Rapid Urban Air Quality

Assessment of Kathmandu Valley

R.M Byanju1,3*, M.B Gewali2, K.Manandhar2, B.B Pradhan3, P. Dangol3, S. Pradhan3,

B.Shrestha3, M. Ferm 4,M. Liljeberg4, K.Sjoberg4

Abstract 2010-A-133-IUAPPA,

B.Shrestha3, M. Ferm 4,M. Liljeberg4, K.Sjoberg4

1Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

2Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

3International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal

4IVL Swedish Environment Research Institute, Sweden

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Introduction to the study area

Landlocked CountryNorth – China;

South, West and East - India

Latitude: 26º 22' N - 30º 27' N

Longitude: 80º 4'E - 88º 12'E

Land Area : 147,181 sq. km.

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Number of Foggy days (38/yr 1970—60/yr 1994)

Days with good visibility (>8000m) around noon, in

winter months:~25 days/month -1970

~5 days/month - 1992

ARI - third highest cause affecting 3.13% of the total

population

Chronic bronchitis - eighth position

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Power failure and other technical : monitoring

Air pollution

one of the major

emerging

problem

Background

• Initiated during Phase III implementation of Malé Declaration on

Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and its Likely

Transboundary Effects for South Asia

• Quantification of emissions and pollutant concentrations and

link to health effects through comparison of population link to health effects through comparison of population

exposure to outdoor air pollution

• Main components of the rapid integrated assessment are the

emission inventory, dispersion modelling based on the emission

inventory database, cross-validation with low-cost monitoring

data, exposure analysis and health risk assessment.

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Rapid urban assessment- Process

Two-parallel processes

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Emission Sectors

• Transport sector

• Household sector

• Industry sector

• Business sector

Sources of Emission

●Energy

● Industrial Processes

● Solvent and other product use

● Agriculture• Business sector

• Agriculture sector

• Administrative sector

• Agriculture sector

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● Agriculture

● Vegetation fires and foresty

● Waste

Activities

• A sector is divided into several different activities with respect to emission characteristics

– The transport sector can be subdivided into

• Air transport

• Road traffic (trucks, cars, buses, two wheeler etc)

• Sea transport• Sea transport

• Railway transport

– The household sector

• Cooking

• Heating

• Machinery use

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Top down- Bottom Up

• Top down: Aggregated total volumes of fuel

consumption broken down to activities within sectors

– For example: Total volume of petrol sold in Kathmandu is distributed according to the number of cars within the district

• Bottom up: Single emission factors of activities are aggregated to match the total emission of a sector

– For example- Emission from a outdoor resturantsare multiplied by number of such vendours within a certain area

The methods are combined to achieve geographic distribution of emissions

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Emission = Activity level X Emission factor

Geographical representation

• Geographical characteristic of the emission sources can be divided into

– Area source (household area, business areas, industry areas etc.)

– Line source (road net work, railways etc.)

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– Line source (road net work, railways etc.)

– Point source (industries, Brick kilns etc.)

These values are used as inputs data for the RUA-

Kathmandu to quantify pollution in each grid.

Emission database for Kathmandu was established

Using GIS and satellite images

Manual interpretation and on- screen digitizing is

used to divide city into 13 classes:

1. Built up area, coverage

0-25%

2. Built up area, coverage

25-50%

7. Forest

8. Open field

9. Agricultural field

10. Temple25-50%

3. Built up area, coverage

50-75%

4. Built up area, coverage

75-100%

5. Parking Lot

6. Water body

10. Temple

11. Industrial area

12. Green area (other than

forest)

13. Airport

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Arc GIS 9.2 software was used for

spatial data preparation and analysis

Brick kilns and hotels were

considered as point sources

Class 1: 5 star and 4 star hotels

Class 2: 3 star and 2 stare hotels

Class 3: 1 star hotels

Class 4: other hotels, lodges and

restaurants

• Digitized the road net work in

Kathmandu in to five categories

according to traffic intensity

• Total vehicles in each categories are

estimated according to the primary

survey

Emission factors are from Malè Emission Inventory Workbook 2.48/31/2010 2010-A-133-IUAPPA 12

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Field Data Monitoring UsingPassive Samplers

Passive samplers are used to collect the

amount of a selected substance

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Evaluation of Modeled Emission and Measured Emission

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Exposure Map

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Pros and Cons for RUA

Pros

• “Rapid” Assessment

• Concentrations can be

traced back to sources

• Cons

• Information intensive

• Modeled results lack of

precision and accuracytraced back to sources

• Ability to build scenarios

• Reusable

• Cost effective

precision and accuracy

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Thank You for your Attention and Namsate!

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Acknowledgement

● UNEP RRC.AP

● Ministry of Environment, Government of Nepal

● Sida

● Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)

● International centre for Integrated mountain

development (ICIMOD)

● Tribhuvan University

Contact Address:

Rejina Maskey Byanju

Assoc. Professor

Central Dept. Env. Sc.

TU. Kathmandu, Nepal

merejina@yahoo.com