34
6 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach for Coral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean !"#$%& () *"+%&,-./"##01 234 3  56"1 7) 8+"9%# :  "19 (9;<1 8) =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% C3D ! "#$%&' )*#+,-.*# /+,&'%01+&2 3 4*5%-06*&0 +7 8*+9-%5:; < 0:* =&>1-+&6*&02 0:* ?&1>*-#10; +7 @*A%#BC,#01&2 D 8-*9 EF G+--1# =&91&**-1& 9 HIIJ2 K H*&0*- 7+- C55$1*' @-+51.%$ =.+$+9; %&' H+&#*->%01+&2 ?&1>*-#10; +7 J,*-0+ )1.+B)L+ J1*'-%#2 M H%-1NN*%& H+-%$ )**7# "&#010,0*2 ?&1>*-#10; +7 J,*-0+ )1.+BG%;%9O*P2 ! ?Q R1-91& "#$%&'# 3 ?QC D2K2M J,*-0+ )1.+ 1. Introduction 1.1 Project background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

Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 1/34

6

An Interdisciplinary Erosion MitigationApproach for Coral Reef Protection –

A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean

!"#$%& () *"+%&,-./"##012343 56"1 7) 8+"9%#: "19 (9;<1 8) =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%C3D

!"#$%&' )*#+,-.*# /+,&'%01+&234*5%-06*&0 +7 8*+9-%5:; < 0:* =&>1-+&6*&02 0:* ?&1>*-#10; +7 @*A%#BC,#01&2

D

8-*9 EF G+--1# =&91&**-1&9 HIIJ2KH*&0*- 7+- C55$1*' @-+51.%$ =.+$+9; %&' H+&#*->%01+&2?&1>*-#10; +7 J,*-0+ )1.+B)L+ J1*'-%#2

MH%-1NN*%& H+-%$ )**7# "&#010,0*2?&1>*-#10; +7 J,*-0+ )1.+BG%;%9O*P2

!?Q R1-91& "#$%&'# 3?QC

D2K2MJ,*-0+ )1.+

1. Introduction

1.1 Project background

8$E/%6B/ >F<9>1.> &6BB>&E& E/"E E/> %1&>E %G ;%#$9;<9> .%#"$ #>>G 9>B#"9"E<%1 9"E>& H".IE% .>1E6#<>& "B%3 <E <& 61>J6<F%."$ E/"E /6+"1 <+K".E& "#> E% &%+> 9>B#>> #>&K%1&<H$> G%#E/><# .6##>1E G#"<$ .%19<E<%1 L5".I&%13 2MMN3 4OO2P Q"19%$G< >E "$)3 4OO:R) *>>G& %G E/> !"#<HH>"1/"F> 1%E >&."K>9 E/<& B$%H"$ E#>19 "& &E69<>& /"F> 1%E>9 "1 61K#>.>9>1E>9 <1.#>"&> <1 E/>&K"E<"$ "19 E>+K%#"$ &."$> %G .%#"$ #>>G E6#1%F># >F>1E&3 "KK"#>1E$S #%%E>9 <1 E/>"..>$>#"E<1B K".> %G #>B<%1"$,$>F>$ >.%$%B<."$ ./"1B> L8#%1&%1 >E "$)3 4OO4R) *>.>1E <+K".E&"KK>"# E% /"F> ./"1B>9 .%#"$ .%++61<ES &E#6.E6#> <1 ;"S& 1%E %H&>#F>9 <1 E/> #>B<%1 %F>#E/> $"&E 44O3OOO S>"#& LQ"19%$G< "19 5".I&%13 4OOTR) U/> B>1>#"$<@>9 9>.$<1> <1 .%#"$ .%F>#

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

!%#"$ #>>G& <1 E/> !%++%1;>"$E/ %G Q6>#E% *<.% LQ*R "#> "+%1B E/> +%&E /<B/$S E/#>"E>1>9#>>G& %G E/> >1E<#> !"#<HH>"1 "& " .%1&>J6>1.> %G E/> .%+H<1>9 >GG>.E& %G .$<+"E> ./"1B>3.%#"$ H$>"./<1B3 <1.#>"&>9 <1.<9>1.> %G 9<&>"&>3 %F>#G<&/<1B3 "19 E/> 9>$<F>#S %G <1$"19

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 2/34

 Marine Ecosystems128

K%$$6E"1E& L[6#I> "19 7"<9>1&3 4OOCP =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4OODP ["$$"1E<1> >E "$)3 4OOWPX"#.V",-"<& >E "$)3 4OOWP \"#&>1 "19 ]>HH3 4OOMP =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% "19 -"19%@,^>#"34O22R) (_.>&& 9>$<F>#S %G $"19,H"&>9 .%1E"+<1"1E& <1E% E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E %G Q*."11%E H> .%1&<9>#>9 "1 >_.$6&<F> K#>&>1E,9"S K/>1%+>1%1 LX%>1"B" "19 !<1E#013 2MNMP

X%>1"B"3 2MM2P =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4OOO3 4OODR) ]"E># J6"$<ES <& <1>F<E"H$S #>$"E>9 E% $"196&>3 "19 B>1>#"$$S <E <& <1F>#&>$S .%##>$"E>9 ;<E/ >.%1%+<. 9>F>$%K+>1E3 K%K6$"E<%1 9>1&<ES3$"19 6&> K"EE>#1&3 "19 %E/># &%.<%>.%1%+<. <19<."E%#& L[<"B<3 2MTDP *>&E#>K% "19 -SF<&E&I<34OOTP `$<F># >E "$)3 4O22R) U/>#>G%#>3 E/> 9>E>#<%#"E<%1 %G .%"&E"$ ;"E># J6"$<ES <1 Q* $<I>$SH>B"1 <1 E/> +<9,2WOOa& ;/>1 "1 <&$"19,;<9> ;"F> %G 9>G%#>&E"E<%1 .$>"#>9 E/> ;"S G%#E<+H># >_E#".E<%13 ."EE$> B#"@<1B3 "19 +"&& K#%96.E<%1 %G "B#<.6$E6#"$ B%%9& L[<#9&>S "19]>"F>#3 2MWNR) !/"1B> %G &%F>#><B1ES "E E/> E6#1 %G E/> 4OE/  .>1E6#S G#%+ -K"1<&/ .%$%1<"$#6$> E% b)-) .%1E#%$ G"F%#>9 E/> >_E>1&<F> 6&> %G .%"&E"$ $%;$"19& G%# &6B"# ."1> K#%96.E<%1619># " K#%B#>&&<F>$S +>./"1<@>9 "19 +%#> .>1E#"$<@>9 &S&E>+ L\"H"9<>,(6#<E>3 2MCMPA<>E@3 2MWTR "19 E/<& #>&6$E>9 <1 <E& %;1 1>; &6<E> %G ;"E># K%$$6E"1E& L[<"B<3 2MTWR) 8&&<&E>9

HS $"_ >1G%#.>+>1E %G >1F<#%1+>1E"$ &"G>B6"#9& L!%1.>K.<013 2MWWP [>#+"1,-"1E"1"3 2MMTR&%.<%>.%1%+<. "19 K%$<E<."$ 9>F>$%K+>1E <1 Q* G%$$%;<1B ->.%19 ]%#$9 ]"# L]]YYR>_K$<.<E$S >1.%6#"B>9 " +%F> E%;"#9& <196&E#<"$<@"E<%1 "E E/> >_K>1&> %G "B#<.6$E6#"$K#%96.E<%1 LA<>E@3 2MWTR) (F>1 E/%6B/ <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 %G E/<& 1>; >.%1%+<. +%9>$ "$$%;>9

c<B) 2) 7"K %G Y&$" 9> !6$>H#" 9<&K$"S<1B <E& B>1>#"$ $%."E<%1 ;<E/ #>&K>.E E% E/> !"#<HH>"1*>B<%13 <E& #%"9 1>E;%#I3 E/> G%.6& ;"E>#&/>9& G%# E/<& "#E<.$>3 E/> !"1"$ \6<& Q>d" 7"#<1>*>&>#F> L!\Qe*R3 "19 E/> <&$"19a& E%K%B#"K/S)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 3/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 129

G%# E/> #>.6K>#"E<%1 %G "1 <&$"19,;<9> G%#>&E .%F># L*69>$ >E "$)3 4OOOP X#"6 >E "$)3 4OO:P^"$9f&,Q<@@<1< >E "$)3 4O22R3 <E "$&% <1E#%96.>9 <E& %;1 1>; &>E %G ;"E># J6"$<ES <&&6>&L=61E># "19 8#H%1"3 2MMDR E/"E /"F> >&E"H$<&/>9 " $>B".S %G 9%.6+>1E>9 &E#>&& "199>E#<+>1E"$ >GG>.E& %1 .%#"$ #>>G .%++61<E<>& <1 F"#<%6& K"#E& %G E/> Q6>#E% *<."1

"#./<K>$"B% L>)B)3 \%S"3 2MNTP X%>1"B" "19 !<1E#013 2MNMP X%>1"B"3 2MM2P =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4OOO3 4OODP 7%#>$%.I >E "$)3 4OO2P \"#&>1 "19 ]>HH3 4OOMP =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% >E"$)3 4O2O3 =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% "19 -"19%@,^>#"3 4O22R)

U/> <&$"19 %G !6$>H#" Lc<B6#> 2R &6KK%#E& .%#"$ #>>G >.%&S&E>+& ./"#".E>#<&E<. %G 1%#E/>"&E>#1!"#<HH>"1 +"#<1> H<%9<F>#&<ES L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4OOO3 4OODP =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% >E "$)34OOOP X"#.V" >E "$)3 4OO:P =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% "19 *%&"9%,7"EV"&3 4OO:R3 "19 E/>S #>K#>&>1E/<B/$S F"$6"H$> &%6#.>& %G G<&/<1B3 E%6#<&+ "19 #>.#>"E<%1"$ ".E<F<E<>& L(&E69<%& Uf.1<.%&34OONP ]>H$># "19 5"I6H%;&I<3 4O22R) !6$>H#" "$&% &6KK%#E& E/> G<#&E 1%,E"I> 1"E6#"$ #>&>#F>>&E"H$<&/>9 <1 Q*3 E/> !"1"$ \6<& Q>d" e"E6#"$ *>&>#F> L!\Qe*R LQ"B?1,^<$$>B"& >E "$)3

2MMMR3 "19 /%6&>& F"#<%6& "."9>+<. "19 .%++61<ES,H"&>9 .%#"$ #>>G "19 #>>G G<&/>#<>&

+"1"B>+>1E .%1&>#F"E<%1 >GG%#E& L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% >E "$)3 4O22R) !6$>H#"a& 1>"#&/%#>.%#"$ #>>G& /"F> "$&% H>>1 9>&.#<H>9 "& &%+> %G E/> +%&E >_.>KE<%1"$ <1 Q* L=>#1?19>@A>$B"9%3 4OOOP -<+%1&>13 4OOOR3 "19 E/<& <& K#>&6+"H$S 96> <1 K"#E E% /<&E%#<. $%; 9%&>& %GE>##>&E#<"$ &>9<+>1E <1K6E& %#<B<1"E<1B G#%+ E/> #>$"E<F>$S &+"$$ ;"E>#&/>9& .%+H<1>9 ;<E/

" &6H,E#%K<."$ 9#S .$<+"E<. &>EE<1B) \%1B,E>#+ +%1<E%#<1B ;<E/<1 !\Qe* /"& &/%;1 "1"$"#+<1B DO,WOg 9>.$<1> <1 K>#.>1E $<F> .%#"$ .%F># &<1.> 2MMN L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4O2OR)Y19<#>.E >F<9>1.> &6BB>&E& E/"E E/> 9>.$<1> <1 K>#.>1E $<F<1B .%#"$ .%F># +"S H> "&&%.<"E>9;<E/ <1.#>"&>9 &>9<+>1E"E<%1 #>&6$E<1B G#%+ #>.>1E $"19 9>F>$%K+>1E3 9>G%#>&E"E<%13 "19$".I %G +"19"E%#S >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$& L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4OOCP =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% >E "$)34OOTR Lc<B6#> 4R3 <1 .%+H<1"E<%1 ;<E/ G<&/<1B K#>&&6#>3 .$<+"E> ./"1B>,#>$"E>9 &>" &6#G".>

;"#+<1B3 +"&&<F> .%#"$ H$>"./<1B3 "19 K%&E,H$>"./<1B +%#E"$<ES >F>1E& L=>#1?19>@,Q"./>.% >E "$)3 4O22R3 "& <E /"& H>>1 9%.6+>1E>9 >$&>;/>#> L7<$$># >E "$)3 4OOT3 4OOMR)

c<B) 4) L\>GER Q<.E6#> %G " K$6+> >1E>#<1B ["/V" 7%&J6<E% HS &>9<+>1E K#%96.>9 G#%+ "&<1B$>3 61K"F>9 #%"9 &>B+>1E LK/%E% .%6#E>&S %G 7)8) \6.I<1B,!`*8\"E<%1&R) L*<B/ERQ<.E6#> %G "1 61K"F>9 #%"9 &>B+>1E E/"E ESK<G<>& E/> #%"9 1>E;%#I <1 !6$>H#")

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 4/34

 Marine Ecosystems130

c%.6& B#%6K& >_>.6E<1B b)-) !%#"$ *>>G U"&I c%#.> +"19"E>& /"F> <9>1E<G<>9 !6$>H#" "& " E%KK#<%#<ES &<E> <1 Q* 1>>9<1B " \%."$ 8.E<%1 -E#"E>BS L\8-R K$"1) U;% %G E/> +%&E <+K%#E"1EB%"$& %G E/> \8- >GG%#E& "#> E% <+K$>+>1E $"19,6&> K$"11<1B "E E/> ;"E>#&/>9 &."$> E%+<1<+<@> ;"E># J6"$<ES <+K".E& E% E/> .%#"$ #>>G >.%&S&E>+3 "19 E% .%1E#%$ "19 #>96.>

K%$$6E"1E E#"1&K%#E E% E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E) U/> \8- K$"1 <1 !6$>H#" <& <1 K"#E #>J6<#>9 E%"99#>&& E/> .%1E<16%6& 9>.$<1> <1 .%#"$ #>>G .%19<E<%1& HS #>96.<1B E/> #<&I& K%&>9 HS E/>#>.>1E "..>$>#"E<%1 <1 $"19 9>F>$%K+>1E #"E>& L!%++%1;>"$E/ %G Q* "19 e`883 4O2OR)

1.2 Objectives

U/> $".I %G " &.<>1E<G<."$$S,H"&>9 +>E/%9%$%BS E% B6<9> ;"E>#&/>9 +"1"B>+>1E &E#"E>B<>& <&K"#E$S E% H$"+> G%# 9>G<.<>1E E% 1%1,>_<&E>1E >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ ".E<F<E<>& %1 !6$>H#" "19 %1+%&E <&$"19& %G E/> !"#<HH>"1) U/> +"<1 %HZ>.E<F> %G E/<& "#E<.$> <& E% 9>&.#<H> "1 <11%F"E<F>G#"+>;%#I HS ;/<./ E>./1<."$ I1%;$>9B> B"E/>#>9 HS +"#<1> >.%$%B<&E&3 ;"E>#&/>9&.<>1E<&E&3 "19 .<F<$ >1B<1>>#& ."1 H> H>&E >+K$%S>9 <1 E/> 9>F>$%K+>1E %G "1 >#%&<%1

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

2. Site description

2.1 Natural environment

8E 4T)T I+4 "19 $%."E>9 #%6B/$S 4W I+ >"&E %G +"<1$"19 Q*3 Y&$" 9> !6$>H#" L\"E<E69>h 2W)4P\%1B<E69>h ,TD):R <& E/> &>.%19 &+"$$>&E "19 >"&E>#1+%&E +61<.<K"$<ES L<)>)3 E%;1&/<KR.%+K#<&<1B E/> !%++%1;>"$E/ %G Q* Lc<B6#> 2R) Y&$" 9> !6$>H#" .%1&<&E& %G "1 <##>B6$"#$S&/"K>9 "19 #%6B/$S 2O)D I+ HS W)D I+ +"<1 $"19+"&& L/>#>"GE># #>G>##>9 E% "& !6$>H#"R "194O ."S&) !6$>H#" <& "1 >+>#B>1E K"#E %G E/> Q6>#E% *<.%,^<#B<1 Y&$"19& +<.#%K$"E>3 " H#%"9"19 E>.E%1<."$$S ".E<F> 9>G%#+"E<%1 @%1> 9>G<1<1B E/> H%619"#S %G E/> !"#<HH>"1 "198E$"1E<. K$"E>& L7"&&%1 "19 -."1$%13 2MM2R) U/> 9%+<1"1E $<E/%$%BS 9"E>& E% E/> !#>E".>%6&Q>#<%9 "19 <& .%+K%&>9 %G &6#G".> F%$."1<.& L"19>&<E>&R "19 &/"$$%; <1E#6&<F>& L7>S>#/%GG3

2M4NR) 8$E/%6B/ E/> +"_<+6+ >$>F"E<%1 <1 !6$>H#" <& Z6&E &/S %G 4OO +3 !6$>H#"a&E%K%B#"K/S <& /<$$S "19 ./"#".E>#<@>9 HS "H#6KE &$%K>& %G 6K E% :T 9>B#>>& 1>"# E/> #<9B>E%K&3 <1E>##6KE>9 HS G$"E "$$6F<"$ 9>K%&<E& "19 .%"&E"$ ;>E$"19&) U/> 9%+<1"1E &%<$ ESK> <1!6$>H#" <& E/> B>1>#"$$S &/"$$%; LCO,TD .+ E/<.IR3 ;>$$,9#"<1>93 "19 +%9>#"E>$S K>#+>"H$>A>&."$"H#"9% .$"S,$%"+ &>#<>& "$&% G%619 <1 &>+<,"#<9 "#>"& %G E/> b- ^<#B<1 Y&$"19& Lb-^YR"19 &%6E/;>&E>#1 Q* L[><1#%E/ >E "$)3 4OO:R) U/> "116"$ #"<1G"$$ #"E> <1 !6$>H#" <& .$%&> E%MMO ++ K># S>"# "19 E/> "F>#"B> E>+K>#"E6#> <& "H%6E 4Ti4Nj ! LQ*,(k[3 2MNOP b-8!(32MMDR) =>1.>3 E/> <&$"19 9<&K$"S& " &6H,E#%K<."$ 9#S ESK> %G F>B>E"E<%1 ESK<."$ %G $%; "$E<E69>E#%K<."$ G%#>&E& ;<E/ /<B/ >F"K%E#"1&K<#"E<%1 H6E $%; "116"$ #"<1G"$$ #"E>& L(;>$ "19]/<E+%#>3 2MN:R) ]"E>#&/>9& "#> &+"$$ ;<E/ 1%1> >_.>>9<1B +%#> E/"1 4i: I+4  "19 "#>9#"<1>9 HS K%%#$S 9>G<1>93 <1E>#+<EE>1E &E#>"+&)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 5/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 131

!6$>H#" <& &6##%619>9 HS " $"#B> &S&E>+ %G G#<1B<1B #>>G&3 #%.IS H%EE%+&3 /"#9 B#%619& "19+<9,&/>$G #>>G& ;/<./ "#> #>K#>&>1E"E<F> %G E/> 1%#E/>"&E>#1 !"#<HH>"1 L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4OODR) ]<19;"#9 &<9> #>>G& B>1>#"$$S /"F> >_E>1&<F> &E#6.E6#"$ 9>F>$%K+>1E3<1.$69<1B &%+> &K6# "19 B#%%F> &S&E>+&) =%;>F>#3 +"1S &E<$$ 9<&K$"S &<B1<G<."1E K/S&<."$

9>&E#6.E<%1 "&&%.<"E>9 E% E/> <+K".E& %G =6##<."1>& A"F<9 "19 c#>9>#<. <1 2MNM3 =6B% <12MWM3 7"#<$S1 <1 2MMD3 "19 X>%#B>& <1 2MMW LX"##<&%1 >E "$)3 4OODR) -%+> >_E>1&<F>$S9>F>$%K>9 $<1>"# G#<1B<1B #>>G &E#6.E6#>& <1.$69> &%+> %G %6# &E69S &<E>& L<)>)3 (1&>1"9"7"$>1"3 !"S% A?I<ES3 (1&>1"9" 8$+%90F"#3 Q6>#E% A>$ 7"1B$"#3 "19 Q$"S" \"#B"R) U/>#>"#> "$&% >_E>1&<F> &S&E>+& %G 9<&.%1E<16%6& G#<1B<1B "19 K"E./ #>>G&3 $<I> E/%&> <1 E/> Q61E"-%$9"9% "19 Q$"S" l%1V "#>"&) U/>#> <& "$&% "1 >_E>1&<F> &S&E>+ %G +<9,&/>$G #>>G& G#%+"H%6E 2 E% D +<$>& %GG E/> >"&E>#1 "19 &%6E/>"&E>#1 .%"&E& %G E/> <&$"193 "& ;>$$ "& "1>_E>1&<F> "19 K%%#$S &E69<>9 &S&E>+ %G +>&%K/%E<. .%#"$ #>>G .%++61<E<>& >_E>19<1B G#%+!6$>H#" E% E/> >"&E E%;"#9& -E) U/%+"&3 b)-) ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&)

2.2 Land use history

8$E/%6B/ E/> 16+H># "19 &<B1<G<."1.> %G "#./">%$%B<."$ G<19<1B& <1 !6$>H#" /"F> S>E E%+"E./ E/> +"B1<G<.>1.> %# #>$>F"1.> %G E/%&> 61.%F>#>9 <1 E/> 1>"#HS Y&$" 9> ^<>J6>& "19+"<1$"19 Q*3 >F<9>1.> &E<$$ &6BB>&E& E/"E E/> <&$"19 ;"& E#"1&<>1E$S <1/"H<E>9 HS F"#<%6&B#%6K& %G 8+>#<19<"1& 96#<1B K#>,.%$%1<"$ E<+>& L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% >E "$) 4OO:R) e%>F<9>1.> >_<&E& %G "1S K>#+"1>1E /6+"1 K#>&>1.> <1 !6$>H#" 61E<$ 2WWO ;/>1 " -K"1<&/9>.#>> K#%+%E>9 &>EE$>+>1E "19 /"H<$<E"E<%1 G%# "B#<.6$E6#"$ K#%96.E<%1 "19 ."EE$> B#"@<1B)Y1 2MO23 %1$S E/#>> S>"#& G%$$%;<1B E/> E#"1&<E<%1 %G E/> >1E<#> Q6>#E% *<."1 E>##<E%#S G#%+ E/>-K"1<&/ !#%;1 E% E/> b1<E>9 -E"E>&3 E/> b- e"FS H>B"1 E% >&E"H$<&/ " K#>&>1.> %1 E/><&$"19) Q"#"9%_<."$$S3 ;/<$> "#>"& %G !6$>H#" ."+> E% /%6&> E/> G<#&E ;<$9$<G> #>G6B> %G E/>>1E<#> Y1&6$"# !"#<HH>"1 L>&E"H$<&/>9 <1 2MOMR3 %E/># 1>"#HS "#>"& H>."+> $<F> "++61<E<%1

E#"<1<1B B#%619& G%# E/> b- e"FSa& 8E$"1E<. c$>>E) A6#<1B "19 G%$$%;<1B E/> ]]YY "..>&& E%E/> <&$"19 H>."+> &>F>#>$S #>&E#<.E>9 "19 E/<& <& K#>&6+>9 E% /"F> /"9 $%1B,E>#+#>K>#.6&&<%1& %1 E/> <&$"19 "& <E &>F>#>9 !6$>H#" G#%+ E/> 1>; >.%1%+<. K$"1 H><1BK#%K>$$>9 %F># E/> #>&E %G Q* L(&E69<%& Uf.1<.%& Y1.)3 4OOCR) -%+> &>1&> %G .<F<$<"1 1%#+"$.S;"& G<1"$$S "./<>F>9 <1 !6$>H#" G%$$%;<1B E/> %6&E># %G E/> b- e"FS <1 2MNW)

\"19 9>F>$%K+>1E %1 !6$>H#" %..6##>9 "E " #"E/># &$%; #"E> %F># E/> <1<E<"$ S>"#& G%$$%;<1B2MNW H6E <E /"& >_K>#<>1.>9 "1 "..>$>#"E>9 K".> &<1.> E/> $"E> 2MMOa&) !%1E>+K%#"#S $"199>F>$%K+>1E K#".E<.>& %1 !6$>H#" B>1>#"$$S .%1&<&E& %G F>B>E"E<%1 #>+%F"$3 .%+H<1>9 ;<E/B#%619 $>F>$<1B "19 .%+K".E<%1 "&&%.<"E>9 E% .%1&E#6.E<%1 L>)B)3 <19<F<96"$ /%+> &<E>&R "19%K>1<1B %G $%;,&E"19"#93 &E>>K #%"9& E/"E E>19 E% #>+"<1 61K"F>9 "19 >_K%&>9 E% >#%&<%1

%F># #>$"E<F>$S $%1B K>#<%9& Lc<B6#> 4R) \"19 9<&E6#H"1.> <& "./<>F>9 HS />"FS +"./<1>#S "19B>1>#"$$S $".I& .%1&E#6.E<%1,K/"&> +"19"E%#S >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ K#".E<.>&) 7%&E ".E<F<E<>& G"<$ E%+>>E &E%#+;"E># 9>&<B1 &E"19"#9& E/>%#>E<."$$S #>J6<#>9 HS b- "19 Q* !%++%1;>"$E/#>B6$"E<%1&) U/> "..>$>#"E>9 K".> %G 9>F>$%K+>1E <1 !6$>H#"3 "..%+K"1<>9 HS "161;<$$<1B1>&& E% .%+K$S ;<E/ %# >1G%#.> >1F<#%1+>1E"$ #>B6$"E<%1& HS H%E/ E/> K#<F"E> "19K6H$<. &>.E%#& /"& $>9 E% <1.#>"&>& <1 &%<$ >#%&<%1 "19 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>& E% E/> +"#<1>>1F<#%1+>1E ;/<./ /"F> H>>1 <+K$<."E>9 <1 9%.6+>1E>9 .%#"$ #>>G 9>.$<1> L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% >E "$)3 4OOTR) ]> H>$<>F> E/"E !6$>H#" <& .6##>1E$S >_/<H<E<1B <E& /<B/>&E >F># &>9<+>1ES<>$9 $>F>$& "& " #>&6$E %G <E& #>.>1E "19 %1B%<1B .%1&E#6.E<%1 ".E<F<E<>&3 "& <E /"& H>>1 &6BB>&E>9>$&>;/>#> L]%$+"13 2MTNP 7".A%1"$9 >E "$)3 2MMNP [#%%I& >E "$)3 4OONP *S"1 >E "$)3 4OOWR)\<+<E>9 H".IB#%619 <1G%#+"E<%1 .6##>1E$S >_<&E& %1 E/> ESK> %G $"19 9>F>$%K+>1E %1 " &6H,

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 6/34

 Marine Ecosystems132

E#%K<."$ 9#S .$<+"E<. &>EE<1B &6./ "& <1 !6$>H#"3 H6E 9"E" G#%+ &<+<$"# &<E>& <1 \" Q"#B6>#"L&%6E/;>&E>#1 Q*R "19 -E) 5%/1 Lb-^YR &6BB>&E E/"E 9<&E6#H>9 /<$$&$%K>& ."1 >#%9> "E #"E>& E/"E"#> E>1 E% 6K E% G%6#,%#9>#& %G +"B1<E69> /<B/># E/"1 619<&E6#H>93 9>1&>$S,F>B>E"E>9 &6#G".>&L*"+%&,-./"##01 "19 7".A%1"$93 4OOD3 4OON"P *"+%&,-./"##013 4O2OR3 "19 E/"E .6##>1E

;"E>#&/>9,&."$> &>9<+>1E S<>$9& <1E% .%"&E"$ ;"E>#& "#> 6K;"#9& E% E>1 E<+>& /<B/># E/"1619># 619<&E6#H>9 .%19<E<%1& L*"+%&,-./"##01 "19 7".A%1"$93 4OONHR)

3. Methods

U/> 1>; "&&>&&+>1E G#"+>;%#I K#>&>1E>9 />#> G%$$%;& " +6$E<,&E>K "KK#%"./ Lc<B6#> :R)U/> G<#&E &E>K #>J6<#>& .%$$>.E<1B E/> H"&<. <1G%#+"E<%1 E% 9>&.#<H> .%#"$ #>>G "H619"1.> "19.%19<E<%13 >&E<+"E<1B ;"E>#&/>9,&."$> &>9<+>1E $%"9<1B #"E>&3 "19 >F"$6"E<1B E/> G>"&<H<$<ES%G %1,&<E> >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ +>"&6#> <1&E"$$"E<%1) U/> &>.%19 &E>K <& +>"1E E% G%#+"$<@> "1"KK#%"./ E% &>$>.E E/> ;"E>#&/>9& "19 "&&%.<"E>9 +"#<1> /"H<E"E& E/"E +>#<E " K#>G>##>9&E"E6& G%# E/> <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 %G >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ ".E<F<E<>& m->.E<%1 :)C)2n) (F"$6"E<%1 %G 1>>9

E% +<E<B"E> >#%&<%1 <& B"B>9 H"&>9 %1 E/#>> +"<1 .%1&<9>#"E<%1&h L2R -*#+,-.* %N,&'%&.*, E/>"+%61E %G &6#G".> K#%1> G%# .%#"$ #>>G B#%;E/ "19o%# E/> "H619"1.> %G K"#E<.6$"# .%#"$&K>.<>& %G .%1.>#1 m->.E<%1 :)2)2nP L4R -*#+,-.* .+&'101+&, E/> %H&>#F>9 .%19<E<%1 %G E/> .%#"$

c<B) :) c$%;./"#E 9<&K$"S<1B E/> B>1>#"$ &.%K> %G E/> K#%K%&>93 <1E>#9<&.<K$<1"#S >#%&<%1+<E<B"E<%1 &E#"E>BS 9>&.#<H>9 />#>)

!"#$%"#&

!"#$% '(()

*+$%,$-."/

0$-(#12(3

4/$%51(1

*/6./((#./6

*+$%,$-."/

47,/8

3$/9(

!"/3.-."/

:(3.;(/-

%"$3

!"1-1

*))(9-.+(8

/(11

<(/-2.9

2$7.-$- ;$=1

>#$/1(9-

1,#+(51

?@: A"3(%

<AB

$%-(#/$-.+(1

B#."#.-5

0$-(#8

12(3C1D

!2"1(/

:.-(1 E

<AB1

'%$()*    +,&-./%/ 0")*12$/ +//%//3%,$

$.5%

0$-(#8

12(3

:(%(9-."/

!"1-

())(9-.+(

8/(11

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 7/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 133

#>>G >.%&S&E>+ m->.E<%1 :)2)4nP "19 L:R #0-*## $*>*$, &>9<+>1E"E<%1 &E#>&& 9>G<1>9 HS "116"$&>9<+>1E S<>$9& m->.E<%1 :)4n) U/> G<1"$ &E>K G%.6&>& %1 E/> &>$>.E>9 ;"E>#&/>9L&R "19 "<9& <1./%%&<1B E/> &K>.<G<. &<E>& L<)>)3 &>9<+>1E &%6#.>&R "19 +>E/%9& E% H> <+K$>+>1E>9 ;<E/<1E/> K#<%#<ES "#>"& HS <1F%I<1B " &>9<+>1E #>96.E<%1 .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& "1"$S&<& m->.E<%1

:)C)4n) U/> B%"$ %G E/<& G<1"$ "1"$S&<& <& E% +<1<+<@> E/> .%&E& %G [7Q <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 m->.E<%1:):n ;/<$> +"_<+<@<1B E/> #>96.E<%1& <1 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S)

c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

3.1 Coral reef assessment

3.1.1 Abundance of coral reef habitats

81 "1"$S&<& %1 E/> "H619"1.> %G 1>"#&/%#> &6H+>#B>9 @%1>& K#%1> G%# .%#"$ #>>G>&E"H$<&/+>1E "19 B#%;E/ ;"& H"&>9 %1 <E& "#>"$ .%F>#"B>3 "19 #>$<>9 6K%1 K#>,>_<&E<1BH>1E/<. /"H<E"E +"K& 9>#<F>9 G#%+ ">#<"$ K/%E%,<1E>#K#>E"E<%1 %G <+"B>& E"I>1 <1 2MMMLe`88,e`-3 4OO2R) U/> e`88,e`- +"K <& K6H$<.$S "F"<$"H$> "& "1 8#.XY- &/"K>G<$> "19.%1E"<1& K%$SB%1& %#B"1<@>9 G%$$%;<1B " /<>#"#./<."$ .%$$"K&<1B .$"&&<G<."E<%1 &./>+>)!$"&&>& #"1B>9 G#%+ ><B/E B>1>#"$<@>9 ."E>B%#<>& E% E;>1ES,&<_ &6H,.$"&&>& E/"E 9>&.#<H> <1<1.#>"&<1B 9>E"<$ >"./ /"H<E"E ESK> Lp>19"$$ >E "$)3 4OO2R) -<1.> %6# +"<1 <1E>1E ;"& E%J6"1E<GS E/> "#>" K#%1> G%# .%#"$ #>>G B#%;E/3 ;> %KE>9 E% #>$S %1 E/> E/<#9 E<># %G E/<&

.$"&&<G<."E<%1 &./>+> L9"E"H"&> "EE#<H6E>h qSCT"@C@ aR E/"E 9>$<1>"E>& "#>"& "& q.+-%$ -**7 %&'

.+$+&1P*' :%-'N+00+6a3 q#,N6*-9*' %U,%01. >*9*0%01+&a L-8^R3 q,&.+&#+$1'%0*' #*'16*&0#a3 "19q+0:*-#a) U/> %#<B<1"$ K%$SB%1 B>%+>E#S %G E/> e`88,e`- +"K ;"& &<+K$<G<>9 HS9<&&%$F<1B K%$SB%1& H"&>9 %1 E/> qSCT"@C@ a "EE#<H6E>)

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

1>;$S .#>"E>9 &6H+>#B>9 "#>" K%$SB%1& ;>#> 6&>9 E% .$<K %# >_E#".E E/> &<+K$<G<>9 H>1E/<./"H<E"E +"K) U/> &6#G".> "#>" G%# E/> .$<KK>9 "19 &<+K$<G<>9 H>1E/<. /"H<E"E +"K& ;"&."$.6$"E>9 <1 />.E"#>& "19 &6++"#<@>9 E% K#%F<9> " E%E"$ "#>" G%# E/> G%6# qSCT"@C@ a."E>B%#<>& ;<E/<1 >"./ %G E/> &6H+>#B>9 "#>"&)

3.1.2 Structure and condition

!%#"$ #>>G .%++61<E<>& "9Z".>1E E% E/> E>##>&E#<"$ &E69S &<E>& ;>#> "&&>&&>9 <1 4OON 6&<1B9<B<E"$ F<9>% <+"B<1B "19 &<_ #>K$<."E> 4D +,$%1B K%<1E,<1E>#.>KE $<1> E#"1&>.E& K># &<E>3 ;<E/<1E>#&>.E& "E O)D + <1E>#F"$& L1rDO K%<1E&oE#"1&>.ER) U/<& K#%E%.%$ #>K#>&>1E& " &$<B/E+%9<G<."E<%1 G#%+ *%B>#& >E "$) L2MMCR) A"E" ;"& %HE"<1>9 "E 9>KE/& ESK<."$$S #"1B<1B G#%+ :

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 8/34

 Marine Ecosystems134

E% N +) A>>K># #>>G @%1>& ;>#> 1%E "&&>&&>9 "19 .%1&>J6>1E$S 1%E <1.$69>9 <1 E/> "1"$S&<&)A"E" 6&>9 G%# E/<& &E69S <1.$69>9 K>#.>1E .%F># %G H>1E/<. .%+K%1>1E&h $<F> .%#"$3+".#%"$B">3 "$B"$ E6#G3 .#6&E%&> .%#"$$<1> "$B"> L!!8R3 "19 .S"1%H".E>#<") U/> 9"E" %HE"<1>9"$&% "$$%;>9 ."$.6$"E<%1& %G $<F> .%#"$ E% "$B"$ #"E<%& L<)>)3 q.+-%$V%$9%$aR G%# "$$ "$B"$ G61.E<%1"$

B#%6K&3 "& ;>$$ "& .%#"$ E% .S"1%H"E>#<"$ #"E<%& L<)>)3 q.+-%$V.;%&+N%.0*-1%$aR) *"E<%& "#> 6&>9 E%G6#E/># 9>&.#<H> E/> .%19<E<%1 %G E/> #>>G >.%&S&E>+) 899#>&&<1B &K"E<"$ K"EE>#1& <1 "$B"$.%++61<E<>& <& %G 6E+%&E <+K%#E"1.> &<1.> E/>S %GE>1 #>&K%19 #>$"E<F>$S G"&E E% #61%GG3>6E#%K/<."E<%1 "19 &>9<+>1E"E<%1 9<&E6#H"1.>) `H&>#F>9 K>#.>1E $<F<1B .%#"$ .%F># F"$6>&.%6$9 H> .%1&<9>#>9 "& ><E/># " +>"&6#> %G "H619"1.> %# 9>&.#<KE<F> %G >_<&E<1B .%19<E<%1&)U/> &"+> .%6$9 H> &"<9 G%# E/> K>#.>1E #>$"E<F> .%F># %G G%6# /<B/$S &>1&<E<F> -.$>#".E<1<"1.%#"$ &K>.<>&h ($I/%#1 .%#"$ L C.-+5+-% 5%$6%0%R3 -E"B/%#1 .%#"$ L CF .*->1.+-&1#R3 !%$6+1"# &E"#.%#"$ L G+&0%#0-%*% %&&,$%-1#R3 "19 \"+<1"# &E"# .%#"$ L GF 7%>*+$%0%R)

3.2 Watershed assessment

U/> 61K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I <1 !6$>H#" <& .%1&<9>#>9 E% H> E/> <&$"19a& +%&E <+K%#E"1E"1E/#%K%B>1<. &%6#.> %G &>9<+>1E L*"+%&,-./"##013 4OOMP c<B6#> 4R) U/>#>G%#>3 %6# >#%&<%1"19 &>9<+>1E S<>$9 "&&>&&+>1E& #>$<>9 6K%1 "KK$<."E<%1 %G E/> -U5,(*`- +%9>$ L*"+%&,-./"##013 4OOCP *"+%&,-./"##01 "19 7".A%1"$93 4OONHR "& <E K#%F<9>& " +%9>$<1B &E#6.E6#>E/"E >&E<+"E>& E/> "116"$ &>9<+>1E .%1E#<H6E<%1 G#%+ H%E/ 1"E6#"$ &%6#.>& %G &>9<+>1E "1961K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I&) -U5,(*`- <& " X>%B#"K/<."$ Y1G%#+"E<%1 -S&E>+ LXY-R +%9>$ E/"E6&>& >+K<#<."$ &>9<+>1E K#%96.E<%1 G61.E<%1& L*"+%&,-./"##013 4OOCP *"+%&,-./"##01 "197".A%1"$93 4OOD3 4OON"R "19 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E<%& E% >&E<+"E> &>9<+>1E S<>$9& <1E%.%"&E"$ ;"E>#&) -U5,(*`- >&E<+"E>& >#%&<%1 #"E>& G#%+ H%E/ 1"E6#"$ L<)>)3 &E#>"+H"1I&3E#>>E/#%;3 "19 619<&E6#H>9 /<$$&$%K>&R "19 "1E/#%K%B>1<. &%6#.>& %G &>9<+>1E L<)>)361K"F>9 #%"9&R H"&>9 %1 >+K<#<."$ >J6"E<%1& 9>F>$%K>9 G#%+ 9"E" .%$$>.E>9 %1 -E) 5%/1Lb)-) ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&,b-^YR3 "1 <&$"19 ;<E/ " &<+<$"# K/S&<."$ &>EE<1B "& !6$>H#"a&) Y1-U5,(*`-3 E/> >&E<+"E>9 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E> G#%+ E/> E>##>&E#<"$ E% E/> +"#<1>>1F<#%1+>1E <& .%1E#%$$>9 HS 6&>#,9>G<1>9 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E<%& L-A*&R3 ;/>#> -A* <&E/> #"E<% %G &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#>9 E% E/> B#%&& >#%&<%1 %..6##<1B ;<E/<1 E/> H"&<1 L]"$$<1B32MW:R) -U5,(*`- "$$%;& 6&>#& E% ./%%&> -A* F"$6>& G%# "#>"& /"F<1B 9<GG>#>1E 9>$<F>#SK%E>1E<"$& 9>G<1>9 HS J6"$<E"E<F> %H&>#F"E<%1& %1 E/> $%."E<%1 %G .%"&E"$ ;>E$"19& #>$"E<F> E%E/> &E#>"+ 1>E;%#I) 8#>"& 9#"<1<1B E/#%6B/ ;>E$"19& H>G%#> 9>$<F>#<1B #61%GG <1E% .%"&E"$;"E>#& #>.><F>9 " -A* F"$6> %G 4Dg3 ;/<$> E/%&> 9<#>.E$S 9#"<1<1B <1E% .%"&E$<1>& ;<E/%6E "1<1E>#F>1<1B ;>E$"19 ;>#> "&&<B1>9 " -A* %G NDg L*"+%&,-./"##013 4OOMR) 8 2OOO ++ K>#S>"# #"<1G"$$ F"$6> ;"& .%1&<&E>1E$S 6&>9 G%# "$$ ><B/E ;"E>#&/>9&)

c<>$9 &6#F>S& .%1&<&E>9 <1 E/> K#>K"#"E<%1 %G <1K6E B>%,9"E"H"&>& #>J6<#>9 HS -U5,(*`-) c<>$9#>.%11"<&&"1.> 9>E>#+<1>9 E/"E E/> "$B%#<E/+& G%# E;% %G E/> 1"E6#"$ &%6#.>& %G &>9<+>1E<1.$69>9 <1 -U5,(*`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`- <1 !6$>H#" "&&6+>9 E/"E &6#G".> >#%&<%1 G#%+ .6##>1E$S 619<&E6#H>9 /<$$&$%K>& <&E/> %1$S 1"E6#"$ &%6#.> %G &>9<+>1E %G &<B1<G<."1.> %1 E/> <&$"19)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 9/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 135

b1K"F>9 #%"9& %1 !6$>H#" ;>#> G%619 E% H> &<+<$"# E% E/%&> G#%+ ;/<./ E/> -U5,(*`- #%"9>#%&<%1 "$B%#<E/+& ;>#> 9>F>$%K>9 <1 E>#+& %G &6H&E#"E>3 #%"9 K#<&+ B>%+>E#S3 "19 #"1B> %G&$%K>&) -U5,(*`- #>J6<#>& H6<$9<1B 6K " B>%B#"K/<."$ 9"E"H"&> E/"E <1F%$F>& +"KK<1B %G<19<F<96"$ #%"9 &>B+>1E& "19 E/><# "&&%.<"E>9 9#"<1"B> K%<1E& L<)>)3 .6$F>#E&3 ;"E># H"#&3

>E.)R) Y19<F<96"$ #%"9 &>B+>1E& ;>#> &K"E<"$$S 9>$<+<E>9 HS ./"1B>& <1 &6#G".> ESK> L<)>)3K"F>9 F>#&6& 61K"F>9 "19 "&&6+>9 B#"9<1B G#>J6>1.SR "19 E/>S .%1&<&E %G #%"9 &>.E<%1&;<E/ G$%; K"EE>#1& 61<1E>##6KE>9 HS 9#"<1"B> &E#6.E6#>&) X>%B#"K/<. "19 "EE#<H6E> 9"E" ;"&B>1>#"E>9 HS " .%+H<1"E<%1 %G %1,&.#>>1 9<B<E<@<1B 6&<1B "1 %#E/%,.%##>.E>93 G6$$,.%$%#3 2,+#>&%$6E<%13 4OOC ">#<"$ <+"B>3 <1 .%+H<1"E<%1 ;<E/ G<>$9 +"KK<1B 6&<1B " X>%B#"K/<."$Q%&<E<%1<1B b1<E LXQ-R "19 G<>$9 &I>E./>&) c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b1B#"9>9 #%"9& ;>#> E/%&> &E<$$ ".E<F>$S E#"F>$$>9 H6E ;<E/ "1 "H619"1.>%G .%"#&> G#"B+>1E& L<)>)3 "#+%#>9 &6#G".>R "19 $%; E% +%9>#"E> F>B>E"E<%1 .%F># 9>1&<ES)8H"19%1>9 #%"9& ;>#> E/%&> E/"E >_/<H<E>9 "1 "#+%#>9 &6#G".> "19 " /<B/ "H619"1.> %GF>B>E"E<%1 96> E% &."#.> %# 1% E#"GG<.)

U/> ><B/E ;"E>#&/>9& %G <1E>#>&E .%F>#>9 " E%E"$ "#>" %G T)W I+4 %# "H%6E " J6"#E># %G E/> E%E"$$"19+"&& %G !6$>H#") Y19<F<96"$ ;"E>#&/>9& #"1B>9 <1 9#"<1"B> "#>"& G#%+ M)2 /" "E Q61E"-%$9"9% LQ-`R E% 4NC /" "E Q6>#E% A>$ 7"1B$"# LQA7R LU"H$> 2R) U/> K#%K%#E<%1 %G "#>"9>G<1>9 "& /"F<1B " /<B/ K%E>1E<"$ G%# &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S F"#<>9 ;<9>$S G#%+ " +"_<+6+ %GMMg "E Q-` "19 (1&>1"9" c6$$"9%&" L(cbR E% " +<1<+6+ %G 2T i 2Ng "E E/> $"#B>#;"E>#&/>9& %G QA7 "19 ["/V" 7%&J6<E% L[7`R E/"E .%1E"<1 >_E>1&<F> ;>E$"19 "#>"&) U/>><B/E ;"E>#&/>9& .%1E"<1 "$+%&E :D I+ %G #%"9& %6E %G ;/<./ 4C I+ #>+"<1 61K"F>9 G%# "1%F>#"$$ 61K"F>9 #%"9 9>1&<ES %G :)D I+ I+,4) 8H%6E 4C I+ %G #%"9& ;>#> G<>$9,&6#F>S>9 <14OOW ;<E/<1 E/> ><B/E ;"E>#&/>9&) A"E" G%# #%"9 &>B+>1E& G%# ;/<./ 1% "..>&& ;"& "$$%;>9;"& >&E<+"E>9 H"&>9 %1 ">#<"$ <+"B> <1E>#K#>E"E<%1 "19 XY- "1"$S&>&) *%"9& E/"E ;>#> 1%E&6#F>S>9 ;>#> "&&<B1>9 " &E"19"#9 C)O + ;<9E/ "19 "&&6+>9 E% H> 61B#"9>9) A#"<1"B>K%<1E& "$%1B E/>&> #%"9& ;>#> K#>&6+>9 E% H> $%."E>9 "E E%K%B#"K/<."$ 9>K#>&&<%1&P &$%K>;"& ."$.6$"E>9 6&<1B E/> 9<B<E"$ >$>F"E<%1 +%9>$ HS E"I<1B E/> >$>F"E<%1 9<GG>#>1.> H>E;>>1

E/> E%K "19 $%;># >19& %G E/> #%"9 &>B+>1E "19 9<F<9<1B <E HS E/> $>1BE/ %G E/> &>B+>1E)*61%GG G#%+ "$$ #%"9& <& 9>$<F>#>9 %GG E/> #%"9 1>E;%#I "E 2TO 9#"<1"B> K%<1E&)

-U5,(*`- ."$.6$"E>& E%E"$ &>9<+>1E K#%96.E<%1 L<)>)3 E%E"$ >#%&<%1R G#%+ "$$ <19<F<96"$ #%"9&>B+>1E& ;<E/<1 " ;"E>#&/>9 "& ;>$$ "& E/><# >&E<+"E>9 "116"$ &>9<+>1E S<>$9 .%1E#<H6E<%1E% .%"&E"$ ;"E>#& L<)>)3 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S <1 E%1& K># S>"#R) 7%9>$ #>&6$E& "#> %G E/#>> +"<1&%#E&) c<#&E3 E/> +%9>$ K#%F<9>& "1 >&E<+"E> %G E/> E%E"$ "+%61E %G &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#>9 E% E/>+"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E >F>#S S>"# G#%+ "1S B<F>1 ;"E>#&/>9) ->.%193 E/> +%9>$ +"S <&%$"E>E/> .%1E#<H6E<%1 G#%+ >"./ &>9<+>1E &%6#.> ESK> L<)>)3 619<&E6#H>9 /<$$&$%K>&3 "19 B#"9>9361B#"9>93 %# "H"19%1>9 61K"F>9 #%"9&R3 E/6& "$$%;<1B 6& E% #"1I &%6#.>& "..%#9<1B E%E/><# 1>E .%1E#<H6E<%1) c<1"$$S3 E/> XY- 1"E6#> %G E/> +%9>$ "$$%;& <E E% &K"E<"$$S 9<&K$"S E/>

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 10/34

 Marine Ecosystems136

 !"#$%&'$(*%"+,"-$

"%$".'"/

0%121%#+1,13 4%$"

5+#' 6+-'7*8 .9/

0%121%#+1,13 4%$" 5+#'

:1($%"#$7*8 .9/

;1#"<%1"(&.=>/

?,2"@$(%1"(&.=>/

AB>C$% 13(%"+,"-$

21+,#&

Q61E" -%$9"9% LQ-`R M)2 MMg 2g O)OM O)OM O

(1&>1"9" 7"$>1"L(78R

2W TOg COg O)D4 O)D4 N

!"S% A"I<E< L!A8R CC C2g DMg 2 O):2 T

["/<" 7%&J6<E%L[7`R

2:4 2Ng W:g N)C D): :C

(1&>1"9" c6$$"9%&"L(cbR

NO MMg 2g T)M C)D C4

Q6>#E% A>$ 7"1B$"#

LQA7R

4NC 2Tg WCg 24)W M)N CM

Q$"S" \"#B" LQ\8R D4 NWg 44g 4)2 2)W W

Q$"S" l%1< LQl`R W2 4Wg N4g :)M 2)M 2C

@+0%$ WXY DKFZ 3KF! !WY

U"H$> 2) -6++"#S 9>&.#<KE<%1 %G E/> ><B/E &E69S ;"E>#&/>9& <1.$69<1B E/><# 9#"<1"B> "#>"&3E/> K#%K%#E<%1 %G >"./ ;"E>#&/>9 .%1E"<1>9 ;<E/<1 E/> E;% &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E<% L-A*R."E>B%#<>&3 E/> E%E"$ $>1BE/ %G #%"9& "19 61K"F>9 #%"9&3 "19 E/> 16+H># %G #%"9 9#"<1"B>K%<1E&)

+"B1<E69> %G &>9<+>1E .%1E#<H6E>9 HS <19<F<96"$ #%"9 &>B+>1E& %# E/> "+%61E %G &>9<+>1EH><1B 9>$<F>#>9 G#%+ E/> #%"9 1>E;%#I E% E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E E/#%6B/ >"./ <19<F<96"$9#"<1"B> &E#6.E6#>)

3.3 Best Management Practices

[>&E 7"1"B>+>1E Q#".E<.>& L[7Q&R #>$"E>9 E% &%<$ >#%&<%1 #>G># E% st " F"#<>ES %G &<E>K$"11<1B3 9>&<B13 "19 .%1&E#6.E<%1 ".E<F<E<>& E% +<1<+<@> E/> K#%96.E<%1 "19 E#"1&K%#E %G&>9<+>1E&u L819>#&%13 2MMCR) [7Q& +"S #>G># E% K#>."6E<%1& E"I>1 96#<1B E/> K$"11<1B "19.%1&E#6.E<%1 &E"B>& %G 1>; #%"9& E/"E />$K $%."E>3 "$<B13 "19 9>G<1> E/><# B>%+>E#S HS 1%E%1$S .%1&<9>#<1B E/><# ."K<E"$ .%&E& H6E "$&% E"I<1B <1E% "..%61E K%E>1E<"$ .%1E"+<1"E<%1 %G

9%;1&E#>"+ ;"E># H%9<>&) YE <& %6# <+K#>&&<%1 G#%+ E/> .6##>1E &E"E> %G E/> #%"9 1>E;%#I <1!6$>H#" E/"E3 ;<E/ %1$S G>; >_.>KE<%1&3 1% >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ .%1&<9>#"E<%1& "#> .%1E>+K$"E>9;/>1 #%"9& "#> H><1B K$"11>9 "19 $"<9 %6E) -<1.> E/> <1E>1E<%1 %G E/<& "#E<.$> <& E% K#%F<9>B6<9"1.> %1 +<E<B"E<1B "$#>"9S >_<&E<1B K#%H$>+&3 #>"9>#& "#> #>G>##>9 >$&>;/>#> G%# ".%+K#>/>1&<F> 9<&.6&&<%1 %1 G%#>&E #%"9 .%1&E#6.E<%1 B6<9>$<1>& L>)B)3 [)!) 7<1<&E#S %Gc%#>&E&3 4OO4R)

*%"9 >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%1 [7Q& "#> %G E/#>> +"<1 ESK>&) c<#&E3 "#> E/%&> +>E/%9& E/"E <+K#%F>E/> #>&<&E"1.> E% >#%&<%1 K#%.>&&>& HS K#>F>1E<1B E/> 9<#>.E .%1E".E %G #"<1 "19 #61%GG ;<E/ E/>&%<$ &6#G".> LUSK> YR) U/>&> <1.$69> 9<GG>#>1E +>E/%9& E% K#%+%E> #>,F>B>E"E<%13 6&> %G B#"F>$G%# "99>9 K#%E>.E<%1 Ll<>B$># "19 -6E/>#$"193 4OOTR3 "19 K"F<1B " &6#G".> ;<E/ .%1.#>E>) U/>

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 11/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 137

&>.%19 ESK> %G [7Q& <& +>"1E E% +<1<+<@> E/> "+%61E %G G$%; %1 E/> 61K"F>9 #%"9 &6#G".>"19 E/6& #>96.> <E& >#%&<F> >1>#BS) U/<& <& +%&E$S "./<>F>9 HS K#>F>1E<1B G$%; .%1.>1E#"E<%1;<E/ " F"#<>ES %G &E%#+;"E># 9#"<1"B> &E#6.E6#>& <1.$69<1B &<9>,9<E./>&3 #%$$<1B 9<K&3 ;"E>#H"#&3 "19 .6$F>#E&3 "+%1B %E/>#& L*"+%&,-./"##013 <1 K#>&&R) U/> E/<#9 ESK> %G [7Q "EE>+KE&

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p>E./>&%13 2MMTP !#%I> >E "$)3 4OODR)

U/> &K>.<G<. "KK#%"./ E% <9>1E<GS<1B >#%&<%1 "19 &>9<+>1E .%1E#%$ [7Q& <1 !6$>H#" <&G#"+>9 HS E/#>> B>1>#"$ $<+<E"E<%1& <1.$69<1Bh L"R "1 "$#>"9S >_<&E<1B "19 E/6& +%&E$S<++%F"H$> #%"9 1>E;%#I $"S%6EP LHR " ./"#".E>#<&E<."$$S #6BB>9 E%K%B#"K/S3 "19 L.R " $".I %G

$%."$$S "F"<$"H$> &K>.<"$<@>9 +"E>#<"$& "19 >J6<K+>1E E/"E &<B1<G<."1E$S <1.#>"&>& .%&E& "19E/>#>G%#> #>96.>& E/> 16+H># %G [7Q& E/"E ;%6$9 %E/>#;<&> H> .%1&<9>#>9 G>"&<H$>) U/>G%$$%;<1B $<&E %G [7Q& .%1&<&E& %G E/%&> +>E/%9& E/"E "#> H><1B B<F>1 G6#E/># .%1&<9>#"E<%1G%# "KK$<."E<%1 <1 !6$>H#" "& E/>S "#> 9>>+>9 <+K$>+>1E"H$> G#%+ " E>./1<."$ "19>.%1%+<."$ K%<1E %G F<>;h

<)  "&#1'* '10.:B  81 6K&$%K> %# <1&<9> 9<E./ #611<1B "$%1B E/> $>1BE/ %G E/> #%"9 #>96.>&>#%&<%1 HS K#%F<9<1B " &6#G".> &K>.<G<."$$S K#>K"#>9 E% /"19$> E/> #61%GG B>1>#"E>9 HSE/> #%"9 E#"F>$;"S LUSK>& Y "19 YYR)

<<)  R*9*0%0*' '10.:B 8$$%;<1B %# K#%F<9<1B G%# F>B>E"E<F> .%F># ;<E/<1 9<E./>& &E"H<$<@>& E/>9<E./ &6#G".>3 #>96.>& G$%; >1>#BS "19 >1/"1.>& &6&K>19>9 &>9<+>1E 9>K%&<E<%1LUSK>& Y "19 YYR)

<<<)  H:*.[ '%6#B  ]/>1 <1&E"$$>9 "$%1B 9<E./>&3 ./>.I 9"+& #>96.> G$%; >1>#BS "19 E/6&#>96.> E/> K%E>1E<"$ G%# >#%&<%1) A"+& "$&% "$$%; &6GG<.<>1E &K".> G%# &>9<+>1E9>K%&<E<%1 "19 ."1 H> .%1&E#6.E>9 %G $%."$$S "F"<$"H$> +"E>#<"$& &6./ "& #%.I&3 $%B&3 %#K#%K>#$S E#>"E>9 1"E<F> &%<$ LUSK>& YY "19 YYYR)

<F)  )+$$1&9 '15#B U/>&> &E%#+;"E># /"19$<1B &E#6.E6#>& .%1&<&E %G " #>F>#&> B#"9> 9>K#>&&<%1"$<B1>9 9<"B%1"$$S E% E/> B>1>#"$ E#>19 %G E/> #%"9) 8 +%619 %G &%<$ #611<1B K"#"$$>$ E%E/> 9%;1&$%K> &<9> %G E/> 9<K &>#F>& E% <1.#>"&> E/><# #61%GG /"19$<1B ."K".<ES) *%$$<1B9<K& "#> 6&>9 E% 9<F>#E ;"E># G#%+ E/> 61K"F>9 &6#G".> <1E% E/> 9<E./ %# %6E %G E/> #%"9K#<&+ "19 E/>#>G%#> #>96.> G$%; .%1.>1E#"E<%1 "19 &/%#E>1 9%;1&E#>"+ 9>$<F>#SLUSK>& YY "19 YYYR)

F)  J%>*' 9,00*-B  U/>&> K$"S " &<+<$"# #%$> E% #%$$<1B 9<K& <1 E/"E E/>S 9<F>#E ;"E># <1E% "9<E./ %# %6E %G >#%9<H$> #%"9 &6#G".>&) U/> %1$S 9<GG>#>1.> <& E/"E E/>&> "#> .%F>#>9 HSK"F>+>1E "19 "#> E/>#>G%#> +%#> .%&E$S LUSK>& Y3 YY3 "19 YYYR)

F<)  =&*-9; '1##15%0*-#B U/>&> "#> <1&E"$$>9 "E 9<&./"#B> K%<1E& %1 E/> 9%;1&$%K> >19 %G E/>#%"9 K#<&+) U/>S 6&6"$$S .%1&<&E %G #<K#"K3 H"GG$>9 .%1.#>E> &E#6.E6#>& %# &+"$$."E./+>1E H"&<1&) Y+K$>+>1E"E<%1 .%&E& "#> $%; E% /<B/3 9>K>19<1B %1 E/> ESK>) c%# E/>K6#K%&> "E /"19 ;> /"F> .%1&<9>#>9 #<K#"K "& E/> K#>G>##>9 >1>#BS 9<&&<K"E<1B [7Q;<E/ " +%9>#"E> <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 .%&E LUSK>& Y3 YY3 "19 YYYR)

F<<)  \1-*B6*#: 5%>*6*&0B U/<& <& " +>"&6#> E/"E +"I>& E/> &6#G".> <+K>#F<%6& "19 K#>F>1E&.%1E".E H>E;>>1 <1,&<E6 &%<$ K"#E<.$>& ;<E/ #"<1G"$$ "19 #61%GG) Y+K$>+>1E"E<%1 .%&E& "#>F>#S /<B/) LUSK> YR)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 12/34

 Marine Ecosystems138

[7Q &>$>.E<%1 <1 +%&E ."&>& <& &<E> &K>.<G<. "19 " .%+H<1"E<%1 %G E/>&> <19<F<96"$ [7Q& <&6&6"$$S E/> +%&E >GG>.E<F> "$E>#1"E<F>) U/>#>G%#>3 ;> 9>F>$%K>9 E/#>> B>1>#"$ #%"9 9>&<B1&%# E#>"E+>1E&3 >"./ <1.%#K%#"E<1B " 9<GG>#>1E &6H,&>E %G [7Q& LU"H$> 4R) U/> G<#&E ESK>+"<1E"<1& "1 61K"F>9 #%"9 &>B+>1E3 H6E >1/"1.>& &E%#+;"E># +"1"B>+>1E HS

.%1&E#6.E<1B " K#%K>#$S F>B>E"E>9 9<E./ ;<E/ ./>.I 9"+&3 61K"F>9 #%$$<1B 9<K&3 "19 >1>#BS9<&&<K"E>#& >F>#S :O + Lv:4D K># $<1>"# +>E># %G #%"9R) U/> &>.%19 ESK> >_".E$S +"E./>& E/>G<#&E ESK> 9>&.#<KE<%1 H6E #>$<>& %1 " K"F>9 B6EE># E% ./"11>$ ;"E># %6E %G E/> #%"9 &6#G".><1&E>"9 %G " #%$$<1B 9<K Lv:DO +,2R) U/> E/<#9 ESK> #>G>#& E% " G6$$S,K"F>9 #%"9 ;<E/ "1"9>J6"E>$S F>B>E"E>9 9<E./3 1% ./>.I 9"+&3 "19 %1> K"F>9 B6EE># >F>#S :O + ;<E/ "1"..%+K"1S<1B >1>#BS 9<&&<K"E># LvTOO,vTDO +,2R) Q%&E,<+K$>+>1E"E<%1 >#%&<%1 #"E>& G%# E/>E;% E#>"E+>1E& E/"E +"<1E"<1 "1 61K"F>9 #%"9 &6#G".> <& >&E<+"E>9 E% H> :Og %G K#>,

E#>"E+>1E #"E>& "19 E/<& <& H"&>9 %1 "1 >GG>.E<F>1>&& >F"$6"E<%1 &E69S .%196.E>9 G%# "&<1B6$"# #%"9 &>B+>1E %1 -E) 5%/1 Lb-^YR L*"+%&,-./"##013 <1 K#>&&R) (#%&<%1 #"E>&G%$$%;<1B E#>"E+>1E HS K"F<1B E/> >1E<#> #%"9 E#"F>$;"S <& >_K>.E>9 E% #>96.> #"E>& E% %1$S

"H%6E 2Og %G K#>,E#>"E+>1E $>F>$&) U/<& <& H"&>9 %1 G<>$9 9"E" .%$$>.E>9 G#%+ E;>1ES #%"9&>B+>1E& %1 -E) 5%/1 ;/<./ G%619 %6E E/"E %1$S 2Og %G E/> &>9<+>1E >_<E<1B " #%"9 K#<&+ <&B>1>#"E>9 HS #%"9 .6E&$%K>&3 ;/<$> E/> #>+"<1<1B MOg %G &>9<+>1E <& B>1>#"E>9 G#%+ E/>

#%"9 E#"F>$;"S L*"+%&,-./"##01 "19 7".A%1"$93 4OON"R) -<1.> K"F>+>1E >GG>.E<F>$S &/6E&9%;1 E/> >1E<#> .%1E#<H6E<%1 G#%+ E/> #%"9 E#"F>$;"S3 ;> "&&6+> E/"E #%"9 .6E&$%K>& "#>E/> &%$> &%6#.> %G &>9<+>1E >_<E<1B E/> #%"9 K#<&+) YE <& <+K%#E"1E E% 1%E> E/"E %6#>GG>.E<F>1>&& >F"$6"E<%1& ."11%E >&E<+"E> E/> #%$> K$"S>9 HS E/> ./>.I 9"+& %# >1>#BS9<&&<K"E>#& <1 #>96.<1B &>9<+>1E K#%96.E<%1 #"E>&)

;%$"#D>$,#,">$

E,&+($(+#F'

G$-$#"#$((+#F'

H'$F=(">&

81<<+,-(+2&

0"@$(-B##$%

I,$%-J(+&&+2"#$%

 !+%$D

>$&'2"@$D>$,#

H1&#&.?K7K L2$% >/

01&#D#%$"#D>$,#

$%1&+1,%"#$&

b1K"F>9;<E/#%$$<1B9<K&

v:4D w:Og

b1K"F>9;<E/

K"F>9B6EE>#

v:DO w:Og

Q"F>9;<E/B6EE>#

vTOO,vTDO

w2Og

U"H$> 4) -6++"#S %G E/> E/#>> +"<1 E#>"E+>1E ESK>& H><1B .%1&<9>#>9 G%# <+K$>+>1E"E<%1<1 !6$>H#") ("./ E#>"E+>1E .%1E"<1& " 9<GG>#>1E "&&%#E+>1E %G [7Q&) !%&E& #>K#>&>1E<+K$>+>1E"E<%1 .%&E& <1 !6$>H#" <1 b)-) 9%$$"#& "19 "KK$S E% 4O22 K#<.>&P >GG<.<>1.S%G E/> 9<GG>#>1E E#>"E+>1E %KE<%1& "#> H"&>9 %1 E/> #%"9 >#%&<%1 $<E>#"E6#>)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 13/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 139

3.4 Prioritization strategy

(.%$%B<."$ -*#0+-%01+&  <+K$<>& E/> +"1<K6$"E<%1 %G "1 >.%&S&E>+ ;<E/ E/> K6#K%&> %G#>E6#1<1B <E H".I E% <E& qK#<&E<1>a .%19<E<%1 L[#"9&/";3 2MMNR) U/> "KK#%"./ K#%K%&>9 />#>

#>.%B1<@>& E/> <+K#".E<."$<ES %G "EE>+KE<1B E% G6$G<$$ E/> B%"$ <+K$<>9 HS E/<& &E#<.E 9>G<1<E<%1%G -*#0+-%01+&) U/> <1"9>J6".S %G &>EE<1B &6./ #<B%#%6& B%"$& <& K"#E<.6$"#$S "KK$<."H$> E%.%#"$ #>>G& "& E/>S #>K#>&>1E %K>1 &S&E>+& "GG>.E>9 HS 9<F>#&> H<%E<. "19 "H<%E<. K#%.>&&>&3&%+> %G ;/<./ ".E "E &K"E<%,E>+K%#"$ &."$>& E/"E "#> <1"$E>#"H$> HS 9<#>.E /6+"1<1E>#F>1E<%1) Y1 "99<E<%13 <E <& J6>&E<%1"H$> <G E#6$S K#<&E<1> .%#"$ #>>G& E/"E .%6$9 #>K#>&>1E "B>16<1> q#>G>#>1.> &E"E>a &E<$$ >_<&E <1 E/> !"#<HH>"1 L5".I&%13 2MMN3 4OO2P X"#91># >E "$)3 4OO:P=";I<1& "19 *%H>#E&3 4OOCR) U/>#>G%#>3 ;> K#%K%&> E/"E "1 "./<>F"H$> B%"$ %G >#%&<%1.%1E#%$ &E#"E>B<>& &/%6$9 H> &<+K$S E% +<E<B"E> E/> >GG>.E& %G $"19 >#%&<%1 "19 &>9<+>1ES<>$9& <1E% .%#"$ #>>G &S&E>+&3 ;/>#> 61019%01+& st#>G>#& E% ".E<F<E<>& E/"E $>&&>1 E/> 9>B#>>%G 9"+"B> E% "1 >.%&S&E>+tu L5".I&%1 >E "$)3 2MMDR) =>1.>3 >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%1 HS <E&>$G /"&E/> &<1B6$"# K6#K%&> %G #>96.<1B &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S E% $>F>$& E/"E "#> &%+>;/"E .$%&># E%

H".IB#%619 #"E>&) U/> K#>&>1E$S B#<+ .%19<E<%1 %G +%&E .%#"$ #>>G& <1 E/> !"#<HH>"1 "19 <1!6$>H#" <& &6GG<.<>1E E% Z6&E<GS .6#E"<$<1B &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S <1E% "1S #>>G,H>"#<1B ;"E># H%9SL=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 4O2OP =>#1?19>@,Q"./>.% >E "$)3 4O22R) b1G%#E61"E>$S3 G619<1B$<+<E"E<%1& ;<$$ "$;"S& #>&E#"<1 E/> $>F>$ "19 >_E>1&<F>1>&& %G >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ &E#"E>B<>&)U/>#>G%#>3 " &.<>1E<G<."$$S,&%619 K#%.>&& HS ;/<./ K#<%#<ES "#>"& G%# >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ "#>&>$>.E>9 H"&>9 %1 $%."$ %H&>#F"E<%1&3 1>>9&3 "19 "F"<$"H<$<ES %G G619& <& .#<E<."$ E% +"_<+<@>E/> H>1>G<E& %G E/> >GG%#E3 "& ;>$$ "& E% >1&6#> B%"$& "19 >_K>.E"E<%1& "#> .$>"#$S".I1%;$>9B>93 "19 E/"E ".E<F<E<>& "#> <1 "B#>>+>1E ;<E/ E/> <1E>19>9 #>&6$E&)

U/> "1"$S&>& K#>&>1E>9 />#> "#> $<+<E>9 <1 E;% <+K%#E"1E ;"S&) c<#&E <& E/"E E/> .%#"$ #>>G.%19<E<%1 "&&>&&+>1E& "#> H"&>9 %1 " &<1B$>3 %1>,E<+> %H&>#F"E<%1) U/>#>G%#>3 E/> K#%.>96#>

<& H$<19 E% E#>19& <1 .%#"$ .%19<E<%1& E/"E .%6$9 &>#F> <1 +"I<1B +%#> &%619 Z69B+>1E&;/>1 &>EE<1B K#<%#<E<>& G%# >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ >GG%#E&) ->.%19 <& E/"E E/> >#%&<%1 "1"$S&>&>_K$<.<E$S $".I& E/> ."K".<ES E% 619>#&E"19 &>9<+>1E 9S1"+<.& "19 >GG>.E& %1.> 9>$<F>#>9 E%E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E) ]> ".I1%;$>9B> E/"E "1 "116"$ >&E<+"E> %G &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S <&E%% .%"#&> E% K#%F<9> E/> E>+K%#"$ #>&%$6E<%1 1>>9>9 E% G%$$%; " K#%.>&&,H"&>9 >_"+<1"E<%1%G E/> #%$> %G &>9<+>1E& %1 #>>G&) e>F>#E/>$>&&3 >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%1 "& 9>G<1>9 "H%F> 9%>& 1%E#>J6<#> % 5-1+-1  9<"B1%&<& %G &>9<+>1E"E<%1 "& E/> ."6&> %G "1S .%#"$ 9>E>#<%#"E<%1) [S#>96.<1B &>9<+>1E $%"9& ;> ."1 >_K>.E E% "$$>F<"E> E/> $<B/E E#"1&+<&&<F<ES $<+<E"E<%1&3 /<B/16E#<>1E .%1.>1E#"E<%1&3 "H#"&<%13 "19 9<#>.E &>9<+>1E"E<%1 &E#>&&>& %1 .%#"$ #>>G& E/"E >1&6><1.#>"&>& <1 $"19 >#%&<%1 Lc"H#<.<6&3 4OODR) A<+<1<&/<1B &>9<+>1E &E#>&& &/%6$9 H>1>G<E #>>G>.%&S&E>+& 9<#>.E$S HS $>&&>1<1B E/>&> >GG>.E& "19 <19<#>.E$S HS "$$%;<1B .%#"$& E% H>EE>#

.%K> ;<E/ %E/># &%6#.>& %G &E#>&& L=%>B/,X6$9H>#B >E "$)3 4OONR)

3.4.1 Watershed selection

U/> .%+H<1>9 ;"E>#&/>9 "19 +"#<1> /"H<E"E >F"$6"E<%1 K#%.>96#> K#>&>1E>9 />#> <& H"&>9%1 E/#>> .#<E>#<"h L2R "H619"1.> %G E/> +"#<1> #>&%6#.> L<)>)3 .%#"$ #>>G&R m->.E<%1 :)2)2n3 L4R+"#<1> #>&%6#.> .%19<E<%1 m->.E<%1 :)2)4n3 "19 L:R &E#>&& $>F>$ L<)>)3 &>9<+>1E $%"9R m->.E<%1:)4n) U/<& ESK> %G +6$E<,K"#"+>E># >F"$6"E<%1 <& >_K>.E>9 E% H> "KK$<."H$> E% #>$"E<F>$S/%+%B>1>%6& "#>"& E/"E +<B/E /"F> &/"#>9 &<+<$"# +"#<1> "19 E>##>&E#<"$ .%19<E<%1& 96#<1BE/><# K#<&E<1> &E"E>&) 8 .%1E"<1>9 "#>" $<I> !6$>H#" K#%F<9>& E/> K>#G>.E &.>1"#<% G%# E/<& ESK>%G "1"$S&>& "& <E /%$9& .%#"$ #>>G >.%&S&E>+& E/"E "#> J6<E> .%+K"E<H$> <1 E/><# &E#6.E6#>3 "19

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 14/34

 Marine Ecosystems140

;/>#> G".E%#& E/"E .%1E#%$ &>9<+>1E S<>$9&3 &6./ "& #"<1G"$$3 &%<$&3 #>$<>G3 "19 ;"E>#&/>9 &<@>"#> .%+K"#"H$> "+%1B 9<GG>#>1E &<E>&) U/> "#>"& ./%&>1 <1 !6$>H#" "$$ $<> %6E&<9> %G E/>q&K>.<"$a +"#<1> "#>"& %G E/> <&$"19 E/"E <1.$69> E/> G%#+># b- e8^x E#"<1<1B B#%619& "19E/> !\Qe *>&>#F>)

("./ %G E/> E/#>> .#<E>#<%1 H><1B .%1&<9>#>9 G%# "1"$S&>& ."1 H> B#"K/<."$$S K%#E#"S>9 "& E/>"_<& %G " E/#>>,9<+>1&<%1"$ .6H> <1 ;/<./ &>9<+>1E &E#>&& $>F>$ <& 9<&K$"S>9 "$%1B E/> _,/%#<@%1E"$ "_<& G#%+ $%; E% /<B/ L$>GE E% #<B/ER3 ;/<$> #>&%6#.> "H619"1.> <& B#"K/>9 <1 E/>S,F>#E<."$ "_<& G#%+ $%; 6K;"#9& E% /<B/ "H619"1.>) 7>"1;/<$>3 #>&%6#.> .%19<E<%1 $<>&"$%1B E/> @,9>KE/ "_<& G#%+ B%%9 E% K%%# LG%#>B#%619 E% H".IB#%619R Lc<B6#> CR) U/> #"1B>%G K"#"+>E># F"$6>& #>K#>&>1E>9 HS >"./ %G E/> E/#>> "_>& +"I<1B 6K E/> .6H> &/%6$9#>K#>&>1E E/> #"1B> %G F"$6>& G%619 ;<E/<1 E/> "#>"& %G <1E>#>&E) U/>#>G%#>3 E/> .6H> K#%F<9>&" .%1.>KE6"$ &K".> <1 ;/<./ >"./ %G E/> "#>"& <& .%+K"#>9 <1 E>#+& %G J6"1E<ES "19.%19<E<%1 %G .%#"$ #>>G& "19 &>9<+>1E $%"9<1B &E#>&& "B"<1&E E/> >1E<#> K%K6$"E<%1 %G &<E>&H><1B .%1&<9>#>9 "19 1%E E% " E/>%#>E<."$ #>G>#>1.> &E"E>) \%;o/<B/ "19 K%%#oB%%9 $"H>$&

.%1&>J6>1E$S #>G># E% #>$"E<F> .%19<E<%1& ;<E/<1 E/> .%1E>_E %G E/> "#>" %G <1E>#>&E)

c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

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 15/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 141

U/> .6H> +"S "$&% &>#F> "& " B#"K/<."$ "<9 E% B6<9> %# 619>#&E"19 E/> +"1"B>+>1EE>19>1.<>& %G .%1.>9<1B &%+> "#>"& ;<E/ " K#<%#<ES &E"E6& #"1I<1B <1 #>$"E<%1 E% %E/>#&) 8&+>1E<%1>9 "H%F>3 "$$ >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%1 &E#"E>B<>& %1 ;"E>#&/>9& .%1E#<H6E<1B &>9<+>1E&<1E% #>>G,H>"#<1B ;"E>#& %G E/> !"#<HH>"1 <& $<I>$S Z6&E<G<"H$> H6E E/> #>&%6#.> .%1&>#F"E<%1

B%"$ %G <+K$>+>1E<1B &6./ &E#"E>B<>& "E >"./ &<E> 9>K>19& %1 E/> >_<&E<1B .%19<E<%1&) =>1.>3E/> .6H> "$&% &>#F>& E% +"K E/> Z6&E<G<."E<%1 %# B%"$ %G >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ ".E<F<E<>& H><1B<+K$>+>1E>9) Y+K$>+>1E"E<%1 %G >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%1 &E#"E>B<>& G%# .%#"$ #>>G K#%E>.E<%1 ."1H> Z6&E<G<>9 %1 E/> H"&<& %G E/#>> +"<1 +%E<F>&h

<)  J-*#*->%01+&, ]<E/<1 E/> .%1E>_E %G E/> G#"+>;%#I H><1B K#>&>1E>9 />#>3 K#>&>#F"E<%1<+K$<>& E/"E .6##>1E .%#"$ #>>G "19 &>9<+>1E $%"9<1B .%19<E<%1& #>+"<1 .$%&> E% "qK#<&E<1>a %# q9>&<#>9a &E"E>) U/"E <&3 .%#"$ #>>G& "#> <1 B%%9 .%19<E<%1 "19 &>9<+>1E$%"9<1B #"E>& "#> $%;) 81S +<E<B"E<%1 ".E<F<E<>& E"I>1 <1 E/>&> "#>"& "#> +>"1E E%+"<1E"<1 .%19<E<%1& <1 E/><# .6##>1E &E"E>)

<<)  J-*>*&01+&, U/<& E>#+ <+K$<>& &"G>B6"#9<1B %# E"I<1B ".E<%1& E/"E "1E<.<K"E> "1 <++<1>1E

%# K%E>1E<"$ K#%H$>+) (#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ >GG%#E& <1 "#>"& ./"#".E>#<@>9 HS +%9>#"E> E% B%%9.%#"$ #>>G .%19<E<%1& "19 +%9>#"E> E% /<B/ &>9<+>1E $%"9& .%6$9 H> .%1&<9>#>9 "&K#>F>1E<F> +>"&6#>& <1E>19>9 E% "F%<9 G6#E/># .%#"$ #>>G 9>E>#<%#"E<%1)

<<<)  )*6*'1%01+&, )*6*'1%01+&  <+K$<>& #>96.<1B E/> $>F>$ %G &E#>&& E% "1 >.%&S&E>+ ;<E/%6E"1S .%1.>#1 E% "1 6$E<+"E> B%"$ L[#"9&/";3 2MMNP !$"#I3 2MMNR) Y1 E/<& .%1E>_E#>+>9<"E<%1 <& F>#S &<+<$"# E% E/> +>"1<1B "EE"./>9 E% #>/"H<$<E"E<%1 <1 ;/<./ <E <+K$<>&".E<F<E<>& +>"1E E% <+K#%F> .%19<E<%1& %1 " .%#"$ #>>G ;<E/ " K#>&>1E$S 9>B#"9>9 &E"E>;<E/ "1 >+K/"&<& %1 E/> K#%.>&& "19 1%E %1 E/> >19 K%<1E L[#"9&/";3 4OO4R)

]<E/<1 E/> .%1E>_E %G c<B6#> C #>+>9<"E<%1 "KK$<>& E% "#>"& ;<E/ +%9>#"E> E% K%%# .%#"$ #>>G.%19<E<%1& #>B"#9$>&& %G &>9<+>1E &E#>&& $>F>$&) *>+>9<"E<%1 <& " E>#+ ;> K#>G># %F>#

-*#0+-%01+& 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st #>&E%#> &>$G,/>"$<1BK#%.>&&>& <1 "1 >.%&S&E>+ E/"E ;<$$ $>"9 E% H"$"1.> %1.> +%#>)u L5".I&%1 >E "$)3 2MMDR) Y1

"99<E<%13 >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ ;%6$9 "$&% "<9 <1 >&E"H$<&/<1B "9>J6"E> .%19<E<%1& G%# >1/"1.<1BE/> &6..>&& %G %E/># +"1"B>+>1E +>"&6#>& &6./ "& .%#"$ G"#+<1B "19 E#"1&K$"1E<1B)

X<F>1 E/> $<+<E"E<%1& <+K%&>9 HS E/> .6##>1E &E"E> %G .%#"$ #>>G &.<>1.> "19 E/> 9<F>#&<ES %G#>"$,;%#$9 &.>1"#<%& ;> H>$<>F> <E E% H> 61H>1>G<.<"$ E% "EE>+KE E% K#%F<9> " &<+K$> B>1>#<.G%#+6$" E% #"1I ;"E>#&/>9& <1 E>#+& %G 1>>9 %# >_K>.E>9 %KE<+<@"E<%1 %G #>&6$E&) U/> G<1"$9>.<&<%1 %1 K#<%#<E<@"E<%1 +6&E H> $>GE E% &E"I>/%$9>#&3 +"1"B>#&3 &.<>1E<&E&3 "19 >1B<1>>#&I1%;$>9B>"H$> %G E/> $%."$ .%19<E<%1&) `E/># .#<E>#<"3 &6./ "& K/S&<."$ .%11>.E<F<ES H>E;>>1;"E>#&/>9& "19 +"#<1> #>&%6#.>& %6E&<9> E/> <++>9<"E> #>.><F<1B H"S&3 E/> K#>&>1.> %G"#>"& %# &K>.<>& ;<E/ " &K>.<"$ .%1&>#F"E<%1 9>&<B1"E<%13 E>+K%#"$ E#>19& <1 .%#"$ "H619"1.>%# .%19<E<%13 "19 #>.>1E $"19 9>F>$%K+>1E ".E<F<E<>& +6&E "$&% H> .%1&<9>#>9) e>F>#E/>$>&&3

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 16/34

 Marine Ecosystems142

E/> G#"+>;%#I +<B/E H> "H$> E% %GG># &%+> >_K$<.<E K#<%#<E<@"E<%1 B6<9"1.> <1 E;% &K>.<"$&.>1"#<%&) `1> &.>1"#<% <& ;/>1 E;% %# +%#> &<E>& 9<&K$"S &<+<$"# .%#"$ "19 &>9<+>1E $%"9.%19<E<%1&3 <1 ;/<./ ."&> K#<%#<ES .%6$9 H> ";"#9>9 E% "#>"& ;<E/ " /<B/># "H619"1.> %G#>>G&) 8 &>.%19 &.>1"#<% <& %1> <1 ;/<./ +6$E<K$> &<E>& K%&&>&& &<+<$"# #>>G "H619"1.> "19

.%#"$ .%19<E<%1&3 <1 ;/<./ ."&> K#<%#<ES .%6$9 H> .%1.>9>9 E% "#>"& >_/<H<E<1B E/> /<B/>&E&>9<+>1E $%"9&)

3.4.2 Site and BMP selection, cost-effectiveness analyses

c%# E/> K6#K%&>& %G >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%13 .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& +"S H> 9>G<1>9 HS E/> E%E"$"+%61E %G G619& &K>1E <1&E"$$<1B [7Q& #>$"E<F> E% E/> "+%61E %G &>9<+>1E E/"E ;<$$ 1%$%1B># #>"./ .%"&E"$ ;"E>#& L<)>)3 &>9<+>1E q&"F<1B&aR "& " #>&6$E %G E/><# <+K$>+>1E"E<%1)U/>#>G%#>3 .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& G%# E/> ."&> <1 !6$>H#" ;<$$ H> 9>&.#<H>9 <1 E>#+& b)-) A%$$"#&&K>1E %1 [7Q& K># E%1 %G &>9<+>1E q&"F>9a Lv E%1,2R) !%&E& %G E/> <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 %G E/>61K"F>9 #%"9 [7Q& H><1B .%1&<9>#>9 <1 !6$>H#" "19 E/><# >_K>.E>9 #>96.E<%1& <1 &>9<+>1E

K#%96.E<%1 /"F> H>>1 9<&.6&&>9 "H%F> m->.E<%1 :):n) -"F<1B& <1 E/> "+%61E %G &>9<+>1E E/"E;%6$9 1%E H> #>"./<1B E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E 96> E% [7Q <1&E"$$"E<%1 "#> H"&>9 <1 #>$"E<%1E% -U5,(*`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q&"F<1B&aH"&>9 %1 E/<& #"1I<1B)

U/> .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& "1"$S&<& 9>&.#<H>9 />#> 9%>& 1%E K#>&.#<H> " B<F>1 $>F>$ %G &>9<+>1E

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

4. Results, discussion and recommendations

4.1 Coral reef abundance

U/> XY- K#%.>96#> 6&>9 E% 9>&.#<H> E/> H>1E/<. /"H<E"E& 9<#>.E$S $<1I>9 E% >"./ %G E/> ><B/E&E69S ;"E>#&/>9& $>9 E% E/> ./"#".E>#<@"E<%1 %G NOD /" %G &6H+>#B>9 "#>"& L[%_ 2R) 8$+%&ECOg %# 4W2 /" ;"& <9>1E<G<>9 "& .%#"$ #>>G "19 .%$%1<@>9 /"#9H%EE%+3 ;/<$> CTg L:4D /"R;"& -8^3 "19 2Cg LMM /"R ;"& 61.%1&%$<9"E>9 &>9<+>1E&3 "$B"$ K$"<1& %# %E/># 9>$<1>"E<%1&)

U/> ;"E>#&/>9& 9<#>.E$S "&&%.<"E>9 ;<E/ E/> $"#B>&E .%#"$ #>>G "19 .%$%1<@>9 /"#9H%EE%+"#>"& ;>#> Q$"S" \"#B" LQ\8P WW /"R "19 Q6>#E% 9>$ 7"1B$"# LQA7P DW /"R) 7>"1;/<$>3(1&>1"9" c6$$"9%&" L(cbR .%1E"<1& 1% .%#"$& "19 <& 9%+<1"E>9 HS -8^3 +%&E$S >_E>1&<F>&>"B#"&& H>9& $"#B>$S .%+K%&>9 HS U6#E$> B#"&& L@:%$%##1% 0*#0,'1&,6R "19 +"1"E>> B#"&&LQ;-1&9+'1,6 71$17+-6*R L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% >E "$)3 4OO:R)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 17/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 143

[%_ 2) 7"K %G G%.6& &E69S "#>" &/%;<1B E/> .%9> 1"+> "19 $%."E<%1 %G E/> ><B/E &E69S;"E>#&/>9& "19 E/> &K"E<"$ 9<&E#<H6E<%1 %G H>1E/<. /"H<E"E& 9<#>.E$S "&&%.<"E>9 E% E/>+) U/>E"H$> "19 G<B6#> &6++"#<@> E/> J6"1E<E"E<F> H>1E/<. /"H<E"E "H619"1.> <1G%#+"E<%1%HE"<1>9 G#%+ E/> XY- "1"$S&>&)

4.2 Coral reef condition

[>1E/<. /"H<E"E ./"#".E>#<@"E<%1 %1 .%#"$ #>>G .%++61<E<>& "9Z".>1E E% E/> &E69S &<E>& &/%;&E/> 61>J6<F%."$ &<B1& %G $%1B,E>#+ >.%$%B<."$ 9>.$<1>) `F>#"$$3 K>#.>1E $<F<1B .%#"$ .%F>#"F>#"B>9 N)Wg ".#%&& "$$ &E69S &<E>& "19 ;"& /<B/>&E "E Q$"S" \"#B" LQ\8R "19 Q$"S" l%1VLQl`R3 ;<E/ 24g "19 2Og3 #>&K>.E<F>$S Lc<B6#> D"R) U/> $%;>&E K>#.>1E $<F<1B .%#"$ .%F>#;"& %H&>#F>9 "E ["/V" 7%&J6<E% L[7`R "19 "E !"S% A?I<ES L!A8R3 ;<E/ Cg "19 :g3#>&K>.E<F>$S !%$6+1"# &E"# .%#"$ L G+&0%#0-%*% %&&,$%-1#R /"9 " +>"1 2)Cg #>$"E<F> .%F>#".#%&& "$$ &<E>&3 ;<E/ " +"_<+6+ F"$6> %G 4)Ng "E Q\8 "19 " +<1<+6+ F"$6> %G O)4g "E[7` "19 !A8) \"+<1"# &E"# .%#"$ L GF 7%>*+$%0%R /"9 " +>"1 #>$"E<F> .%F># %G O)4Cg ".#%&&"$$ &<E>&3 ;<E/ " +"_<+6+ F"$6> %G O)Tg "E (1&>1"9" 8$+%90F"# ;<E/<1 Q6>#E% A>$ 7"1B$"#

LQA7,2R) -E"# .%#"$ ;"& "H&>1E G#%+ &6#F>S>9 E#"1&>.E& "E [7` "19 !A8) U/#>"E>1>9($I/%#1 .%#"$ L C.-+5+-% 5%$6%0%R /"9 " +>"1 #>$"E<F> .%F># %G O)2g ".#%&& "$$ &<E>&3 ;<E/ "+"_<+6+ F"$6> %G O):g "E Q\8) ($I/%#1 .%#"$ ;"& "H&>1E G#%+ &6#F>S>9 E#"1&>.E& "E Q61E"-%$9"9% LQ-`R3 \"& Q>$?& LQA7,4R3 "19 !A8) 8$&%3 E/#>"E>1>9 -E"B/%#1 .%#"$ L CF .*->1.+-&1#R/"9 " +>"1 O)Dg #>$"E<F> .%F># ".#%&& "$$ &<E>&3 ;<E/ " +"_<+6+ F"$6> %G :)Tg "E Q\8) YE;"& "H&>1E G#%+ &6#F>S>9 E#"1&>.E& "E (1&>1"9" 7"$>1" L(78R3 !A83 [7`3 "19 Ql`) YE&/%6$9 H> 1%E>9 E/"E 16+>#%6& "#>"& ;>#> .%F>#>9 HS 9>"9 .%$%1<>& <1 &E"19<1B K%&<E<%1 %G>"./ &K>.<>& "E >"./ &<E>3 K"#E<.6$"#$S %G  G+&0%#0-%*% &KK) "19 %G  CF 5%$6%0%)  G+&0%#0-%*%%&&,$%-1# "19  GF 7%>*+$%0%  "#> 9%+<1"1E .%+K%1>1E& %G +"1S .%#"$ #>>G& ".#%&& E/> #>B<%13>F>1 #>"./<1B K>#.>1E #>$"E<F> .%F># F"$6>& %G CO E% DOg %G E/> .%#"$$<1> G"61" "E +"1S &<E>&3H6E /"F> &/%;>9 &<B1<G<."1E #>.>1E 9>.$<1>& "& " #>&6$E %G &>9<+>1E,$"9>1 "19 16E#<>1E,

 !"#$%&'$( A">$

;1#"<

&BC>$%-$(

"%$"

.'"/

H1%"< 8$$3 M

H1<1,+N$(

6"%(C1##1>

.'"/

7BC>$%-$(

G$-$#"#+1,

.'"/

?,F1,&1<+("#$(

&$(+>$,#& M 1#'$%

.'"/

Q61E" -%$9"9% LQ-`R DN 42 T)C 4M

(1&>1"9" 7"$>1" L(78R :W 2W 2O)D W)T

!"S% A"I<E< L!A8R N2 2C D: C)2

["/<" 7%&J6<E% L[7`R 22D :W N4 C)M

(1&>1"9" c6$$"9%&" L(cbR D4 ,, CM 4)W

Q6>#E% A>$ 7"1B$"# LQA7R 4O2 DW 22: :O

Q$"S" \"#B" LQ\8R 2OT WW N)M M)M

Q$"S" l%1< LQl`R TT C: 2: M)T

@+0%$ ZYM 3X! D3M ]]

O

4O

CO

TO

WO

2OO

24O

Q-` (78 !A8 [7` (cb QA7 Q\8 Ql`

   4

  %  $  "   .   '  "   /

*>>G y !%$%1<@>9

^>B>E"E<%1

->9<+>1E& "19 `E/>#

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 18/34

 Marine Ecosystems144

$%"9>9 #61%GG K6$&>&3 <1 .%+H<1"E<%1 ;<E/ .$<+"E>,#>$"E>9 <+K".E& L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%34O2OP =>#1?19>@,Q"./>.% >E "$)3 4O22R)

   %    C

  o  v  e  r

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

M. annularisM. faveolata

 A. palmata

 A. cervicornis

Other species

Site

PSO EMA CDA BMO PDM-1 PDM-2 PLA PZO

   %    C

  o  v  e  r

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mac

Turf

CCA

Cya

 A)

B)

 

c<B) D) 7>"1 .%#"$ #>>G H>1E/<. K"#"+>E># F"$6>& G%# E/> ><B/E &E69S &<E>& <1 !6$>H#") c#%+E%Kh 8R Q>#.>1E .%#"$ .%F># %G G%6# %G E/> +%&E &>1&<E<F> -.$>#".E<1<"1 .%#"$ &K>.<>&L GF %&&,$%-1#3 GF 7%>*+$%0%3 CF 5%$6%0%3 CF .*->1.+-&1#RP [R Q>#.>1E .%F># %G E/> G%6# +%&E<+K%#E"1E "$B"$ G61.E<%1"$ B#%6K&h +".#%"$B"> L7".R3 E6#G3 .#6&E%&> .%#"$$<1> "$B"> L!!8R3"19 .S"1%H".E>#<" L!S"R)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 19/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 145

[>1E/<. /"H<E"E& ;>#> $"#B>$S 9%+<1"E>9 HS 1%1,#>>G H6<$9<1B E"_"3 +%&E$S "$B"> Lc<B6#> DHR)7".#%"$B"> "F>#"B>9 DMg ".#%&& "$$ &<E>& "19 ;"& K"#E<.6$"#$S 9%+<1"1E %1 .%#"$ #>>G&"9Z".>1E E% ;"E>#&/>9& ;<E/ /<B/># &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>& $<I> [7` LN4gR) b1K"$"E"H$>H#%;1 "$B"> 4;.01+0% &KK) "19 E+N+5:+-% >%-1*9%0% ;>#> 9%+<1"1E ".#%&& "$$ &<E>&3 ;<E/ %E/>#

 A)

   R  a   t   i  o

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Coral : Macroalgae

Coral : Turf 

Coral : Cyanobacteria

B)

Site

PSO EMA CDA BMO PDM-1 PDM-2 PLA PZO

   R  a   t   i  o

0

1

2

3

4

5

CCA:MacroalgaeCCA:Turf 

CCA:Cyanobacteria

 

c<B) T) qH+-%$ V %$9%$a #"E<%& Lc<B6#> T"R "19 qHHC V %$9%$a #"E<%& Lc<B6#> THR ".#%&& E/> ><B/E&E69S &<E>& <1 !6$>H#")

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 20/34

 Marine Ecosystems146

#>9 "19 B#>>1 +".#%"$B"> E/"E ;>#> $%."$$S "H619"1E "E !A8 "19 [7`) \%;>&E +".#%"$B"$.%F># ;"& 9%.6+>1E>9 "E (78 LD2gR "19 Ql` LCCgR) 8$B"$ E6#G ;"& E/> &>.%19 "H619"1E"$B"$ G61.E<%1"$ B#%6K L2CgR3 ;<E/ /<B/># F"$6>& "E (78 L4:gR "19 Ql` L44gR3 "19 $%;>#F"$6>& "E Q\8 LDgR "19 [7` LNgR) !#6&E%&> .%#"$$<1> "$B"> L!!8R /"9 " Mg +>"1 .%F>#

".#%&& "$$ &<E>&3 ;<E/ +"_<+6+ F"$6>& "E (78 L2CgR "19 Ql` L2:gR) U/> +<1<+6+ F"$6>;"& %H&>#F>9 "E [7` L4gR) c<1"$$S3 .S"1%H".E>#<" &/%;>9 " 1>"#$S Ng .%F># ".#%&& &<E>&3;<E/ E/> /<B/>&E F"$6> "E [7` L2CgR3 "19 E/> $%;>&E "E QA7 "19 Ql` L:gR)

U/> q.+-%$ V 6%.-+%$9%*a #"E<% ;"& /<B/>&E "E Ql` LO)4:R <19<."E<1B " /<B/># "H619"1.> %G .%#"$#>$"E<F> E% %E/># &<E>& H6E &E<$$ #>K#>&>1E<1B " +".#%"$B">,9%+<1"E>9 &S&E>+) U/<& #"E<% /"9<E& $%;>&E F"$6> "E !A8 LO)OCR Lc<B6#> T"R) U/> q.+-%$ V 0,-7 a #"E<% ;"& /<B/>&E "E Q\8 L4)COR3"19 $%;>&E "E !A8 LO):OR3 ;/<$> E/> q.+-%$ V .;%&+N%.0*-1%a #"E<% ;"& /<B/>&E "E Q-` L4)4DR3 "19$%;>&E "E !A8 LO)::R) U/> qHHC V 6%.-+%$9%*a #"E<% ;"& /<B/>&E "E Ql` LO):OR3 "19 $%;>&E "E[7` LO)O:R Lc<B6#> THR) U/> qHHC V 0,-7^ #"E<% ;"& /<B/>&E "E Q\8 L4)4OR3 "19 $%;>&E "E [7`LO)4MR3 ;/<$> E/> qHHC V .;%&+N%.0*-1%a #"E<% ;"& /<B/>&E "E Q-` LC)::R3 "19 $%;>&E "E [7`

LO)2CR) \%; q.+-%$ V 6%.-+%$9%*a "19 qHHC V 6%.-+%$9%*a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

4.3 Watershed assessment

8..%#9<1B E% -U5,(*`-3 1"E6#"$ &%6#.>& %G &>9<+>1E G#%+ ;<E/<1 E/> ><B/E &E69S ;"E>#&/>9&.%1E#<H6E> 4)T E%1& %G &>9<+>1E >F>#S S>"# E% E/> .%"&E"$ ;"E>#& %G !6$>H#" L[%_ 4R) U/<&>&E<+"E> E#"1&$"E>& <1E% "1 "#>",1%#+"$<@>9 S<>$9 #"E> %G O)CO E%1& I+,4  S#,23 ;/<./ <& "1%#9># %G +"B1<E69> $%;># E/"1 E/> 4)T i T)N E%1& I+,4 S#,2 >&E<+"E>9 G%# E/#>> ;"E>#&/>9& %1E/> <&$"19 %G -E) 5%/13 b)-)^)Y L*"+%&,-./"##013 4OOCR) U/> 9<GG>#>1.> H>E;>>1 E/>&> #"E>& <&96> E% E/> $".I %G "1S &>9<+>1E .%1E#<H6E<%1 G#%+ E#>>E/#%; "19 &E#>"+H"1I >#%&<%1 <1!6$>H#"3 E;% <+K%#E"1E &%6#.>& %G &>9<+>1E 9%+<1"E<1B &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>& 619>#1"E6#"$ .%19<E<%1& <1 -E) 5%/1 L*"+%&,-./"##01 "19 7".A%1"$93 4OON"R) -U5,(*`- >&E<+"E>9E/"E E/> E%E"$ .%1E#<H6E<%1 G#%+ E/> 61K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I <1 E/> ><B/E &E69S "#>"& <1!6$>H#" <& :CN E%1& K># S>"# %# 2:: E<+>& /<B/># E/"1 H".IB#%619 #"E>&3 "19 E/"E E/>

&>9<+>1E B>E& 9<&E#<H6E>9 HS " E%E"$ %G 2TO #%"9 9#"<1"B> K%<1E& &K#>"9 E/#%6B/%6E E/>>1E<#> "#>" L[%_ 4R) !6##>1E &>9<+>1E S<>$9 #"E>& <1.$69<1B .%1E#<H6E<%1& G#%+ H%E/619<&E6#H>9 /<$$&$%K>& "19 E/> 61K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I G#%+ "$$ ><B/E ;"E>#&/>9& "#>>&E<+"E>9 "E :N): E S#,2 LD)T E I+,4 S#,2R)

-U5,(*`- >&E<+"E>9 F>#S F"#<"H$> &>9<+>1E S<>$9& G%# <19<F<96"$ ;"E>#&/>9& L[%_ 4R) `1 %1>>_E#>+>3 Q-` #>K#>&>1E& "1 "#>" $".I<1B 9<#>.E "1E/#%K%B>1<. <+K".E& <1 E/"E <E .%1E"<1& 1%#%"9 9#"<1"B> K%<1E& "19 ;/>#> E/> >1E<#> O)OT E S,2  .%1E#<H6E<%1 <& &%$>$S 9>#<F>9 G#%+619<&E6#H>9 /<$$&$%K>&) -<+<$"#$S3 E/> ;"E>#&/>9 9<#>.E$S G#%1E<1B !A8 #>K#>&>1E& " H"#>$S<+K".E>9 "#>" ;<E/ &>9<+>1E S<>$9 #"E>& %1$S &$<B/E$S "H%F> 619<&E6#H>9 .%19<E<%1& 96> E% E/>#>96.>9 $>1BE/ %G 61K"F>9 #%"9& LU"H$> 2R) (783 [7`3 Q\83 "19 Ql` #>K#>&>1E <1E>#+>9<"E>

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 21/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 147

9<&E6#H"1.> .%19<E<%1& ;<E/ " +%#> /<B/$S &<B1<G<."1E K#>&>1.> %G 61K"F>9 #%"9& $>"9<1B E%&>9<+>1E S<>$9 #"E>& #"1B<1B G#%+ 2O)N E% CT)C E%1& S#,2) 7>"1;/<$>3 (cb "19 QA7 #>K#>&>1E"#>"& ;<E/ >_E#>+>$S /<B/ &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>& %G 224 "19 2DC E%1& S# ,23 #>&K>.E<F>$S) U/>/<B/ 9>$<F>#S #"E>& G%# (cb "19 QA7 "#> 96> E% E/> K#>&>1.> %G " 9>1&> 61K"F>9 &E>>K #%"9

1>E;%#I "19 #%"9 .%19<E<%1& E/"E "#> K#%1> E% /<B/ #%"9 &>9<+>1E K#%96.E<%1 #"E>& L<)>)3&E>>K># &$%K>& "19 "H619"1.> %G G#>J6>1E$S B#"9>9 #%"9&R) Y1 "99<E<%13 G%# E/> K"#E<.6$"# ."&>%G (cb E/> /<B/ 9>$<F>#S #"E>& "#> "$&% 96> E% E/> $".I %G " K#%+<1>1E ;>E$"19 H6GG># "#>" E/"E.%6$9 K#%+%E> E/> &>EE$<1B %G &>9<+>1E H>G%#> <E >1E>#& E/> H"S) 8$E/%6B/ (cb 9%>& 1%E&6KK%#E .%#"$ #>>G >.%&S&E>+&3 <E 9<9 /"F> " 9<#>.E "19 #"K<9 %.>"1%B#"K/<. .%11>.E<F<ES ;<E/!A83 "19 ;<E/ [7` <1 " $>&&># 9>B#>>3 K"#E<.6$"#$S 96#<1B >HH<1B E<9>&) e%#+"$<@>9&>9<+>1E S<>$9 #"E>& G%# <19<F<96"$ ;"E>#&/>9& #"1B>9 H>E;>>1 O)TW "19 44O E%1& I+ ,4  S#,23;/<./ >_K"19 H>S%19 E/> WiCT E%1& I+,4 S#,2 #"E>& >&E<+"E>9 G%# E/#>> ;"E>#&/>9& %1 -E) 5%/1L*"+%&,-./"##01 "19 7".A%1"$93 4OONHR) ]/<$> E/> $%;># #"E>& <1 !6$>H#" #>K#>&>1E #"E>&>J6"$ E% H".IB#%619 .%19<E<%1&3 E/> 6KK># #"1B> %G E/>&> #"E>& #>K#>&>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>& E/"E "#>6K E% :4O E<+>& /<B/># E/"1 H".IB#%619 $>F>$&)

[%_ 4) 7"K K#>&>1E& %1> %KE<%1 G%# B>%B#"K/<."$$S 9<&K$"S<1B E/> -U5,(*`- +%9>$ #>&6$E&)Q%<1E& <1 E/> +"K #>K#>&>1E E/> "116"$ "+%61E %G 61K"F>9 #%"9 &>9<+>1E #>"./<1B "K"#E<.6$"# #%"9 9#"<1"B> &E#6.E6#> ;<E/<1 E/> ><B/E &E69S ;"E>#&/>9&) U/> E"H$> "19 G<B6#>&6++"#<@> E/> >&E<+"E>9 &>9<+>1E S<>$9 #"E>& #>$"E>9 E% H%E/ 1"E6#"$ 619<&E6#H>9 /<$$&$%K>&"19 E/> 61K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I "..%#9<1B E% -U5,(*`-)

4.4 Watershed-marine habitat selection

]"E>#&/>9 &<@> "19 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S K%E>1E<"$3 "& ;>$$ "& E/> $>1BE/ "19 ./"#".E>#<&E<.& %GE/> 61K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I /"F> " 9<#>.E <1G$6>1.> %1 "1E/#%K%B>1<.,9#<F>1 &>9<+>1E S<>$93;/<./ <1 E6#1 <+K".E "9Z".>1E .%#"$ #>>G >.%&S&E>+&) \"#B># ;"E>#&/>9& /"F<1B "

 !"#$%&'$(

O"F=-%1B,(

&$(+>$,# J+$<(

.# J%DP/

?,2"@$( %1"(

&$(+>$,# J+$<(

.# J%DP/

 HB%%$,# Q

C"F=-%1B,(

&$(+>$,# J+$<(&

A1%>"<+N$(

&$(+>$,# J+$<(&

.#1,& =>DR J%DP/

Q-` O)OT O)O 2 O)TW

(78 O)OM 2O)W 244 T2

!A8 O)2W O):T : 2)4

[7` O)CO CT)C 22N :D

(cb O)CW 2DC :4: 44O

QA7 O)W4 22N 2CC C:

Q\8 O):O 2O)N :N 42

Ql` O)4M 24)N CD 2T

@+0%$ 3FW DM3

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 22/34

 Marine Ecosystems148

A)

Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   T  o   t  a   l  r  e  e   f  a  r  e  a   (   h  a   )

0

20

40

60

80

100

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMAPSO

EFU

X

  Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    C

  o  r  a   l

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMA

PSO

B)

EFU

X

 

Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %   r

  e   l  a   t   i  v  e  c  o  v  e  r   A .  p  a   l  m  a   t  a

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35C)

CDA   PDM2

PDM1BMO

PLA

PZO

EMA

PSOEFU

X

  Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    R

  e   l  a   t   i  v  e  c  o  v  e  r   A .  c  e  r  v   i  c  o  r  n   i  s

0

1

2

3

4D)

CDA  PDM2

PDM1BMO

PLA

PZO

EMAPSOEFU

X

 

Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    R

  e   l  a   t   i  v  e  c  o  v  e  r   M .  a  n  n  u   l  a  r   i  s

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0E)

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMA

PSO

EFUX

  Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    R

  e   l  a   t   i  v  e  c  o  v  e  r   M .

   f  a  v  e  o   l  a   t  a

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7F)

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMA

PSO

EFU

X

 

c<B) N) *>$"E<%1&/<K H>E;>>1 &>9<+>1E $%"9<1B #"E>& "19 &>F>#"$ H>1E/<. K"#"+>E>#& ".#%&&<+K".E>9 .%#"$ #>>G& <1 !6$>H#"h 8R U%E"$ #>>G "#>"P [R Q>#.>1E $<F<1B .%#"$ .%F>#P !R Q>#.>1E#>$"E<F> .%F># %G -E"B/%#1 .%#"$ L C.-+5+-% .*->1.+-&1#RP AR Q>#.>1E #>$"E<F> .%F># %G ($I/%#1.%#"$ L CF 5%$6%0%RP (R Q>#.>1E #>$"E<F> .%F># %G !%$6+1"# &E"# .%#"$ L G+&0%#0-%*% %&&,$%-1#RP"19 cR Q>#.>1E #>$"E<F> .%F># %G \"+<1"# &E"# .%#"$ L GF 7%>*+$%0%R) !%$%#& #>K#>&>1E E/> Z6&E<G<."E<%1 G%# >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ ".E<%1& "& G%$$%;&h x>$$%;r #>+>9<"E<%1P X#"Sr K#>F>1E<%1P"19 Q<1Ir K#>&>#F"E<%1 "& <19<."E>9 <1 c<B6#> C) Q%<1E qza 9>1%E>& " +%#> #>"$<&E<. .%19<E<%1G%# !A8 96> E% <E& 9%;1 .6##>1E %.>"1%B#"K/<. .%11>.E<F<ES ;<E/ (cb "19 E/> #>&E %G(1&>1"9" =%19" Lc<B6#> 2R)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 23/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 149

Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    T

  o   t  a   l  a   l  g  a  e

0

5

80

100A)

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZOEMA

PSO

EFU

X

  Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    M

  a  c  r  o  a   l  g  a  e

0

40

60

80B)

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMAPSO

EFU

X

 

Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    T

  u  r   f

0

5

10

15

20

25C)

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMA

PSO

EFU

X

  Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    C

   C   A

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16D)

CDA   PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZOEMA

PSO

EFU

X

 

Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   %    C

  y  a  n  o   b  a  c   t  e  r   i  a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

E)

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMA

PSO

EFU

X

  Sediment loading rates (tons/yr)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

   C  o  r  a   l  :   M  a  c  r  o  a   l  g  a  e  r  a   t   i  o

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25F)

CDA

PDM2

PDM1

BMO

PLA

PZO

EMA

PSO

EFU

X

 

c<B) W) *>$"E<%1&/<K H>E;>>1 &>9<+>1E $%"9<1B #"E>& "19 &>F>#"$ H>1E/<. K"#"+>E>#& ".#%&&<+K".E>9 .%#"$ #>>G& <1 !6$>H#"h 8R Q>#.>1E E%E"$ "$B"$ .%F>#P [R Q>#.>1E +".#%"$B"$ .%F>#P!R Q>#.>1E "$B"$ E6#G .%F>#P AR Q>#.>1E .#6&E%&> .%#"$$<1> "$B"> L!!8R .%F>#P (R Q>#.>1E.S"1%H".E>#<"$ .%F>#P "19 cR H+-%$ V G%.-+%$9%* #"E<%) !%$%#& #>K#>&>1E E/> Z6&E<G<."E<%1 G%#>#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ ".E<%1& "& G%$$%;&h x>$$%;r #>+>9<"E<%1P X#"Sr K#>F>1E<%1P "19Q<1Ir K#>&>#F"E<%1 "& <19<."E>9 <1 c<B6#> C) Q%<1E qza 9>1%E>& " +%#> #>"$<&E<. .%19<E<%1 G%#!A8 96> E% <E& 9%;1 .6##>1E %.>"1%B#"K/<. .%11>.E<F<ES ;<E/ (cb "19 E/> #>&E %G (1&>1"9"=%19" Lc<B6#> 2R)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 24/34

 Marine Ecosystems150

/<B/># 9>1&<ES %G &E>>K 61K"F>9 "19 B#"9>9 #%"9& &/%;>9 E/> /<B/>&E &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S#"E>& E% "9Z".>1E ;"E>#&3 %GE>1 <+K".E<1B $"#B> .%#"$ #>>G "#>"& L[%_ 4P c<B6#> N"R) c%#>_"+K$>3 QA7 "19 [7` H%E/ #>K#>&>1E $"#B> "#>"& B>1>#"E<1B /<B/ &>9<+>1E S<>$9& "19"&&%.<"E>9 #>>G &S&E>+& ;<E/ K"#"+>E>#& E/"E +%&E$S K$".> E/>+ ;<E/<1 ;/"E ;%6$9 H>

.%1&<9>#>9 <+K".E>9 #>>G &S&E>+& L<)>)3 $%; E% +%9>#"E> .%#"$ .%F>#3 /<B/ "$B"$ .%F>#"B>3"19 $%; E% +%9>#"E> .%#"$ E% +".#%"$B"> #"E<%&3 "+%1B %E/>#&R Lc<B6#>& NH,NG3 W",WGR)U/>#>G%#>3 &6KK%#E G%# &>$>.E<1B E/>&> E;% "#>"& "& K#<%#<ES &<E>& G%# E/> <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 %G>#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ +>"&6#>& .%6$9 H> Z6&E<G<>9 "& "EE>+KE& E% q#>+>9<"E>a <+K".E>9 &S&E>+&) Y1.%1E#"&E3 &+"$$ 9#"<1"B> "#>"& $<I> Q-`3 (783 Q\83 "19 Ql` S<>$9 &>9<+>1E& "E F>#S $%;#"E>& "19 >"./ <& "&&%.<"E>9 ;<E/ #>>G& E/"E .%6$9 H> .%1&<9>#>9 <1 B%%9 E% +%9>#"E>.%19<E<%1 #>$"E<F> E% "$$ %E/># &E69S &<E>& L<)>)3 +%9>#"E> E% /<B/ .%#"$ .%F>#3 " #>$"E<F>$S /<B/"H619"1.> %G -E"B/%#13 ($I/%#13 !%$6+1"#3 "19 \"+<1"# &E"# .%#"$3 $%; E% /<B/ "$B"$.%F>#"B>3 "19 /<B/ .%#"$ E% +".#%"$B"$ #"E<%R Lc<B6#>& NH,NG3 W",WGR) -6KK%#E G%# >#%&<%1.%1E#%$ %1 E/>&> ;"E>#&/>9& .%6$9 H> ."E"$%B6>9 "& " qK#>F>1E<F>a >GG%#E) e% >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$>GG%#E& ;<E/<1 E/> ><B/E &E69S "#>"& .%6$9 H> .%1&<9>#>9 E% H> <1 E/> &K<#<E %G qK#>&>#F"E<%1a96> E% E/> B>1>#"$ K%%# .%19<E<%1 %G E/> #>>G&)

U;% "#>"& E/"E +>#<E E% H> "1"$S@>9 <1 +%#> 9>E"<$ ;<E/ #>&K>.E E% E/><# &>9<+>1E $%"9& "19.%#"$ .%19<E<%1& "#> (cb "19 !A8) (cb .%1&<&E& %G " +%9>#"E>$S,&<@>9 "#>" ;<E/ " /<B/"H619"1.> %G 61K"F>9 #%"9& "19 <E #>K#>&>1E& E/> /<B/>&E >&E<+"E>9 &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>&"+%1B "$$ &E69S "#>"& L[%_ 4R) 7>"1;/<$>3 !A8 .%1&<&E& %G " &+"$$ 9#"<1"B> "#>" ;<E/ F>#S$<EE$> &>9<+>1E S<>$9& "19 " +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E ;<E/ " F>#S $%; .%#"$ .%F># "19 "1"H619"1.> %G +".#%"$B"> L[%_ 43 c<B6#>& NH3 WHR) U/> +"#<1> /"H<E"E 9<#>.E$S .%11>.E>9 E%(cb .%1&<&E& %G "1 <+K%#E"1E &6H+>#B>9 "J6"E<. F>B>E"E<%1 "#>"3 E/>#>G%#> 1% "#B6+>1E G%#>#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ .%6$9 H> Z6&E<G<>9 H"&>9 %1 " &E#<.E <1E>#K#>E"E<%1 %G %6# &./>+> E/"E %1$S.%1&<9>#& E/> "H619"1.> "19 .%19<E<%1 %G E/> <++>9<"E>$S "9Z".>1E #>>G &S&E>+&) ]> "#B6>E/"E >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ <1 E/> (cb ;"E>#&/>9 .%6$9 H> Z6&E<G<>9 H"&>9 %1 E/> "#B6+>1E E/"E+"#<1> &S&E>+& "#> <1E>#.%11>.E>9 E/#%6B/ .%+K$>_ >.%$%B<."$ G61.E<%1"$<E<>& &% E/"EH>1>G<E& E% " -8^,9%+<1"E>9 "#>" .%6$9 "$&% &>#F> E% <+K#%F> .%19<E<%1& %1 1>"#HS #>>G"#>"&) Y1 E/> K"#E<.6$"# ."&> %G (cb3 "1>.9%E"$ >F<9>1.> <19<."E>& E/"E E/> &>9<+>1E K$6+>E/"E G$%;& %6E %G E/> (cb +"#<1> "#>" 9<#>.E$S "GG>.E& E/> <+K".E>9 !A8 #>>G &S&E>+L=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 K>#&) %H&)R) U/>#>G%#>3 >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%1 "E (cb .%6$9 H> Z6&E<G<>9 <1E>#+& %G H%E/ K#>&>#F<1B E/> -^8 "#>" "E (cb "19 <1 #>+>9<"E<1B E/> "9Z".>1E #>>G &S&E>+&"E !A8) U/> <1E>#.%11>.E<F<ES H>E;>>1 (cb "19 !A83 "19 H>E;>>1 (1&>1"9" =%19" "19"$$ %G <E& >1.%+K"&&<1B H"S& Lc<B6#> 2R3 &<B1"$& E/> F"$6> %G .6+6$"E<F> >1F<#%1+>1E"$<+K".E& "19 "1>.9%E"$ <1G%#+"E<%1 <1 +"I<1B G<1"$ 9>.<&<%1& G%# K#<%#<E<@<1B >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$

>GG%#E& "19 E/> K%E>1E<"$ G%# <1.%#K%#"E<1B %E/># G".E%#& &6./ "& %.>"1%B#"K/<. .6##>1EK"EE>#1& <1 %6# "1"$S&>&)

4.5 Site and BMP selection

U/> QA7 ;"E>#&/>9 ;"& ./%&>1 "& E/> E"#B>E "#>" G%# .%196.E<1B .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& "1"$S&>&H>."6&> %G <E& /<B/ &>9<+>1E S<>$9 #"E>&3 <E& #>$"E<F>$S >_E>1&<F> 61K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I3 "19E/> K%%# E% +%9>#"E> .%19<E<%1 %G <E& "9Z".>1E +"#<1> #>&%6#.>&) QA7 .%1E"<1& " E%E"$ %G M)CI+ %G 61K"F>9 #%"9&3 &6H,9<F<9>9 <1E% 2OC <19<F<96"$ #%"9 &>B+>1E& ;/<./ <1 E%E"$ 9>$<F>#224 E%1& %G &>9<+>1E >F>#S S>"# <1E% E/> #>.><F<1B .%"&E"$ ;"E>#& L[%_ 4R) U/> "F>#"B> #%"9&>B+>1E /"& " $>1BE/ %G MO + "19 " &$%K> %G Ng ;<E/ <19<F<96"$ F"$6>& #"1B<1B H>E;>>1 24 i

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 25/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 151

:MO + "19 G#%+ Og E% 4Dg3 #>&K>.E<F>$S) U;>1ES,&>F>1 #%"9 &>B+>1E& <19<F<96"$$S.%1E#<H6E> +%#> E/"1 O)W4 E%1& S#,23 ;/<./ <& E/> >&E<+"E>9 H".IB#%619 &>9<+>1E S<>$9 $>F>$G%# E/<& ;"E>#&/>9 L[%_ :R) 8$E/%6B/ E/>&> #%"9 &>B+>1E& #>K#>&>1E %1$S :Tg %G E/> E%E"$61K"F>9 #%"9 1>E;%#I "19 "KK#%_<+"E>$S O)Tg %G E/> >1E<#> ;"E>#&/>9 &6#G".> "#>" Lw 2)T

/"R3 E/>S "#> #>&K%1&<H$> G%# WTg %G <E& &>9<+>1E S<>$9) U/#>> &>B+>1E& >1.%+K"&&<1B O)NCI+ %G #%"9& <19<F<96"$$S .%1E#<H6E> "1 >_.>&& %G 2O E%1& %G &>9<+>1E K># S>"# L#%"9 &>B+>1E<9a& 2,: <1 [%_ :R "19 E%B>E/># S<>$9 D4 E%1& S#,2  %# CCg %G E/> "116"$ &>9<+>1E $%"9) U/>&K"E<"$ 9<&E#<H6E<%1 "19 9>$<F>#S #"E>& G#%+ <19<F<96"$ #%"9 &>B+>1E& G%619 E/#%6B/%6EQA7 #>+<19& 6& E/"E &>9<+>1E K%$$6E<%1 <1 E/<& "19 +%&E ;"E>#&/>9& /"& " E#6> 1%1,K%<1E&%6#.> 1"E6#> H6E E/"E K"#E<.6$"# #%"9 &>B+>1E& %6E;><B/ E/><# .%61E>#K"#E& <1 E/><# #>$"E<F>.%1E#<H6E<%1 E% ;"E>#&/>9,&."$> &>9<+>1E S<>$9&)

[%_ :) 7"K .%1E"<1& "1%E/># K%&&<H<$<ES G%# 9<&K$"S<1B E/> #>&6$E& %G E/> -U5,(*`- +%9>$ HS6&<1B " .%$%#,.%9>9 &./>+> E% #>K#>&>1E E/> "+%61E %G "116"$ &>9<+>1E .%1E#<H6E<%1 G#%+<19<F<96"$ 61K"F>9 #%"9 &>B+>1E& <1 E/> Q6>#E% 9>$ 7"1B$"# LQA7R ;"E>#&/>9) e6+H>#&<1 E/> +"K #>K#>&>1E E/> E%K,E>1 #"1I>9 #%"9 &>B+>1E& H"&>9 %1 E/><# <19<F<96"$ &>9<+>1E.%1E#<H6E<%1 >&E<+"E>&) U%K,#<B/E B#"K/ 9<&K$"S& E/> "116"$ &>9<+>1E .%1E#<H6E<%1 G#%+>"./ %G E/> 2OC 61K"F>9 #%"9 &>B+>1E& %G E/> QA7 "19 E/> .6+6$"E<F> K#%K%#E<%1 %G E/>E%E"$ >&E<+"E>9 &>9<+>1E S<>$9) [%EE%+,#<B/E B#"K/ 9<&K$"S& E/> #>$"E<%1&/<K H>E;>>1.6+6$"E<F> <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 .%&E& "19 .6+6$"E<F> #>96.E<%1& <1 &>9<+>1E S<>$9& G%# E/> E/#>>E#>"E+>1E %KE<%1& 9>&.#<H>9 <1 U"H$> 4) !6+6$"E<F> .%&E& "19 &"F<1B& "#> .%1&>.6E<F>$S"99>9 H"&>9 %1 E/> &>9<+>1E $%"9 #"1I<1B& 9<&K$"S>9 %1 E/> E%K B#"K/)

Q"F<1B "$$ #%"9& ;<E/<1 QA7 ;%6$9 #>96.> &>9<+>1E S<>$9& HS 2OT E%1& S#,2  "..%#9<1B E%%6# >&E<+"E>& L[%_ :R) U/>&> #>96.E<%1& ;%6$9 <+K$S " K%&E,E#>"E+>1E &>9<+>1E S<>$9 #"E> %G22 E%1& S#,23 %# #%6B/$S 2Og %G K#>,E#>"E+>1E $>F>$& L22N E%1& S#,2R) U/>&> 9>$<F>#S #"E>&

O

4O

CO

TO

WO

2OO

24O

 v2O3OOO v2OO3OOO v23OOO3OOO   H  B  >  B   <  "   #   +  @  $  &  $   (   +  >  $  ,

   #  J   +  $   <   (  %  $   (  B   #   +  1  ,

   .   #  1  ,  &  J

  %  D   P   /

HB>B<"#+@$ F1&#& 13 O:0 +>2<$>$,#"#+1, .?K7K *1<<"%&/

Q"F>9 ;<E/ B6EE>#

b1K"F>9 ;<E/ B6EE>#

b1K"F>9 ;<E/ #%$$<1B 9<K&

Og

4Dg

DOg

NDg

2OOg

O)OO2

O)O2

O)2

2

2O

2OO

O 2O 4O :O CO DO TO NO WO MO 2OO   0  %  1  2  1  %   #   +  1  ,  1   3   #  1   #  "   <  &  $   (   +  >

  $  ,   #  J   +  $   <   (  &

   7  $   (   +  >  $  ,   #  F  1  ,   #  %   +   C  B   #   +  1  ,

   .   #  1  ,  &  J  %  D   P   /

81"( 7$->$,# E($,#+3+F"#+1, AB>C$%

e>E .%1E#<H6E<%1

!6+6$"E<F> .%1E#<H6E<%1

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 26/34

 Marine Ecosystems152

;%6$9 &E<$$ H> 2: E<+>& /<B/># E/"1 H".IB#%619) c619& #>J6<#>9 E% "./<>F> E/<& B%"$ ;%6$9"+%61E E% vT)27 G%# "1 %F>#"$$ .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& +>"&6#> %G vDN)Np K># E%1 #>96.>9) U/>#>+"<1<1B 9<&.#>K"1.S H>E;>>1 K%&E,E#>"E+>1E &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>& ;<E/ H".IB#%619$%"9 $>F>$& "19 E/> .%&E& #>J6<#>9 G%# "./<>F<1B E/%&> $>F>$& /<B/$<B/E E/> 61G>"&<H<$<ES %G

"EE>+KE<1B E% G6$$S #>&E%#> .%19<E<%1& E% K#>,9<&E6#H"1.> #"E>&) *%"9 9#"<1"B><+K#%F>+>1E& "..%+K$<&/>9 HS K$".<1B #%$$<1B 9<K& %# K"F>9 B6EE>#& >F>#S :O + %1 "$$ #%"9&>B+>1E& <1 QA7 ;%6$9 #>96.> &>9<+>1E S<>$9& HS W4 E%1& S#,2  L[%_ :R) Q%&E,E#>"E+>1E9>$<F>#S #"E>& ;%6$9 H> :D E%1& S#,23 %# #%6B/$S :Og %G K#>,E#>"E+>1E $>F>$&) !%&E& #>$"E>9 E%E/> <1&E"$$"E<%1 %G E/> #%$$<1B 9<K& "19 K"F>9 B6EE># E#>"E+>1E& ;<E/ E/><# "..%+K"1S<1B&>9<+>1E ./>.I 9"+& "19 >1>#BS 9<&&<K"E>#& %1 "$$ #%"9& ;%6$9 .%&E v:)O7 "19 v:):73#>&K>.E<F>$S) U/> %F>#"$$ .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& +>"&6#> ;%6$9 H> v:N)2p K># E%1 G%# E/> #%$$<1B9<K& +>E/%9 "19 vCO)Op E%1,2 G%# K"F>9 B6EE>#&3 %# TCg , TMg +%#> .%&E,>GG>.E<F> L<)>)3 $>&&>_K>1&<F> K># 61<E E%1 #>96.>9R E/"1 K"F<1B "$$ #%"9&) =%;>F>#3 K"F<1B "$$ #%"9& ;%6$9&"F> E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E "1 "99<E<%1"$ 4C E%1& S#,2 E/"E 1><E/># %G E/> E;% #%"9 9#"<1"B>

<+K#%F>+>1E +>E/%9& L<)>)3 #%$$<1B 9<K& "19 K"F>9 B6EE>#&R ;%6$9 H> "H$> E% "./<>F>)Y1 #>"$<ES3 E/> /<B/ .%&E& #>J6<#>9 G%# <+K$>+>1E<1B E#>"E+>1E& %1 "$$ #%"9& <1 QA7 +"I>E/<& "1 61G>"&<H$> E"&I) U/>#>G%#>3 9>F<&<1B " K#<%#<E<@"E<%1 &E#"E>BS <& >&&>1E<"$ E% >&E"H$<&/K#<.> E"B& G%# 9<GG>#>1E &>9<+>1E #>96.E<%1 B%"$&) `6# "1"$S&>& &/%; E/"E E/> H>&E &%$6E<%1 <1E>#+& %G +"_<+<@<1B #>96.E<%1& ;/<$> +<1<+<@<1B .%&E& 9>K>19& %1 E/> "+%61E %G G619&"F"<$"H$> G%# E#>"E+>1E <+K$>+>1E"E<%1 L[%_ :R) YG %1$S #%6B/$S vNOp "#> "F"<$"H$> E/>1 E/>%1$S G>"&<H$> %KE<%1& "#> E/> E;% E#>"E+>1E& <1F%$F<1B 9#"<1"B> <+K#%F>+>1E&3 "19 E/>&>G619& ;%6$9 %1$S K#%K>#$S "99#>&& %1> #%"9 &>B+>1E L-<E> e%) 2R "19 "./<>F> " #>96.E<%1%G "KK#%_<+"E>$S 2W E%1& S#,2) YG "F"<$"H$> G619& #"1B> H>E;>>1 v2:Op "19 v4OOp E/>1 E/>#>96.E<%1& <1 &>9<+>1E S<>$9& "./<>F>9 HS E/> E/#>> E#>"E+>1E %KE<%1& ;%6$9 H> F>#S &<+<$"#

L4Di4W E%1& S#,2

R3 H6E <G "F"<$"H$> G619& #"1B> G#%+ v4OOp E% vNOOp B#>"E># #>96.E<%1& ;%6$9H> "./<>F>9 HS #%"9 9#"<1"B> <+K#%F>+>1E& E/"1 HS K"F<1B) e>F>#E/>$>&&3 <G G619& >_.>>9vNOOp E/>1 #%"9 K"F<1B H>.%+>& " +%#> G"F%#"H$> %KE<%1 E/"1 ><E/># %G E/> %E/># E;%E#>"E+>1E %KE<%1&)

YE <& <+K%#E"1E E% 1%E> E/"E E/> "1"$S&<& K#>&>1E>9 />#> 9%>& 1%E <1.$69> %E/># K%&&<H$>E#>"E+>1E &.>1"#<%&) `1> K%&&<H<$<ES ;%6$9 H> E% G6#E/># >_K$%#> +"1<K6$"E<1B E/> #"1I<1B%G <19<F<96"$ #%"9 &>B+>1E& E% "EE>+KE E% G6#E/># +"_<+<@> E/> .%&E,>GG>.E<F>1>&& +>"&6#>)7"1<K6$"E<%1& %G &<E> K#<%#<ES #"1I<1B& G%# E/> QA7 ;"E>#&/>9 9<9 1%E 9<&K$"S +6./9<GG>#>1.> E% E/> %1> H"&>9 &<+K$S %1 &>9<+>1E S<>$9 .%1E#<H6E<%1& &/%;1 <1 [%_ :3 H6E E/<&9%>& 1%E "KK>"# E% H> E/> ."&> G%# &%+> %G E/> %E/># &>F>1 ;"E>#&/>9& &E69<>9) Y1 "99<E<%13

E/> "1"$S&<& &/%;1 />#> 9%>& 1%E >_K$%#> "KK$S<1B " +<_ %G E/> E/#>> E#>"E+>1E& %KE<%1& "19E/<& +<B/E K#%F<9> "1%E/># "$E>#1"E<F> E/"E B>1>#"E>& +%#> .%&E,>GG>.E<F> #>&6$E&)

8$E/%6B/ 1% &K"E<"$ <1G%#+"E<%1 ;"& 6&>9 E% >&E"H$<&/ E/> K#<%#<ES #"1I<1B %G E/> #%"9&>B+>1E&3 E/<& I<19 %G <1G%#+"E<%1 &/%6$9 "$&% H> .%1&<9>#>9 ;/>1 +"I<1B 9>.<&<%1&)*%"9& ;<E/ "1 %HF<%6& 9<#>.E .%11>.E<F<ES ;<E/ E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E &/%6$9 H>.%1E>+K$"E>9 "& /<B/ K#<%#<ES ."19<9"E>&) Y1 E/> ."&> %G E/> QA7 ;"E>#&/>93 +"1S %G E/>E%K #"1I>9 &<E>& H"&>9 &<+K$S %1 "116"$ &>9<+>1E .%1E#<H6E<%1 L>)B)3 &<E>& 2,D "19 2O <1 [%_:R 1%E %1$S &/%; 6K "& .%1E#<H6E<1B $"#B> "+%61E& %G &>9<+>1E H6E "#> "$&% $%."E>9 <1 .$%&>K#%_<+<ES E% E/> +"#<1> >1F<#%1+>1E "19 "#> $<I>$S .%1E#<H6E<1B &>9<+>1E F>#S >GG>.E<F>$S<1E% .%"&E"$ ;"E>#&)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 27/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 153

5. Conclusions

=<B/ &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S #"E>& %1 /<B/$S >#%9<H$>3 "1E/#%K%B>1<.,9<&E6#H>9 &%<$& ."1 /"F>&<B1<G<."1E $%1B,E>#+ 9>$>E>#<%6& <+K".E& %1 .%#"$ #>>G H<%9<F>#&<ES3 &6&E"<1"H<$<ES3

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

<E& "&&%.<"E>9 >.%&S&E>+& L<)>)3 &>"B#"&& .%++61<E<>&3 +"1B#%F>&3 >&E6"#<1> &S&E>+&R) U/>"99<E<%1 %G $%1B,E>#+ .%#"$ #>>G .%++61<ES 9S1"+<.& 9"E" "& ;>$$ "& >1F<#%1+>1E"$K"#"+>E># <1G%#+"E<%1 L<)>)3 E6#H<9<ES3 /<B/ #>&%$6E<%1 &>9<+>1E $%"9<1B #"E>&3 &>9<+>1E.%+K%&<E<%1 "1"$S&<&3 %.>"1%B#"K/<. .6##>1E&3 >E.)R +"S G6#E/># >1/"1.> E/> ."K".<E<>& %G%6# K#%K%&>9 G#"+>;%#I)

U/> <1E>#9<&.<K$<1"#S "KK#%"./ K#>&>1E>9 />#> ;"& "KK$<>9 ;<E/<1 E/> .%1E>_E %G Y&$" 9>!6$>H#"3 K"#E %G E/> Q6>#E% *<."1 "#./<K>$"B% <1 E/> ("&E>#1 !"#<HH>"1) U/> &E#"E>BS &>#F>&<1 K"#E E% ./%%&> K#<%#<ES E"#B>E ;"E>#&/>9& G%# >#%&<%1 .%1E#%$ %1 E/> H"&<& %G E/> <1E>1E<%1&%G E/> +<E<B"E<%1 >GG%#E&) =>#> ;> #>.%B1<@> E/"E3 9>K>19<1B %1 .%#"$ #>>G .%19<E<%1 "19&>9<+>1E $%"9 #"E>&3 >#%&<%1 +<E<B"E<%1 >GG%#E& +"S /"F> E/#>> 9<GG>#>1E +%E<F"E<%1&h L2R E%

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

./"1B>,#>$"E>9 <+K".E& "19 E/> .6+6$"E<F> 9>B#"9"E<%1 "&&%.<"E>9 E% $%."$<@>9"1E/#%K%B>1<. G".E%#&3 <1.$69<1B 1>B$<B>1E $"19 6&> K#".E<.>&3 +"S ."6&> G6#E/># <##>K"#"H$>

.%#"$ #>>G 9>.$<1> <G $%."$ &E#>&&%# G".E%#& "#> 1%E >GG>.E<F>$S +"1"B>9 "19 +<E<B"E>9)

6. Acknowledgements

c619<1B G%# E/<& K#%Z>.E ;"& K#%F<9>9 E/#%6B/ " .%1E#".E ;<E/ E/> !%"&E"$ l%1>7"1"B>+>1E Q#%B#"+ %G E/> Q6>#E% *<.% A>K"#E+>1E %G e"E6#"$ "19 (1F<#%1+>1E"$*>&%6#.>& Lc>9>#"$ X#"1E e6+H># e8OWe`-C2MOCTWR) Q"#E<"$ G619<1B E% ()8) =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% ;"& K#%F<9>9 HS E/> !"#<HH>"1 !%#"$ *>>G& Y1&E<E6E>,b1<F>#&<ES %G Q6>#E% *<.% "E7"S"B{>@3 "19 HS E/> e"E<%1"$ -.<>1.> c%619"E<%1 E/#%6B/ B#"1E e-c =*A ON:CW4T E% E/>

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 28/34

 Marine Ecosystems154

!>1E># G%# 8KK$<>9 U#%K<."$ (.%$%BS "19 !%1&>#F"E<%1 "E bQ* *V% Q<>9#"&) ]> I<19$S".I1%;$>9B> E/> &6KK%#E K#%F<9>9 HS 7#) (#1>&E% A<"@ "19 7#) *"|$ -"1E<1< LQ*,Ae(*R3"19 7#) -"+6>$ () -6$><+?1,*"+%& L-%.<>9"9 8+H<>1E> 7"#<1%R)

7. References

819>#&%13 A)7) L2MMCR) X6<9>$<1>& G%# ->9<+>1E !%1E#%$ Q#".E<.>& <1 E/> Y1&6$"# !"#<HH>"1)!(Q U>./1<."$ *>K%#E e%) :43 b1<E>9 e"E<%1& (1F<#%1+>1E Q#%B#"++>,!"#<HH>"1(1F<#%1+>1E Q#%B#"++>3 DW K)

8#%1&%13 *)[)3 7.<1ES#>3 Y)X)3 Q#>./E3 ])c)3 U)5)U) 76#9%./3 y ]"K1<.I3 !)7) L4OO4R) U/>>_K"19<1B &."$> %G &K>.<>& E6#1%F># >F>1E& %1 .%#"$ #>>G& <1 [>$<@>) =.+$+91.%$ G+&+9-%5:#3 ^%$) N43 e%) 43 KK) 4::,4CM)

["$$"1E<1>3 A)\)3 8KK>$9%%#13 *)-)3 x%&/<%I"3 Q)3 ]><$3 ()3 8#+&E#%1B3 *)3 X"#.V"3 5)*)3 `E>#%3()3 Q"B?13 c)3 -/>#+"13 !)3 =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 [#6.I1>#3 8)3 y \<$S>&E#%+3!) L4OOWR) [<%$%BS "19 >.%$%BS %G Q6>#E% *<."1 .%#"$ #>>G&) Y13 [)7) *<>B$ y *)()

A%9B> L>9&)R3 H+-%$ )**7# +7 0:* \+-$'2 R+$F "F H+-%$ )**7# +7 0:* ?QC 3 -K#<1B>#,-.<>1.>} [6&<1>&& 7>9<" [)^)3 KK) :ND,COT)

[><1#%E/3 c)=)3 (1B>$3 *)5)3 \6B%3 5)\)3 -"1E<"B%3 !)\)3 *V%&3 -)3 y [#"11%13 X)*) L4OO:R)bK9"E>9 E"_%1%+<. .$"&&<G<."E<%1 %G E/> &%<$& %G Q6>#E% *<.%3 4OO4) 8B#<.6$E6#"$(_K>#<+>1E -E"E<%13 [6$$>E<1 e%) :O:3 b1<F>#&<ES %G Q6>#E% *<.%,7"S"B6>@3 N: K)

[>$$;%%93 A)*)3 =6B/>&3 U)Q)3 c%$I>3 !)3 y eS&E#~+) L4OOCR) !%1G#%1E<1B E/> .%#"$ #>>G .#<&<&)_%0,-*3 ^%$) C4M3 KK) W4N,W::)

[>#+"1,-"1E"1"3 A) L2MMTR) p<.I<1B `GG E/> [%%E&E#"K&, (1F<#%1+>1E3 A>F>$%K+>1E3 "19!%++61<ES Q%;># <1 Q6>#E% *<.%3 U/> b1<F>#&<ES %G 8#<@%1" Q#>&&3 Y-[e O,W2TD,2DMO,D3 U6.&%13 8l)

[<"B<3 e) L2MTDR) Q6>#E% *<.%a& ;"E># K%$$6E<%1 <+"B>) \%0*- J+$$,01+& /*'*-%01+& `+,-&%$3 ^%$):N3 e%) :3 KK) :W2,:M2)

[<"B<3 e) L2MTWR) U/> &6B"# <196&E#S <1 Q6>#E% *<.% "19 <E& #>$"E<%1 E% E/> <196&E#<"$ ;"&E>K#%H$>+) \%0*- J+$$,01+& /*'*-%01+& `+,-&%$3 ^%$) CO3 e%) W3 Q"#E Y3 KK) 2C4:,2C::)

[<#9&>S3 *)8) y ]>"F>#3 Q)\) L2MWNR) c%#>&E 8#>" U#>19& <1 Q6>#E% *<.%) b-A8,b- c%#>&E->#F<.>3 *>&>"#./ e%E> -`,::23 e>; `#$>"1&3 \83 KK)

[#"9&/";3 8)A) L2MMNR) ]/"E 9% ;> +>"1 HS #>&E%#"E<%1•) Y1h *>&E%#"E<%1 (.%$%BS "19-6&E"<1"H$> A>F>$%K+>1E3 p)7) b#H"1&I"3 e)*) ]>HH3 y Q)5) (9;"#9& L>9&)R3!"+H#<9B> b1<F>#&<ES Q#>&&3 !"+H#<9B>3 bp3 KK) W,2C)

[#"9&/";3 8)A) L4OO4R) Y1E#%96.E<%1 "19 K/<$%&%K/S) Y1h ="19H%%I %G (.%$%B<."$*>&E%#"E<%1, ^%$6+> 2h Q#<1.<K$>& %G *>&E%#"E<%13 Q>##%;3 7)*3 y A"FS3 8)5) L>9&)R3

!"+H#<9B> b1<F>#&<ES Q#>&&3 !"+H#<9B>3 bp3 KK) :,M)[#<E<&/ !%$6+H<" 7<1<&E#S %G c%#>&E&) L4OO4R) c%#>&E #%"9 >1B<1>>#<1B B6<9>H%%I) [)!)7<1<&E#S %G c%#>&E&3 c%#>&E Q#".E<.>& !%9> %G [#<E<&/ !%$6+H<" X6<9>H%%I3 ^<.E%#<"3[!3 4OW K)

[#%%I&3 X)*)3 A>F<1>3 [)3 \"#&%13 *)8)3 *%%93 [)Q) L4OOWR) ->9<+>1E"#S 9>F>$%K+>1E %G !%#"$["S3 -E) 5%/13 b-^Yh 8 &/<GE G#%+ 1"E6#"$ E% "1E/#%K%B>1<. <1G$6>1.>&) H%-1NN*%& `+,-&%$ +7 Q.1*&.*3 ^%$) C:3 e%) 43 KK) 44T,4C:)

[699>+><>#3 *)])3 5%I<>$3 Q)\)3 l<++>#+"13 p)7)3 \"1>3 A)*)3 !"#>S3 5)7)3 [%/$<1B3 X)!)3 y7"#E<1<./3 5)8) L4OOWR 8 +%9>$<1B E%%$ E% >F"$6"E> #>B<%1"$ .%#"$ #>>G #>&K%1&>& E%./"1B>& <1 .$<+"E> "19 %.>"1 ./>+<&E#S) E16&+$+9; %&' I.*%&+9-%5:;V G*0:+'#3 ^%$)T3 KK) :MD,C22)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 29/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 155

[699>+><>#3 *)])3 \"1>3 A)*)3 y 7"#E<1<./3 5)8) L4O2OR) 7%9>$<1B #>B<%1"$ .%#"$ #>>G#>&K%1&>& E% B$%H"$ ;"#+<1B "19 ./"1B>& <1 %.>"1 ./>+<&E#Sh !"#<HH>"1 ."&>&E69S) H$16%01. H:%&9*3 A`Y2O)2OONo&2ODWC,O22,OO44,@3 KK) 2,4:

[6#I>3 \) y 7"<9>1&3 5) L4OOCR) )**7# %0 )1#[ 1& 0:* H%-1NN*%&3 ]%#$9 *>&%6#.>& Y1&E<E6E>3

]"&/<1BE%13 A!3 D K)!$"#I3 7)5) L2MMNR) (.%$%B<."$ #>&E%#"E<%1 i E/> +"B1<E69> %G E/> ./"$$>1B>h "1 %6E&<9>#a&

F<>;) Y1h *>&E%#"E<%1 (.%$%BS "19 -6&E"<1"H$> A>F>$%K+>1E3 b#H"1&I"3 p)7)3]>HH3 e)*)3 y (9;"#9&3 Q)5) L>9&)R3 !"+H#<9B> b1<F>#&<ES Q#>&&3 !"+H#<9B>3 bp3KK) :D:,:NN)

!$%>#13 5)() L4OO2R) `6# >F%$F<1B .%1.>KE6"$ +%9>$ %G E/> .%"&E"$ >6E#%K/<."E<%1 K#%H$>+) G%-1&* =.+$+9; J-+9-*## Q*-1*#3 ^%$) 42O3 KK) 44:,4D:)

!%++%1;>"$E/ %G Q6>#E% *<.% y e`88) L4O2OR) Q6>#E% *<.%a& !%#"$ *>>G 7"1"B>+>1EQ#<%#<E<>&) e`883 -<$F># -K#<1B&3 7A) CO K)

!%1.>K.<013 !)7) L2MWWR) ($ .%1G$<.E "+H<>1E"$ S &6 K%E>1.<"$ /".<" 61 9>&"##%$$% "$E>#1"E<F>h>$ ."&% 9> Q6>#E% *<.%) C6N1*&0* ; 4*#%--+$$+3 ^%$) Y^3 e%) 2 S 43 KK) 24D,2:D)

!#%I>3 5)3 7%.I$>#3 -)3 c%B"#ES Q)3 y U"II>13 Y) L4OODR) ->9<+>1E .%1.>1E#"E<%1 ./"1B>& <1#61%GG K"E/;"S& G#%+ " G%#>&E #%"9 1>E;%#I "19 E/> #>&6$E"1E &K"E<"$ K"EE>#1 %G."E./+>1E .%11>.E<F<ES) 8*+6+-5:+$+9;3 ^%$) TW3 KK) 4DN,4TW)

A<>E@3 5)\) L2MWTR) (.%1%+<. =<&E%#S %G Q6>#E% *<.%h Y1&E<E6E<%1"$ !/"1B> "19 !"K<E"$<&EA>F>$%K+>1E3 Q#<1.>E%1 b1<F>#&<ES Q#>&&3 Y-[e O,TM2,ONN2T,M3 Q#<1.>E%13 e53 ::N K)

(&E69<%& Uf.1<.%& Y1.) L4OOCR) Q$"1 7">&E#% K"#" >$ A>&"##%$$% -6&E>1E"H$> 9> !6$>H#", Q"#E>Yh 81?$<&<& 9> -<E6".<01) b1K6H$<&/>9 *>K%#E E% X#6K% Y1E>#"B>1.<"$ ^<>J6>& S!6$>H#"3 2WN K)

(&E69<%& Uf.1<.%& Y1.) L4OONR) ^"$%#".<01 >.%10+<." 9> $%& "##>.<G>& 9> .%#"$ S "+H<>1E>&"&%.<"9%& >1 >$ >&E> 9> Q6>#E% *<.%h c"Z"#9%3 8##>.<G>& 9> \" !%#9<$$>#"3 ^<>J6>& S

!6$>H#") *>K%#E &6H+<EE>9 E% E/> A>K"#E+>1E %G e"E6#"$ "19 (1F<#%1+>1E"$*>&%6#.>&3 -"1 56"13 Q*)3 KK) 2,MM3 } 8KK)(;>$3 5)5) y ]/<E+%#>3 5)\) L2MN:R) U/> >.%$%B<."$ $<G> @%1>& %G Q6>#E% *<.% "19 E/> b)-)

^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) b- c%#>&E ->#F<.> *>&>"#./ Q"K># YUc,2W3 *V% Q<>9#"&3 Q*3 N4 K)c"H#<.<6&3 p)() L4OODR) (GG>.E& %G E>##>&E#<"$ #61%GG %1 E/> >.%$%BS %G .%#"$& "19 .%#"$ #>>G&h

#>F<>; "19 &S1E/>&<&) G%-1&* J+$$,01+& T,$$*01&3 ^%$) DO3 KK) 24D,2CT)X"#.V",-"<&3 5)P 8KK>$9%%#13 *)P ["EE<&E"3 U)P ["6>#3 \)P [#6.I1>#3 8)P !"$9%; !)P !"##6H"3 \)P

!%##>9%#3 5)P AV"@3 ()P \S$S>&E#%+3 !)P X"#.V",7%$<1>#3 X)P =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()P7>1@"3 !)P 7%#>$$3 5)P Q"<E3 8)P -"H"E>#3 5)P ]><$3 ()P ]<$$<"+&3 () y ]<$$<"+&3 -)L4OOWR) U/> -E"E> %G !%#"$ *>>G (.%&S&E>+& %G Q6>#E% *<.%) Y13 5)() ]"99>$$ y 8)7)!$"#I> L>9&)R3 @:* Q0%0* +7 H+-%$ )**7 =.+#;#0*6# +7 0:* ?&10*' Q0%0*# %&' J%.171. /-**$;

 C##+.1%0*' Q0%0*#V 3YYX) e`88 U>./1<."$ 7>+%#"196+ e`- e!!`- N:)e`88oe!!`- !>1E># G%# !%"&E"$ 7%1<E%#<1B "19 8&&>&&+>1Ea& [<%B>%B#"K/SU>"+3 -<$F># -K#<1B3 7A)3 KK) ND,22T)

X"#91>#3 U)8)P !€Ef3 Y)7)P X<$$3 5)8)P X#"1E3 8) y ]"EI<1&%13 8)*) L4OO:R) \%1B,E>#+ #>B<%1,;<9> 9>.$<1>& <1 !"#<HH>"1 .%#"$&) Q.1*&.*3 ^%$) :O23 KK) MDW,MTO)

X"##<&%13 ̂ )=)3 -/<11 ()8)3 7<$$>#3 5)3 !"#$%3 7)3 *%9#VB6>@3 *)])3 y p%$E>&3 p) L4OODR) [>1E/<..%F># %1 .%#"$ #>>G& %G Y&$" 9> !6$>H#" LQ6>#E% *<.%R 2MM2,2MMW "19 " .%+K"#<&%1 %G"&&>&&+>1E E>./1<J6>&) b- X>%$%B<."$ -6#F>S3 `K>1,c<$> *>K%#E 4OOD,2:MW)

X%>1"B"3 !) L2MM2R) U/> &E"E> %G Q6>#E% *<."1 .%#"$&h 81 "<9 E% +"1"B>#&) U>./1<."$ #>K%#E&6H+<EE>9 E% E/> !"#<HH>"1 c<&/>#S 7"1"B>+>1E !%61.<$3 -"1 56"13 Q*)3 KK) 2,N2)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 30/34

 Marine Ecosystems156

X%>1"B"3 !)3 y !<1E#013 X) L2MNMR) Y1F>1E%#S %G E/> Q6>#E% *<."1 .%#"$ #>>G&) *>K%#E&6H+<EE>9 E% E/> A>K"#E+>1E %G E/> A>K"#E+>1E %G e"E6#"$ *>&%6#.>&3 -"1 56"13Q*)3 KK) 2,2MO)

X#"63 =)*)P 8<9>3 U)7)P l<++>#+"13 5)p)P U/%+$<1&%13 5)*)P =>$+>#3 () y l%63 z) L4OO:R) U/>

>.%$%B<."$ .%1&>J6>1.>& %G &%.<%>.%1%+<. "19 $"19,6&> ./"1B>& <1 K%&E"B#<.6$E6#>Q6>#E% *<.%) T1+#.1*&.*3 ^%$) D:3 e%) 243 KK) 22DM,22TW)

=";I<1&3 5)Q)3 y *%H>#E&3 !)7) L4OOCR) (GG>.E& %G "#E<&"1"$ G<&/<1B %1 !"#<HH>"1 .%#"$ #>>G&)H+&#*->%01+& T1+$+9;3 ^%$) 2W3 e%) 23 KK) 42D,44T)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8) L4OOOR) (GG>.E& %G "1E/#%K%B>1<. &E#>&& B#"9<>1E& <1 E/> &E#6.E6#> %G.%#"$ #>>G >K<H>1E/<. "19 G<&/ .%++61<E<>&) Q/)A) A<&&>#E"E<%13 A>K"#E+>1E %G[<%$%BS3 b1<F>#&<ES %G Q6>#E% *<.%3 *V% Q<>9#"&3 Q)*)3 KK) 2, ::O)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8) L4OOCR) 81?$<&<& 9>$ >&E"9% 9> $%& #>.6#&%& S 9> $" &<E6".<01"+H<>1E"$ ".E6"$ 9> $" *>&>#F" e"E6#"$ 9>$ !"1"$ \6<& Q>d"3 !6$>H#"3 Q)*) U>./1<."$#>K%#E &6H+<EE>9 E% E/> !6$>H#" !%1&>#F"E<%1 "19 A>F>$%K+>1E 86E/%#<ES3!6$>H#"3 Q*)3 KK) 2,2::)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8) L4OODR) =<&E%#<" 1"E6#"$3 ."#".E>#<@".<013 9<&E#<H6.<01 S >&E"9%".E6"$ 9> $%& "##>.<G>& 9> .%#"$ Q6>#E% *<.%) "&3 *)\) 5%B$"# L(9)R3 T1+'1>*-#1'%' '*J,*-0+ )1.+V R*-0*N-%'+# @*--*#0-*# ; =.+#1#0*6%#F Q*-1* S1#0+-1% _%0,-%$ ) (9<E%#<"$Y1&E<E6E% 9> !6$E6#" Q6>#E%##<J6>d"3 -"1 56"13 Q*) KK) 4W2,:DT)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8) L4O2OR) U/<#E>>1 S>"#& %G .$<+"E>,#>$"E>9 1%1,$<1>"# 9<&E6#H"1.>"19 .%#"$ #>>G >.%$%B<."$ .%$$"K&> <1 !6$>H#" Y&$"193 Q6>#E% *<.%h 8 K#>$<+<1"#S"1"$S&<&) Y13 ()8) =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9% L>9)R3 Q6>#E% *<.% !%#"$ *>>G \%1B,U>#+(.%$%B<."$ 7%1<E%#<1B Q#%B#"+3 !!*Y,Q/"&> YYY "19 Q/"&> Y^ L4OOW,4O2OR c<1"$*>K%#E) !"#<HH>"1 !%#"$ *>>G Y1&E<E6E>3 b1<F) Q6>#E% *<.%3 7"S"B{>@3 Q*) KK) Y)2,Y)T4)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 8$<.>",*%9#VB6>@3 \)3 U%$>9%,=>#1?19>@3 !)X) y -"H"E3 8)7)L4OOOR) ["&>$<1> ./"#".E>#<@"E<%1 %G .%#"$ #>>G >K<H>1E/<. "19 G<&/ .%++61<E<>&;<E/<1 E/> K#%K%&>9 !6$>H#" Y&$"19 7"#<1> c<&/>#S *>&>#F>3 Q6>#E% *<.%)J-+.**'1&9# +7 0:* 8,$7 %&' H%-1NN*%& /1#:*-1*# "&#010,0*3 ^%$) D23 KK) D:N,DDT)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 y *%&"9%,7"EV"&3 [)5) L4OO:R) -6K$>+>1E% Ef.1<.% "$ Q$"1 9>7"1>Z% K"#" $" *>&>#F" e"E6#"$ 9>$ !"1"$ \6<& Q>d"3 !6$>H#"3 Q6>#E% *<.%) YY)Y1F>1E"#<% H<%$0B<.%) U>./1<."$ *>K%#E &6H+<EE>9 E% E/> !%"&E"$ l%1> 7"1"B>+>1EQ#%B#"+3 A>K"#E+>1E %G e"E6#"$ "19 (1F<#%1+>1E"$ *>&%6#.>&) -"1 56"13 Q*)3 KK)2,TO)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 \6.I<1B3 7)8)3 y X%1@?$>@3 *)\) L4OO:R) (.%$%B<."$ <+K".E& %GK#<F"E> K>># &E#6.E6#>& "19 %K>#"E<%1 %1 .#<E<."$ &>"B#"&& .%++61<E<>& <1 c6$$"9%&"

!%F>3 !6$>H#"3 Q6>#E% *<.%) U>./) *>KE) &6H+<EE>9 E% E/> b- !%#K& %G (1B<1>>#&3-"1 56"13 Q)*)3 KK) 2, T2)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 ^?@J6>@3 7)U)3 AV"@3 8)3 *>1E"&3 z)3 \0K>@3 5)!)3 !%#Ef&3 p)3*"<1G%#93 8)c)3 !%$013 A)3 \0K>@3 8)3 *%9#VB6>@3 8)3 =>#1?19>@3 X)3 e"F"##%3 Y)3X0+>@3 5)3 X%1@?$>@3 7)3 y =>#1?19>@3 -) L4OO:R) -6K$>+>1E% Ef.1<.% "$ Q$"1 9>7"1>Z% 9> $" *>&>#F" e"E6#"$ 9>$ !"1"$ \6<& Q>d"3 !6$>H#"3 Q6>#E% *<.%) YYY) b&%&/<&E0#<.%&3 ".E6"$>& S F"$%# "#J6>%$0B<.% 9>$ !"1"$ \6<& Q>d") U>./1<."$ *>K%#E&6H+<EE>9 E% E/> !%"&E"$ l%1> 7"1"B>+>1E Q#%B#"+3 A>K"#E+>1E %G e"E6#"$ "19(1F<#%1+>1E"$ *>&%6#.>&) -"1 56"13 Q*)3 KK) 2,CD)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 31/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 157

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 *%&"9%,7"EV"&3 [)5)3 y -"H"E3 8)7) L4OOTR) 7"1"B>+>1E G"<$6#>&"19 .%#"$ 9>.$<1> E/#>"E>1& G<&/ G61.E<%1"$ B#%6K& #>.%F>#S K"EE>#1& <1 E/> \6<&Q>d" !/"11>$ e%,U"I> e"E6#"$ *>&>#F>3 !6$>H#" Y&$"193 Q*) J-+.**'1&9# +7 0:* 8,$7%&' H%-1NN*%& /1#:*-1*# "&#010,0*3 ^%$) D23 KK) DNN,TOD)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)P -"19%@3 [)P [%1I%&IS3 7)P e%#"E,*"+V#>@3 5) y 7"EE><3 =) L4O2OR)Y+K".E& %G 1%1,K%<1E &%6#.> &>;"B> K%$$6E<%1 %1 ($I/%#1 .%#"$3  C.-+5+-% 5%$6%0% L\"+"#.IR3 "&&>+H$"B>& %G E/> &%6E/;>&E>#1 Q6>#E% *<.% &/>$G) J-+.**'1&9# +7 0:* !!0: "&0*-&%01+&%$ H+-%$ )**7 Q;65+#1,63 KK) NCN,ND2)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 y -"19%@,^>#"3 [) L4O22R) Y+K".E%& "1E#%K%Bf1<.%& >1 $%&"##>.<G>& 9> .%#"$) Y13 5) ->B6<1%E,["#H%&" L>9)R3 "#$%# *& =A01&.1a&V "65%.0+# C6N1*&0%$*# *& $%# "#$%# '* J,*-0+ )1.+) (9<.<%1>& -73 !"E"d%3 KK) T4,N4)

=>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 -6$><+?13 -)3 `$<F%3 Y)3 c%1&>."3 5)3 y \6.I<1B3 7)8)) L4O22R)8$E>#1"E<F"& 9> H"Z" E>.1%$%BV" K"#" $" #>/"H<$<E".<01 9> $%& "##>.<G>& 9> .%#"$) Y13 5)->B6<1%E,["#H%&" L>9)R3 "#$%# *& =A01&.1a&V "65%.0+# C6N1*&0%$*# *& $%# "#$%# '* J,*-0+)1.+) (9<.<%1>& -73 !"E"d%3 Q*3 KK) 2NW,2WT)

=>#1?19>@,Q"./>.%3 *)3 =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8) y -"H"E3 8)7) L4O22R) A>+%B#"K/<.& %GH$>"./<1B <1 E/> !"#<HH>"1 #>>G,H6<$9<1B .%#"$ G+&0%#0-%*% %&&,$%-1#) =.+#5:*-*3 ^%$)43 e%) 2h"#EM) 2,2:) 9%<h2O)2WMOo(-2O,OOOTD)

=%>B/,X6$9H>#B3 `) L2MMMR) !$<+"E> ./"1B>3 .%#"$ H$>"./<1B "19 E/> G6E6#> %G E/> ;%#$9a&.%#"$ #>>G&) G%-1&* %&' /-*#:b%0*- )*#+,-.*#3 ^%$) DO3 KK) W:M,WTT)

=%>B/,X6$9H>#B3 `)3 76+HS3 Q)5)3 =%%E>13 8)5)3 -E>1>.I3 *)-)3 X#>>1G<>$93 Q)3 X%+>@3 ()3="#F>$$3 !)A)3 -"$>3 Q)c)3 (9;"#9&3 8)5)3 !"$9><#"3 p)3 p1%;$E%13 e)3 ("I<13 !)7)3YB$>&<"&,Q#<>E%3 *)3 76E/<B"3 e)3 [#"9H6#S3 *)=)3 A6H<3 8) y ="E@<%$%&3 7)() L4OONR)!%#"$ #>>G& 619># #"K<9 .$<+"E> ./"1B> "19 %.>"1 ".<9<G<."E<%1) Q.1*&.*3 ^%$) :2W3KK) 2N:N,2NC4)

=61E>#3 5)7) y 8#H%1"3 -)Y) L2MMDR) Q"#"9<&> $%&Eh 81 <1E#%96.E<%1 E% E/> B>%B#"K/S %G ;"E>#K%$$6E<%1 <1 Q6>#E% *<.%) Q+.1%$ Q.1*&.* %&' G*'1.1&*3 ^%$) CO3 e%) 2O3 KK) 2::2,2:DD) 5".I&%13 5)[)!) L2MMNR) *>>G& &<1.> !%$6+H6&) H+-%$ )**7#3 ^%$) 2T3 -6KK$)3 KK) -4:,-:4) 5".I&%13 5)[)!) L4OO2R) ]/"E ;"& 1"E6#"$ <1 E/> .%"&E"$ %.>"1&) J-+.**'1&9# +7 0:* _%0,-%$

 C.%'*6; +7 Q.1*&.*#3 ^%$) MW3 e%) 2O3 KK) DC22,DC2W) 5".I&%13 \)\)3 \%K%6I/<1>3 e)3 y =<$$S"#93 A) L2MMDR) (.%$%B<."$ #>&E%#"E<%1h 8 9>G<1<E<%1 "19

.%++>1E&) *>&E%#"E<%1 (.%$%BS3 ̂ %$) :3 e%) 43 KK) N2,ND)p>19"$$3 7)-)3 7%1".%3 7)()3 [6Z"3 p)*)3 !/#<&E>1&>13 5)A)3 p#6>#3 !)*)3 c<1IH><1>#3 7)3 y

]"#1>#3 *)8) L4OO2R) 7>E/%9& 6&>9 E% +"K E/> H>1E/<. /"H<E"E& %G Q6>#E% *<.% "19E/> b)-) ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) b*\h/EEKhoo..+")1%&)1%"")B%FoK#%96.E&oH<%B>%B#"K/So6&F<K#+"KK<1Bo+"16"$)

K9G\"H"9<>,(6#<E>3 5) L2MCMR) \" 7>."1<@".<01 8B#V.%$" >1 Q6>#E% *<.%) A>K"#E"+>1E% 9>

Y1&E#6..<013 -"1 56"13 Q*3 :2 K)\"#&>13 7)!)3 y ]>HH3 *)7)U) L4OOMR) Q%E>1E<"$ >GG>.E& %G #61%GG3 G$6F<"$ &>9<+>1E&3 "19

16E#<>1E 9<&./"#B>& %1 E/> .%#"$ #>>G& %G Q6>#E% *<.%) `+,-&%$ +7 H+%#0%$ )*#*%-.:3 ^%$)4D3 e%) 23 KK) 2WM,4OW)

\<EE$>#3 7)7)3 \<EE$>#3 A)-)3 \"K%<1E>3 [)()3 y ["#<$>3 Q)5) L4OOTR) U%_<. .S"1%H".E>#<" LH$6>,B#>>1 "$B">R "&&%.<"E>9 ;<E/ B#%619;"E># .%196<E& <1 E/> ["/"+"&) H+-%$ )**7# A`Y2O)2OONo&OO::W,OOD,OO2O,W3 KK) 2,4)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 32/34

 Marine Ecosystems158

\<EE$>#3 7)7)3 \<EE$>#3 A)-)3 y [#%%I&3 [)\) L4OOTR) ="#+G6$ "$B"> %1 E#%K<."$ .%#"$ #>>G&h[%EE%+,6K >6E#%K/<."E<%1 "19 E%K,9%;1 />#H<F%#S) S%-67,$ C$9%*3 ^%$) D3 KK) DTD,DWD)

\%S"3 x) L2MNTR) (GG>.E& %G ;"E># E6#H<9<ES "19 &>9<+>1E"E<%1 %1 E/> .%++61<ES &E#6.E6#> %G

Q6>#E% *<."1 .%#"$&) T,$$*01& +7 G%-1&* Q.1*&.*3 ^%$) 4T3 e%) C3 KK) CDO,CTT)7".A%1"$93 \)=)3 819>#&%13 A)7)3 y A<>E#<./3 ])() L2MMNR) Q"#"9<&> E/#>"E>1>9h \"19 6&>

"19 >#%&<%1 %1 -E) 5%/13 b- ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) =&>1-+&6*&0%$ G%&%9*6*&03 ^%$) 423 e%)T3 KK) WD2,WT:)

7"&&%13 A)X) y -."1$%13 p)7) L2MM2R) U/> 1>%E>.E%1<. &>EE<1B %G Q6>#E% *<.%) 8*+$+91.%$Q+.1*0; +7 C6*-1.% T,$$*01&3 ^%$) 2O:3 e%) 23 KK) 2CC,2DC)

7>B"/"13 ])c)3 y p>E./>&%13 X)\) L2MMTR) Q#>9<.E<1B 9%;1&$%K> E#"F>$ %G B#"1<E<. &>9<+>1E&G#%+ G%#>&E #%"9& <1 Y9"/%) \%0*- )*#+,-.*# T,$$*01&3 ^%$) :43 KK) :N2,:W4)

7>S>#/%GG3 =)8) L2M4NR) X>%$%BS %G E/> ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&3 !6$>H#" "19 ^<>J6>&,Q/S&<%B#"K/S)-.<>1E<G<. -6#F>S %G Q%#E% *<.% "19 E/> ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&3 e>; x%#I 8."9>+S %G-.<>1.>&3 ̂ %$) Y^3 Q"#E YY3 KK) 2CD,42M)

7<$$>#3 5)3 ]""#"3 *)3 76$$>#3 ()3 y *%B>#&3 !) L4OOTR) !%#"$ H$>"./<1B "19 9<&>"&> .%+H<1> E%."6&> +%#E"$<ES %1 #>>G& <1 b- ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) H+-%$ )**7#3 ^%$) 4D3 KK) C2W)

7<$$>#3 5)3 76$$>#3 ()3 *%B>#&3 !)3 ]""#"3 *)3 8EI<1&%13 8)3 ]/>$"13 p)*)U)3 Q"EE>#&%13 7)3 y]<E./>#3 [) L4OOMR) !%#"$ 9<&>"&> G%$$%;<1B +"&&<F> H$>"./<1B <1 4OOD ."6&>& TOg9>.$<1> <1 .%#"$ .%F># %1 #>>G& <1 E/> b)-) ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) H+-%$ )**7#3 ^%$) 4W3 KK)M4D,M:N)

7%#>$%.I3 5)P *"+V#>@3 ])*)P [#6.I1>#3 8)]) y !"#$%3 7) L4OO2R) -E"E6& %G .%#"$ #>>G&&%6E/;>&E Q6>#E% *<.%) H%-1NN*%& `+,-&%$ +7 Q.1*&.*3 -K>.<"$ Q6H$<."E<%1 e%) C3 KK) 2,DN)

e"E<%1"$ `.>"1<. "19 8E+%&K/>#<. 89+<1<&E#"E<%1,e"E<%1"$ `.>"1 ->#F<.>,e"E<%1"$

!>1E>#& G%# !%"&E"$ `.>"1 -.<>1.> [<%B>%B#"K/S Q#%B#"+) L4OO2R) [>1E/<. ="H<E"E&%G Q6>#E% *<.% "19 E/> b)-) ^<#B<1 Y&$"19& L!A,*`7R) -<$F># -K#<1B3 7A3 e"E<%1"$`.>"1<. "19 8E+%&K/>#<. 89+<1<&E#"E<%1)

`$<F>#3 \)7)3 \>/#E>#3 5)!)3 y c<&/>#3 ])-) 4O22) *>$"E<1B $"19&."K> 9>F>$%K+>1E <1E>1&<ES E%.%#"$ #>>G .%19<E<%1 <1 E/> ;"E>#&/>9& %G -E) !#%<_3 b- ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&)  G%-1&*=.+$+9; J-+9-*## Q*-1*#3 ^%$) C4N3 KK) 4M:,:O4)

Q"B?1,^<$$>B"&3 Y)7)3 =>#1?19>@,A>$B"9%3 ()8)3 y ^<.>1E>3 ^)Q) L2MMMR) A%.6+>1E% 9>9>&<B1".<01 9> $" *>&>#F" e"E6#"$ 9>$ !"1"$ \6<& Q>d"3 A>K"#E"+>1E% 9> *>.6#&%&e"E6#"$>& S 8+H<>1E"$>&3 -"1 56"13 Q)*)3 42 9> +"S% 9> 2MMM)

Q"19%$G<3 5)7)P [#"9H6#S3 *)=)P -"$"3 ()P =6B/>&3 U)Q)P [Z%#19"$ p)8)P !%%I>3 *)X)3 7.8#9$>A)P 7.!$>1"./"1 \)P e>;+"13 7)5)=)P Q"#>9>&3 X)P ]"#1>#3 *)*) y 5".I&%13 5)[)!)

L4OO:R) X$%H"$ E#"Z>.E%#<>& %G E/> $%1B,E>#+ 9>.$<1> %G .%#"$ #>>G >.%&S&E>+&) Q.1*&.*3^%$) :O23 KK) MDD,MDW)

Q"19%$G<3 5)7)3 5".I&%13 5)[)!)3 ["#%13 e)3 [#"9H6#S3 *)=)3 X6@+"13 =)7)3 =6B/>&3 U)Q)3p"KK>$3 !)^)3 7<./>$<3 c)3 `B9>13 5)!)3 Q%&&<1B/"+3 =)Q) y -"$"3 () L4OODR) 8#> b)-).%#"$ #>>G& <1 E/> &$<KK>#S &$%K> E% &$<+>• Q.1*&.*3 ̂ %$) :ON3 KK) 2N4D,2N4T)

Q"19%$G<3 5)7) y 5".I&%13 5)[)!) L4OOTR) (.%$%B<."$ K>#&<&E>1.> <1E>##6KE>9 <1 !"#<HH>"1 .%#"$#>>G&) =.+$+9; E*00*-#3 ^%$) M3 KK) W2W,W4T)

Q"&E%#%I3 *)8)3 y [<$S"#93 X)*) L2MWDR) (GG>.E %G &>;"B> K%$$6E<%1 %1 .%#"$,#>>G .%++61<E<>&) G%-1&* =.+$+9; J-+9-*## Q*-1*#3 ^%$) 423 KK) 2ND,2WM)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 33/34

 An Interdisciplinary Erosion Mitigation Approach forCoral Reef Protection – A Case Study from the Eastern Caribbean 159

Q6>#E% *<.% (1F<#%1+>1E"$ k6"$<ES [%"#9) L2MNOR) 81 Y&$"19 <1 U#"1&<E<%13 !6$>H#" 2MNO, 8-E"GG *>K%#E %1 E/> (1F<#%1+>1E E% E/> X%F>#1%#a& -K>.<"$ !%++<EE>> %1 !6$>H#"32OT K)

*"+%&,-./"##%13 !)() L4OOCR) 7>"&6#<1B "19 K#>9<.E<1B >#%&<%1 "19 &>9<+>1E S<>$9& %1 -E)

 5%/13 b- ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) Q/A A<&&>#E"E<%13 A>K"#E+>1E %G X>%&.<>1.>&3 !%$%#"9%-E"E> b1<F>#&<ES3 c%#E !%$$<1&3 !`)

*"+%&,-./"##013 !)() L4OOMR) U/> >GG>.E& %G $"19 9>F>$%K+>1E %1 &>9<+>1E $%"9<1B #"E>&<1E% E/> .%"&E"$ ;"E>#& %G E/> Y&$"19& %G !6$>H#" "19 ^<>J6>&3 Q6>#E% *<.%)b1K6H$<&/>9 #>K%#E E% E/> !%"&E"$ l%1> 7"1"B>+>1E Q#%B#"+ %G E/> Q6>#E% *<.%A>K"#E+>1E %G e"E6#"$ "19 (1F<#%1+>1E"$ *>&%6#.>&3 -"1 56"13 Q*3 MC K)

*"+%&,-./"##013 !)() L4O2OR) ->9<+>1E K#%96.E<%1 G#%+ 61K"F>9 #%"9& <1 " &6H,E#%K<."$9#S &>EE<1B, -%6E/;>&E>#1 Q6>#E% *<.%) H%0*&%3 ^%$) W43 KK) 2CT,2DW)

*"+%&,-./"##013 !)() L<1 K#>&&R) (GG>.E<F>1>&& %G 9#"<1"B> <+K#%F>+>1E& <1 #>96.<1B&>9<+>1E K#%96.E<%1 #"E>& G#%+ "19 61K"F>9 #%"9)  `+,-&%$ +7 Q+1$ %&' \%0*-H+&#*->%01+&)

*"+%&,-./"##013 !)() y 7".A%1"$93 \)=) L4OODR) 7>"&6#>+>1E "19 K#>9<.E<%1 %G &>9<+>1EK#%96.E<%1 G#%+ 61K"F>9 #%"9&3 -E) 5%/13 b- ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) =%-0: Q,-7%.* J-+.*##*#%&' E%&'7+-6#3 ̂ %$) :O3 KK) 24W:,2:OC)

*"+%&,-./"##013 !)() y 7".A%1"$93 \)=) L4OON"R) 7>"&6#>+>1E "19 K#>9<.E<%1 %G 1"E6#"$"19 "1E/#%K%B>1<. &>9<+>1E &%6#.>&3 -E) 5%/13 b)-) ^<#B<1 Y&$"19&) H%0*&%3 ^%$) N23KK) 4DO,4TT)

*"+%&,-./"##013 !)() y 7".A%1"$93 \)=) L4OONHR) A>F>$%K+>1E "19 "KK$<."E<%1 %G " XY-,H"&>9 &>9<+>1E H69B>E +%9>$)  `+,-&%$ +7 =&>1-+&6*&0%$ G%&%9*6*&03 ^%$) WC3 KK)2DN,2N4)

*>&E#>K%3 5)A y -SF<E&I<3 5)Q)7 L4OOTR) 8&&>&&<1B E/> >GG>.E %G 1"E6#"$ .%1E#%$& "19 $"19 6&>

./"1B> %1 &>9<+>1E S<>$9 <1 " +"Z%# 819>"1 #<F>#h U/> 7"B9"$>1" 9#"<1"B> H"&<13!%$%+H<") C6N1+3 ^%$) :D3 e%) 43 KK) TD,NC)*><$$S3 8)() L2MM2R) U/> >GG>.E& %G =6##<."1> =6B% <1 E/#>> E#%K<."$ G%#>&E& <1 E/> b)-) ^<#B<1

Y&$"19&) T1+0-+51.%3 ^%$) 4:3 e%) C"3 KK) C2C,C2M)*%9#VB6>@3 8) L2MW2R) 7"#<1> "19 .%"&E"$ >1F<#%1+>1E"$ &E#>&& <1 E/> ]<9># !"#<HH>"1

*>B<%1) C6N1+3 ^%$) 2O3 e%) T3 KK) 4W:,4MC*%B>#&3 !)-)3 X"##<&%13 X3 X#%H>#3 *)3 =<$$<&3 l)7)3 y c#"1I>3 7)8) L2MMCR) !%#"$ *>>G&

7%1<E%#<1B 7"16"$ G%# E/> !"#<HH>"1 "19 ]>&E>#1 8E$"1E<.) e"E<%1"$ Q"#I ->#F<.>3-E) 5%/13 b-^Y)

*69>$3 U)p)P Q>#>@,\6B%3 7) y l<./"$3 =) L4OOOR) ]/>1 G<>$9& #>F>#E E% G%#>&Eh A>F>$%K+>1E"19 &K%1E"1>%6& #>G%#>&E"E<%1 <1 K%&E,;"# Q6>#E% *<.%) J-+7*##1+&%$ 8*+9-%5:*- 3 ^%$)

D43 e%) :3 KK) :WT,:MN)*S"13 p)()3 ]"$&/3 5)Q)3 !%#H>EE3 A)*)3 y ]<1E>#3 8) L4OOWR) 8 #>.%#9 %G #>.>1E ./"1B> <1

E>##>&E#<"$ &>9<+>1E"E<%1 <1 " .%#"$,#>>G >1F<#%1+>1E3 \" Q"#B6>#"3 Q6>#E% *<.%h 8#>&K%1&> E% .%"&E"$ 9>F>$%K+>1E) G%-1&* J+$$,01+& T,$$*01&3 ^%$) DT3 KK) 22NN,22W:)

b)-) 8#+S !%#K& %G (1B<1>>#&) L2MMDR) A>G>1&> >1F<#%1+>1E"$ #>&E%#"E<%1 K#%B#"+ G%#G%#+>#$S 6&>9 9>G>1&> &<E>&3 %#91"1.> "19 >_K$%&<F> ;"&E>3 8#./<F>& ->"#./*>K%#E3 c<19<1B& G%# !6$>H#" Y&$"19 e"E<%1"$ ]<$9$<G> *>G6B>3 !6$>H#"3 Q6>#E% *<.%3Q#%Z>.E e6+H># YO4Q*OOTWO4) *%.I Y&$"193 Y$$<1%<&)

8/20/2019 Ramos-Scharron Et Al 2012 InterdisciplinaryApproachErosion

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ramos-scharron-et-al-2012-interdisciplinaryapproacherosion 34/34

 Marine Ecosystems160

^"$9f&,Q<@@<1<3 7)3 X%1@?$>@,!#6@ 7)3 y 7"EV1>@,*>S>&3 5)() L4O22R) \" U#"1&G%#+".<01 9>$Q"<&"Z> Q6>#E%##<J6>d% S $" A<&.<K$<1" 9>$ !6>#K% !<F<$ 9> !%1&>#F".<013 2M::,2MC4) !>1E#% 9> Y1F>&E<B".<%1>& -%.<"$>&3 b1<F>#&<9"9 9> Q6>#E% *<.%3 -"1 56"13 Q*)

]"$$<1B3 A)() L2MW:R) U/> &>9<+>1E 9>$<F>#S K#%H$>+)  `+,-&%$ +7 S;'-+$+9;3 ^%$) TD3 KK) 4OM,

4:N)]>H$>#3 U)3 y 5"I6H%;&I<3 p) L4O22R) !/"#".E>#<@<1B /"#+G6$ H>/"F<%#& %G &1%#I>$>#& "19

-!b[8 9<F>#& E% .%#"$ #>>G& <1 Q6>#E% *<.%) Y1E>#<+ Q#%Z>.E *>K%#E) Q#>$<+<1"#SU>./1<."$ *>K%#E &6H+<EE>9 E% E/> A>K"#E+>1E %G e"E6#"$ "19 (1F<#%1+>1E"$*>&%6#.>&3 -"1 56"13 Q*3 KK) 2,2D)

]%$+"13 7)X) L2MTNR) 8 .S.$> %G &>9<+>1E"E<%1 "19 >#%&<%1 <1 6#H"1 #<F># ./"11>$&)8*+9-%71#[% C&&%$*-2 Q*-1*# C2 J:;#1.%$ 8*+9-%5:;3 ^%$) CM3 e%) 4oC3 KK) :WD,:MD)

l<>B$>#3 8)A3 y -6E/>#$"193 *)8) L4OOTR) (GG>.E<F>1>&& %G " .%#"$,9>#<F>9 &6#G".<1B +"E>#<"$G%# #>96.<1B &>9<+>1E K#%96.E<%1 %1 61K"F>9 #%"9&3 -./%GG<>$9 ["##".I&3 `"/63=";"<<) =&>1-+&6*&0%$ G%&%9*6*&03 ^%$) :N3 e%) 23 KK) MW,22O)