RAPID BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF 5 WINDFARM SITES OF INOX RENEWABLES LIMITED APRIL 2012inoxrenewables.com/Final-Report-Biological_Assessment.pdf · 2019-10-14 · Rapid Biological

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RAPID BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF 5 WINDFARM SITES OF INOX RENEWABLES LIMITED

APRIL 2012

GREEN SUPPORT SERVICESDr. BHARAT JETHVA

GUJARATINDIA

Rapid Biological Assessment of 5 ‐Wind Farm Projects by Inox Limited‐ 2012

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RAPID BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF 5 WINDFARM SITES OF INOX RENEWABLES LIMITED

APRIL 2012

GREEN SUPPORT SERVICES

Dr. BHARAT JETHVA

443/1, SECTOR-8B, GANDHINAGAR GUJARAT

INDIA +91 9427050626

[email protected]


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Content

1 Introduction………………………………………………………..………….….……….. 6

1.1. Wind energy projects and concerns of bird mortalities……………………….……….. 6

1.2. Wind Energy Sector Promotion by the Indian Government…………………..………. 7

1.3. Legal framework & India’s international obligations for biodiversity conservation….. 8

1.4. Objectives & scope of the work………………………………………………….………. 10

2 Methods…...…………………………………………………………..………….……….. 12

2.1. Basis frame work of data collection…………,……………………………….…………. 19

2.2. Basic understanding of the project & surrounding areas…………………….………... 13

2.3. Baseline status of birds and bats species……………………….…………….……...… 13

2.4. Important bird & bats habitats, hotspots and their distances…………………….…… 14

2.5. Desk Literature Review…………………………….…………………………….……….. 14

2.6. Analysis to evaluate the potential impacts………………………………….…………... 14

3 Potential issues and Analysis…….………………..…………………………………. 151 Savarkundla Windfarm Site……………………………………………………………. 15

A General characteristics of the site…………………...………………..………………… 15

B Birds………………………………………………………………………..………………. 16

C Bats………………………………………………………………………….….………….. 17

D Rare and Endangered Species…………………………………………….……………. 17

E Natural Habitats…………………………………………………………………….…….. 17

F Conclusion and suggestions………………………………………………….…………. 23

2 Rojmal Windfarm Site……………………………………………………...……….…… 24

A General characteristics of the site…………………...………………..……….………… 24

B Birds…………………………………………………………………………………………. 25

C Bats………………………………………………………………………………...……….. 26

D Rare and Endangered Species……………………………………………….….………. 26

E Natural Habitats……………………………………………………………….…….…….. 27

F Conclusion and suggestions…………………………………………………..…………. 31

3 Mahidad Windfarm Site……………………………………………………………….… 32

A General characteristics of the site…………………...………………..……………….… 32

B Birds…………………………………………………………………………..…….………. 33


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C Bats…………………………………………………………………………..………….….. 34

D Rare and Endangered Species………………………………………….………………. 35

E Natural Habitats………………………………………………………….………….…….. 35

F Conclusion and suggestions……………………………………………………..………. 40

4 Devka Windfarm Site…………………………………………………………...……..… 40

A General characteristics of the site…………………...………………..…….…………… 40

B Birds………………………………………………………………………………...………. 41

C Bats……………………………………………………………………………..……..…….. 43

D Rare and Endangered Species…………………………………………….……….……. 44

E Natural Habitats……………………………………………………………….….….…….. 44

F Conclusion and suggestions………………………………………………….….………. 48

5 Gude-Panchgini Windfarm Site……………………….……………….…….………… 49

A General characteristics of the site…………………...………………..……….………… 49

B Birds…………………………………………………………………………………………. 50

C Bats……………………………………………………………………………..…….…….. 52

D Rare and Endangered Species………………………………………………...………… 52

E Natural Habitats………………………………………………………………...………….. 53

F Conclusion and suggestions………………………………………………..…….………. 57

4 References & additional readings……………………………………….…….……… 58

Annexure……………………………………………………………….……..………….. 61


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Summary We carried out biological risk assessments for 5 sites of Inox Limited. The study was a

rapid survey involving desk reviews and field visits of sites between 28th of March and

10 April 2012. With detailed investigations, understanding of the biological issues

(mainly birds, bats, other wildlife species, rare, endangered species and natural

habitats) was developed and assessment was done in low, medium and high risk scale

(Table-1).

Table-1: Summary of issues and our observation on risk levels in 5 sites under study.

Concerns Issues Risk levels in sites

Savar-kundla Rojmal Mahidad Devka Gude-

Panchgini

Birds

Waterbirds Low Moderate Low Low Low Grassland Birds Low Low Low Low Moderate Raptors Low Low Low Low Low Threatened/endemic species Low Low Low Low Low Migratory routes Low Moderate Low Low Low

Bats Species Unk unk unk Low Unk

Bat Roosts Low Low Low Low Unk

Endemic/Rare bats species Unk Unk Unk Low Unk Other Species

Rare/Endangered Low Low Low Low Low Endemic Species Unk Low Low Low Unk

Important Natural Habitats

Protected Areas Low Low Low Low Low IBA Low Low Low Low Low Ramsar site Low Low Low Low Low Wetlands of National Importance Low Low Low Low Low Wetlands of international Importance Low Low Low Low Low Wildlife Corridors Low Low Low Low Low Eco-sensitive zone identified by government Low Low Low Low Low

Our observation suggests that ‘Rojmal’ site is at moderate risk in terms of migratory

birds, owing to the presence of number of wetlands in north-western corner of the site.

Gude-Panchgini site being on typical Sahyadri hill grass meadow ecosystem, likely to

harbor number of endemic herpetufauna and birds, therefore assessed at moderate

risk. Rest all three sites, i.e. Savarkundla, Mahidad and Devka are assessed to be at

low biological risks. Details of issues, concerns, reasons, conclusions and suggestions

are provided for each site separately.


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1. Introduction

1.1. Wind energy projects and concerns of Bird & Bats mortalities

Wind farms are a relatively new method of obtaining ‘clean’ energy by avoiding air

pollution and other forms of environmental degradation associated with fossil fuel

technologies (Nelson and Curry 1995) and have received strong public support as an

alternative energy source (Leddy et al. 1999). Moreover, wind farms have shown a

spectacular growth because they have reduced the costs of energy production. This

phenomenon has resulted in a proliferation of wind farms around the world (Germany,

Holland, Spain, United States, etc.) (Osborn et al. 2000).

However, there are wide concerns over wind farm developments, that they are cause of

bird and bats mortalities. Bird and bats are known to hit windmill blades and die. There

are three special concerns that arise with respect to the development of wind farms.

Several studies across the world have raised the concerns on the wind farm

development.

They represent a source of noise, they have an aesthetic impact on landscapes and

they might represent a supplemental negative impact on bird populations (Nelson and

Curry 1995). Wind turbine farms in landscapes have given rise to much controversy

relating to bird conservation issues in many European countries (Larsen and Madsen

2000). Wind turbines seem to add an obstacle for bird movements and research has

shown that birds fly into the rotor blades (Morrison and Sinclair 1998).

Although some studies have recorded bird collisions with rotor blades (Orloff and

Flannery 1992; Barrios 1995; Musters et al. 1996; Hunt 1999), other studies gave

evidence that birds could detect the presence of wind turbines and generally avoid

them (Nelson and Curry 1995; Osborn et al. 1998). The scarce information on the

possible interactions between birds and wind turbines has shown that: (1) waterfowl

and raptors seem to be the groups with the highest risk of collision, not directly related

to their abundance (Orloff and Flannery 1993; Osborn et al. 1998), (2) familiarity with

turbines, leading to a decrease in awareness, may be an important factor contributing

to increased mortality (Orloff and Flannery 1993), (3) dark nights increase mortality of

waders (Dirksen et al. 1998), (4) passerine species appear to be at greatest risk of

colliding during spring and autumn migrations (Higgins et al. 1996; Osborn et al. 1998),


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and (5) there is evidence that waterfowl, wading bird and raptor densities near turbines

are lower (Leddy et al. 1999). Moreover, birds avoid flying in areas with wind turbines

and their flight patterns are deferred when wind turbines are rotating or not rotating

(Osborn et al. 1998). However, up to now population-level effects have not yet been

demonstrated to reject the further development of wind power. The main purposes of

our research were to determine (1) the possible impacts of wind turbines on both the

local, breeding and migratory bird populations in one of the most important migration

points between Europe and Africa, the Strait of Gibraltar in the south of Spain, and (2)

the degree of flight behavioral change in birds resulting from the presence of a wind

farm.

Research shows that wind farms can impact wildlife in 2 principal ways: 1) they can eat

up or fragment habitat and/or 2) they can directly kill birds and bats. Habitat

fragmentation occurs when wind farms and their associated roads, power lines, and

other structures displace wildlife. The impacts of habitat fragmentation go far beyond

the immediate “footprint” of the wind farm, because some wildlife particularly grassland

species will avoid areas with high towers.

Bird and bat deaths occur in two ways. Birds die when they collide with turbines, power

lines, and other structures. Although bat collisions can occur (sometimes bats turn off

their echolocation and can run into structures), recent scientific studies indicate that

barotrauma may be a significant cause of bat deaths at wind farms. Baratrauma occurs

as bats chase the turbine blade (their echolocation detects a moving object). As the bat

gets close to the blade, it is pulled into a low pressure area immediately behind the

blade. This low pressure area causes the bat’s lungs to expand into its body cavity,

exploding the blood capillaries in the bat’s lungs. This phenomenon was recently

established as a significant killer of bats at an Alberta wind farm.

1.2. Wind Energy Sector Promotion by the Indian Government

In view of the need of substantial energy to match country’s growth, and security, Indian

government is promoting development of renewable energy projects in the country. The

government of India has announced many benefits for such projects. Wind energy

projects in India are given special incentives and benefits by the Government of India.


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• Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, has issued

guidelines dtd 10.11.2003 and amendments thereafter for diversion of forest

land for non-forest purpose under the forest (conservation) act, 1980 for

promoting wind energy.

• Wind Power Project does not fall in the purview of getting “Environment

Clearance” under Environment Protection Act 1980.

• Guidelines for declaration of Eco-Sensitive zones around National Parks and

Wildlife Sanctuaries issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Government of India, dtd 9th February 2011 also suggest promotion of green

technology and use of renewable energy in these zones.

• Dandi eco-sensitive zone notification by Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Government of India, dated 13th October 2010 (F.No. 24011/11/2009-

SICOM) also promotes setting up of non-conventional energy sources such

as wind and solar.

1.3. Legal framework & India’s international obligations for biodiversity conservation

Though, wind farm projects are considered clean energy projects and they are

encouraged by the Governments, there are still wide concerns over their impacts on

birds, bats, natural habitats and wildlife especially when they are close to protected

areas. The impacts of wind farm projects are being studied and several studies have

shown that it can prove detrimental if the projects are placed without considering the

biodiversity conservation of the area. India being signatory to various international

conventions and treaties, it is bound to preserve its biodiversity, conserve natural

habitats, and protect migratory birds by various laws and acts. Some of the

conventions, treaties, laws, rules and acts are listed below. Any undue impacts of

project on biodiversity, wildlife, killing or torturing of animals could be subjected to these

laws.

1.3.1. Wildlife (Protection Act 1972)

The Government of India enacted Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 with the objective of

effectively protecting the wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and

illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. The Act was amended in January 2003 and

punishment and penalty for offences under the Act have been made more stringent.


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The Ministry has proposed further amendments in the law by introducing more rigid

measures to strengthen the Act. The objective is to provide protection to the listed

endangered flora and fauna and ecologically important protected areas.

1.3.2. The Biological Diversity Act 2002

This act was born out of India’s attempt to realize the objectives enshrined in the United

Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 which recognizes the sovereign

rights of states to use their own Biological Resources. The Act aims at the conservation

of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them

in a sustainable manner and through a just process. For purposes of implementing the

objects of the Act it establishes the National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai.

1.3.3. The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act was enacted in 1960 to prevent the infliction

of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals and to amend the laws relating to the

prevention of cruelty to animals. After the enactment of this Act, the Animal Board of

India was formed for the promotion of animal welfare.

India is also signatory to following conventions which bind and guide the country to take

initiatives for conservation of its biodiversity, wetlands and migratory species including

migratory birds.

1.3.4. Convention on Biological Diversity 1992

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity

Convention, is an international legally binding treaty. The Convention has three main

goals: 1) conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); 2) sustainable use of its

components; and 3) fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic

resources. In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the

conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key

document regarding sustainable development. The Convention was opened for

signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force

on 29 December 1993. 2010 was the International Year of Biodiversity. The Secretariat

of the Convention on Biological Diversity is the focal point for the International Year of

Biodiversity. At the 2010 10th Conference of Parties (COP) to the Convention on


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Biological Diversity in October in Nagoya, Japan, the Nagoya Protocol was adopted. On

22 December 2010, the UN declared the period from 2011 to 2020 as the UN-Decade

on Biodiversity. They, hence, followed a recommendation of the CBD signatories during

COP10 at Nagoya in October 2010.

1.3.5. Ramsar Convention 1971

The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) -- called the "Ramsar Convention" --

is an intergovernmental treaty that embodies the commitments of its member countries

to maintain the ecological character of their Wetlands of International Importance and to

plan for the "wise use", or sustainable use, of all of the wetlands in their territories.

Unlike the other global environmental conventions, Ramsar is not affiliated with the

United Nations system of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, but it works very

closely with the other MEAs and is a full partner among the "biodiversity-related cluster"

of treaties and agreements.

1.3.6. Convention on Migratory Species 1979

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (also known

as CMS or the Bonn Convention) aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian

migratory species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental treaty, concluded

under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme, concerned with the

conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. The Convention was signed in

1979 in Bonn (hence the name) and entered into force in 1983.

Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I of the Convention.

CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the

places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors

that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each State joining the

Convention, CMS promotes concerted action among the Range States of many of

these species.

1.4. Objectives & scope of the work

In view of the scope of work extended by the company (Annexure-I) and above mention

facts, country’s laws/acts/obligations as well as company’s requirement to meet with

international environmental safety standards, we carried out the present study. The


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study was carried out with following objectives to assess the impacts of proposed wind

farm on bird, bats and natural habitats.

i. Evaluate the risk levels of project sites for birds, bats, important species and

natural habitats through desk reviews and field visits.

ii. Provide understanding on the issues of concern with reasons.

iii. Provide suggestions and mitigations for wind farm development and operation.


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2. Methods 2.1. Basic framework of data collection

As with other sources of renewable energy, wind energy is generally considered to

result in few environmental impacts. Despite this, assessment of impacts of wind farm

development on birds and bats and other biodiversity requires sufficient and systematic

information on various aspects in and around the proposed site. The prediction of

impacts of wind farm industries on birds and bats depends on understanding of the

proposed activities and its extent, scale and ecological conditions in the surrounding

area. Collection of baseline information on birds, bats and natural habitats is a

prerequisite for assessment of impacts of wind farm development activities. It would

also help in advance planning and mitigate the impacts and ultimately managing the

natural habitats and resources. The approach to achieve the stated objectives within

defined scope of work, include field surveys, interviews, and reviews of literature.

Following was the basic fame work of the data collection.

a) Basic understanding of the project site & surrounding area’s characteristics

Field visit, Orientation and location, Surrounding area and geography

b) Status of birds species

Literature survey and birdwatcher’s notes, Interview survey of local people and

naturalists, Spatio-temporal distribution of birds (migratory, resident status), Rare,

endangered and migratory bird species, Important natural habitats for birds

c) Status of bats species

Literature survey

d) Important natural habitats, biodiversity hotspots and their distances

Protected area, Wetlands, Grasslands

e) Literature review

2.2. Basic understanding of the project & surrounding areas

It is important to understand the project areas and its geography in order to collect data

and predict impacts of the projects. Following activities were carried out to get basic

understanding of the project areas.

2.2.1. Field visits

Field visits were conducted between 29th March and 6th April 2012 to understand and

assess the impacts of wind farm projects on birds, bats and natural habitats. We

evaluated the distribution of birds, bats and important natural habitats in and around the

project site.


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NO Wind farm site Status Sate Field Visit required Date of Visit

1 Devka Proposed Rajasthan No No 2 Gude-panchagani Operational Maharashtra Yes 5-6 April-12 3 Mahidad Operational Gujarat Yes 29-30 March-12 4 Rojmal Proposed Gujarat Yes 29-30 March-12 5 Savarkundla Proposed Gujarat Yes 29-30 March-12

2.2.2. Orientation and location

In order to know the orientation and location of the project sites with reference to the

distances and boundaries of important bird and bats areas and natural habitats, we

studied project site maps. We also used Global Positioning System (GPS) to find out

distances from each of these. This was useful in assessing whether the proposed

project sites falls within the boundaries of any important bird, bats and natural habitats

such as protected areas or any other designated ecologically important areas.

2.2.3. Surrounding area and geography

In order to know the surrounding habitats, geography and land use pattern, we made

field visits to the proposed project sites, studied maps of the areas and used freely

available satellite imageries on internet (Google Earth). This was useful in assessing

the overall suitability of land for wildlife and to see if these sites make any part of

corridors/migration route for any important bird species or not.

2.3. Baseline status of birds and bats species

In order to acquire information on the distribution of birds species of the project areas,

we interviewed several local people which include farmers, herders and villagers, tourist

guides etc. They were asked several questions about the presence of various bird and

wildlife species in the surroundings and their sightings, breeding habitats such as nests,

their observation seasons and timings etc. The respondents were also shown relevant

photographs from the standard books in order to improve the check list of birds and

wildlife species of the project area. They were also asked specific questions, whether

the windmills have any negative impacts on wildlife, agriculture and the people etc. In

human dominated landscape, human response to wildlife presence can serve as an

index to understand the intensity of wildlife use of the area. Field observations were

therefore complemented by efforts to generate information from informal consultations

with local people on use of area, corridor by any wildlife species.


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The information received on the status of the birds and bats species were plotted in

matrix of concern, issues and status of issues in relation to the project sites. The

information gathered on distribution of birds, bats and natural habitats provided clear

understanding of the species present in the project area. For example, migratory birds

are found in the winter season and most of them are found in the wetlands. Now

measuring the distances from wetlands would let us know if the migratory birds would

be affected from the projects or not. In order to understand the importance of the other

wildlife species of the project areas, they were classified in the threat categories defined

by the IUCN and Birdlife International. The species list was classified into endangered,

vulnerable, near threatened, least concerned categories. They were further classified in

to migratory, resident and passage migrant’s categories of bird species.

2.4. Important birds & bats habitats, hotspots and their distances

The distances from important bird habitats such as protected areas, wetlands, and

grassland areas were measured using GPS. These important areas also include

Important Bird Areas (IBAs), classified by Birdlife International. Boundaries of the

protected areas were prepared using GPS and also plotted on Google EarthTM for

better understanding or the surrounding areas. Some of these areas were personally

visited in order to check the status of habitats i.e. grassland and wetlands etc.

2.5. Desk Literature Review

Considering the time limitation to undertake statistically rigorous data collection, we

also relied on existing knowledge about the ecology and biodiversity of the region.

Importantly, there are quite a few studies undertaken in the past dealing with the

impacts of wind turbines on birds and bats and other concerns of biodiversity

conservation in many countries. Literature on wind farm and associated environmental

issues, were downloaded and collated using internet. Books on birds, bats and wildlife

were also studied in order to understand the biology of several relevant and important

species.

2.6. Analysis to evaluate the potential impacts.

The information collected on status of birds & bats, their spatio temporal distributions,

hotspots, and potential impacts of wind farm project development were logically

analyzed and conclusions were drawn for making suggestions for developing

ecologically sustainable project.


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3. Potential issues & Analysis

1. Savarkundla Windfarm site

A. General characteristics of the site

The Savarkundla Windfarm is located in government revenue wastelands which has

undulating terrain, varying across the site. The topography of the region is succession

of rugged ridges, isolated hills, plateaus and valleys. These hills are of volcanic origin

with an altitudinal range of 150 -250 msl. The area except for hills the site is dominated

by arid and extensively irrigated agricultural land. The chief geological formation of the

region is Deccan trap occurring as acidic and basic dyke formations. While the

prevailing rock is dolomite or basalt, limestone is also of common occurrence. Gneiss,

quartzite, quartz and feldspar are other rocks found scattered across the region. Soil is

varying across the region and ranges from lateritic to black cotton soil.

Plate-1.1: Savarkundla project site.

Majority of the land is hilly and undulating which is not suitable for agriculture by the

local community. These areas are generally devoid of dense vegetation and large

trees. The general vegetation represents the degraded and sparse thorny scrubland.

The vegetation dominated by species such as Butea monosperma, Casia auriculata,

Ziziphus sp. represents the degraded landscape.

The project site maintains safe distances from sensitive biological receptors such as

protected areas, high bird and bats activity areas. Details of biological characteristics

of the site are explained in details in forth coming sections.


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B. Birds

It is observed that Savarkundla Wind farm site is located in the low bird activity zone.

This is because that there are no major bird hotspots such as roosting, feeding and

breeding habitats in and around the project site. This observation is supported based

on our field visit, review of maps, Google earth images, literature review and interview

survey of local people and birdwatcher’s of the region.

There are no grasslands, major wetlands or forest areas present in and around the

project site that harbor large populations of birds. As per the latest Gyps vulture

census carried out in Gujarat, nesting/roosting sites of vultures are located at minimum

15.0km from the project site (Map-1). As per book on Birds of Saurashtra by M.K.

Dharmakumarsinhji (1955), the site falls in lower migratory bird’s movement zone

(Map-2).

Map-1.1: Nesting sites of critically endangered vulture species in Gujarat (Pandey &

Jethva 2007) with reference to wind farm project sites.


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C. Bats

Though, there is a lack of published literature and information on the distribution of

bats in Saurashtra region, our observations suggests that the site is likely to fall in low

bat activity area. This observation is based on our personal field visit of site and

interview of local naturalists and local people during the survey. We did not find

presence of any major bat roosts within or in the periphery of the project site that we

visited. Also interview of local naturalists and local people, farmers, herders etc.

suggests that there are no major bat roosts in and around the project site. Since the

site is likely to fall in low bat activity area no major issue with bat mortality is expected.

D. Rare and Endangered Species

Our observations, literature survey, interview of local naturalists and local people

suggests that there are no important roosting, feeding or nesting sites of any

endangered birds or bats species present within the boundary of the project site.

However, it is noted through interview of local people that Asiatic lion and Leopards

are often reported to move in the periphery of the project site. The site falls at a safe

distance from their potential corridor and therefore, it is less likely to have any major

impacts on these species. It is also fact that mammals are not significantly affected by

wind turbines.

E. Natural Habitats

i. Wetlands

As per our observation, there are 4 small/minor wetlands present within the boundary

of the project site (Map-3). These wetlands are seasonal check-dams and do not retain

water for longer duration. Water from these wetlands is extracted by farmers to fulfill

their irrigation needs during and after monsoon. By the onset of winter majority of the

wetlands are dry and therefore less likely to support large populations of birds and

migratory birds. However during installation of the turbines, on a precautionary

principle keeping safe distances from these wetlands is suggested. At least 500 mtrs

distances from each of these wetlands should be maintained from the HFL of these

wetlands.


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Map-1.2: Migratory bird’s movements in Gujarat (Redrawn outlines using, Dharmakumarsinhji -

1955).

Savarkundla project site

Savarkundla project site


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Map-1.3: Small/minor wetlands present within the boundary of the site.

ii. Eco-Sensitive Zone of Gir Wildlife Sanctuary

As per our observation on map, some part of the Sarvarkundla site, i.e. Gadhadka

village falls in the proposed ‘Eco-sensitive zone of the Gir Wildlife sanctuary (Map-3).

Eco-sensitive zone is declared around protected areas in order to provide buffer zone

around them to eliminate any immediate physical threat to the areas. This is to be

declared by the state governments under the Environment Protection Act 1980 of

India. Several polluting and destructive industrial activities are banned in this zone

which can endanger the very existence of the protected areas.

The government of Gujarat has identified this eco-sensitive zone particularly based on

the movements of Asiatic Lions in this region. However, it is only proposed and it has

no legal sanctity until it is finalized by the government of India.

Moreover, as per the procedure, the state government would not divert any revenue

land falling in this eco-sensitive zone to any industry if they find it objectionable. Since

in this project, state government has sanctioned government land without any

objection, there does not seem to be any issue.

iii. Asiatic Lion Corridor

Government of Gujarat has identified Asiatic Lion movement corridor between Mitiyala-

Savarkundla-Palitana-Shihor areas linking Gir wildlife sanctuary (Map-5). These areas

provides small forest and revenue lands that provides connectivity for movement for

Asiatic lion and therefore, it is perceived as a potential lion corridor between these


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areas of Junagadh and Bhavnagar districts (Map-5). There were 69 lions reported

during the latest census carried out in the year 2010 in this region. Conservation plan

for Asiatic lion by the Government of Gujarat also stresses the need for developing

satellite lion habitats, improving corridor connectivity, and facilitating natural dispersal

and expansion of lion populations and habitats.

Since the project area falls outside such forest and revenue patches that make

potential Asiatic Lion movement corridor (Map-5), the impact of project on such habitat

is perceived to be low.

Map-1.4: Asiatic lion habitats and their movement corridors in relation to project site

Project site

Project site


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Map- 1.5: Savarkundla Windfarm site in relation to protected areas and other sensitive areas (boundaries are approximate).

Gir Lion Sanctuary

Tentative Eco‐sensitive zone outline for Gir Sanctuary

Project site

Girnar Sanctuary

Mitiyala Sanctuary


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Table-1.1. Matrix of biological issues vs. status in relation to Savarkundla proposed Wind Farm project site.

No Concerns Issues Risk Reason/Status in relation to project site Suggestions Reference/method

A Birds

Waterbirds Low No major wetlands present in and around the project site. Only 4 small and seasonal wetlands present therefore, not many waterbird species

Maintain safe (500mtrs) distances from small wetlands

Google earth, Local bird newsletter, field visit, literature review

Grassland Birds Low No major grasslands are present within or in close proximity of the project site

Nil Filed visit/literature/map of natural habitats of Gujarat

Raptors Low No hotspot/major breeding site for raptors in the project site, White-rumped Vultures nesting site 15 km.

Careful about carcass dump

Local bird newsletter , Pandey & Jethva 2005 & 2007

Threatened/endemic species Low Not found within the project site Nil Local bird newsletter

Migratory routes Low No major wetlands in close periphery, low intensity migration through project site as per study

Nil Google earth image, Dharmakumarsinhji (1955)

B Bats Species Unk Indian Flying Fox Nil Zoological Survey of India Bat Roosts Low Not likely to be present in the project site Nil Interview local peopleEndemic/Rare bats species Unk No information ( no major studies available) Nil No information available

C Species Rare/Endangered Low No rare and endangered species of any wildlife present in project site Nil Interview of local naturalists& people, local

newsletter, standard reference books of birds, reptiles and mammals for the region. Endemic Species Low No endemic species of any wildlife present in project site Nil

D Important Natural Habitats

Protected Areas Low 1) Mitiyala Wildlife Sanctuary- located at 15.0 km distance2) Gir lion Sanctuary- located at 25.0 km distance Nil Government of Gujarat protected area

website IBA Low Gir Wildlife Sanctuary-25km Nil IBA Book (Birdlife International) Ramsar site Low No Ramsar sites in Gujarat Nil Ramsar websiteWetlands of National Importance Low Not present in 100 km periphery Nil Wetlands directory of Government of India

Wetlands of international Importance Low No wetlands of international importance present in 20 km periphery of

the project site Nil Li et al. 2009 “Status of waterbirds in Asia”. wetlands International publication,

Wildlife Corridors Low Asiatic lion corridor do not fall in the project area NilUnpublished map of eco-sensitive zone map of Gir sanctuary (Map-4 & Map-5) Eco-sensitive zone

identified by government Low Part of ‘Gadhakda’ village falls in proposed eco-sensitive zone for Gir Wildlife sanctuary (not yet finalized/published) by Gujarat government.

Ensure minimum destruction during construction


23

F. Conclusion and suggestions:

Based on our field observations, literature survey and understanding of issues and

logical analysis, we present following conclusions:

• The Savarkundla windfarm site is not proposed to be developed on forest,

grassland or any other natural habitats.

• The project site maintains safe distances from protected areas such as Gir Lion

Sanctuary (25 km) and Mitiyala Wildlife Sanctuaries (15 km).

• The project site safely avoids what is perceived as Asiatic Lion corridor between

forest patches of Mitiyala-Savarkundla-Palitana-Shihor areas (Map-5).

• There are 4 minor wetlands present within the boundary of project site. It is

advised to maintain at least 500 mtrs distance from the HFL of these small

wetlands in order to avoid any bird mortality.

• One village ‘Gadhadka’ likely to fall in proposed eco-sensitive zone of Gir

Wildlife Sanctuary. It is therefore advised to ensure minimum destruction in the

area during the construction phase of the project.

• Project site does not fall within or even close proximity to any internationally

known sites (IBA, Ramsar, Biosphere reserves, protected areas etc.) for birds,

bats or any other biodiversity.

• Project site maintains safe distances from vulture nesting and roosting sites.

• Project site falls in low bird activity, migration routes of birds.

• There were no major known bat roosting sites present within the boundary of

the project site.

• Therefore, it can be safely stated that the proposed wind farm project may have

least adverse impacts on the birds, bats and natural habitats.


24

2. Rojmal Windfarm site


The Raojmal Windfarm is part of what is called typical highlands of Kathiawar

peninsula. It is located in government revenue land which has range of low rolling

undulating hills. The topography of the region is succession of rugged ridges, isolated

hills, plateaus and valleys. The highest point in the site is located towards south

western side which is about 260 msl. The altitudinal range of the site varies from 100 -

260 msl. Major seasonal drainage/river includes ‘Ghelo’ which drains from these

highlands to south-eastwards into the Gulf of Cambey. There are two major drainages

passing through the site. These drainages are blocked at many places with check-

dams by the government to harvest rainwater. Number of such check-dams has

resulted in number of minor and major wetlands holding water for a varying period.

There are total 13 wetlands identified out of them only 2 are major which holds water

for a substantial duration, rest all minor wetlands are drained by farmers or dries by the

onset of winter.

Plate-2.1: Rojmal project site.

The area except for hills in the site is dominated by arid and extensively irrigated

agricultural land. Soil is varying across the region and ranges from lateritic to black

cotton soil. The hills are home to an enclave of tropical dry scrub forest, part of

the Kathiawar dry deciduous forests ecoregion. The natural vegetation on most of the

peninsula is xeric scrub, part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion. The

hilly areas are generally devoid of dense vegetation and large trees. The general

vegetation represents the degraded and sparse thorny scrubland. The vegetation

dominated by species such as Butea monosperma, Cacia auriculata, Ziziphus sp.

represents the degraded landscape.


25

The project site was evaluated carefully for maintaining safe distances from sensitive

biological receptors such as wetlands with migratory waterbird activity. Details of

biological characteristics of the site are explained in details in forth coming sections.

B. Birds

It is observed that Rojmal Wind farm site is located in moderate bird activity zone. This

observation is supported based on our field visit, review of maps, Google earth

images, literature review and interview survey of local people and birdwatcher’s of the

region. It is observed that there are number of small to large wetlands located within

and around 5.0km periphery of the project site boundary. Majority of the wetlands are

located towards north and north-western side of the project site. There are total 13

wetlands located inside the boundary of the project site and 25 wetlands located in the

5.0 km periphery of the project site. Therefore, total number of wetlands in and round

5.0km periphery of site is 38 wetlands. However, it is also the fact that only 3 of them

are major wetlands and rest all are minor wetlands/check-dams which do not retain

water for longer duration. The major two wetlands located within the boundary of

project site are ‘Somalpur dam’ and ‘Bhuratalav dam’ however, Kalubhar dam is

located outside the project boundary at 2.0km distance.

Though, there are no Ramsar site, Wetlands of international importance, or Important

Bird Areas (IBAs) present in and around the project site, the cluster of wetlands, in

north and north-western part of the project site supports large populations of migratory

and local waterbirds (pers. communication with local naturalists). Flocks of birds are

likely to move frequently between these wetlands resulting in higher bird activity zone

in the north and north-western part of the project site particularly during post-monsoon

and winter seasons. Chain of wetlands attracts many local and migratory birds for

nesting and wintering. Large flocks of birds such as flamingo, pelicans, cranes, waders

often move between wetlands in search of food resources and safe night roosts. Of

many bird groups, flamingos and cranes are the two major groups which are likely to

be more susceptible to windfarm because of their habit of moving in the dark hours.

Apart from wetlands, there are no major grasslands or forest areas present in and

around the project site that harbor large populations of raptors, grassland or forest

birds. As per the latest Gyps vulture census carried out in Gujarat, nesting/roosting

sites of vultures are located at minimum 95.0km from the project site (Map-2.1). As per

book on Birds of Saurashtra by M.K. Dharmakumarsinhji (1955), the site falls in


26

moderate migratory bird’s movement zone (Map-2.2). This is due to presence of

cluster of small and large wetlands in the north and north-western part of the project

site.

C. Bats

There is a lack of published literature and information on the distribution of bats in

Saurashtra region, our observations suggests that the site is likely to fall in low bat

activity areas. This observation is based on our personal field visit of site and interview

of local naturalists and local people during the survey. We did not find presence of any

major bat roosts within or in the periphery of the project site that we visited. Also

interview of local naturalists and local people, farmers, herders etc. suggests that there

are no major bat roosts in and around the project site. Since the site is likely to fall in

low bat activity area no major issue with bat mortality is expected.

Map-2.1: Nesting sites of critically endangered vulture species in Gujarat (Pandey & Jethva 2007) with reference to wind farm project sites.





27

endangered birds or bats species present within the boundary of the project site. It is

also observed that the project site does not make major movement corridors for any

endangered species of high conservation significance.

E. Natural Habitats

Wind turbines may adversely affect natural habitats and their components if they are

not taken care of during the planning process. In context to present project, only

concerns are wetlands and protected areas. We evaluated the distances of protected

areas from the project site and presence of wetlands in and around it as follow.

i. Wetlands

Our detailed investigation of site suggests that there are no Ramsar sites, Important

Wetland Bird Area, Wetlands of National Importance or Wetlands of International

Importance are located within or in the close periphery of the project site. However,

there is a cluster of total 38 small to large wetlands located in and around 5.0km

periphery of project site (Map-2.3). Details of these wetlands are discussed in section-

B for this site.

It is suggested that project proponent should either avoid installation of turbines in the

areas with high wetland concentration in north-western corner of the project site

(suggested in red color in Map-2.3) or reduce the density of turbines. This would

ensure safe passages to the birds. Apart from proposed corner, it is also suggested to

maintain safe distances of minimum of 500 meters from small/medium wetlands and

1.0 km distance from large wetlands during the final planning for the project.

ii. Protected areas:

It is observed that there is one protected area i.e. Hingolgadh Nature Education

Sanctuary located at 8.0 km distance in north- west direction from the project site. This

sanctuary is relatively smaller and has spread over 6.5km2 area only. Surrounded by

rain fed arid land from all sides, this small wildlife sanctuary of Hingolgadh provides

habitat for Chinkara, blue bull and a number of resident and migratory birds. Since the

Hingolgadh Sanctuary is located at a substantial distance from the project site. It is

therefore opined that the Rojmal windfarm project activities are less likely to affect the

sanctuary and its fauna and flora.


28

Map-2.2: Migratory bird’s movements in Gujarat (Redrawn outlines using, Dharmakumarsinhji -

1955).

Rojmal Windfarm

Rojmal Windfarm


29

Map- 2.3: Rojmal Windfarm site in relation to cluster of wetlands (partly falling in project boundary as shown in red triangle).


30

Table-2.1. Matrix of biological issues vs. status in relation to Rojmal Wind Farm project site.

No Concerns Issues RiskLevel Reason/Status in relation to project site Suggestions Reference/method

A Birds

Waterbirds Moderate Total 38 small to large wetlands are located in and round 5.0km periphery of the project site.

Maintain safe (500mtrs) distances from small wetlands and 1.0 km from large wetlands




Raptors Low No hotspot/major breeding site for raptors in the project site, White-rumped Vultures nesting site 95.0 km.



Threatened/endemic species Low Not found breeding within the project site Nil Local bird newsletter

Migratory routes Moderate Movements of waterbird is expected to be high between the wetlands in a cluster of wetlands in north-western part of the project site

As mentioned in waterbird section

Google earth image, Dharmakumarsinhji (1955)

B Bats Species unk Indian Flying Fox a common species could be present around the site Nil Zoological Survey of India Bat Roosts Low Not likely to be present in the project site Nil Interview local people Endemic/Rare bats species Unk No information ( no major studies available) Nil No information available

C Species Rare/Endangered Low No rare and endangered species of any wildlife present in project site Nil Interview of local naturalists& people, local

newsletter, standard reference books of birds, reptiles and mammals for the region. Endemic Species Low No endemic species of any wildlife present in project site Nil


Protected Areas Low Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary located at 8.0km distance Nil Government of Gujarat protected area website, Google earth

IBA Low Closest IBA is Velavadar National Park at 55.0Km distance Nil IBA Book (Birdlife International) Ramsar site Low No Ramsar sites in Gujarat Nil Ramsar websiteWetlands of National Importance Low Not present in 100 km periphery Nil Wetlands directory of Government of India

Wetlands of international Importance Low No wetlands of international importance present in 20 km periphery

of the project site Nil Li et al. 2009 “Status of waterbirds in Asia”. wetlands International publication,

Wildlife Corridors Low Site does not form part of any corridors of wildlife Nil Unpublished map of eco-sensitive zone map of Gir sanctuary (Map-4 & Map-5) Eco-sensitive zone

identified by government Low Project site does not form part of eco-sensitive zone of any sanctuary Nil


31




• The Rojmal windfarm site is not proposed to be developed on forest, grassland

or any other important natural habitats.

• The project site maintains safe distances from protected areas such as

Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary (8.0km) and Velavadar National Park.

• There are total13 wetlands present within the boundary of project site and 25 in

the 5.0km periphery of the project site. A total of 38 wetlands in a cluster

located mainly in the north and north-western direction of the project site. It is

advised to avoid this part for installation or else maintain at least 500 mtrs

distance from the small wetlands (smaller than 2.25ha. area -as mentioned in

National Wetlands Atlas 2010) and 1.0 km from the large wetlands in order to

avoid chances of bird mortality significantly.




• Project site maintains safe distances from vulture nesting and roosting sites

which are located in Morbi town at 95.0 km distance from the project site.

• Project site falls in moderate bird activity, migration routes of birds as number

wetlands in a cluster is likely to support birds and their movements.

• It is suggested to carry out a quick survey of above discussed wetland cluster in

winter before the micro-setting planning for the turbine locations. This survey

shall help avoiding migratory bird activity areas.

• There were no major known bat roosting sites present within the boundary of

the project site.

• Therefore, it can be safely stated that the proposed wind farm project may have

least adverse impacts on the birds, bats and natural habitats, only if the above

given suggestion to avoid wetlands is followed sincerely.


32

3. Mahidad Windfarm Site


The Mahidad Windfarm landscape is also similar to Rojmal windfarm site. It is part of

what is called typical highlands of Kathiawar peninsula. It is located in government

revenue land which has range of low rolling undulating hills. The topography of the

region is succession of rugged ridges, isolated hills, plateaus and valleys. The highest

of these in this region is ‘Chotila’ hills. The highest point in the project site is located

towards north-eastern direction which is about 350 msl. The altitudinal range of the site

varies from 200 -350 msl. The project site and its surrounding areas form the origin of

several major seasonal rivers of Saurashtra which include, Macchu and Bhadar rivers.

These drainages are blocked at several places with check-dams by the government to

harvest rainwater. There are 3 such check-dams present within the project boundary

and other 3 check-dams are located within 5.0km periphery of the project site. These

check-dams resulted in minor wetlands holding water for a very short period.

Plate-3.1: Mahidad operational wind farm site.

The area except for hills in the site is dominated by arid and extensively irrigated

agricultural land. Soil is varying across the region and ranges from lateritic to black

cotton soil. The hills are home to an enclave of tropical dry scrub forest, part of

the Kathiawar dry deciduous forests ecoregion. The natural vegetation on most of the

peninsula is xeric scrub, part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion. The

hilly areas are generally devoid of dense vegetation and large trees. The general

vegetation represents the degraded and sparse thorny scrubland. The vegetation


33

dominated by species such as Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Butea monosperma,

Cacia auriculata, Ziziphus sp. represents the degraded landscape.

The project site was evaluated carefully for maintaining safe distances from sensitive

biological receptors such as wetlands, grasslands, rare and endemic species etc.

Details of biological characteristics of the site are explained in details in forth coming

sections.

B. Birds

It is observed that Mahidad Wind farm site is located in low bird activity zone. This

observation is supported based on our field visit, review of maps, Google earth

images, literature review and interview survey of local people and birdwatcher’s of the

region. It is observed that there are only 5 small to very small wetlands/check-dams

located within boundary of the project site and about 4 small check-dams are located

outside i.e. 5.0km periphery of the project site boundary. These small check-dams do

not retain water for longer duration as local farmers drain water from them for

agriculture during the monsoon and post monsoon season. Therefore, due to short

water retention period and small size, these wetlands do not support large populations

of waterbirds.

It is also observed that there are no Wetlands of national importance, Ramsar site,

Wetlands of international importance, or Important Bird Areas (IBAs) present in and

around the project site. The absence of major wetlands and recognized bird hotspot,

suggests that the project site falls in the lower bird activity area.

Apart from wetlands, there are no other major bird habitats in and around the project

site that harbor large populations of raptors, grassland or forest birds. Our literature

survey (Bibliography of ornithology in Gujarat) suggests no presence of hotspots of

raptors or grassland birds in and around project site. As per the latest Gyps vulture

census carried out in Gujarat, nesting/roosting sites of vultures are located at minimum

55.0km from the project site (Map-2.1). As per book on Birds of Saurashtra by M.K.

Dharmakumarsinhji (1955), the site falls in moderate migratory and local bird’s

movement zones (Map-2.2). This is due to presence of cluster of small and large

wetlands in the north and south-eastern direction of the project site. It is also the fact

that migratory birds after staging/resting from the Rann of Kutch, move down south


34

through wetlands present in this region. Since wetlands in this area are smaller and

temporary, they do not attract large size birds with large flocks such as flamingo,

pelicans and cranes. These groups particularly, flamingo and cranes are more

susceptible to collision with wind turbines because of their movements in dark hours.

C. Bats

There is a lack of recent published literature and information on the distribution of bats

in Saurashtra region, our observations suggests that the site is likely to fall in low bat

activity areas. This observation is based on our personal field visit of site and interview

of local naturalists and local people during the survey. We did not find presence of any

major bat roosts within or in the periphery of the project site that we visited. Also

interview of local naturalists and local people, farmers, herders etc. suggests that there

are no major bat roosts in and around the project site. Since the site is likely to fall in

low bat activity area, no major issue with bat mortality is envisaged.

Map-2.1: Nesting sites of critically endangered vulture species in Gujarat (Pandey &

Jethva 2007) with reference to Mahidad wind farm project sites.


35

Map-2.2: Migratory bird’s movements in Gujarat (Redrawn outlines using, Dharmakumarsinhji -1955).




Mahidad WF

Mahidad WF


36

endangered birds or bats species present within the boundary of the project site. It is

also noticed that the project site does not make part of any critical wildlife habitat for

any rare, endangered and endemic species with high conservation significance.

The project site does not fall on the corridor of any rare and endangered species of the

state. It is therefore safely stated that project activities are less likely to affect any rare,

threatened and endemic species.

E. Natural Habitats

i. Wetlands



Importance are located within or in the close periphery of the project site.

Presences of small to very small wetlands in the form of check-dams are less likely to

be an issue for the project site operation. Though, the project is operational, in case of

any addition of the new turbines, the company should ensure to maintain safe

distances (minimum 500 mtrs from HFL) from the small wetlands shown in (Map-3.3).

This would ensure safe passages to the birds and reduce even meager chances of

seasonal bird mortality.


It is observed that there is a protected area i.e. Hingolgadh Nature Education

Sanctuary located at 7.5 km distance in South-East direction from the project site. This

sanctuary is a small with 6.5km2 area. Surrounded by rainfed arid land from all sides,

this small wildlife sanctuary of Hingolgadh provides habitat for Chinkara, blue bull and

a number of resident and migratory birds. Another sanctuary i.e. Rampara Wildlife

Sanctuary is located in North-West direction from the project site at 20.0km distance.

This sanctuary is being developed as Asiatic lion breeding center and also for

conservation of some of the local fauna and flora.

Since the Hingolgadh Sanctuary and Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary are located at

substantial distances from the project site, it is opined that the Mahidad windfarm

project activities are less likely to affect these sanctuaries and their fauna and flora.


37

Map- 2.3: Mahidad Windfarm site in relation to wetlands and Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary.


38

Table-3.1. Matrix of biological issues vs. status in relation to Mahidad Wind Farm project site.


A Birds

Waterbirds Low Only 8 small to very small wetlands are located in and round 5.0km periphery of the project site.

Maintain safe (500mtrs) distances from small wetlands




Raptors Low No hotspot/major breeding site for raptors in the project site, White-rumped Vultures nesting site located at 55.0 km. in Morbi town.



Threatened/endemic species Low Not found breeding within the project site Nil Local bird newsletter, bibliography of birds

of Gujarat.

Migratory routes Low Movements of waterbird is expected to be low & moderate between the wetlands in a cluster of wetlands in south-eastern part of the project site

As above Google earth image, Dharmakumarsinhji (1955)

B Bats Species unk Common species could be present around the site Nil Zoological Survey of India Bat Roosts Low Not likely to be present in the project site Nil Interview local people & naturalists Endemic/Rare bats species Unk No information ( no major studies available) Nil No information available

C Other Species

Rare/Endangered Low No rare and endangered species of any wildlife present in project site Nil Interview of local naturalists& people, local newsletter, standard reference books of birds, reptiles and mammals for the region. Endemic Species Low No other endemic species of any wildlife present in project site Nil


Protected Areas Low Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary located at 7.5km distance Nil Government of Gujarat protected area website, Google earth

IBA Low Closest IBA is Velavadar National Park at 80.0Km distance Nil IBA Book (Birdlife International) Ramsar site Low No Ramsar sites in Gujarat Nil Ramsar websiteWetlands of National Importance Low Not present in 100 km periphery Nil Wetlands directory of Government of India



Wildlife Corridors Low Site does not form part of corridors of any wildlife species Nil Site visit and interview of local naturalists Eco-sensitive zone identified by government Low Project site does not form part of eco-sensitive zone of any sanctuary Nil Consultation with Forest Department

officials


39




• The Mahidad windfarm site is not developed on forest, grassland or any other

important natural habitats.

• The project site maintains safe distances from protected areas such as

Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary (7.5km) and Rampara Wildlife

Sanctuary 20 km.

• There are total 8 small to very small wetlands present within and outside i.e. in

5.0 km periphery of the project boundary. Since these wetlands in the form of

check-dams are small and do not retain water for longer duration the project

does not seem to have any impact on the waterbird populations. However, on a

precautionary principle, if there is any addition of wind turbines in this

operational site, they should be installed keeping minimum 500 mtrs from these

small wetlands in order to avoid major bird mortality.




• Project site maintains safe distances from vulture nesting and roosting sites

which are located in Morbi town at 55.0 km distance from the project site.

• Project site falls in low bird activity, migration routes of birds as number

wetlands in a cluster is likely to support birds and their movements.

• There were no major known roosting sites of bats present within the boundary

of the project site.

• Therefore, it can be safely stated that the Mahidad wind farm project may have



40

4. Devka Windfarm site


The project site falls at around 40 km distance in South-East direction from Jaisalmer

town in Rajasthan. National Highway NH-15 that connects Jaisalmer and Barmer,

passes through the proposed project site. The project site is located near in the Thar

Desert of Jaisalmer district in Devka village and hence known as Devka project. The

Thar or Indian Desert is one of the smallest deserts in the world, but most thickly

populated. It occupies about 9% of India’s geographical area and covers 208,751 sq.

km in Rajasthan alone (Rahmani 1997a).

The proposed site is located in the Thar Desert (zone 3A) bio-geographic zone of India

(Rodgers et al. 2002). The vegetation in the project site and its surroundings is

representative that of Thar Desert. Project site does do not have major patches of

grasslands or wetlands and the site is mostly dominated by scanty vegetation. The site

is covered with low, scanty vegetation where Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis cineraria,

Calotropis procera and Caparis desidua are the most dominant species. Site is well

connected with tar roads. Movement of people and vehicles are expected to be higher

because of the presence of villages, Dhanis and highway.

The Thar Desert is located at the crossing where the Palaearctic, Oriental and

Saharan elements of biodiversity are found (Baqri and Kankane 2002). The major part

of the Thar is occupied either by dry open grassland or by grassland interspersed with

trees and thorny bushes (Gupta 1975). The main grass type of the Thar is

Dichanthium-Lasiurus-Cenchrus (Dabadghao and Shankarnarayan 1973). Bhandari in

1990 wrote: “in general the vegetation in the arid region is sparse and plants with only

xerophytes adaptations are able to establish themselves. The bulk of the vegetation

consists of stunted, thorny or prickly shrubs and perennial herbs capable of drought

resistance.” Nearly 58% of the Thar is covered with sand dunes and interdunal valleys.

Many shifting dunes which have stabilized are covered with Capparis decidua,

Calotropis procera, Calligonum polygonoides, Acacia senegal, Prosopis cineraria,

Aerva javanica, Aristida adescensionis and other psammophytic species (Shetty

1994).


41

B. Birds

Based on our previous field visits to the areas around Jaislmer, we have ready

checklist of birds found in this region. Since the bird checklist was prepared in the

study area involving 10.0km radius (of Dangri project area by the same company), the

same data could be used for the Devka project also. As per our field visit records and

secondary literature, roughly there are around 66 species of the birds in and around

the project site. However, apart from these records there are some historical records of

presence of rare and endangered species such as Great Indian Bustard, Lesser

Florican and Houbara Bustards are there which may not hold true today, as the

developmental scenario and human population in this region has increased many folds

since then. During our field visit in February, 2012 for other project (which is located

within 10km distance from proposed Devka project), we had observed total 37 species

in the representative project area that we had visited.

Of these recorded species only one species i.e. Indian Peafowl is listed as Schedule-I

species by the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972, whereas House crow is listed as

Schedule-V and rest all the species are listed as Schedule-IV. As per IUCN & Birdlife

International threat categories, all 66 species recorded in the study area belonged to

Least Concerned category. Total 21 species reported in the study area (10 km radius)

were migratory. Of 66 species reported in the study area during the visit, 45 were

found to be resident breeder in this region.

During the study, abundance of the bird species in the study area was also calculated

as birds encountered per kilometer of walk. It was observed that there were overall low

encounter rates of all the species of birds, suggesting lower density and occurrences

of birds in this area. This result safely states that the project site does not fall in the

high bird activity zones. These observation also suggest that the proposed site does

not fall in prime habitat (most important breeding and feeding areas) of any endemic or

threatened birds species and therefore, do not pose major threat to their populations in

the region.

Migratory Waterbirds: Due to absence of wetland in and around the project site, the

migratory and local waterbirds with large flocks are not present in and around the

project site. Migratory birds with large, heavy bodies and large flocks are more

susceptible to collision with the wind turbines. Since there are no wetlands in and


42

around the project site, it is safely stated that the project is less likely to have any issue

with migratory waterbirds.

Raptors: We observed a total of 13 raptor species during our field visit for earlier

project survey. It was observed that half of these species were migratory where as

remaining species were resident of the region. Majority of the migratory raptor species

would not be present in the region during the high wind season. Whereas some of the

species such as White-rumped vulture, eagles, shikra, owlet etc. would remain in the

region throughout year. White-rumped vulture is a critically endangered species whose

population has undergone drastic decline in last two decades.

Dead animal (cow, buffalo, camel etc.) carcasses attract large number of vultures and

raptors. During and after construction of the wind farm, the project staff should monitor

the project area for any presence of such large animal carcasses. If there is any

communal dumping ground of such carcasses present in and around the project site,

they should be removed away from the project site. The villagers should be convinced

and the dumping ground of cattle carcasses could be taken at least 5-10 km away

from the project site boundary. This would ensure minimum conflicts with vultures and

wind turbines in the project area.

Great Indian Bustard: One of the major concern for any windfarm development in

Thar Desert is the Great Indian Bustard, a critically endangered species who’s global

population is expected to be less than 300 individuals. As per the guidelines for the

“Great Indian Bustard Recovery Programme” by the Ministry of Environment and

Forests, Government of India (2011) also recognized that It is extremely important to

protect the breeding sites from all human-induced disturbances and reduce poaching

to nil. Securing these two life history phases is likely to revive the declining trend of

Great Indian Bustard populations. Low intensity poaching still persists within India

outside protected areas. Given the life history traits of Great Indian Bustard, this level

of removal threatens its extinction in immediate future.

Based on our previous field visits and understanding of the area, It is envisaged that

the project site is less likely to form part of the breeding habitats of Great Indian

Bustards. As per the local naturalists, published literature and our observations,

majority of the breeding grounds of Great Indian Bustard are located in the Desert

National Park in this region, which is located at 35 kilometer distance in western


43

direction from the project site. Therefore, it is safe to state that the proposed project is

less likely to affect the Great Indian Bustard and its habitats.

C. Bats

There are 114 species of bats (17 mega bats and 97 micro bats) reported from India.

Of these, 11 species are found in Thar Desert region. Based on the secondary

literature (Purohit & Senacha 2004) and our field visits, we confirmed that there are

only 4 species of bats (3 microchiropteran and 1megachiroptera) found in Jaisalmer

region of Thar Desert. The species of bats found in region are listed as following.

Microchiropteran

i. Greater Mouse-tailed Bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum)

ii. Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat (Rhinopoma hardwickii)

iii. Naked-rumped Tomb Bat (Taphozous nudiventris)

Megachiroptera

i. Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus giganteus)

It is important to mention here that none of the bats species found in this region are

threatened as per IUCN threat categories. Moreover, none of the species were found to

be endemic of Thar Desert or the Jaisalmer region. All 4 species of bats are listed as

Least Concerned category of species as per IUCN categories meaning that there is no

immediate threat to their populations and they have wider distribution in the region.

Based on secondary literature and our field visit we found that there are 9 roosting sites

of the bats in and around Jaisalmer town. Of these 9 sites, megachiroptera species are

found at only two sites i.e. Gajroop Sagar village/Lodurva and Gadisagar Pond, rest all

the roosts are within and close periphery of Jaisalmer town. Gajroop Sagar village

roosting site is 40.0 Km from the proposed project site.

Roosts of Bats in Jaisalmer (Purohit & Senacha 2004 and Primary field visit data)

1. Annapurana Bhandar, Sonar Fort (26° 54’ 45” N, 70° 54’ 58” E).

2. Raj Mahal Palace, Sonar Fort (26° 54’ 51” N, 70° 54’ 48” E).

3. Rani Mahal Palace, Sonar fort (26° 54’ 42” N & 70° 54’ 50” E

4. Patawa Haveli (26° 54’ 58” N, 70° 54’ 54” E).

5. Amar Sagar Garden, Amar Sagar Village (26° 55’ 55” N, 70° 52’ 17” E).


44

6. Shri Adinath Jain Temple, Amar Sagar Village (26° 55’ 45” N, 70° 52’ 18” E).

7. Gajroop Sagar Tunnel, Gajroop Sagar Village (26° 56’ 50” N, 70° 55’ 44” E).

8. Gajroop Sagar Well, Gajroop Sagar Village (26° 56’ 41” N, 70° 55’ 54” E).

9. Gadisagar Pond (26°54'31.14"N, 70°55'14.33"E) As per the literature survey (Purohit & Senacha 2004) it is found that the diversity and

density of bats is much lower in this region compared to Jodhpur and other parts of

Rajasthan. This could be due to the inherent characteristics of the region. Extreme

climatic conditions and semi arid, arid condition prevails in the region and that does not

support higher diversity of the bats in this part of the desert. Moreover, all the roosts of

bats were located inside and close periphery of the Jaisalmer town. No roost is located

in and round the proposed Wind farm project site.

Based on the literature review and our previous visit to the areas near proposed Devka

Windfarm site, we infer that the project site is less likely to fall in the high bat activity

zone.



suggest the presence of Indian wolves in this landscape. It is established fact that the

mammals are less affected by the wind turbines. However, it is suggested that during

the project construction, minimum disturbance and destruction be ensured. Apart from

wolf, there is no important roosting, feeding or nesting sites of any endangered birds or

bats species present within the boundary of the project site. It is also noticed that the

project site does make part of any critical wildlife habitat for any rare, endangered and

endemic species with high conservation significance (except Indian wolf). It is

therefore safely stated that project activities are less likely to affect any rare,

threatened and endemic species of the state.

E. Natural Habitats

i. Wetlands



Importance are located within or in the close periphery of the project site.


45

ii. Grasslands

Detailed investigation through Google earth, literature review, interview of local

naturalists, local people etc. we found that are no major grassland patches located in

and around the proposed Devka Windfarm project site boundary. Majority of the project

site land is covered with scanty vegetation particularly Caparis deciduas, Acacia

nilotica, Prosopis cineraria and Calotropis procera as dominant vegetation. This is

probably because of the moving sand dunes, low rainfall, extreme climatic conditions

coupled with inherent geological and hydrological features of the land. Therefore, the

project activities are less likely to affect grasslands and its fauna flora.

iii. Protected areas:

The Desert National Park is one of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) identified by Birdlife

International. The National Park has 3162 km2 of area. It is given protected form by the

Government of India as National Park in 1992. This national park is created in order to

protect unique biodiversity and habitat representing Thar Desert. The area is home to

many rare, endangered birds and animal species. The Desert National Park is located

at 35.0 Km distance from the project boundary (Map-4.1). Primarily the Desert National

Park is known for supporting large populations of birds of Bustard family i.e. Great

Indian Bustard, Houbara Bustard and Lesser Florican. Of these, Great Indian Bustard

and Lesser Floricans are known to breed in good numbers and Houbara Bustards are

known to winter in this landscape. This Important Bird Area (IBA) is known to harbor 3

critically endangered species, 2 vulnerable species, and 9 near threatened species (IBA

Book).

Since the Desert National Park is located at a substantial distance, the project activities

are less likely to affect its fauna and flora. Moreover, Government of Rajasthan has

issued an order putting ban on windfarm within 10.0 km periphery of the Desert

National Park. This would ensure safety of its fauna, flora and their habitats.


46

Map-4.1: Desert National Park and distance from project site

outline of Desert National

Devka Project site Boundary

Rough outline drawing of Desert National Park not to scale


47

Table-4.1. Matrix of biological issues vs. status in relation to Devka Wind Farm project site.


A Birds

Waterbirds Low No wetlands present in and around project site Nil Google earth, literature review


Nil Google earth, literature review

Raptors Low No hotspot/major breeding site for raptors in the project site, 3 species of vultures are present including White-rumped Vultures

Careful about carcass and their dumps near site

IBA book for Rajasthan, bird newsletters, previous project field visits data in the same area

Threatened/endemic species Low Great Indian Bustard not found recently, no breeding sites of any rare

and endangered birds likely to be present in recent time. Nil Literature review, field visit, bird newsletter, bibliography of ornithology

Migratory routes Low No wetlands present in and around project site, therefore, no waterbirds concentration found in vicinity

Nil Google earth image

B Bats Species Low Only 4 species found, no rare and threatened species present in the

region. Nil Purohit & Senacha 2004

Bat Roosts Low Located at 40 km distance, not present in the project site Nil Purohit & Senacha 2004 Endemic/Rare bats species Low Not present in the project site or in the region Nil Purohit & Senacha 2004

C Other Species

Rare/Endangered Low Except for Indian wolf, no rare and endangered species are reported Nil Interview of naturalist, papers on wolf distribution, standard reference books of birds, reptiles and mammals for the region. Endemic Species Low No other endemic wildlife species to the region present in project site Nil


Protected Areas Low Desert National Park located at 35Km in west direction from project boundary Nil Google earth, IBA book (Birdlife

International)

IBA Low Desert National Park as IBA located at 35Km in west direction from project boundary Nil IBA Book (Birdlife International)

Ramsar site Low Sambhar Lake located at 360 Km from project site Nil Ramsar website, Google Earth Wetlands of National Importance Low Not present even in 100 km periphery Nil Wetlands directory of Government of India



Wildlife Corridors Low Site does not form part of corridors of any wildlife species except for Indian wolf (mammals are less affected by wind projects) Nil Literature survey on Indian, Wolf- Jhala

1991 Eco-sensitive zone identified by government Low Project site does not form part of eco-sensitive zone of any protected

area. Nil Consultation with Forest Department officials


48


Based on desk review, literature survey and understanding of issues and logical

analysis, we present following conclusions:

• The Devka windfarm site is not proposed to be developed on forest, grassland

or any other important natural habitats of Thar Desert.

• The project site maintains safe distances from protected areas such as Desert

National Park (35 km).

• There are no wetlands present within and outside periphery of the project

boundary. Since wetlands are absent in and around the project site, the issue of

waterbird collision with wind turbines does not arise.

• Project site does not fall within or even close proximity to internationally known

sites (i.e. Ramsar, Biosphere reserves) for birds, bats or any other biodiversity.

Desert National Park being IBA and Protected Area, is located at a safe

distance at 35.0km form the project boundary.

• Project site falls in low bird activity and low intensity migration routes of birds

because of absence of wetlands in and around the project site.

• There were no major known roosting sites of bats present within the boundary

of the project site.

• Therefore, it can be safely stated that the Devka wind farm project may have



49

5. Gude Panchgini


The windfarm site is located near Gude-Panchgini village in Sahyadri hills of Sangli

district in Maharashtra. The project site falls at around 150 km distance in South

direction from Pune city in Maharashtra. The project site falls in what is locally known

as “Sahyadri hills” in the Western Ghats. As part of the Deccan Plate, Sahyadri hill

region has Gondwanaland origins. The Sahyadri sub-cluster includes the middle and

upper elevation biomes of the northern Western Ghats, contain geologically and

biologically unique formations. Sahyadri Hills are the northernmost part of the Western

Ghats in the country and therefore play a vital role in the zoogeography of India.

Presence of numerous barren, rocky, lateritic plateaus, locally known as ‘sadas’, is a

unique feature of the Northern Western Ghats. It supports characteristic ephemeral

flush vegetation harboring monotypic genera, many of which show restricted or narrow

distribution (Kanade et al. 2008). The underlying rock is the igneous trap – basalt and

the superficial rock is laterite in general. The soil is gravelly, red or reddish-brown in

colour. The area receives an average annual rainfall of about 6200 mm, most of which

is distributed over the period of June–September.

Plate-5.1: Gude-Pandhgini project site.


50

The Western Ghats are internationally recognized as a region of immense global

importance for the conservation of biological diversity, besides containing areas of high

geological, cultural and aesthetic values. UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in

2012. This announcement is likely to be made at the 36th session of the World

Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Bangkok in 2012 (ATREE website -1).

Government of India is also considering proposing Sahyadri hills as part of Western

Ghat eco-sensitive zone and biosphere reserve (Kapoor et al 1999). A panel has been

constituted to identify and map ecologically sensitive areas and to recommend for

notification of such areas as ecologically sensitive zones under the Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986 (website-2).

The hills in the project site vary in height from 600 m to 950 msl. The vegetation in the

project site and its surroundings is representative that of Sayadri hills of Western

Ghats. The vegetation is more or less in the form of fragmented patches in contrast to

continuous stretches of forests in surrounding Chandoli National Park. The topography

of the site hilly; most of the hills are flat-topped with steep to gentle slopes sustaining

patches of grasses and scrub vegetation on the hilltops, slopes and the valleys. Site is

well connected with tar roads. Movement of people and vehicles is higher because of

the presence of villages and irrigated agriculture in the foothills. The project site is

located at 9.0 km distance from the boundary of Chandoli National Park and Warna

reservoir or Vasant Sagar dam in the eastern direction.

B. Birds

Western Ghats is one of the eight Endemic Bird Areas (EBA) of India recognized by

Birdlife International. During our field visit we observed a total of 35 species in two

hours excursion in the project site (Annexure-2). The bird activity was considered to be

low to moderate. Detailed analysis of the birds sighted shows that majority of the birds

were passerines and did not belonged to threatened or endemic categories. All the

birds reported, belonged to least concerned category by Birdlife International and

IUCN. Moreover, all the birds seen during the field visit falls in Schedule-IV category of

Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.

It is also the fact that the project site is located at 9.0 km distance from the Chandoli

National Park. Apparently, this protected area is not listed as an Important Bird Areas


51

by Birdlife International (IBA book). The closest IBA near the project site is Koyna

Wildlife Sanctuary which is located at 30 km distance in north-east direction.

Since the project site maintains safe distance form Chandoli National Park and Koyna

Wildlife Sanctuary, the endemic birds inhabiting in these forests are less likely to be

affected by the project.

Migratory birds: Due to absence of wetland in and around the project site, the

migratory and local waterbirds with large flocks are not present in and around the

project site. Migratory birds with large, heavy bodies and large flocks are more

susceptible to collision with the wind turbines. Since there are no wetlands in and

around the project site, it is safely stated that the project is less likely to have any issue

with migratory waterbirds.

Raptors: During our field visit, we observed only 3 species of raptors in the project

area. All the three species of raptors are common and has wider distribution

throughout the country. Though, we observed only 3 raptor species during our field

visit, there may be presence of more raptor species in this area. It is because there are

grass patches present on the hill top with typical grassland birds such as larks and

pipits etc.

During our field visit we observed that the project area and its surrounding landscape

are dominated by agriculture land. Moreover, it was observed that local people put fires

on grass patches on the hills during the summer-pre monsoon season. Such practice

reduces the vegetation growth and ecological successions in the hills, which in turn

may reduce the diversity of flora and fauna. While interviewing local people, it was

found that such practice is common throughout the mountain ranges and agriculture

fields in Maharashtra except for the sanctuaries and National Park. During our field

visit we observed that such burning takes places even in the project areas.

It is also the fact that during our field visit we checked for any carcasses of birds below

7 wind turbines of the project site during the early morning hours i.e. 6:30-8:00 AM. We

found no carcasses, feathers or any remains of birds beneath the wind turbines that

would confirm the bird collision event.


52

Plate-5.2: Burning of grass meadow in project site.

C. Bats

There are total 41 species of bats reported from Western Ghats. Some of the bat

species i.e. Wroughton’s freetailed bat and Salim ali’s fruit bat are known to be endemic

species to the western Ghats. The distribution of bats species in Sahyadri hills,

particularly in and around project site is unknown due to unavailability of published

literature on this subject.

During our field visit, we interviewed local people about the bat, some of the

respondents provided us information on the Indian Flying Fox or Indian Fruit bat

(Pteropus giganteus giganteus). As per their information, this species is very common

in this landscape. There are small roosts of around 50-100 individual is located in many

villages particularly in the foothills. However, no such roosts were reported from the

project site during our field visit.

In absence of substantial information on bats, it is difficult to assess the impact of

turbines on the bat species of the region. It is important to check the site and its

peripheries for presence of any endemic bat roosts. It is also the fact that during our

field visit we checked for any carcasses of bats below 7 wind turbines of the project site

during the early morning hours i.e. 6:30-8:00 AM. We found no carcasses of bats

beneath the wind turbines.


Our observations, literature survey, interview of local naturalists and local people do not

suggest presence of any terrestrial mammalian endangered species from the project

Burnt area in the project site


53

site. It is also the established fact that the mammals are less affected by the wind

turbines. It is observed that project site is less likely to for part of any important roosting,

feeding or nesting sites of any endangered birds or bats species. It is also noticed that

the project site does make part of any critical wildlife habitat for any rare, endangered

and endemic species with high conservation significance (except reptiles and

Amphibians which are not evaluated). This is could also be true because local people

annually set fire on the hills including the project area. Since we could not evaluate the

presence of endemic species of reptiles and amphibian in the project site, it is

suggested that project activities do not cause any further destruction of the ecology of

the region. It is observed that the project activities such as maintenance of roads etc.

involve excavation of soil from the project site. Such activities may cause destruction of

micro habitats of the reptiles and small birds.

E. Natural Habitats

i. Grasslands

Some part of the project site consists of what is called one of the most important grass

meadows on the hill tops and on the slopes. These short grassland meadows harbor

great diversity of reptiles and birds. During our survey we found many typical grassland

bird species which include Harrier, Larks, pipit etc. suggesting complete and functional

grassland ecosystem on high hills of Sahyadri.

Plate-5.1: Typical Sahyadri grassland meadow on hill tops in the project site.


54

Since the project is operational and has not affected these beautiful and important

grasslands significantly, it is suggested that utmost care should be taken during

expansion of the project. Vehicle movements, excavations of earth, dumping of parts,

construction of transmission lines etc. should be done carefully so that such grasslands

are affected least. It is also suggested that during the peak bird activity periods i.e.

winter, and monsoon, the turbines should be monitored for bird hits. These meadows

are known to harbor some of the endemic reptiles and bird species. Due to lack of time

and season of field visit, we could not carry out detailed survey of the entire project site

for such species.


Chandoli National Park in Maharashtra, India. It forms a part of the Western Ghats,

which is one of the three biodiversity hotspots in India. This entails that it is home to

endemic species which are not found anywhere else in the world (Western Ghats

website, 2010). The Warana Basin is the area where the Warana River flows from

inside the Chandoli National Park to the Krishna River near the city of Sangli. The

Chandoli National Park lies in the Western part of Maharashtra in India. It covers an

area of 318.97 km2, and is situated at the north Sahyadri range, forming part of the

Western Ghats. The forest types include Western tropical hill forests, semi evergreen

forests, and Southern moist mixed deciduous forest. Biodiversity in Chandoli National-

Park is high, including various endemic animal and plant species. Wild animals like

Indian gaur, wild boar, sambar, leopard and tiger have been reported in Chandoli

(Imam et al, 2009). The park was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1985 under the

Wildlife Protection Act. It is part of the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve that also includes

Koyona and Radhnagiri sanctuaries. Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and neighboring

Chandoli National Park, together form the Sahyadri Tiger Project. According to data

collected from the latest census conducted in 2006, the reserve is home to eight Tigers

and 66 Leopards.


55

Map-5.1: Chandoli National Park and its distance from project site.

Chandoli National Park Gudepanchgini Project site

Gudepanchgini Project site

Chandoli National Park


56

Table-5.1. Matrix of biological issues vs. status in relation to Gude-Panchgini Wind Farm project site.


A Birds

Waterbirds Low No wetlands present in and around project site Nil Google earth, literature review

Grassland Birds Moderate Unique hill top grass meadow may harbor endemic grassland bird species in the project site

Do not excavate earth from project site for road maintenance

Field visit, Google earth, literature review

Raptors Low No hotspot/major breeding site for raptors in the project site, Nil IBA book for Maharashtra, bird newsletters, field visits

Threatened/endemic species Low Project site and its nearby area do not fall in IBA, or Endemic Bird

Area Nil Literature review, field visit, bird newsletter, bibliography of ornithology

Migratory routes Low No wetlands present in and around project site, therefore, no waterbirds concentration found in the vicinity of the project site

Nil Google earth image

B Bats Species Unk No information available for the project site Unk No information available, Field visits Bat Roosts Unk No information available for the project site Unk No information available, Field visits Endemic/Rare bats species Unk No information available for the project site Unk No information available, Field visits

C Other Species

Rare/Endangered Low Not present in the project site Nil Interview of local people, papers on Sahyadri hills, standard reference books of birds, reptiles and mammals for the region. Endemic Species Unk No information on Reptiles and Amphibians in the project site Nil


Protected Areas Low Chandoli National Park located at 9.0 Km and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary located at 30.0 Km distances Nil Google earth, IBA book (Birdlife

International) IBA Low Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary-IBA located at 30.0 Km Nil IBA Book (Birdlife International) Ramsar site Low No Ramsar sites present in Maharashtra state in India Nil Ramsar website, Google Earth Wetlands of National Importance Low Not present even in 30 km periphery Nil Wetlands directory of Government of India



Wildlife Corridors Low Site does not form part of corridors of any wildlife species Nil Literature survey, Field visit, interview of local people

Eco-sensitive zone identified by government Low Project site does not form part of eco-sensitive zone of any protected

area. Or identified eco-sensitive zone by government Nil Literature review and Consultation with Forest Department officials


57


Based on desk review, literature survey and understanding of issues and logical

analysis, we present following conclusions:

• The Gude-Panchgini windfarm site is not proposed to be developed on forest or

Sanctuary habitats of Sahyadri hills.

• The project site maintains safe distances from protected areas such as Chandoli

National Park (9.0km) and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary (30km).

• There are no major wetlands with high bird activities present within and

immediate periphery of the project boundary, therefore the issue of waterbird

collision with wind turbines may not arise.

• Project site does not fall within or even close proximity to internationally known

sites (i.e. Ramsar, Biosphere reserves) for birds, bats or any other biodiversity.

• Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary being IBA, is located at 30 km distance in north-west

direction from the project site.

• Project site falls in low bird activity and low intensity migration routes of birds

because of absence of wetlands in and around the project site.

• The issue of endemic bat species presence is not understood properly in

relation to the project, hence no concluding remarks on this is issued. Therefore,

it is suggested to conduct an intensive survey of bat roosts in and around 5.0km

periphery of the existing wind turbines.

• It can be safely stated that the Gude-Panchgini wind farm project is likely to

have least adverse impacts on the birds and natural habitats.

• Since this site is evaluated in its current operational status, it is suggested that

any more addition of turbines in this site be done only after detail field survey of

endemic species (birds, bats and herpetofauna) of Sahyadri hills.

• It is Suggested that routine project activities such as excavation of earth for road

maintenance etc. shall be carried out carefully so that the micro habitats of

some of the endemic reptiles, amphibians species (may be present) in the

project site are not affected.


58

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Shetty, B. V. (1994) Flora of the Indian arid zone. pp 55-63. in Sustainable Development of the Indian Arid Zone (eds. R. P. Singh & S. Singh), Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) 1993. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html [accessed 6 Nov 2008].

1. http://www.atree.org/wg_unesco_whs_2012 2. http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public‐information/Ratnagiri%20Sindhudurg%20tour%20report%20final.pdf


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Annexure-I: Scope of Work for Biological Review of Wind Farm Sites

The purpose of this study is to make a preliminary assessment of the potential for significant biodiversity impacts of each of the wind farm sites (5 in total, some of which will be developed in phases; grid references of perimeter turbines and transmission lines to be provided) in line with IFC Performance Standard 6. The study should provide a preliminary assessment of the likely significance of the impact, highlighting which sites, if any, are potentially high risk, outlining additional information required for a full assessment and indicating likely mitigation strategies that maybe utilized to manage the impact. The scope of work will include, but not be limited to, the following activities: 1. Undertake a desk study to establish for each site:

a. Proximity to, and description of, legally protected1 and internationally recognized areas2; critical habitats3 and other areas which hold or attract concentrated populations of birds and bats, including wildlife migration corridors.

b. Description of habitat type and potential for site to be critical habitat c. Any known threatened, endangered or other special status species likely to be present on the

site. d. Potential for a significant impact on birds and bats, outlining species of concern and

justification. e. Establish whether the sites are low or high risk. Low risk sites are those that hold or attract

low bird and bat numbers year round, are unlikely to hold special status species and are not likely to have a significant impact on wildlife.

2. For high risk sites, where there is potential for a significant impact on birds and bats a site survey should be undertaken to help confirm (or rule out) the potential for species of concern to use the site. The site survey for each site will be typically one day or less in duration and will involve:

a. Evaluation of vegetation and other landscape features and potential for avian migratory pathways, and survey for raptor nests, prey populations and other biological resources. The site visit will provide a preliminary characterization of the ecological setting; assist in identifying wildlife resources with the potential to occur at the site and note species observed at the site, highlighting if they are sensitive or protected.

b. Consultation with local experts and agencies and local communities. Where the wind farm sites are already operational, ask local communities or O&M staff if any bird strikes have occurred to date.

3. Preparation of a draft and final report which outlines the findings of the desk review and site surveys and make justified recommendations for future surveys and monitoring, including timing of surveys, additional assessments required and where possible outline mitigation strategies.

The consultant should be prepared to start this work immediately and report back verbally the risk profile of each site on the 30th March. The draft report should be submitted on 10th April and the final report within one week of receipt of comments from Inox.

1 PS6 recognizes legally protected areas that meet the IUCN definition: “A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” For the purposes of this Performance Standard, this includes areas proposed by governments for such designation. 2 Exclusively defined as UNESCO Natural World Heritage Sites, UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserves, Key Biodiversity Areas, and wetlands designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention). 3 Critical habitats are areas with high biodiversity value, including (i) habitat of significant importance to Critically Endangered and/or Endangered species; (ii) habitat of significant importance to endemic and/or restricted-range species; (iii) habitat supporting globally significant concentrations of migratory species and/or congregatory species; (iv) highly threatened and/or unique ecosystems; and/or (v) areas associated with key evolutionary processes.


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Annexure-2: Checklist of birds reported during field visit of Gudepanchgini site.

No. Common Name Scientific Name

Conservation Status as per IWPA-1972

(Schedule I to VI)

Conservation Status as per

IUCN

1 Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Schedule-IV Least Concern

2 Black Kite Milvus migrans Schedule-IV Least Concern

3 Blue rock pigeon Columba livia Schedule-IV Least Concern

4 Cattle egret Bulbulcus ibis Schedule-IV Least Concern

5 Common babbler Turdoides caudatus Schedule-IV Least Concern

6 Common myna Acridotheres tristis Schedule-IV Least Concern

7 Common swallow Hirundo rustica Schedule-IV Least Concern

8 Common tailor bird Orthotomus sutorius Schedule-IV Least Concern

9 Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus Schedule-IV Least Concern

10 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala Schedule-IV Least Concern

11 Creasted lark Galerida cristata Schedule-IV Least Concern

12 Eurasian collared dove Streptopelia decaocto Schedule-IV Least Concern

13 Green bee eater Merops orientalis Schedule-IV Least Concern

14 Grey francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Schedule-IV Least Concern

15 House crow Corvus splendens Schedule-IV Least Concern

16 House sparrow Passer domesticus Schedule-IV Least Concern

17 Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicata Schedule-IV Least Concern

18 Indian silverbill Lonchura malabarica Schedule-IV Least Concern

19 Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus Schedule-IV Least Concern

20 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos Schedule-IV Least Concern

21 Laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis Schedule-IV Least Concern

22 Long tailed shrike Lanius schach Schedule-IV Least Concern

23 Olive-backed Pipit, Anthus hodgsoni Schedule-IV Least Concern

24 Oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis Schedule-IV Least Concern

25 Pallied harrier Circus macrourus Schedule-IV Least Concern

26 Purple sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Schedule-IV Least Concern

27 Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Schedule-IV Least Concern

28 Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri Schedule-IV Least Concern

29 Rufous treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda Schedule-IV Least Concern

30 Rufus tailed lark Ammomanes phoenicurus Schedule-IV Least Concern

31 Shikra Accipiter badius Schedule-IV Least Concern

32 Southern grey shrike Lanius meridionalis Schedule-IV Least Concern

33 Sykes Crested Lark Galerida deva Schedule-IV Least Concern

34 White throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Schedule-IV Least Concern

35 White-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis Schedule-IV Least Concern


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Annexure- 3: Curriculum Vitae of the Expert, Dr. Bharat Jethva (Ornithologist & Wildlife Biologist)

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION:

1. Ph.D. in Ecological & Wildlife Sciences-FEB-23 from Wildlife Institute of India-FRI Deemed University-. Thesis title: Feeding Ecology and Habitat Needs of Wolves in the Bhal Area of Gujarat).

2. M.Phil., Zoology, 1995 Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad. (Topic of M. Phil. Thesis: Short term Treatment of Fluoride and its Reversal on Kidney, Liver and Muscle of Male Mice).

3. M.Sc., Zoology 1994 (with special subject as Reproductive physiology and Endocrinology). Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad. India

4. B.Sc., Zoology, 1992 from Bahauddin College-Junagadh, Saurashtra University Gujarat, India.

WORK EXPERIENCE:

1. More than 18 years of experience in the field of Wildlife Research and Conservation with special emphasis on Endangered species, Birds, Wetlands, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, Grasslands and Desert Ecosystems and Environmental Impact Assessments.

2. Asian Waterbird Census Coordinator with Wetlands International South Asia, New Delhi, Setp-28-June 211.

3. Scientist at GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, September 23-August 28. 4. Senior Research Fellow in the Conservation of the India Wolf Research Project at

Wildlife Institute of India from January-2 to August 23. 5. Junior Research Fellow, in the Conservation of the India Wolf Research Project at

Wildlife Institute of India. From December-1997 to December-1999. 6. Technical Assistant on Conservation of the Indian Wolf Research Project at Wildlife

Institute of India. From November 1995 to December 1997.

MEMBERSHIPS:

1. Member of IUCN-Flamingo Specialist Group. 2. Member International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) 3. Member Executive Committee, Mangrove Society of India (MSI) 4. Member Sirenian International, USA 5. Indian Bird Conservation Network (IBCN) 6. Bird Conservation Society of Gujarat


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PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS:

1. Munjpara Sandeep B., B. Jethva & C.N. Pandey. 2011. Distribution of the Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps (Gruiformes: Otididae) in Gujarat State, India Journal of Threatened Taxa Short Communication 3(9): 2090–2094

2. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 24. Computing biomass consumption from prey occurrences in Indian wolf scats. ZooBiology, Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 513 - 52.

3. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 23. Foraging Ecology, Economics and Conservation of Indian Wolves in the Bhal Region of Gujarat, Western India. Biological Conservation: 116: 351-357.

4. Jethva B. D. and Jhala Y. V. 23. Sample Size Considerations for Food Habits Studies of Wolves from Scats: Mammalia 67: 589-591

5. Sankar K, Jethva B. 22. Notes on Food habits of Stripped Hyena (Hyena hyena) in Sariska Tiger Reserve: short note in Journal of Bombay Natural History Society.

6. Ramesh Sabapara; Suresh Chugh; Bharat Jethva; Budhan Pukazhenth; David E. Widt; Terri L. Roth (1994) A note on reproduction research. Asiatic Lion Population Habitat Viability Analysis (PHVA) report, Vadodara, 1993

7. Punjani Sheetal, Bharat Jethava, Preeti Shrivastava: 2011: Morphophysiology of Radiation Induced Lenticular Opacity. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 2, Issue 12, December-2011. ISSN 2229-5518. ( Publication by my Ph.D. student)

PROJECT REPORTS:

1. Status, distribution and habitat Survey of Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps in Gujarat, 28. Project sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.

2. Status of Gyps Vultures in Gujarat, 27- A comprehensive state-wide survey of vulture nests and population. Project sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Published by GEER Foundation.

3. Biodiversity of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary a comprehensive ecological and socio-economic study. Mammals and socio-economic studies 27.

4. Biodiversity of Jessore Wildlife Sanctuary a comprehensive ecological and socio-economic study. Contribution in studies on mammals 28.

5. Movement Pattern of Wild Ass Across the Proposed Kachachh Branch Canal (Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited) on the Northern Fringe of Wild Ass Sanctuary in Gujarat, 26.

6. Status of Gyps Vultures in Gujarat, 25- A comprehensive state-wide survey of vulture nests and population. Published by GEER Foundation

7. Proceedings of the workshop on “Cranes and Community in Gujarat-a holistic conservation strategy for future” held on 23rd November-24 at GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.


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8. Ecological Impacts of Lignite Mining in Kutch with Special Emphasis on the Indian Grey Wolf and its Habitats, 1997. WII-EIA Technical Report No-19, Wildlife Institute of India.

TRAININGS OBTAINED:

1. One week Regional Training Programme on Wetland Management and Conservation held between 2-6th May 28 at GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.

2. UNESCO Regional training program on Satellite Image Processing for Natural Resources Management (21-31 January 22), conducted by Center for Geo-Sciences and Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.

3. Animal Welfare Training Course 1995. Conducted by Animal Welfare Board of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests held at Sakkarbaug Zoo, Junagadh Gujarat.

SELECTED PRESENTATIONS/ABSTRACTS : (International conferences)

1. Conservation Potential of Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Gujarat. National workshop on Marine biodiversity and community held at GEER Foundation with the support of MoEF, Government of India at Ahmedabad.

2. Jethva B. 25, Vulture Conservation initiatives in Gujarat, Abstract and Oral Presentation in the conference of Society for Conservation Biology Asia Chapter held in Kathmandu, Nepal, November-25.

3. Jethva B. 25, Crane Conservation and community in Gujarat, Abstract and Oral Presentation in the conference of Society for Conservation Biology Asia Chapter held in Kathmandu, Nepal November-25.

4. Jethva B and Jhala Y.V 23, Foraging ecology, economics, and conservation of Indian wolves. Abstract for an oral presentation in International Wolf congress to be held at Banff, Alberta Canada on September-25–28, 23.

5. Jhala Y.V., Jethva B, and Chauhan K, 21. The Role of Predation by Wolves (Canis lupus pallipes) and Jackals (Canis aureus) on Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) in Velavadar National Park, India. Presentation in International Canid Conference held in Oxford University U.K.

6. Jethva B and Jhala Y.V 2, “Food habits, Consumption and predation by wolves in the Bhal, India, Abstract in an international symposium “Beyond 2: Realities of Global Wolf Restoration held at Duluth, Minnesota, USA, Feb-2.

7. Jethva B. and Jhala Y.V. 2. “Ecological Impact Assessment of Lignite Mining in Kutch India”. Oral presentation given in an international symposium: Carnivore-2, held in November-2 at Denver, Colorado. USA.

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RAPID BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF 5 WINDFARM SITES OF INOX RENEWABLES LIMITED APRIL 2012inoxrenewables.com/Final-Report-Biological_Assessment.pdf · 2019-10-14 · Rapid Biological