Range Management...Economic Advantages of Specialized Grazing Systems Range Management Principles QUESTIONS ANSWERS CHAPTER 10 METHODS OF IMPROVING LIVESTOCK DISTRIBUTION Factors Causing

Online Instructor’s Manual

to accompany

Range Management

Sixth Edition

Jerry Holechek New Mexico State University

Rex D. Pieper

New Mexico State University

Carlton H. Herbel Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,

New Mexico State University (Deceased)

Prentice Hall

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ISBN-13: 978-0-13-501427-1 ISBN-10: 0-13-501427-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER l RANGELAND AND MAN

Rangeland Defined

Range Management Defined

Range Management Information

Relationship of Range Management to Other Disciplines

Activities of Range Managers

The Importance of Rangeland to Man

Changes in the Amount of Rangeland

Range Management Challenges in Twenty-First Century Range Management Principles

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 2 RANGE MANAGEMENT HISTORY

Origination of Range Science

Grazing by Native Animals

Early Livestock Grazing

The Future

Government Land Policies

Development of Range Management in Other Countries

Range Management Principles

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 3 RANGELAND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Precipitation

Climatic Types

Topography

Soils

Soil Classification

Desertification

Influence of Rangeland Physical Characteristics Upon Range Animals


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF RANGELAND TYPES

Grasslands

Desert Shrublands

Savanna Woodlands

Forests

Tundra

Rangelands of the United States

Tallgrass Prairie

Southern Mixed Prairie

Northern Mixed Prairie

Shortgrass Prairie

California Annual Grassland

Palouse Prairie

Hot Desert

Cold Desert

Pinyon-Juniper Woodland

Mountain Browse

Western Coniferous Forest

Alpine Tundra

Southern Pine Forest

Eastern Deciduous Forest

Oak Woodland


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 5 RANGE PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Basic Concepts

Carbohydrate Reserves

Water Relations

Plant Morphology

Reproduction

Resistance to Grazing

Grazing Optimization Theories


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 6 RANGE ECOLOGY

Ecology Defined

Range Ecosystem Components and Functions

Importance of Rangeland Ecosystem Services

Succession and Climax

Secondary Succession

Climax Theory

Different Theories on Succession

Succession and Grazing

Retrogression

Practical Application of Successional Theory

Climate and Plant Succession

Fire and Plant Succession

Ecosystem Stability and Grazing

Plant Succession and Grazing Intensity

Drought

Plant Diversity and Controlled Grazing

Grazing Exclusion versus Controlled Grazing

Competition

Plant Succession and Range Management: A Conclusion

Global Warming and Carbon Sequestration


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 7 RANGE INVENTORY AND MONITORING

Vegetational Mapping

Determination of Vegetational Attributes

Grazing Surveys

Determining Grazing Capacity

Determining Grazing Intensity

Range Condition

Interpretation of Grazing Surveys

Presentation of Information

Grazing Surveys


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 8 CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING STOCKING RATE

Influence of Stocking Rate on Forage Production

Range Trend and Stocking Rate

Influence of Stocking Rate on Range Livestock Productivity

Influence of Stocking Rate on Economic Returns

Stocking Rate and Risk

Flexible versus Fixed Stocking Rates

Grazing Intensity Considerations

Grazing Intensity and Timing

Range Readiness and Timing

Adjustment for Distance from Water

Adjustment for Slope

Forage Demand by Grazing Animals

Calculation of Stocking Rate

Key-Plant and Key-Area Principles

Forage Allocation to More than One Animal Species

Conclusion


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 9 SELECTION OF GRAZING METHODS

Definition of Grazing System Terms

Considerations in Grazing System Selection

Continuous Grazing

Deferred-Rotation

The Merrill Three-Herd/Four-Pasture System

Seasonal-Suitability Grazing

The Best Pasture System

Rest-Rotation Grazing

High-Intensity/Low-Frequency Grazing

Short-Duration Grazing

Grazing Systems for Riparian Zones

Grazing Systems for Developing Countries

Economic Advantages of Specialized Grazing Systems


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 10 METHODS OF IMPROVING LIVESTOCK DISTRIBUTION

Factors Causing Poor Distribution

Distance from Water

Topography

Vegetation Type

Pests

Weather

Better Livestock Distribution Methods

Water

Fencing

Salt, Minerals, and Supplemental Feed

Kind of Livestock

Herding

Range Fertilization

Burning

Grazing Systems

Trail Building

Shade

Season of Use

Financial Considerations

Wildlife Considerations

Patch Grazing and Wolf Plants


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 11 RANGE ANIMAL NUTRITION

Nutritional Components of Grazing Animal Forbs

Seasonal Effects on Forage Nutritional Quality

Comparative Nutritive Value of Range Forages

Comparative Nutrition of Grazing Animals

How Grazing Animals Cope with Periods of Low Forage Quality

Methods for Determining the Nutritional Value of Grazing Animal Diets

Diet Nutritional Quality of Livestock on Different Ranges

Comparative Nutritive Value of Plant Parts

Energy Expenditure by Grazing Animals

Supplementing Range Livestock

Range Livestock Nutritional Guidelines

Minimizing Supplemental Needs by Range Management

Identification of Period When Supplementation is Required

Protein Supplementation

Mineral Supplements

Energy Supplementation

Vitamin Supplementation


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 12 RANGE MANAGEMENT FOR MULTIPLE USE

Herbage Residue and Multiple-Use Concepts

Rangeland Hydrology

Grazing Impacts on Watersheds

Water Quality and Grazing

Fish Habitat and Grazing

Manipulation of Water Yield

Timber Production and Grazing

Recreational Use of Rangelands

Recreation and Ranching

Recreation Problems on Public Lands

Conflict Resolution in Multiple Use Decisions

Energy and Rangelands


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 13 RANGE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Animal Selection

Common-Use Grazing

Management of Reproductive Efficiency

Removal of Nonbreeding Animals

Problem with Breeding Males

Grazing Management and Calf Crop

Breeding Life of Females

Crossbreeding

Reproductive Disease

Livestock Management During Drought

Poisonous Plant Problems

Range Animal Forage Behavior: Practical Implications


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 14 RANGE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Trends in Wildlife Populations

Basic Concepts Concerning Wildlife Habitat

Grazing Effects on Rangeland Wildlife

Social Interaction Between Domestic Livestock and Wildlife

Transmission of Disease to Wild Ungulates by Livestock

Operational Impacts of Livestock Grazing on Wildlife

Grazing Methods for Wildlife Enhancement

Provision of Forage to Big Game

Impacts of Brush Control on Wildlife

Game Ranching

Problems with Wild Horses and Burros

Problems with Small Mammals

Problems with Insects

Problems with Predators

Threatened and Endangered Wildlife


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 15 MANIPULATION OF RANGE VEGETATION

Rangeland Problems in the Western United States

Fire Control

Mechanical Control

Chemical Control

Biological Control

Targeted Grazing

Economic Considerations

Considerations in Seeding

Fertilization

Forage Conservation


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 16 RANGE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Challenges to African Pastoralism

Problems Relating to Livestock Numbers

Land Tenure and Communal Grazing

Problems Relating to Dry Season Grazing

Drought

Development of Livestock Water

Range Burning

Range Problems in Latin America

Agricultural versus Industrial Development


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 17 RANGELAND ECONOMICS

Applications of Rangeland Economics

Basic Economic Principles

Economics of Range Livestock Production

Demand for Livestock Products

Importance of the West

Economic Strategies

Cost of Range Livestock Production

Size of Operation

Asset Allocation and Risk Management

Cattle Prices and Business Cycles

Records and Accounts

Economic Evaluation of Range Management Practices


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 18 RANGE MANAGEMENT PLANNING, COMPUTERS, AND THE FUTURE

Range Management Planning

Integrated Resource Planning

Coordinated Resource Management

Rangeland Management and Computers

Systems Analysis

Artificial Intelligence

Virtual Reality

Satellite Imagery

Range Management and the Future


QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

CHAPTER l

RANGELAND AND MAN

The purpose of Chapter 1 is to provide an overview of what rangelands are and their importance to

mankind. Primary concepts in range management are covered as well as range management

challenges going into the twenty-first century.

Rangeland Defined

This section gives a working definition of rangeland. Related types of land are also discussed.

Rangelands are defined as uncultivated lands that will provide the necessities of life for grazing and

browsing animals.

Range Management Defined

Range management is defined as the manipulation of rangeland components to obtain the optimum

combination of goods and services for society on a sustained basis. The unique aspects of range

management as a discipline are discussed. The five key concepts on which range management is

based are given.

Range Management Information

This section identifies the Society for Range Management as the primary source of information on

rangelands and range management. The two primary journals, published by the Society for Range

Management, that provide scientific information on rangelands are identified. These include

Rangeland Ecology and Management and Rangelands. Other sources of information on rangelands

are identified.

Relationship of Range Management to Other Disciplines

The relationship of range management to ecology, climatology, animal science, economics, wildlife

management, etc., is discussed. The concept of multiple use is defined.

Activities of Range Managers

The six basic activities of range managers are discussed. These include: 1) surveys and

monitoring, 2) range management planning, 3) range improvements, 4) landscape planning and

management, 5) dispute resolution, and 6) information and education.

The Importance of Rangeland to Man

Trends in world human populations are described and related to rangelands. World percentages of

rangeland, woodland, farmland, deserts, and urbanized are given. The importance of rangelands in

meeting the various needs of mankind are discussed in some detail. The importance of rangelands in

livestock production is given particular emphasis. The role of rangelands in providing wildlife,

water, recreation, plant products, wood, minerals, and open space is described. The problem of loss

of rangeland to urbanization is identified. Special emphasis is given to energy, water, food, and

climatic change.

Ecosystem services are defined as basic processes essential to human life performed by natural

or near natural landscapes. Rangelands play a critical role in providing humankind with ecosystem

services because they comprise about 70% of the world’s land area and 50% of the United States

land area. Various ecosystem services and products are listed and described. The problem of

rangeland loss to urbanization and other alternative land uses is identified and discussed.

Changes in the Amount of Rangeland

The amount of rangeland on a global basis is expected to decline substantially in the next 30 years.

This is due to conversion to farmland in developing countries and urbanization in developed

countries. Still rangeland will continue to be the major type of land in the world.

Range Management Challenges in the Twenty-First Century

Major range management challenges in the twenty-first century include:

1. Sustaining ranching as an occupation and way of life.

2. Preservation of open space.

3. Prevention and resolution of social conflicts over usage and management

of natural resources.

4. Maintaining and improving the health of rangeland ecosystems.

5. Preservation of threatened and endangered species.

6. Expansion of supply of rangeland products:

a. meat

b. recreation

c. wildlife

d. water

e. energy

f. esthetics

g. other

RANGE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

Rangeland is a renewable resource.

Rangelands supply humans with food and fiber at very low energy costs compared to cultivated

lands.

Rangeland productivity is determined by soil, topographic, and climatic characteristics.

Rangelands provide society with a variety of products that include food, fiber, water, wildlife,

recreation, minerals, timber, and open space.

Social, economic, cultural, and technological considerations are all a part of the range management

decision-making process.

Many rangelands in the U.S. are still characterized by vast expanses of open space dominated by

natural vegetation. In the future the value of these areas for esthetics and preservation of biological

diversity may be far greater the value of the commodities rangelands can produce.

STUDY QUESTIONS AND DEFINITIONS

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Over the next 50 years, the amount of rangeland in the western United States will likely

a. increase by 20 to 30%

b. decrease by 10 to 20%

c. remain the same

2. Where did the science and art of range management originate?

a. Africa

b. Western United States

c. Spain

d. Russia

e. Israel

3. The doubling time of the world’s human population is most nearly?

a. 20 years

b. 35 years

c. 560 years

d. 75 years

e. 100 years

4. What is the primary land type in the world?

a. Forest and woodland

b. Urbanized land

c. Farmland

d. Rangeland

5. Which natural resource is most likely to constrain human population and progress?

a. Energy

b. Wood

c. Farmland

d. Rare metals

e. Fertilizer

II. SHORT ANSWERS

1. Give the name of the primary professional organization concerned with

rangelands and range management.

2. What are the two primary professional journals that provide information on

range management?

3. What are some important challenges confronting range managers in the twenty-first

century?

4. What are some recreational products from rangelands?

5. What are the 6 activities of range managers?

III. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Rangeland -

2. Range management -

3. Multiple Use -

4. Desertification -

5. Grazing -

6. Peak oil –

ANSWERS

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. b

2. b

3. c

4. d

5. a

II. SHORT ANSWER

1. Society for Range Management

2. Rangeland Ecology and Management and Rangelands

3. (a) Sustaining ranching as an occupation and way of life

(b) Preservation of open space

(c) Prevention and resolution of social conflicts over the use and management of

natural resources

(d) Maintaining and improving the health of rangeland ecosystems

(e) Preservation of threatened and endangered species

(f) Expansion of supply of rangeland products (meat, recreation, wildlife, water,

esthetics, other)

4. Hiking, camping, trail biking, picnicking, hunting, fishing, rock hounding, horseback

riding, dude ranching

5. Surveys and monitoring, range management planning, range improvements, landscape

planning and management, dispute resolution, information and education

III. DEFINITIONS

1. Rangeland – uncultivated land that will provide the necessities of life for grazing and

browsing animals

2. Range management – manipulation of rangeland components to obtain the optimum

combination of goods and services on a sustained basis

3. Multiple use – harmonious use of native rangeland for more than one purpose

4. Desertification – the formation of desert like conditions, largely through human actions,

in areas that do not have desert climates

5. Grazing – the consumption of standing forage (edible grasses and forbs) by livestock or

wildlife.

6. Peak oil – refers to global oil production reaching a peak and then declining due to

depletion of finite reserves under stable or increasing demand

CHAPTER 2

RANGE MANAGEMENT HISTORY

The purpose of Chapter 2 is to provide an overview of the development of range science in the

United States, along with a chronology of important legislation influencing rangelands. Current

rangeland policy issues are also discussed. The development of range management in other parts of

the world is briefly discussed.

Origination of Range Science

The origination of range science occurred in the late 1800s in the western United States. Early

conservationists in this period observed destruction of rangeland plant and soil resources as a result

of uncontrolled (excessive) livestock grazing. This lead to scientific studies by H. Bently, A.

Sampson, and J. Smith at the turn of the century that provide the basis for modem range

management. Arthur Sampson is considered to be the father of range management.

Grazing by Native Animals

Early accounts are reviewed that indicate native ungulates, particularly bison, heavily grazed the

North American prairie. However the intermountain area of the western United States does not

appear to be greatly impacted by large native animals.

Early Livestock Grazing

A historical account of livestock grazing in the United States starting with the Spanish explorers in

the late 1500s is provided. The growth of the western livestock industry after the end of the Civil

Documents

Range Management...Economic Advantages of Specialized Grazing Systems Range Management Principles QUESTIONS ANSWERS CHAPTER 10 METHODS OF IMPROVING LIVESTOCK DISTRIBUTION Factors Causing