech 1605 drum filter, 1.60m diameter, 5 x 3 plates; mesh size 70 µm
max applied feed load 250 kg/day
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Ongrowing phase
Two buildings 140 MT (120 MT/year)
Building 2
10 tanks, diameter 6 m; water depth 0.7 m
4 tanks, diameter 5 m; water depth 0.7 m
18 biofilters, total volume 240 m3; height 3,5m
4 pumps fish tanks; 600 m3/hour
O2 inlet fish tank 20 mg/L
4 pumps biofilter; 400 m3/hour
1 Hydrotech 205 drum filter, 2.0 m diameter, 5 x 4 plates; mesh size 70 µm
max applied feed load 350 kg feed/day
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
Tanks with a typical water outlet for eel.
Mondiaal, Veenendaal, The Netherlands
Tanks for ongrowing
Grading of eels
Drumfilter, biofilters and oxygenation reactor
Weighing of fish after depuration and before transport
1. Production plan Ongrowing phase
Grading and restocking
Grading every 2.5 - 3 months
After sorting 2000 kg/tank of 5m diameter
Maximum stocking density 7500 kg/tank of 5 m
Feeding level standing stock 0,6 - 0.7%
1. Production plan. Guidelines densities in eel farms
Size class Start density
(kg/m3)
Glasseel 10
1-5 40-50
5-25 50-75
25-75 75-100
75-125 125
125- 200 150
Source: BioMar A/S, Brande, Denmark www.biomar.dk
1. Production plan Depuration
Conditions
1 tank, 14 m3
recirculation flow 50m3/hour
often used for 2.5-3 ton fish /week, max. 7 ton fish
water exchange 1 m3 /hour
from 24°C to 12°C
depuration time 3 days
Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands
1. Production plan Feeding & growth
Source: BioMar A/S, Brande, Denmark www.biomar.dk
Effect of feed composition on growth, cumumulative feedi ntake and body weigth
Heinsbroek et al., 2007. Aquaculture, Volume 267, Issues 1–4, 2007, 175 - 187
1. Production plan Feeding & growth (Exp. Conditions)
EL L M EL L M EL L M EL L M EL L M
S ize classes per treatment group
0
20
40
60
80
100
Fema
les (%
)
Treatment group0 (Ctrl .) 1 2 3 4
1. Production plan Effect of sexual growth dimorphism.
Percentage females at a fresh water age of 607 days (Culture temperature 25°C).
Eding, unpublished results.
Eding, unpublished results.
Body weigth versus specific growth rate versus (Culture temperature 25°C)
0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0
Geometric mean bodyweight (g)
0 .0 0
0 .4 0
0 .8 0
1 .2 0
1 .6 0
2 .0 0
Spe
cific
gro
wth
rate
(%/d
)
1
4
2
3
0
4
3
21
0
4
23
0
4
1
0
2
3
1
4
2
3 0
4
1
0
2
3
1
Sp
ecific
gro
wth
ra
te (
%/d
)
Bodyweigth (g)
1. Production plan Effect of sexual growth dimorphism.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100 150 200
Body content (%)
Body weigth (g)
After Heinsbroek et al., 2007. Aquaculture, 267, 175-187.
1. Production plan Change in body compposition
Protein
Fat
A review on broodstock nutrition of marine pelagic spawners: the curious case of the freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.)
Heinsboek et al. 2014. Aquaculture Nutrition pages 1-24, 2 SEP 2013 DOI: 10.1111/anu.12091
(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anu.12091/full#anu12091-fig-0002)
Farmed eels
Wild eels
Wild versus farmed
1. Production plan Change in feed composition
Pelletsize (mm) (mm) 0.5 0.8 1,1 1,3 1,5 2 3 3
Body weight (g) 0.1-1 1-3 3-6 6-15 15-35 35-90 90-120 120-200
Feeding level (%) 3,79 1,93 1,69 1,5 1,4 1,11 0,93 0,74
Crude protein (%) 56 52 50 50 48 48 48 48
Crude lipid (%) 18 23 26 26 26 28 28 28
Carbohydrates (NFE) (%) 12 13 12 12 13 11 11 11
Fibre (%) 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3
Ash (%) 8,5 7,5 7,4 7,4 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3
Total phosphorus (P) (%) 1,5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3
Gross energy (GE) (MJ/kg) 22,5 23,5 24 24 24 24,2 24,2 24,2
Digestible energy (DE) (MJ/kg) 20,2 21,1 21,6 21,6 21,7 21,9 21,9 21,9
European eel
Source: BioMar A/S, Brande, Denmark see www.biomar.dk
4. Water quality Ongrowing
Water quality
TAN: ˜ 80 mg/L
pH: 4 - 5
NO2: 5
NO3: 250 – 300
Oxygen near saturation
No salt
4. Water quality Ongrowing
Parameter Unit Optimal/
Acceptable
Range
observed
Temperature (°C) 22-26 22-26
pH (-) 6,8-7,5 5-9
Oxygen (mg/L) 6-8 6-8
Alkalinity (HCO3-) (mg/L) 30-60 30-120
SS (mg/L) 20 20-150
Carbondioxide (mg/L) 25 <70
TAN (mg/L) <81) <90
NH3-N (mg/L) <0,05 <0,05
Nitrite-N (mg/L) 15 <20
Nitrate-N (mg/L) <100 <150
Phosphate (mg/L) <45 <30
Conductivity (µS) ? ? 11) Depend on pH
Oxygen consumption European eel.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 10 20 30
g O
2 /
kg
Feed
Feeding level (g / BW0.8/d)
European eel
African catfish
Eel RAS configurations DAI, Horsholm, Denmark
O2
Sump O2
Pump
Tap water
Swirl separator
Waste water In series placed submerged biofilters
Eel culture basin
First systems in the eighties
Emergency
oxygenation
O2
Sewer or surface water
Trickling
filter
Upflow
filter
Blower
Eel RAS configurations InterAquaAdvance, Denmark
InterAquaAdvance, Helmond The Netherlands First systems in the eighties
Sump
Trickling filter
Filter
O2
UV
Sewer Septic tank
Eel culture basin
Emergency oxygen
Fan
Eel RAS configurations Mondiaal, Veenendaal
Mondiaal, Veenendaal, The Netherlands
Eel RAS configurations Blue label, Hesy
Emergency
oxygenation
Drum
filter
Sump
Trickling
filter
O2
Up-
flow
filter
Flocculation
Belt filter
Sludge storage
Sewer or surface water
UV
Denitrification and dephosphatation
3. Sewer
Sludge flow
Denitrification Dephosphatation unit
Sludge storage
Belt filter
Drum filter
2.
1.
Optimal acceptable design criteria
Optimal/acceptable design criteria
Culture surface m2/kg feed/d 1-1,5
Fish density (kg/m2) 30-150
System water volume (m3/kg feed/day) 0,5-0,7
Biofilter specific surface area (m2/day) 100-150
Water flow fish (m3/kg feed/d) 30-60
Water flow biofilter (m3/kg feed/d) 30-50
Water exchange flow (m3/kg feed/d) 0,1-0,3
Air ventilation flow (m3/kg feed/day) 300-500
After Kamstra and Heinsbroek, 1993.
Length: 21 m
Width: 12 m
Surface area: 252 m2
Building volume 1031 m3
Roof insulation 100 mm pu foam
Wall insulation 80 mm pu in sandwich panels
Installed power 34 kW (equipment)
Permanent 17 kW
Uninsulated floor 20 cm
U-value building 0.23 W/m2 K
Energy balance simulation Eel farm
Building characteristics
Standing stock: 20 MT
Growth rate: 0.6 % per day
Feed conversion: 1.58 kg feed/kg growth
Feed losses: 10 %
8 basins (round): 106,4 m3
Water depth 0.8 m
Energy balance simulation Eel farm
Fish culture characteristics
Processes which require energy
1. Temperature control
2. Oxygen supply water
3. Carbon dioxide removal
4. Solids removal
5. Nitrification / org. matter breakdown/ de-nitrification
6. Lighting
7. UV/Ozone treatment
Energy balance simulation Winter, T out -6°C
Heating requirement: 17 KW basin temperature 24°C
Ed van Ouwerkerk
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
water supply (m3/kg feed)
ground water temp. 10 °C
ground water temp. 11 °C
ground water temp. 12 °C
ground water temp. 13 °C
ground water temp. 14 °C
Effect groundwater temperature (MJ/year)
Energy balance simulation Eel farm
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
month
Airflow rate 1055-3590 m3/h
Water supply 0.10 m3/kg feed
simulated tank temperature (°C)
The Netherlands
Tank
Outside
Energy balance simulation Eel farm
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
month
simulated tank temperature (°C)
Spain
Airflow rate 1055-3590 m3/h
Water supply 0.10 m3/kg feed
outside
tank
Energy balance simulation Eel farm
Tank
Outside
Energy balance validation eel
Measured:
temperature, relative humidity
air speed over tanks
standing stock
feed intake
outdoor climate
carbon dioxide in outlet air
airflow rate (difficult)
Energy balance simulation Eel farm
fish farms simulated - measured
Eel farm: - tank temperature difference <1 °C
- based on heat production model 1
- and airflow measurement
Energy balance simulation Eel farm
Heat balance simulations indicate:
the effect of building characteristics (Insulation)
the effect geographical regions (Heating/cooling)
the effect of ventilation rate (Cooling)
the effect of water use
by water exchange from 250 to 100 l/kg feed
or by denitrification
application of advanced cooling and heating technologies?
help to control room temperature and room humidity
to control carbon dioxide concentrations in the building
to reduce building costs
Take home message
Thank you for your attention!