Rare isotopes production with next-generation in-flight …...Fragment-separators for high-intensity primary beams Haik Simon "Production of Fast Rare Ion Beams“ Lectures at the

Rare isotopes production with next-generation in-flight separators

[email protected]; 22-23.08.19 2

Why? Where? How?Investigations into physics of exotic nuclei in laboratories worldwide Marek Lewitowicz

Long-term scientific program of RIB research at JINR Leonid Grigorenko

Fragment-separators for high-intensity primary beams Haik Simon

"Production of Fast Rare Ion Beams“

Lectures at the Euroschool on Exotic Beams

including examples of how to use the LISE++ code

• Introduction to production of

Fast Rare Ion Beams

• Production Area

• Separation

• Identification

• Production of new isotopes

• LISE++ : Utilities

• Radioactive beam

physicist task

“How to Make Rare Isotope Beams at Home”

Some aspects of RIB production with 100 MeV/u beamsLISE++ package

Excel

LISE for Excel

http://aculina.jinr.ru/pdf/DERICA/RAS/Presentations/2.%20DERICA_RAS_Dubna_281117_M_Lewitowicz_s.pdfhttp://aculina.jinr.ru/pdf/DERICA/Workshop%2002.2019/2.%20Grigorenko-dubna-linac-2019.pdfhttp://aculina.jinr.ru/pdf/DERICA/Workshop%2002.2019/20190209-DERICASeparator-HaikSimon-shown.pdfhttp://lise.nscl.msu.edu/paper/2013_Euroschool.htmhttp://lise.nscl.msu.edu/paper/2018/2018_StaffInformationMeeting_v5.pptx

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Optimum energy

for intense RIBs

Functions of energy : Projectile Fragmentation & Abrasion-Fission


EPAX2

Convolution

Functions of energy : Projectile Fragmentation & Abrasion-Fission (linear scale)


Peter’s office

whiteboard

Yield / $

Where is more

optimal?

For the same beam intensity in pps

US cost+ labor

Normalization

I=1e14 @ 240 MeV/u (76Ge)

Rare Isotope Beam cost as a function of energy


FRIB

upgrade

200 -> 400

+ Reaction target thickness factor

might be taken into account

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Fragment production

rate factors

Fragment production rate


138Sn factors

F-RIB RIBF FAIR F-RIB RIBF FAIR

Energy, MeV/u 200-250 350 1500

Thickness, g/cm2 0.34 1.3 7.4 1 4 22

Cross section, mb 6.00E-09 6.00E-09 6.00E-09 1 1 1

Primary beam intensity, pps 5.00E+13 1.30E+10 3.00E+11 3846 1 23

Secondary reactions coefficient 3.06 9.29 54.71 1 3 18

Loss due to reactions in material 0.9 0.7 0.12 7 6 1

Anglular and momentum acceptances 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.4 1 1.6

Charge states 0.5 0.72 1 1 1.4 2.0

closs loss due to reactions of primary beam and fragment of interest in material

csecond gain due to production of fragments of interest in secondary reactions

ccharge charge state factor

(ang. & mom)

csecond closs ccharge

From the presentation @ NuSTAR meeting (10/10/09, Dubna, Russia)

Dependence from

beam energy

*

* Fixed thickness target

Charge state factor


• ‘Reasonably pure’ 100

MeV/u RIB can be obtained

up to Z=40

• High-Z experiments will be

discussed later

Fission fragment kinematics as function of energy


http://lise.nscl.msu.edu/paper/2019/FissionVelocity%20v4.pdf

100 MeV/u

50 GeV/u

http://lise.nscl.msu.edu/paper/2019/FissionVelocity%20v4.pdf

Fission fragment transmission: DERICA case


• Without charge state

factor

• Angular acceptance

dominates in the case

of thin target

• Less 10% transmission

LISE++ relativistic

kinematics calculator

No acceptance

Angular acceptance

Angular & Momentum acceptances

Fission fragment yield and transmission at DERICA


Secondary reactions


60Ca RIKEN experiment : 62Sc – good candidate (charge-exchange reaction)?

Still there is not a publication to prove large

experimental impact of secondary reactions

Secondary reactions factor : 76Ge → 60Ca


“dead” target : beam

stops in a target

With Sec.React

• Target thickness has been optimized for

Secondary reactions

• Losses due to reactions in wedges were

not taken into account

• Fragment-separator settings correspond

to DERICA FRS

1. We did not have a thin target in the 2014 experiment

2. Data from the RIPS experiment 48Ca(64 MeV/u)+Ta were used with

scale parameter (1./2.1) to compare with current data.

3. Fair agreement is observed in this comparison

Secondary reactions : results with use of low-energy data


Analysis from 01/19/2015

+ 38Mg & 35Na points from @ 10/16/2016

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DEIRICA yields

DERICA Ca & Sn yields vs …

[email protected]; 22-23.08.19 17Due to momentum compression

• Remember about a Reaction target factor !

• It looks like very potential, and exceeding by two order of

magnitude an operating RIB facility

• 700 kW at 100 MeV/u is .. Let’s say it difficult…

So there is reserve to decrease a little bit the power (see the next slide)

DERICA target requirement (based on H.Simon’s slide)


• Enormous value..

Probably it’s required a

liquid target

• Nowadays Target

technology is a

weakest place high-

power RIB production

• Do not forget about

flexibility

• 70 kW is more realistic,

and then think about a

possible upgrade

DERICA characteristics and

beam intensity [pps]

have been implemented

Energy domain


L.Grigorenko’s presentation

500 MeV/u (more optimal for RIB) high-

power facility of RIB costs ~ 1 B$

Study reactions, stopped beams in 50-

100 MeV/u

But no easy…

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High-Z beamsat low and intermediate energies

RIB vs Charge state


M.Bowry, O.B.Tarasov et al., in preparation

It’s even more pessimistic..

‘Reasonably pure’ 100 MeV/u RIB

can be obtained up to Z=35?

Working with stopped RIBs


• High-Z Primary and Radioactive beams @ FLNR

• Physics with RI stopped beams

Half-life

Pn

Isomers (T1/2> 100 ns)

Beta-gamma

Production cross-sections (reaction mechanism)

Interaction and total cross sections (halo study)

Decay mode

Search for new isotopes

…..

238U(24MeV/u) + Be, C


• A 238U beam at 24 MeV/u with a typical intensity of 109 pps, was

used to irradiate a series of beryllium targets and a carbon target.

• The beam was incident at an angle of 3° in order not to

overwhelm the detectors with the beam charge states.

• Fragments were detected in a Silicon telescope at the end of the

separator. Fission fragments produced by inverse kinematics are

identified by ΔE-TKE-Bρ-ToF method.

LISE3 @ GANIL

OT et al., Eur. Phys. J. A (2018) 54: 66

Rare Isotopes with Fusion-Fission Reactions


• Complicated secondary bam productions regarding to

charge states (beam and fragments)• thickness corresponds to a 1 MeV/u loss of primary beam energy

• a beam fluence of 106

Calculated CN formation rates in reaction of 238U projectiles with

various light targets as function of a primary beam energy

Reduced yield of rhenium (Z = 75) isotopes calculated for fusion-fission

fragments produced in reaction of the 238U ions with a Be target

OT et al., Eur. Phys. J. A (2018) 54: 66

DERICA

region

238U (80MeV/u) + Be @ A1900+S800BL

E.Kwan, O.T. et al.,

will be published soon

• Long ToF-base (45.5m)

• Non-cooled PIN-diodes (50x50 mm2 0.5mm)

A,Z,q – separation in the Z=92 region

Zq

Z-qA-3q


• Below primary beam charge states

• Momentum acceptance dp/p=0.1 %

• Double achromatic at the Final Focal Plane

• No wedge

• Thin ToF Sci, no more materials in line

Working in High-Z region at intermediate energies


NSCL E15130

“Search for isotopes and isomers in the Hf region”

PIs:

• Partha Chowdhury (UML)

• Oleg Tarasov (MSU)

• Andrew Rogers (UML)

Working region

dP/P ~ 0.7-0.9%

• Working between primary beam charge states

• Try to avoid in-flight detectors (charge state production)

• No in-flight detectors in Dispersive plane (“wedge” property)

• New “Separator + Long Spectrometer” method

07 / 2019

Layout of the e15130 experiment at NSCL / MSU (07/2019):

“Search for isotopes and isomers in the Hf region”


e15130 experiment : PID


• New isotopes have been observed in the 192Hf70+ settings

• Similar experiment (High-Z beam, working between charge states, dispersion at the FP detectors) will be

held in RIKEN (11/2019)

• DERICA capabilities are very potential to compete in this region for new isotopes in PF and MNT reactions

• DERICA fragment-separator layout should prevent THIS experimental technique

1


Production of super

neutron-rich isotopes

70Zn beam @ 345 MeV/u = 200 pnA (1.25e12pps)

60Ca: Experimental setup and particle identification at BigRIPS

PID by TOF-Br-DE-TKE method: Z, A/q, Q


• New isotopes search

• Production cross

section and momentum

distribution

measurement

• Secondary reactions

yield measurement as

target thickness

• New isomers search

TOF(b) : Plastic, PPAC

Br : Plastic, PPACs(position measurement)

F0 F5

Wedge 2

Thick Fe

collimator

Target:

Be, W

Slit

DE : 6 x Si (1 mm)

TKE : CsIVeto: plastic

F3

F2

F1

F7Wedge 1

Slit

Slit

1st

stage

2nd stage

PPAC x2

Plastic

PPAC x2

Plastic

PPAC x2

Plastic

BigRIPS

New isotopes search : 100.9 h (4.2 days)Total Experiment : 7 days

70Zn beam @ 345 MeV/u = 200 pnA (1.25e12pps)

60Ca: Experimental setup and particle identification at BigRIPS

PID by TOF-Br-DE-TKE method: Z, A/q, Q


• New isotopes search

• Production cross

section and momentum

distribution

measurement

• Secondary reactions

yield measurement as

target thickness

• New isomers search

F0F5

Wedge 2

Thick Fe

collimator

Target

Slit

F3

F2

F1

F7Wedge 1

Slit

Slit

1st

stage

2nd stage

New isotopes search : 100.9 h (4.2 days)Total Experiment : 7 days

Final results


Green color : observed at the first time

Red color : particularly interesting isotopes

8 new isotopes including 60Ca (+59K)

_____

_____

___ ___

____

• Cross sections are still under analysis

• Production of 62Sc is -9p, +1n

• Pickup is suppressed at these energies

• Two-step reactions through a charge-exchange

channel? 70Zn(p,n)70Cu → 70Cu(-8p)62Sc or70Zn(-8p)62Ti → 62Ti (p,n) 62Sc

• Charge-exchange reactions become important

mechanism for RI production

Production of new calcium isotope : past, current and future


5 kW

50 kW

400 kW

0.4 kW

Calcium isotopes production at FRIB


64Ca (>10 events)

66Ca @ E200 ~ 1 event68Ca @ E400 ~ 1 event

D

LISE++ Abrasion-Fission model; Projectile-Fragmentation steps


Ocean of fissile nuclei

after abrasion of 238U

3 Excitation energy regions model : O.T., EPJA 25 (2005) 751;

O.T., Tech. Rep. MSUCL1299, NSCL, MSU, 2005.

o

More probable parents of 70Ca

o70Ca

76Fe

More probable parents of 76Fe

oo

76Fe

81Ga

More probable path for 70Ca production is

1. Abrasion of 238U to low-excited 237U

fissile nucleus (E*~32 MeV, 180 mb)

with sequential fission to 81Ga (2e-2 mb)

2. First projectile fragmentation step :81Ga → 76Fe (-5p, ~1e-5 mb)

3. Second projectile fragmentation step : 76Fe → 70Ca (-6p, ~1e-6 mb)

70Ca from fission


Energy, MeV/u Carbon target thickness, mm238U 412->0 12.85

412->200 8.37

412->100 11.2

238U(412 MeV/u)->237U fission -> 81Ga (peaks 370 & 450 MeV/u)

81Ga 450 41.376Fe 450 5570Ca 450 86

Optimum target thickness to produce 70Ca is 43 mm

final 70Ca energy peak ~200 MeV/u, Brho~ 7.7Tm

Energy deposition in the target 800 kW

Carbon target in mm

Calcium isotopes production vs. target material


70Ca @ E400 & Liquid Li target

~ 1 event !!

0.3 m target thickness

from the realm of fantasy…

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High-Power Beams

Separator Requirements

(Moved to the FRS presentation)

Requirements for Separator for High-Power Beams


• Smart planning for future updates: energy, intensity, ISOL

• 3 stage separation (combination of 2 stages – high resolution

and 3 stages - high purification)

• Super Conducting device, Compact

• “High-Z disperse” mode

• Momentum compression mode

• Angular emittance cut device

• Multi-user FRS approach

• Isotope harvesting

• Flexibility: target (more than one target thickness), fragment-

separator (not so complicated tuning) and so on

• Beam inclination on a target??

1


What we have to know working

at the new generation facilities?

Some non-prevented difficulties…

Separator for High-Power Beams : BigRIPS


• Smart planning for future updates: energy, intensity, ISOL

• 3 stage separation (combination of 2 stages – high resolution

and 3 stages - high purification)

• Super Conducting device

• “High-Z disperse” mode

• Momentum compression mode


• Multi-user FRS approach

• Flexibility: target (more than one target thickness), fragment-

separator (not so complicated tuning) and so on

• Isotope harvesting

• Beam inclination on a target??

No

Yes-No-Yes

Yes

Yes? Will be checked: 11/2019

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Possibility exists

No

Working at BigRIPS


• Reactions in the 1st dipole beam-dump

• High-order aberrations at the wedge selection plane

• [70Zn] Huge background of light particles @ F3 (first detectors of the 2nd stage)

• [70Zn] Huge background of light particles @ F7 Ge-detectors

• No momentum compression foresight

• Beam-dump is far from a focus plane

• 1st SC segment: NMR-probe

• High-Z Abrasion-Fission production cross sections


• Quality optic reconstruction

• Very precise RIB tagging by A/q (e.g. 132Sn50+ beam)

• Advance diagnostic and fast in-flight detectors

new generation facility

Reactions in the 1st dipole beam-dump


V-shape internal beam-dump• 48Ca beam for 33F,36Ne,39Na

isotopes search

• Large unexpected yield of

A/q=3 isotopes using a thick

wedge

• Two peaks vertical distribution

at F2 & F3

• Distance between peaks

depends from fragment Z

F3trigger

12Be

F3trigger

15B

LISE++

Reasons Reactions in the dipole

beam dump

Lightest particles

passed slits

Troubleshoot Thick Fe (~0.5m)

collimator @ F2

High-order aberrations at the wedge selection plane


Not 1st order gaussian tails..

Exponent tails!

[70Zn] Huge background of light particles @ F3, F7


• [70Zn experiment] Huge background of light particles @ F3 (first detectors of the 2nd stage)

• [70Zn experiment] Huge background of light particles @ F7 Ge-detectors

With thick Fe collimator @ F2 & Fast F3 detectors (105)

It’s necessary to use 3-stage separation technique.

Detectors should me removed from F3 & F5

But Rate @ the F7 telescope was < 100 cps

It’s necessary to use the 3-stage separation technique,

or construct a wall to get closed from light particles produced at the 1st stage

350 (450) MeV/u triton

range in

Iron: 0.36 (0.54) m

Air: 1.9 (2.82) km

Momentum compression foresight


Regular BigRIPS optics

cut here

Large reserve

Attempt to find solution for momentum

compression optics using LISE++

Momentum compression is accomplished by design of a

fragment separator system that has the appropriate

momentum dispersion provided by the dipoles and by

properly shaping the energy degrader.

L. Bandura et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 645 (2011) 182–186

Beam-dump is far from a focus plane


Moving beam-dump

Serious complications to work between

primary high-Z beam charge states

High-Z Abrasion-Fission production cross sections


Development and improvement of

LISE++ reactions models

Scaling has been used to describe experimental results

of Z=59 neutron-rich isotopes production

Version 10.1.127

3 Excitation Energy

Region (3EER) model

settings for production

high Z isotopes

Version 11.0.38

Initial Fissile Nuclei (IFN)

Analyzer

http://lise.nscl.msu.edu/10_1/10_1_127_highZ_AF.pdfhttp://lise.nscl.msu.edu/10_1/11_0_28_IFN_search.pdf

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Summary

Summary


• Optimum energy for RIB production has been discussed

• Results of Charge state distributions, momentum and angular transmission, target thickness,

secondary reaction factor analysis as function of primary beam energy has been shown

• DERICA fission fragment transmission and yields of Calcium and Tin isotopes were done. It

looks like very potential, and exceeding by two order of magnitude an operating RIB facility

• 100 MeV/u 238U high-power (700 kW) beam makes enormous difficulties for target and beam-

dump construction

• Physics with stopped RIBs in 70-100 MeV/u is multifarious and perspective

• Production of new Calcium isotope is huge challenge in future (> 2036)

• Experience of new-generation facilities should be considered

• From DERICA FRS presentation: smart planning for future updates (energy, intensity, ISOL),

3 stage separation, Super Conducting device, “High-Z disperse” mode, momentum

compression mode, angular emittance cut device, multi-user FRS approach

Documents

Rare isotopes production with next-generation in-flight …...Fragment-separators for high-intensity primary beams Haik Simon "Production of Fast Rare Ion Beams“ Lectures at the