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Seminar report four wheel steering system
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
If the words were considered as symbols of approval and token of acknowledgement then
let the words pay the heralding role of expressing my gratitude. First and foremost I praise God
Almighty for the grace he showered on me during my studies as well as my day-to-day life
activities.
Dreams never run to reality unless a lot of effort and hard work is put into it and no
efforts bear fruit in absence of support and guidance. It takes a lot of effort to work your way
through this.
I would like to take this chance to thank Mr. ABDUL KAREEM P.K,The Principal of
Malabar polytechnic campus, for providing me with such an environment, where students can
explore their creative ideas. I am also thankful to Head of Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Mr. PRAKASAN KK for encouraging the students to make these notions true.
I am extremely grateful to the seminar guide Lect. DEEPAK Kand the
coordinatorDemonstrator SUJEESH V for their valuable suggestions for the seminar. I also
sincerely thank the Mechanical Engineering department faculties for providing me with valuable
help.
Last but not the least; I thank my family and friends for giving me the help, strength and courage
for accomplishing the task.
RANEESH P.S
Department of mechanical engg.1Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report four wheel steering system
ABSTRACT
Production cars are designed to understeer and rarely do they oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate
for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying operating conditions.
Four-wheel steering is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering. Also in
situations like low speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces,
driving would be very difficult due to vehicle’s larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a requirement of a
mechanism which result in less turning radius and it can be achieved by implementing four wheel steering mechanism
instead of regular two wheel steering.
Department of mechanical engg.2Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report four wheel steering system
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES 9
1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. NEED TO INVENT 6
3. WHY ALCOHOL 8
4. TYPES OF FUEL 15
5. PRODUCTION OF FUEL 16
6. CONVERSION OF ENGINE 17
7. ADVANTAGES 18
8. CONCLUSION 21
9. REFRENCE 22
Department of mechanical engg.3Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report four wheel steering system
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 ENERGY CRISIS IN THEWORLD 6
2.2 WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION 7
3.1 PARTS OF GREEN ENGINE 8
3.2.1 GREEN ENGINE CONSTRUCTION 12
3.2.2 LAYOUT OF GREEN ENGINE 13
4 RPM V/S TORQUE GRAPH OF NATURAL GAS 15
5 HP AND TORQUE COMPARISON 16
6 GREEN CAR 17
8 LATEST TYPE GREEN ENGINE 20
Department of mechanical engg.4Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report four wheel steering system
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or all-wheel steering,
provides a means to actively steer the rear wheels during turning maneuvers. It should not be
confused with four-wheel drive in which all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves
handling and help the vehicle make tighter turns.
Production-built cars tend to understeer or, in few instances, oversteer. If a car
could automatically compensate for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy
nearly neutral steering under varying conditions. 4WS is a serious effort on the part of
automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering.
The front wheels do most of the steering. Rear wheel turning is generally limited to
50-60 during an opposite direction turn. During a same direction turn, rear wheel steering is
limited to about 10-1.50.
When both the front and rear wheels steer toward the same direction, they are said to be in-phase and this produces a kind of sideways movement of the car at low speeds. When the front and rear wheels are steered in opposite direction, this is called anti-phase, counter-phase or opposite-phase and it produces a sharper, tighter turn. .
Department of mechanical engg.5Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report four wheel steering system
Chapter 2
. WHY FOUR-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM?
To understand the advantages of four-wheel steering, it is wise to review the
dynamics of typical steering maneuvers with a conventional front -steered vehicle. The tires are
subject to the forces of grip, momentum, and steering input when making a movement other
than straight-ahead driving. These forces compete with each other during steering maneuvers.
With a front-steered vehicle, the rear end is always trying to catch up to the directional changes
of the front wheels. This causes the vehicle to sway. As a normal part of operating a vehicle, the
driver learns to adjust to these forces without thinking about them.
When turning, the driver is putting into motion a complex series of forces. Each of
these must be balanced against the others. The tires are subjected to road grip and slip angle.
Grip holds the car's wheels to the road, and momentum moves the car straight ahead. Steering
input causes the front wheels to turn. The car momentarily resists the turning motion, causing a
tire slip angle to form. Once the vehicle begins to respond to the steering input, cornering
forces are generated. The vehicle sways as the rear wheels attempt to keep up with the
cornering forces already generated by the front tires. This is referred to as rear-end lag,
because there is a time delay between steering input and vehicle reaction. When the front
wheels are turned back to a straight -ahead position, the vehicle must again try to adjust by
reversing the same forces developed by the turn. As the steering is turned, the vehicle body
sways as the rear wheels again try to keep up with the cornering forces generated by the front
wheels.
The idea behind four-wheel steering is that a vehicle requires less driver input for
any steering maneuver if all four wheels are steering the vehicle. As with two-wheel steer
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
vehicles, tire grip holds the four wheels on the road. However, when the driver turns the wheel
slightly, all four wheels react to the steering input, causing slip angles to form at all four wheels.
The entire vehicle moves in one direction rather than the rear half attempting to catch up to
the front. There is also less sway when the wheels are turned back to a straight-ahead position.
The vehicle responds more quickly to steering input because rear wheel lag is eliminated.
Chapter 3
. TYPES OF 4WS
There are three types of production of four-wheel steering systems:
3.1 Mechanical 4WS
3.2 Hydraulic 4WS
3.3 Electro-hydraulic 4WS
3.1 Mechanical 4WS
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
Figure 1. Mechanical 4WS
In a straight-mechanical type of 4WS, two steering gears are used-one for the
front and the other for the rear wheels. A steel shaft connects the two steering gearboxes and
terminates at an eccentric shaft that is fitted with an offset pin. This pin engages a second offset
pin that fits into a planetary gear.
The planetary gear meshes with the matching teeth of an internal gear that is
secured in a fixed position to the gearbox housing. This means that the planetary gear can
rotate but the internal gear cannot. The eccentric pin of the planetary gear fits into a hole in a
slider for the steering gear.
A 120-degree turn of the steering wheel rotates the planetary gear to move the
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
slider in the same direction that the front wheels are headed. Proportionately, the rear wheels
turn the steering wheel about 1.5 to 10 degrees. Further rotation of the steering wheel, past
the 120degree point, causes the rear wheels to start straightening out due to the double-crank
action (two eccentric pins) and rotation of the planetary gear. Turning the steering wheel to a
greater angle, about 230 degrees, finds the rear wheels in a neutral position regarding the front
wheels. Further rotation of the steering wheel results in the rear wheels going counter phase
with regard to the front wheels. About 5.3 degrees maximum counter phase rear steering is
possibleMechanical 4WS is steering angle sensitive. It is not sensitive to vehicle road speed.
3.2 Hydraulic 4WS
Figure 2. Hydraulic 4WS
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
The hydraulically operated four-wheel-steering system is a simple design, both in
components and operation. The rear wheels turn only in the same direction as the front
wheels. They also turn no more than 11/2 degrees. The system only activates at speeds above
30 mph (50 km/h) and does not operate when the vehicle moves in reverse.
A two-way hydraulic cylinder mounted on the rear stub frame turn the wheels.
Fluid for this cylinder is supplied by a rear steering pump that is driven by the differential. The
pump only operates when the front wheels are turning. A tank in the engine compartment
supplies the rear steering pump with fluid.
When the steering wheel is turned, the front steering pump sends fluid under
pressure to the rotary valve in the front rack and pinion unit. This forces fluid into the front
power cylinder, and the front wheels turn in the direction steered. The fluid pressure varies
with the turning of the steering wheel. The faster and farther the steering wheel is turned, the
greater the fluid pressure.
The fluid is also fed under the same pressure to the control valve where it opens a
spool valve in the control valve housing. As the spool valve moves, it allows fluid from the rear
steering pump to move through and operate the rear power cylinder. The higher the pressure
on the spool, the farther it moves. The farther it moves, the more fluid it allows through to
move the rear wheels. As mentioned earlier, this system limits rear wheel movement to 11/2
degrees in either the left or right direction.
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
3.3 Electro-hydraulic 4WS
Figure 3. Electro-hydraulic 4WS
Several 4WS systems combine computer electronic controls with hydraulics to
make the system sensitive to both steering angle and road speeds. In this design, a speed
sensor and steering wheel angle sensor feed information to the electronic control unit (ECU). By
processing the information received, the ECU commands the hydraulic system steer the rear
wheels. At low road speed, the rear wheels of this system are not considered a dynamic fac tor
in the steering process.
At moderate road speeds, the rear wheels are steered momentarily counter phase,
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
through neutral, then in phase with the front wheels. At high road speeds, the rear wheels
turns only in phase with the front wheels. The ECU must know not only road speed, but also
how much and quickly the steering wheel is turned. These three factors - road speed, amount
of steering wheel turn, and the quickness of the steering wheel turn - are interpreted by the
ECU to maintain continuous and desired steer angle of the rear wheels.
The basic working elements of the design of an electro-hydraulic 4WS are control
unit, a stepper motor, a swing arm, a set of beveled gears, a control rod, and a control valve
with an output rod. Two electronic sensors tell the ECU how fast the car is going.
The yoke is a major mechanical component of this electro-hydraulic design. The
position of the control yoke varies with vehicle road speed. For example, at speeds below 33
mph (53 km/h), the yoke is in its downward position, which results in the rear wheels steering
in the counter phase (opposite front wheels) direction. As road speeds approach and exceed 33
mph (53 km/h), the control yoke swings up through a neutral (horizontal) position to an up
position. In the neutral position, the rear wheels steer in phase with the front wheels.
The stepper motor moves the control yoke. A swing arm is attached to the control
yoke. The position of the yoke determines the arc of the swing rod. The arc of the swing arm is
transmitted through a control arm that passes through a large bevel gear. Stepper motor action
eventually causes a push-or-pull movement of its output shaft to steer the rear wheels up to a
maximum of 5 degrees in either direction.
The electronically controlled, 4WS system regulates the angle and direction of the rear
wheels in response to speed and driver's steering. This speed-sensing system optimizes the
vehicle's dynamic characteristics at any speed, thereby producing enhanced stability and,
within certain parameters, agility.
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
Chapter 4
4. ACTUAL 4WS
The actual 4WS system consists of a rack and pinion front steering that is
hydraulically powered by a main twin-tandem pump. The system also has a rear-steering
mechanism, hydraulically powered by the main pump. The rear-steering shaft extends from the
rack bar of the front-steering assembly to the rear-steering-phase control unit.
The rear steering is comprised of the input end of the rear-steering shaft, vehicle
speed sensors, and steering-phase control unit (deciding direction and degree), a power
cylinder, and an output rod. A centering lock spring is incorporated that locks the rear system in
a neutral (straight-ahead) position in the event of hydraulic failure. Additionally, a solenoid
valve that disengages the hydraulic boost (thereby activating the centering lock spring in case of
an electrical failure) is included.
Chapter 5
5. FAIL-SAFE MEASURES
All 4WS systems have fail-safe measures. For example, with the electro-hydraulic
setup, the system automatically counteracts possible causes of failure: both electronic and
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
hydraulic, and converts the entire steering system to a conventional two-wheel steering type.
Specifically, if a hydraulic defect should reduce pressure level (by a movement malfunction or a
broken driving belt), the rear-wheel-steering mechanism is automatically locked in a neutral
position, activating a low-level warning light.
In the event of an electrical failure, it would be detected by a self-diagnostic circuit
integrated in the four wheel-steering control unit. The control unit stimulates a solenoid valve,
which neutralizes hydraulic pressure, thereby alternating the system to two-wheel steering. The
failure would be indicated by the system's warning light in the main instrument display.
On any 4WS system, there must be near-perfect com pliance between the position
of the steering wheel, the position of the front wheels, and the position of the rear wheels. It is
usually recommended that the car be driven about 20 feet (6 meters) in a dead-straight line.
Then, the position of the front/rear wheels is checked with respect to steering wheel position.
The base reference point is a strip of masking tape on the steering wheel hub and the steering
column. When the wheel is positioned dead center, draw a line down the tape. Run the car a
short distance straight ahead to see if the reference line holds. If not, corrections are needed,
such as repositioning the steering wheel.
Even severe imbalance of a rear wheel on a speed sensitive 4WS system can cause
problems and make basic troubleshooting a bit frustrating.
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
Chapter 6
6. ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
The vehicle's cornering behavior becomes more stable and controllable at high
speeds as well as on wet or slippery road surfaces.
The vehicle's response to steering input becomes quicker and more precise
throughout the vehicle's entire speed range.
Department of mechanical engg.15Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report four wheel steering system
The vehicle's straight-line stability at high speeds is improved. Negative effects of
road irregularities and crosswinds on the vehicle's stability are minimized.
Stability in lane changing at high speeds is improved. The vehicle is less likely to go
into a spin even in situations in which the driver must make a sudden and relatively large
change of direction.
By steering the rear wheels in the direction opposite the front wheels at low
speeds, the vehicle's turning circle is greatly reduced. Therefore, vehicle maneuvering on
narrow roads and during parking becomes easier.
Chapter 7
7. APPLICATIONS OF 4WS
Some of the vehicles in which the 4WS is applied are:
7.1 Chevrolet Suburban 2500:
The purely electronic system works so that, at low speed, the rear wheels turn the
opposite direction of the front wheels, thus shortening the turning circle. At higher speeds all
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
four wheels turn in the same direction for better stability in lane change maneuvers. The system
works spectacularly well with the Suburban and the turning circle diameter drops down from
44.5 feet to 35.2 feet. There is a switch to turn the system off and the Suburban drives like a
regular two-wheel steering machine and, in contrast, it feels quite ponderous.
Unfortunately the four-wheel steering system also pushes the width of the Sub out
past 80 inches. But the very worst thing about the four-wheel steering system is its $4495 option
cost. Hopefully as the four-wheel steering system becomes more ubiquitous across the GM range
of products the cost of the system will drop.
7.2 GM Concept Truck:
QUADRASTEERTM (four-wheel steering system) by Delphi is featured on General
Motor Corp.'s GMC Terradyne concept vehicle. QUADRASTEERTM by Delphi is an electronic
four-wheel steering system that enables vehicles to significantly improve handling and
maneuverability in full-size vehicles. Based on tests with full-size SUVs and pickup trucks,
QUADRASTEER by Delphi reduces the minimum turning circle diameter by an average of 19
percent. In fact, one full-size pickup's turning radius was reduced from 46.2 feet to 37.4 feet,
making it comparable to a Nissan Ultima at 37.4 feet and a Saturn Coupe at 37.1 feet.
QUADRASTEERTM by Delphi combines conventional front-wheel steering with an
electrically powered rear-wheel steering system. The system has four main components - a
front-wheel position sensor, steerable solid hypoid rear axle, electric motor-driven actuator,
and control unit. Hand wheel position and vehicle speed sensors continuously report data to
the control unit, which in turn determines the appropriate angle of the rear wheels. Algorithms
are then used to determine the correct phase of operation. The QUADRASTEERTM by Delphi
Systems also provides a controlled return to regular two-wheel steering if the four-wheel
steering system is damaged.
Department of mechanical engg.17Malabar polytechnic campus
Seminar report four wheel steering system
7.3 Jeep Hurricane:
The Jeep Hurricane, a radical off-road machine with two 5.7 litre V8 engines
features a turn radius of absolutely zero, using skid steer capability and toe steer: the ability to
turn both front and rear tires inward. In addition, the vehicle features two modes of automated
four-wheel steering.
The first is traditional with the rear tires turning in the opposite direction of the
front to reduce the turning circle. The second mode is an innovation targeted to off-road drivers:
the vehicle can turn all four wheels in the same direction for nimble crab steering. This allows
the vehicle to move sideways without changing the direction the vehicle is pointing. The multi-
mode four-wheel steering system offers killer performance and maneuverability.
Figure 4. Jeep Hurricane
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Chapter 8
8. CONCLUSION
Thus the four-wheel steering system has got cornering capability, steering
response, straight-line stability, lane changing and low-speed maneuverability. Even though it is
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
advantageous over the conventional two-wheel steering system, 4WS is complex and
expensive. Currently the cost of a vehicle with four wheel steering is more than that for a
vehicle with the conventional two wheel steering. Four wheel steering is growing in popularity
and it is likely to come in more and more new vehicles. As the systems become more
commonplace the cost of four wheel steering will drop.
Chapter 9
REFERENCES
1. “Automotive Technology-A Systems Approach”, Jack Erjavec.
2. “Automotive Suspension and Steering Systems”, Thomas W Birch.
3. “Automotive Service-Inspection, Maintenance, Repair”, Tim Gilles.
4. http:\\www.howstuffworks.com
5. http:\\www.howhurricaneworks.com
6. http:\\www.thecarconnection.com
7. http:\\www.theautochannel.com
8. http:\\www.delphiauto.com
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Seminar report four wheel steering system
Department of mechanical engg.21Malabar polytechnic campus