Ramsoc: Grade 1 Theory Aim: To build confidence in the areas of basic navigation and group management

Ramsoc:Grade 1 TheoryAim: To build confidence in the areas

of basic navigation and group management.

Introduction• Grade 1 is the first session in the

Ramsoc training programme• This is an optional preparation for Grade

2 (leadership training)• You won’t necessarily have to lead walks

afterwards!• We hope to build your confidence and

inspire you to go on further in the training program

Introduction• Grade 1 is the first session in the

Ramsoc training programme• This is an optional preparation for Grade

2 (leadership training)• You won’t necessarily have to lead walks

afterwards!• We hope to build your confidence and

inspire you to go on further in the training program

What is Grade 1Grade 1- Low level walks- Mainly in the White Peak- Some easier Dark Peak and Weekend Walks- Only basic Navigation is necessary- Walks will normally not exceed 400m above sea level

Grade 2- Medium level walks- Rising between 366m and 671m above sea level- Often leading walks in the Dark Peak and medium level walks on weekends

Grade 3-High level walks in mountainous areas- Also includes moorland and regions were it would take more than an hour to reach habitation- Walks include those in Snowdonia, Lake District and The Yorkshire Dales

Introduction• Today's Training Team :

– Tom Blann ~ Mountain Leader Trained, Club President

– Graham Parkes ~ ML Trained, Past Ramblesec

– Dave Roberts ~ ML Trained, Past Ramblesec

– Mike Slevin ~ ML Trained, Safety Officer

Introduction• Today's training will be split into two

sections:– Session 1: Basic Navigation– Session 2: Group Management

• With session 1 lasting 70 minutes• Then there will be a 5 minute interval• Concluding with session 2 lasting 50

minutes • Q and A Sessions at the end of both

sections

Session 1: Basic NavigationLearning Objectives for part 1:By the end of the session participants will be able to:• Understand the Grid System in the UK• Be able to give an accurate 6 figure grid reference• Accurately interpret common map symbols• Understand the nature of the map as a two dimensional plan.• Relate a map to the land and vice versa• Orientate a map• Know the relevant parts of a magnetic compass and be able to

take a bearing • Understand and interpret contour lines and landforms• Understand how rights of way are shown on the map.• Be confident in using a map and compass to safely navigate in

lowland areas such as the Peak District

Session 1: Basic Navigation

Understanding the UK grid system

• A distinctive feature of British maps is the grid structure of blue lines superimposed over the whole country

• Grid lines form the basis of a numerical reference system




• This allows any point to be pinpointed and communicated







• Initially the UK is split into squares measuring 500km2 and denoted by letters









• These Squares are then systematically broken down into progressively smaller squares

• Each area is then subdivided into squares with sides of 1km that form the overlay on a standard OS 1:25000 map







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• These Squares are then systematically broken down into progressively smaller squares

• Each area is then subdivided into squares with sides of 1km that form the overlay on a standard OS 1:25000 map

• Each of these grid squares is assigned a specific four-figure reference

• There is however a margin for error with this system, and confusion does at times occur


• The main reason for printing a grid system on maps is to create a numerical system for defining a specific location

• To ensure accuracy a 6 figure grid reference is used

• These can be estimated by eye or measured using a ruler, or with a Romer (often found on the base plate of a compass)

• It is important to understand how to give an accurate 6 figure grid reference

Session 1: Basic NavigationSession 1: Basic Navigation

6 Figure Grid References

• How to take a 6 figure grid reference1. Identify the 1km square where the object you are

trying to identify can be found in.


6 Figure Grid ReferencesSession 1: Basic Navigation




• How to take a 6 figure grid reference1. Identify the 1km square where the object you are

trying to identify can be found in.



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6 Figure Grid References• How to take a 6 figure grid reference

1. Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to identify can be found in.









• How to take a 6 figure grid reference1. Identify the 1km square where the object you are trying to

identify can be found in.

2. Establish the Easting’s (those lines running from West to East) and the Northing’s (those lines running from South to North) remembering that when you read a grid reference you go horizontally first then vertically (along the corridor then up the stairs)





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3. Imagine the 1km square to be split into 10 increments



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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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4. Locate the smaller square closest to the object your are identifying





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4. Locate the smaller square closest to the object your are identifying

5. Read the grid reference as the intersect in the bottom left hand corner of that square

6. The grid reference for the red square is therefore:

263136





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Activity

In pairs or small groups try taking an accurate 6 figure grid reference

You will all be given a map and asked to give a grid reference for three different locations or objects, see if you can accurately identify them


Map Symbols– It is important to be able to identify

commonly used map symbols (especially this one, PH)

– Being able to correctly identify map symbols will not only help you to navigate but may be useful to determine suitability of terrain, allow for a more precise description of your location or to avoid potential dangers

– A definitive list of symbols can be found on the key of any OS map


Map Symbols

Activity

A quick quiz to see how many regularly used OS Map symbols and denotations you already know!


Map SymbolsSession 1: Basic Navigation

Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Fingers on Buzzers Or

Hands in the air when you think you know the answer


Map Symbols


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Railway Station


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Footpath


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

National Trail


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Main / Trunk Road


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Camping / Caravanning site


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

View Point


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Access land Boundary


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Public Telephone


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Parking


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Nature Reserve


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Place of worship with a spire


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Place of worship with a tower


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Youth Hostel


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

School


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Public Convenience


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Electricity Transmission Line


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Quarry


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Footbridge


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Non Coniferous /

Coniferous trees


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Well

Spring


Map Symbols


Map Symbols

Marsh / Reeds


Relating the map to the ground– Interpreting a map correctly is the most

basic and useful navigational skill– Maps are simply an accurate picture of

the ground as seen from above, scaled down from life size and with symbols to show particular features and landmarks

– An OS map is a 2D representation of a 3D landscape


Relating the map to the ground– It shows all of the necessary detail to

represent a 3D landscape using a variety of different techniques

– These Include:• Contour lines• Rivers and streams• Areas of Trees• Roads and Paths• Different types of terrain• Walls• Buildings


Relating the map to the ground– The most important and reliable

information found on a map are provided by contours

– These allow the map reader to build a mental picture of the three dimensional shape of the land

– Other features can then be superimposed over the top of this land form e.g. Buildings, Streams, Walls etc.


Relating the map to the ground– It should be remembered that these

features might change over time, paths or even streams reroute themselves and walls become removed or fall down

– Although Maps are very accurate, occasionally minor errors occur.

– Also the man made landscape can change quickly drastically altering what can be seen on the land


Orientating the Map

– Why is Orientating a map important?

– To aid the process of relating the map to the ground

– How do we orientate the map?


Orientating the Map

– By eye: Rotate the map so landmarks you can see such as lakes, roads, FP’s and buildings align with map

– If you hold the map up you should be able to directly align it to the landscape using these features


Orientating the Map

– Using a Compass: • Set the dial to 0o • Line up the edge of the compass with a

vertical grid line (Northing)• Leaving the orientation arrow on the

baseplate pointing upwards• Rotate both the map and compass together

until the Red needle is lined up with the orientation arrow


Orientating the Map

– We will go into more detail on this at the practical session on Sunday


Contours and Features

– Contour Lines:• Join points of equal height above sea level• Are shown on the map as Brown / Orange

lines• Usually at 10m Intervals but check on the

map• Every 5th line is an index contour and will be

slightly bolder• Show inclination of the land as well as slope

and aspect



– Contour Lines:• The closer the contour lines are together the steeper

the slope• Contours will be marked with their relative heights at

different intervals• It is important to identify when a contour is showing

an incline or decline• For ridges the point of the V points towards lower

ground• For valleys the point of the V points towards higher

land• Note: usually a stream can be found in a valley



– Contour Features• Often you find typical features formed by

contours such as: Ridges, Saddles, Valleys and Knoll’s

• These will be covered in more detailed in Grade 2

• Here is an example of contour lines using the software Memory Map


The Compass

– How many parts of a compass can you identify?


The Compass


Bearings– What is a bearing?– A bearing is the angle of direction of one

object or destination from another– Why might it be necessary to use a bearing

as a method of navigation– Poor visibility– Lack of other navigational features i.e. On

top of Kinder– For reassurance


Bearings

– How to take a bearing1. Find the two points on the map that you want

to travel from and to. Line up your compass edge between the two points, so that your direction of travel arrow is pointing to your destination.


Bearings


Bearings

– How to take a bearing1. Find the two points on the map that you want to travel from and

to. Line up your compass edge between the two points, so that your direction of travel arrow is pointing to your destination.

2. Rotate the compass housing to align the orienting lines with the north-south grid lines on the map


Bearings


Bearings– How to take a bearing1. Find the two points on the map that you want to travel from and


2. Rotate the compass housing to align the orienting lines with the north-south lines on the map

3. Rotate the compass housing to compensate for magnetic variation


Bearings


Bearings– How to take a bearing1. Find the two points on the map that you want to travel from and


2. Rotate the compass housing to align the orienting lines with the north-south lines on the map

3. Rotate the compass housing to compensate for magnetic variation

4. Remove the compass from the map, rotate the compass so that the north end of the needle and the orienting arrow are aligned and then proceed following the direction of travel arrow


Bearings


Bearings

– Get into pairs and spend a few minutes practicing how to take a bearing

– We will practice this technique a lot more in detail on Sundays practical session


Any Questions?

5 Minute Break

4 Minutes Left

3 Minutes Left

2 Minutes Left

1 Minute Left

Session 2: Group Management

The group should be

“helped to lead itself as far as it is judged capable of safely doing so.”

Eric Langmuir


Learning Objectives for part 2:By the end of the session participants will be able to:• Answer the Question, Why be a leader?• Understand the role and responsibilities of a Ramsoc Leader• Understand different leadership techniques• Appropriately use tools for conflict management • Use both their own and other leader’s strengths for the benefit

of their group• Cope with emergency situations likely to occur on the hill• Identify and manage problems that might occur on the hill,

including environmental and human hazards• Feel confident in their ability to lead and manage a group on a

G1 walk


Why be a leader?– Put your suggestions on the board– Think - What motivates people to lead?


Why be a leader?

1. Rewarding – application of personal skills to benefit others

2. Give something back to the club

3. Further develop your personal skills i.e. leadership, navigation

4. Meet people and get more out of the club because of increased involvement

5. Get to choose lunch breaks!


Roles and Responsibilities

1. In pairs or small groups identify what you believe to be the Role of a Ramsoc leader

2. In pairs or small groups identify what you believe to be the Responsibilities of a Ramsoc leader


Roles and Responsibilities– The Role of a walk leader will vary depending on

the situation they’re in– Typically roles will include

• Information or Opinion giver• Motivator• Co-ordinator• Communication helper• Listener• Standard setter• Decision maker• Navigator


Roles and Responsibilities– The Responsibilities of a walk leader should

always be present– Your responsibilities as a Ramsoc walk leader will

include:• Setting Standards

• Ensuring the safety and well being of the group

• Route planning

• Encourage group cohesion

• Teach skills

• Get your group from A to B

• Adapt to different situations

• Maximising your groups enjoyment


Roles and Responsibilities

– As a walk leader you also have a responsibility to different groups of people• To Ramsoc• To the Group• To Individual group members• To Yourself• To the Public (Other walkers, Farmers

etc.)• To the Land


Leadership Styles / Techniques

– Leadership Styles • Three main types of leadership:• Autocratic• Democratic• Subconscious control

– All three may be useful, but will probably be needed at different times

– As well as the two main types of Leadership there are many different leadership characteristics



– Leadership Characteristics

What Leadership Characteristics can you come up with?



– Leadership Characteristics• Consensus / Delegative• Authoritative• Stoic• Motivational• Inspirational• Performance driven• Task Orientated• Confident• Compassionate• A listener• Supportive• Behaviour orientated• And many more

Typically some of these are more

likely to be gender specific although this is not always

the case



– Leadership Techniques

– Authoritative– Consensus – Vote



– Leadership Techniques Communication:

• Effective communication is very important as a leader

• It is important to be clear and concise when talking to the whole group

• Equally a good leader should feel at home talking to individuals as they do talking to a group

• Different tones of voice can be a useful tool in different situations, e.g. happy, serious, motivational, persuasive



– Leadership Techniques Body language:• As important as verbal communication is body

language• Body language can be very expressive• Body language is often subconscious• People will more often than not pick up and believe

your body language more than they will your voice• It is important to remember this especially in

instances were you are unsure or uncomfortable with a situation

• It is also a useful tool to be able to read others body language



We will now give you a variety of different scenarios

1. What leadership technique or style would be best to use in each scenario

2. As a leader how would you communicate with your group / individual

3. Can you identify where any problems might arise as a leader


Conflict Management

- What is Conflict Management?

• Conflict Management is the way in which a leader deals with problems that arise either between another leader and themselves or within individual members of the group.

- How do conflicts arise?• People are more likely to experience conflict when

they are; tired, experiencing extremes in temperature or are hungry

• Conflicts may arise if there is a disagreement over the choice of route

• If two or more people have a clash in personality

• And ultimately conflict can occur from out of nowhere and over some of the most trivial things


Conflict Management

- What techniques can be used to manage it?

• Communication

• Vote

• Taking time out

• Removing someone form the group temporarily

• Tackling the route cause of the conflict

• Identifying different solutions

• Being diplomatic

• Explore different avenues and different possibilities

- Ultimately prevention is better than cure!


Strengths and Weaknesses as Leaders

1. What strengths would you expect to find in a good leader?

2. What weaknesses may a leader have?

3. Which of your strengths do you think will make you a good leader?

4. Which of your weaknesses will you need to overcome to be a good leader?

In pairs or small groups discuss


Environmental and Human Hazards

In pairs or small groups identify

1.Human Hazards likely to be encountered on the hill

2.Physical Hazards likely to be encountered on the hill


Coping with emergency situations

- Firstly it is important to remember that emergency’s are very rare

- But in the event that one does happen it is important you know how to deal with it

- We provide all our trainees with an Accident Procedure flow chart and an Evacuation Plan flow chart



- It is important that in an emergency you:• Assess the situation and risk• Assess the human and physical

resources available• Create a plan of action• Allocate roles• Use correct Ramsoc procedures



- Be Familiar and confident with• Choosing the appropriate leadership

style• Knowing which leader does what• And know the Accident Response and

Evacuation flow charts



- Club procedures and Mountain Rescue• Ethos in Hill walking and Mountaineering of

self sufficiency

• Club will call out MR after 1hr and 10mins for every hour the walk was expected to take

• If you believe the walk will be late alert the Ramblesec

• MR will take a long time to get to you, if you believe it is possible to deal with the situation on your own it is best to do so



- Club procedures and Mountain Rescue• To contact Mountain Rescue –

1. Diall 999

2. Ask for the Police

3. Be prepared to give; Your name, Phone number, Precise location, number and condition of group and available equipment

• Do not move from that position unless asked to do so by MR or you are forced to do so for safety reasons, if you do have to move tell MR



- Summary• Safety first – your own, the group’s, the

casualty

• Assess the situation and neutralise the danger

• Initial plan of action

• First aid &/or go for help

• Group management issues

• Get information

• Secondary plan of action

• Evacuation

• Mountain Rescue



Whilst you should now be fully aware

of your responsibilities Ramsoc only expects that you do your best.


Any Questions?

Thank You for your participation and we look

forward to seeing you Sunday

Documents

Ramsoc: Grade 1 Theory Aim: To build confidence in the areas of basic navigation and group management