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clean vs. error rate
Signal Power (watt)
Sphere Packing
Additive white Gaussian Noise
Statement: Shannon–Hartley theoremThe Shannon–Hartley theorem establishes what that channel capacity is, for afinite-bandwidth continuous-time channel subject to Gaussian noise. It connectsHartley's result with Shannon's channel capacity theorem in a form that isequivalent to specifying the M in Hartley's information rate formula in terms ofa signal-to-noise ratio, but achieving reliability through error-correctioncoding rather than through reliably distinguishable pulse levels.If there were such a thing as an infinite-bandwidth, noise-free analog channel,one could transmit unlimited amounts of error-free data over it per unit oftime. Real channels, however, are subject to limitations imposed by both finitebandwidth and nonzero noise.So how do bandwidth and noise affect the rate at which information can betransmitted over an analog channel?Surprisingly, bandwidth limitations alone do not impose a cap on maximuminformation rate. This is because it is still possible for the signal to take onan indefinitely large number of different voltage levels on each symbol pulse,with each slightly different level being assigned a different meaning or bitsequence. If we combine both noise and bandwidth limitations, however, we dofind there is a limit to the amount of information that can be transferred by asignal of a bounded power, even when clever multi-level encoding techniques areused.In the channel considered by the Shannon-Hartley theorem, noise and signal arecombined by addition. That is, the receiver measures a signal that is equal tothe sum of the signal encoding the desired information and a continuous randomvariable that represents the noise. This addition creates uncertainty as to theoriginal signal's value. If the receiver has some information about the randomprocess that generates the noise, one can in principle recover the informationin the original signal by considering all possible states of the noise process.In the case of the Shannon-Hartley theorem, the noise is assumed to be generatedby a Gaussian process with a known variance. Since the variance of a Gaussianprocess is equivalent to its power, it is conventional to call this variance thenoise power.Such a channel is called the Additive White Gaussian Noise channel, becauseGaussian noise is added to the signal; "white" means equal amounts of noise atall frequencies within the channel bandwidth. Such noise can arise both fromrandom sources of energy and also from coding and measurement error at thesender and receiver respectively. Since sums of independent Gaussian randomvariables are themselves Gaussian random variables, this conveniently simplifiesanalysis, if one assumes that such error sources are also Gaussian andindependent.
Shannon-Hartley theoremChannel Capacity
"Achievable Rates"
Bandwidth
New Node
UWB
Epidemic?
RapidFlow: An Experimental Testbed for Information Flows with Network CodingMea Wang; Baochun LiCommunications, 2006 International Zurich Seminar onVolume , Issue , February 22-24, 2006 Page(s): 78 - 81
Simulation
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dtse/coop-div-preprint.pdf
New Node
Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage
behavior
Laneman, J.N. Tse, D.N.C. Wornell, G.W.
Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA;
This paper appears in: Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on
Publication Date: Dec. 2004
Volume: 50, Issue: 12
On page(s): 3062- 3080
ISSN: 0018-9448
INSPEC Accession Number: 8208822
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TIT.2004.838089
Date Published in Issue: 2004-11-30 12:00:23.0
Abstract
We develop and analyze low-complexity cooperative diversity protocols that
combat fading induced by multipath propagation in wireless networks. The
underlying techniques exploit space diversity available through cooperating
terminals' relaying signals for one another. We outline several strategies
employed by the cooperating radios, including fixed relaying schemes such as
amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward, selection relaying schemes that
adapt based upon channel measurements between the cooperating terminals, and
incremental relaying schemes that adapt based upon limited feedback from the
destination terminal. We develop performance characterizations in terms of
outage events and associated outage probabilities, which measure robustness of
the transmissions to fading, focusing on the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
regime. Except for fixed decode-and-forward, all of our cooperative diversity
protocols are efficient in the sense that they achieve full diversity (i.e.,
second-order diversity in the case of two terminals), and, moreover, are close
to optimum (within 1.5 dB) in certain regimes. Thus, using distributed antennas,
we can provide the powerful benefits of space diversity without need for
physical arrays, though at a loss of spectral efficiency due to half-duplex
operation and possibly at the cost of additional receive hardware. Applicable to
any wireless setting, including cellular or ad hoc networks-wherever space
constraints preclude the use of physical arrays-the performance
characterizations reveal that large power or energy savings result from the use
of these protocols.
Network Coding
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr03/fading/fading.htm
Lord Rayleigh, "On the resultant of a large number of vibrations of the samepitch and of arbitrary phase", Phil. Mag., Vol. 10, August 1880, pp. 73-78 andVol. 27, June 1889, pp. 460-469.
Models for multipath receptionNarrowband Rayleigh, or Rician models mostly address the channel behavior at onefrequency only. Time dispersion, or the Doppler spread is the criticalphenomenon. Frequency dispersion and intersymbol interference, on the otherhand, are modeled by the delay spread. A model that combines these aspects isthe scatter diagram.
MultiPath Fading
Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is a relatively newconcept. Its development aimed at improved performance over multipath links.[...]Mc-CDMA is praised as a modulation solution that merges the insights due toShannon (particularly those relating to CDMA) with insights due to Fourier(particularly those explaining why OFDM has advantages in a dispersive channel).
[...]equivalent ways to describe MC-CDMA:1. MC-CDMA is a form of CDMA or spread spectrum, but we apply the
spreading in the frequency domain (rather than in the time domain as in DirectSequence CDMA).
2. MC-CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence CDMA, but after spreading, aFourier Transform (FFT) is performed.
3. MC-CDMA is a form of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM), but we first apply an orthogonal matrix operation to the user bits.Therefor, MC-CDMA is sometimes also called "CDMA-OFDM".
4. MC-CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence CDMA, but our code sequence isthe Fourier Transform of a Walsh Hadamard sequence.
5. MC-CDMA is a form of frequency diversity. Each bit is transmittedsimultaneously (in parallel) on many different subcarriers. Each subcarrier hasa (constant) phase offset. The set of frequency offsets form a code todistinguish different users.The MC-CDMA method described here is NOT the same as DS-CDMA using multiplecarriers. In the latter system the spread factor per subcarrier can be smallerthan with conventional DS-CDMA. Such a scheme is sometimes called MC-DS-CDMA.This does not use the special OFDM-like waveforms to ensure dense spacing ofoverlapping, yet orthogonal subcarriers. MC-DS-CDMA has advantages over DS-CDMAas it is easier to synchronize to this type of signals.
CDMA
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr05/ofdm/ofdm.htm
OFDM is significantly less sensitive to intersymbol interference, because aspecial set of signals is used to build the composite transmitted signal. Thebasic idea is that each bit occupies a frequency-time window which ensureslittle or no distortion of the waveform. In practice, it means that bits aretransmitted in parallel over a number of frequency-nonselective channels.
Coded OFDM
Coded OFDMMulti-Carrier Modulation on its own is not the solution to the problems ofcommunication over unreliable multipath channels. The channel time dispersionwill excessively attenuate some subcarriers such that the throughput on thesesub-channels would be unacceptable small. Only if the joint signal of manysubcarriers is processed appropriately, the diversity advantages of MCM can beexploited. The need for coding across subcarriers was addressed by Sari et al.warning against overly enthusiastic pursuit of MCM. The advantages offrequency-domain implementations of equalizers (using an FFT) should not bemistaken for an "inherent" diversity gain of OFDM, which may not exist.
But of course coding across subcarriers is not the only mechanism that can beinvoked to combat dispersion or to exploit diversity. Other possibilities are
• Interleaving in frequency or time domain with coding in the otherdomain,
• The use of different signal constellations at different frequencies,i.e., adapting the subcarrier bit rate to the channel state,
• Signal spreading over various subcarriers, e.g., according to a linearmatrix operation, as is proposed in Orthogonal Multi-Carrier Code DivisionMultiplexing.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr01/brdcsyst/dttb/dttb5.htmSingle Frequency Nets
Space Division
Frequency Reuse
(e.g. ALOHA, CSMA, ISMA, stack algorithm)
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr05/digimod/digimod.htm
Digital Modulation Methods
The combined use of CDMA and random access leads to interesting new system concepts.
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr06/overview/randmain.htm(e.g. FDMA, TDMA, CDMA)Random & Multiple Access
Coding Techniques
MIMOhttp://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr05/cdma/rake.htmRake receiver
A Monolithic CMOS Radio System for Wideband CDMA Communications
Hardware Particulars
MIMO Model
Discrete-Frequency Channel Model for OFDM
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr05/ofdm/doppler/doppl10.htm
Channel ModelingMany channel simulation models follow the narrowband model. Wideband channelsare often simulated by extending the model assuming multiple time-delayedresolvable paths. This allows the simulation of the channel impulse response,including its stochastic behavior. To determine the performance of anmulticarrier, OFDM or MC-CDMA system, another approach can be to model a set offading subchannels. Considering a single subcarrier, the channel may be modelledas a narrowband fading channel, for instance with Rician or Rayleigh amplitudedistributions. The collection of multiple subcarriers can be modelled as a setof mutually dependent fading channels. In such model, it is important to addresscorrelation of the fading of various subchannels using the models of delayspread and coherence bandwidth. See a discussion of such model. Also: read aboutthe discrete-frequency model for OFDM with Delay spread and Doppler.
The Channel
Network Concepts and Standards• Overview and discussion of Wireless (Data) Systems in Germany,• Evolution of systems, spectrum allocations for mobile services. Security• Telephony
◦ Cellular Telephony▪ GSM: Radio standard (Basic principles explained as a fairy tale), Business aspects, Network▪ U.S. cellular telephony: analogue AMPS, digital IS 54 and IS 95. PCS▪ Japan: PDC▪ IMT 2000 (FLPMTS), UMTS
◦ Cordless telephony▪ Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
• Broadcast Systems◦ broadcast standards,
▪ Radio Data System (RDS/RBDS)◦ Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)◦ Digital Video Broadcasting
▪ DVB / DTTB▪ copyright protection and conditional access: General description of pay TV Pay TV and storage devices - Copy(right) protection Hardware for cryptographic protection Overview of existing conditional access video broadcast systems
◦ MVDS Microwave distribution, "wireless cable"• Data and Multi-Media Systems
◦ Wireless LANs and ISM bands, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 1394, HIPERLAN, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Windflex◦ Broadband Wireless Multimedia Systems, U.C. Berkeley Infopad (broadband CDMA design)◦ Mobile (macro-cellular) data networks
▪ CDPD: Network Architecture, Protocol issues for Mobile Station, Base Station, Intermediate System: Channel Sniffing, Handover, Roaming.▪ Wireless Data Systems in Germany▪ Paging
◦ Wireless Computing, software downloading, software radios◦ Packet Radio
• Satellite Systems: geo stationary, IRIDIUM and Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) systems• Wireless infrared• Road Transportation Informatics, Communication for IVHS and AVCS, Digital Short Range Communication DSRC
Business and Regulatory Aspects• The technical issues in wireless communication, the problem of user mobility• History; Evolution of systems towards PCS• Economics of wireless access:
◦ The last mile,◦ The cost of cellular phones and business models of operators.◦ The market value of the radio spectrum◦ Example of tariffing in GSM
• Success factors for innovations in information servicesWireless Propagation Channels
• Large scale and small scale propagation mechanisms◦ Path loss propagation models
▪ Free space loss▪ Plane earth loss, ground reflections▪ Diffraction
◦ Shadowing, joint effect of multiple interferers.◦ Multipath Fading
▪ Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUC)▪ Scatter function, SRCM model▪ Rayleigh fading
▪ PDF of amplitude and power▪ Doppler spectrum, rate of fading, random FM▪ Threshold crossing rate TCR and average fade duration AFD▪ Delay spread and coherence bandwidth▪ Samples of typical Rayleigh channels▪ Channel simulation methods, Java phasor animation
▪ Rician fading▪ PDF of amplitude and power, Bessel Function▪ How to measure K-factor?
▪ Nakagami fading▪ PDF of power,▪ Using a Nakagami model to approximate Rician fading
• Channel Models◦ Macro cellular channel◦ Micro-Cellular channel◦ Indoor channel at 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 17 GHz, 60 GHz, infrared◦ Indoor Radio wave Propagation Measurements and Stochastic Channel modelling◦ vehicle-to-vehicle channel
• Antenna Gain• Reciprocity of uplink and downlink.
Cellular Telephone Networks• Systems and Standards: see above.• Radio Resource Management
◦ Cellular frequency reuse, cell sizes, practical aspects of cell planning◦ Multiple access: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA◦ Cell sectorization, reuse partitioning, dynamic channel assignment (DCA)◦ Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI)◦ Fixed and Dynamic Channel Allocation
• Link Quality Performance Evaluation and Network Performance Analysis◦ Protection ratio, Outage probability, useful expressions, computer methods.◦ Man-made noise and link-budget◦ Cumulation of interference: Nakagami fading, method by Schwartz & Yeh◦ Call blocking, speech clipping, subjective speech quality, Erlang B and C formulas◦ Spectrum efficiency versus performance
• Network Aspects◦ Handover, soft handover◦ Security
Analog and Digital Transmission• Modulation methods. BPSK, DQPSK, FSK, GMSK, QAM• Effects of fading and dispersion (for analog and digital)• Noise: AWGN and matched filters• Bit error rates
◦ BER in very slowly fading channel, BER in cellular network• Multicarrier modulation and OFDM;
◦ Intuitive and mathematical description◦ frequency domain channel simulation◦ OFDM for DTTB
• Spread spectrum◦ Direct sequence transmission
▪ Selection of spreading codes▪ Synchronization acquisition and tracking▪ RAKE receiver, Multiuser detection, Antenna array processing▪ Power control▪ CDMA for packet data: Performance
◦ Frequency hopping▪ Hop sequences
◦ Orthogonal Multi-Carrier CDMA, CDMA/OFDM▪ Receiver aspects: subcarrier weighing
◦ Hybrid DS/FH Spreading CDMA▪ design aspects of WISSCE: A Hybrid DS/FH CDMA Communication System▪ BER of a DS/FH CDMA System employing MFSK Modulation
◦ Wideband channel models: resolvable paths, multipath self-interference,• Reeiver techniques
◦ Basic principles of GSM explained as a fairy tale: The Story of Big Solitude and Mostly Silent◦ Diversity techniques
▪ Selection diversity, Equal Gain Combining, Maximum Ratio Combining▪ Interference Rejection Combining (Smart antennas), CDMA Array Processing
◦ Coding▪ Viterbi decoder, Animation
Wireless Data Networks• Wireless data networking. How does it differ from digital telephony?• Data systems and concepts: see Systems and Concepts.• Queuing delay in cellular data networks• Random access
◦ Methods and principles▪ ALOHA
▪ Throughput▪ Drift of Backlog, Stability, Dynamic Frame Length▪ Cellular ALOHA Networks, Frequency Reuse and ALOHA▪ Direct Sequence spreading in random access radio
▪ CSMA▪ Effect of delays▪ Hidden terminal problem
▪ ISMA (busy tone feedback)▪ Collision resolution schemes:
▪ Adaptive retransmission backoff▪ Stack algorithm, Tree algorithm▪ Dynamic Frame Length ALOHA▪ Spatial Collision Resolution
▪ Access reservation schemes: PRMA, STRMA◦ Performance Analysis
▪ Throughput versus Offered Traffic▪ Receiver capture, vulnerability to interference▪ Stability and delay▪ Spatial distribution of packet traffic
◦ Diversity in random access networksCapita Selecta
• Glossary and Acronyms◦ on wireless communication (The buzz words)◦ on video and television◦ Road Traffic Informatics
• List of main mathematical symbols• Companies active in Wireless and Cellular• Organizations and Standards
◦ ISO▪ ISO layers
◦ DAVIC◦ Conférence Européenne des Postes et des Télécommunications CEPT; ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Organisation◦ ITU: International Telecommunications Union◦ DVB: Digital Video Broadcasting◦ FCC: Federal Communications Commission, USA
• Historical setting• Research directions in Propagation; Wireless Computing• Electronic Watermarking (an application of spread spectrum in image processing)
Slides, Presentations and ReferencesCourses, Presentations
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/contents.htm#dataOverview
RF
Epidemic
FreeNetP2P
https://huskymail.mtu.edu/zimbra/#4http://mail.google.com/a/inexi.com/#inboxhttp://www.democracynow.org/http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=com.google:en-US:official&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=theoretical+studies+of+ecosystems+network+perspective&spell=1http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:CODb0mRqrqEJ:www.colbud.hu/fjordan/ecosud05.doc+theoretic+ecology+species+network+perspective&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-ahttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7GVS-4P6MC4V-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5fa9cf4dfe2447147ffa3fc4d65b6c0bhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/c00v846240171071/http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:_J__unWhxL4J:www.ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~ohgushi/eng/public/PDF/Ohgushi19.pdf+theoretic+ecology+species+network+perspective&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=us&client=firefox-ahttp://www.springerlink.com/content/c00v846240171071/fulltext.pdf?page=1http://www.amazon.com/s/qid=1227306346/ref=sr_pg_3?ie=UTF8&rs=1000&keywords=species%20interaction&rh=i%3Astripbooks%2Ck%3Aspecies%20interaction&page=3http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Ecological-Modelling-Developments-Environmental/dp/0080440150/ref=sid_dp_dp/189-9730660-3695042http://www.amazon.com/Eco-Targets-Goal-Functions-Orientors/dp/354063679X/ref=sid_dp_dp/189-9730660-3695042http://www.amazon.com/Belowground-ecological-interactions-mixed-species-plantations/dp/B000PAUDL6/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-3http://www.amazon.com/Tidal-Flat-Ecology-Experimental-Interactions/dp/0387154477/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-9http://www.amazon.com/equations-interactions-hydrated-transmembrane-transport/dp/B000RQZ0WU/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-11http://www.amazon.com/Tree-Species-Effects-Soils-Environmental/dp/1402034458/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-12http://www.amazon.com/Predicting-Species-Occurrences-Issues-Accuracy/dp/1559637870/ref=sr_1_29?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306429&sr=1-29http://www.amazon.com/Species-Invasions-Insights-Evolution-Biogeography/dp/0878938117/ref=sr_1_31?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306429&sr=1-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOPRhttp://www.google.com/search?q=robocode+learning&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=com.google:en-US:official&client=firefox-ahttp://testwiki.roborumble.org/w/index.php?title=Robocode/Learning_from_Robotshttp://ai-depot.com/articles/ibms-robocode-a-platform-for-learning-ai/http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1140123.1140182
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1140123.1140182RoboCode & problem-based learninghttp://ai-depot.com/articles/ibms-robocode-a-platform-for-learning-ai/IBM’s Robocode: A Platform for Learning AI - AI Depothttp://testwiki.roborumble.org/w/index.php?title=Robocode/Learning_from_RobotsRobocode/Learning from Robots - RoboWikihttp://www.google.com/search?q=robocode+learning&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=com.google:en-US:official&client=firefox-arobocode learning - Google Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOPRWOPR - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://www.amazon.com/Species-Invasions-Insights-Evolution-Biogeography/dp/0878938117/ref=sr_1_31?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306429&sr=1-31Amazon.com: Species Invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography: et al Dov F. Sax (Editor), Dov F. Sax: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/Predicting-Species-Occurrences-Issues-Accuracy/dp/1559637870/ref=sr_1_29?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306429&sr=1-29Amazon.com: Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Accuracy and Scale: Peter H. Raven, J. Michael Scott, Patricia Heglund, Michael L. Morrison: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/Tree-Species-Effects-Soils-Environmental/dp/1402034458/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-12Amazon.com: Tree Species Effects on Soils: Implications for Global Change: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Trees and Soil Interactions, Implications ... IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences): Dan Binkley, Oleg Menyailo: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/equations-interactions-hydrated-transmembrane-transport/dp/B000RQZ0WU/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-11Amazon.com: Model equations for interactions of hydrated species in transmembrane transport [An article from: Desalination]: A. Slezaka, S. Grzegorczyn, J. Wa@?sik: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/Tidal-Flat-Ecology-Experimental-Interactions/dp/0387154477/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-9Amazon.com: Tidal Flat Ecology: An Experimental Approach to Species Interactions (Ecological Studies): Karsten Reise: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/Belowground-ecological-interactions-mixed-species-plantations/dp/B000PAUDL6/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1227306265&sr=1-3Amazon.com: Belowground ecological interactions in mixed-species forest plantations [An article from: Forest Ecology and Management]: S. Jose, R. Williams, D. Zamora: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/Eco-Targets-Goal-Functions-Orientors/dp/354063679X/ref=sid_dp_dp/189-9730660-3695042Amazon.com: Eco Targets, Goal Functions, and Orientors: Felix Müller, Maren Leupelt: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Ecological-Modelling-Developments-Environmental/dp/0080440150/ref=sid_dp_dp/189-9730660-3695042Amazon.com: Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling, Third Edition (Developments in Environmental Modelling): S.E. Jørgensen, G. Bendoricchio: Bookshttp://www.amazon.com/s/qid=1227306346/ref=sr_pg_3?ie=UTF8&rs=1000&keywords=species%20interaction&rh=i%3Astripbooks%2Ck%3Aspecies%20interaction&page=3Amazon.com: Subjects: Books: Nonfiction, Literature & Fiction, Professional & Technical, Science & Morehttp://www.springerlink.com/content/c00v846240171071/fulltext.pdf?page=1fulltext.pdf (application/pdf Object)http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:_J__unWhxL4J:www.ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~ohgushi/eng/public/PDF/Ohgushi19.pdf+theoretic+ecology+species+network+perspective&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=us&client=firefox-a14. Three Interconnections of Ecologyhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/c00v846240171071/SpringerLink - Journal Articlehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7GVS-4P6MC4V-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5fa9cf4dfe2447147ffa3fc4d65b6c0bScienceDirect - Basic and Applied Ecology : Networks in ecologyhttp://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:CODb0mRqrqEJ:www.colbud.hu/fjordan/ecosud05.doc+theoretic+ecology+species+network+perspective&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-aQuantifying landscape connectivity: key patches and key corridorshttp://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=com.google:en-US:official&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=theoretical+studies+of+ecosystems+network+perspective&spell=1theoretical studies of ecosystems network perspective - Google Searchhttp://www.democracynow.org/Democracy Now! | Radio and TV Newshttp://mail.google.com/a/inexi.com/#inboxiNexi Mail - Inbox (1041) - [email protected]://huskymail.mtu.edu/zimbra/#4Zimbra: Inbox (772)
Graoh Theory
Learning
Game Theory
UWB & Network Coding
