RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE KARNATAKA.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND

ADDRESS

GUNA SUNDARI J

GOLDFINCH COLLEGE OF NURSING,

NO:150/24,KODIGEHALLI MAIN ROAD,

MARUTHI NAGAR,

BANGALORE-560092.

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION GOLDFINCH COLLEGE OF NURSING,

MARUTHI NAGAR,

BANGALORE-560092.

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT MSc NURSING

PAEDIATRIC NURSING

4. DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE 30-06-2012

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC

A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON

KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HEALTH HAZARDS OF PLASTIC USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENTS IN A SELECTED SCHOOL AT BANGALORE

6.0 BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

“Collect All Plastic You Ever Use And Take It To Your Grave And

Let Future Generations To Understand The Meaning Of Heaven’

-Anonymous

Plastics are used on a daily basis throughout the world. The word plastic is a common term that is used

for many materials of a synthetic or semi-synthetic nature. The term was derived from the Greek Plastikos,

which means “fit for molding.” "Plastics" derived their name from their properties to be molded, cast, extruded

or processed into a variety of forms, including solid objects, films and filaments. These properties arise from

their molecular structure. Plastics are polymers, very long chain molecules that consist of subunits (monomers)

linked together by chemical bonds. The monomers of petrochemical plastics are inorganic materials (such as

styrene) and are not biodegradable.1

Plastics are a wide variety of combinations of properties when viewed as a whole. They are used for

shellac, cellulose, rubber, and asphalt. We also synthetically manufacture items such as clothing, packaging,

automobiles, electronics, aircrafts, medical supplies, and recreational items. The list could go on and on and it

is obvious that much of what we have today would not be possible without plastics.2

One way plastics changed the world was in cost. It was so much cheaper to manufacture than other

materials and the various ways it could be used was staggering. Plastics are synthetic substances produced by

chemical reactions. Almost all plastics are made from petroleum, except a few experimental resins derived

from corn and other organic substances. Plastic has many properties which has made it a raw material of

choice for manufactures of plastic Bags and packing materials. Cost of production, light weight, strength, easy

process of manufacture, and availability are few of the properties. There is nothing wrong with plastic as a

material. Man has simply not put the plastic to the right use / or using it without taking proper care of other

related norms of usage. 2

PLASTIC AS PACKING MATERIAL

Plastic has replaced the traditional material (paper/cloth etc) as packing and carry bags because of cost

and convenience which is possibly a wrong choice of material for such use. Even though plastic bags can

preserve food and can be used for growing vegetables in a controlled environment, their method of disposal

has creates unprecedented pollution problem. Plastic has many more uses other than Plastic Bags and Packing

material. It is used for manufacturing of protective covers and parts for many machines, which should be the

preferred utility for plastic.3

PLASTIC HAZARDS

The hazards plastics pose are numerous. The land gets littered by plastic bag garbage presenting an ugly

and unhygienic seen. The "Throw away culture" results in these bags finding their way in to the city drainage

system, the resulting blockage cases inconvenience, difficult in maintaining the drainage with increased cost,

creates unhygienic environment resulting in health hazard and spreading of water borne diseases. This littering

also reduces rate of rain water percolating, resulting in lowering of already low water levels in our cities. The

soil fertility deteriorates as the plastic bags form part of manure remains in the soil for years. It has been observed

that the animals eating the bags sometimes die. Plastic goes into the ocean which is already a plastic infested

body of water. Fish and other marine species in the water ways, misunderstanding plastic garbage as food items

swallow them and die. 3

SHOULD PLASTIC BE TOTALLY BANNED?

Many household utility items like needle, scissors, and blades can hurt if not handled properly. Children need

to be trained in their proper handling. These utility items are not banned. But because of throw away culture and

no objection from passerby, the advise on sensible disposal of plastic bags are not headed by general public forcing

the government to consider banning of plastic bags all together.3

"Should plastic carry bags and bottles be banned in totality?" - is a heated issue today. Average Indian uses

one kilogram (kg) of plastics per year, the world annual average is an alarming 18 kg. But too many do it as our

cities have huge population. The country yet to take a serious view of the issue and have a uniform nation-wide law

for indiscreet disposals of plastic bags. People should be educated on the proper ways of plastic bag usage and the

disposal. The teaching should start right from the primary schools. "Plastic is an eco-friendly material. The real

problem is littering", some claim. But there is hardly anybody who agrees with such viewpoint. 3

Thinking rationally, the whole idea of educating people about plastic bags, although very ambitious, and it is

as difficult as banning smoking The conventional older and tested alternatives offers an easy, if not fully equitable

and practical solution. And all the hype that poly-bags pollute is not totally false. It is not that poly-bags are

responsible for the ills, of course not, it is the humans. It is ignorance (or who cares attitude). We have not banned

sewing needles they pierce through the skin. It's a stupid idea. Whether it is the common citizen, the government

official or the hard-hit plastic bag manufacturer, all of them agree on one point - firm steps are required to be taken

against littering of plastic bags and bottles all around.3

THE GLOBAL DIMENSION

More than a 100 million ton of plastic is produced world-wide each year. Though plastics have opened

the way for a plethora of new inventions and devices it has also ended up clogging the drains and becoming a

health hazard. Many countries, including India, are trying to increase the amount of plastic that is recycled. But

commercial interests create hindrance for effective legislation to remove plastics from goods where they can

threaten public health. Also there is a clear trend of shipping off the plastic waste of developed countries to

under develop and developing countries. India imported 7,841.8 metric ton of plastic waste from the US in the

first half of 1994. India is the fourth highest Asian importer of plastic waste behind Hong Kong, Philippines,

Indonesia.4

FUTURE ALTERNATIVE - ECO-FRIENDLY PLASTICS

However newer technology is also being developed in this regard. This entails the use of

DEGRADABLE PLASTICS. The principal is to incorporate into the plastic some chemical that is photo

degradable/biodegradable or chemically treatable. By adding starch, biodegradable plastics are generally made.

On burial such plastics are attacked by bacteria feeding on starch, which breaks these down into tiny particles

that disappear harmlessly into the soil. Some common examples of biodegradable plastics are the use of "non-

removable" suture materials in surgery or capsules for drugs, which dissolve slowly in body fluids. 4

Chemically degradable plastics can be broken up by spraying them with a solution that causes them to

dissolve. For example such material can be used as a protective wax covering for new cars that wash off at the

dealer's garage by a specially formulated spray. This spray reacts with one of the components of the plastic and

causes it to dissolve into harmless materials which can be flushed down the drain.4

Photo-degradable plastics contain chemicals that slowly disintegrate when exposed to light. In France,

strips of photo-degradable plastic about 3 ft (1mtr) wide are used to retain heat in the soil and produce early

crops. They last for about 1 to 3 years before rotting into the soil. But they have to be used in places with

consistent amount of sunshine so that they decay at a predictable rate.4

A ban on plastic bags (below 20 microns) has already been imposed by various states and also in a few

towns and districts in India. It is going to extend this to other parts of the country also. Plastic bags are so light

and strong that they can carry normal weight, cheap and is used in all types of shops in our daily life. For

example: bakeries, medical shops, grocery stores, hotels, etc. People are so accustomed to it, that they find it

very difficult to part with it. Plastic bags have made it possible for people to go without bags to market or work

place as these bags are available for asking and can be thrown without a second thought. People who go on

picnics, visiting historic places, hill stations etc., to enjoy their holidays or just for a change carry with them

eatables in containers, plastic bags, mineral water bottles (plastic), plastic plates and plastic cups and generally

leave it in the open air after consuming the contents. One can find this in tourist centers scattered all over.

Road-side vendors also use plastic cups to serve coffee or tea. The customers throw these cups on foot paths or

near drains after consuming the contents. These plastic materials are so light that they are carried away by the

speed of the moving vehicle, wind etc., scattered all over, making the surroundings look ugly. There are

instances wherein these materials have clogged the underground drains. People are in the habit of throwing

things they don't need wherever they like irrespective of the final result. 5

People should be specially educated regarding the use of plastic in our daily life. Boys and girls, men and

women with bags on their backs and a stick in one hand walking long distances, picking up plastic waste, paper,

bottles, from dust bins, road sides, is a common sight everywhere. These rag pickers sell the waste collected, to

collection centre to earn their livelihood. These materials are recycled.6

Arrangements must be made to segregate recycling items such as plastic, paper, glass etc. Leaves and other

degradable waste can be converted into manure. While traveling in trains, we generally find coffee and tea being

served in plastic cups (use and throw) which the traveling public after consuming it throws them away in village

fields and field channels on the way. There is the likelihood of this collecting near the outlet of the channel

obstructing the free flow of water into the fields. Plastic being non-degradable, when buried under the ground,

arrest the percolation of water into the ground. Animals grazing in the field consuming this plastic waste along

with grass cannot be ruled out. Now-a-days, in almost all functions, it has become a practice to use thin plastic

sheets to cover the dining tables to give it a good look and also so that it is easy to clean the table, as leftover

can be removed by rolling the sheet at a stretch. These are thrown near the dust bin.6

Besides this, thin plastic cups are also used for drinking water, which also finds a place in the dust bin. One

can find near the dust bin, waiting slum children, crows, stray cows, dogs to share the leftovers. In this process,

they fight amongst themselves and stray cows in majority of cases have consumed thin plastic sheets along with

leftover, leading to untold sufferings and found dead on many occasions. It is therefore, suggested that a ban be

placed on the use of plastic sheets, plastic cups, plastic bags. Plastic industries manufacturing plastic bags

(below 20 microns) thin sheets, thin cups and thin bottles, should be informed about its ill-effects on the

environment and advised not to manufacture such items.6

If the industry is located in a residential area, action should be taken to shift it immediately. The factory

management should take all measures to control the pollution created, within the stipulated norms by the KSPB and

the pollution board should monitor it regularly. The public should be educated regarding littering dumping and

unnecessary burning of wastes. 6

6.1. NEED FOR THE STUDY

"Plastics Give A Helpful Hand, But They Are Polluting Our Land "7

-Anonymous

Children constitute a major proportion of the global population today. They are not only large in

number but vulnerable to various health problems and considered as special risk groups. So children need

special care to survive with good health. Scientists now detect chemicals in their body have serious implication

for the future in the children. All kinds of modern diseases are due to modern plastic use. As said by Dr.

Landrigan people gradually realize that children are particularly vulnerable to environmental hazards of

plastic.8

In present day times, the usage of plastics amongst school going children in India had increased

remarkably in the form of plastic school bags, water bottles, cans, plastic food containers etc and is exposed to

many dangers. Therefore the research investigator strongly felt that this study will go a long way in exposing

the hazards of plastic use by children and help them to overcome them.8

BPA, a low grade estrogen was until recently found in plastic bottles labeled with the number of 7

recycling symbol, and is still used as an internal coating for aluminum cans. Manufacturers say it provides an

antiseptic function, but studies have shown the chemical disrupts multiple mechanisms of human metabolism

that may increase body mass.BPA exposure has also been associated with various health problems including,

Learning and behavioral problems

Altered immune system function

Early puberty in girls and fertility problems

Decreased sperm count in boys

Prostate cancer for boys and breast cancer in girls

It affects gender development in male off spring

Boys whose mother had high exposure while pregnancy will leads to de-masculinized traits and

produce less testosterone

Cardio vascular disease, neurological disorders

Diabetes mellitus and infertility.8

India has witnessed a substantial growth in the consumption of plastics and an increased production of

plastic waste. Plastic is everywhere in today’s lifestyle. It’s used for packaging, protecting, serving, and even

disposing of all kinds of consumer goods .Plastic uses are not only leads to health effects but also

environmental effects like the plastics are durable & degrade very slowly, one billion tons of plastic have been

discarded and may persists for hundreds or even thousands of years. Burning of plastics may create dioxin and

often creates large quantities of chemical pollutions leads to depletion of the ozone layer .Many chemical

additives that give both environmental and human health effects. These effects include :-

Direct toxicity as in the cases of lead, cadmium & mercury

Carcinogens as in the case of diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP)

Endocrine disruption, which can lead to cancers, birth defects immune system suppression and

developmental problems in children and other problems like chronic bronchitis, ulcer, early puberty,

obesity, hyperactivity, irritation of eyes, headaches etc.9

Plastic causes serious damage to environment. To reduce the hazards of plastic pollution is to reduce

the use of plastic & there by force a reduction in its production or using the chemical substances emitted

during recycling of plastics. Children products like food packaging can be safely packed with materials

bearing ultraviolet / evidence based cured coating. Each manufacturer must perform its own analysis to

determine whether its packaging is safe for food use. The art and creative materials are chosen carefully by

the school children under established guidelines for labeling of non toxic art products (D-4236) look for these

labels on arts & craft products including crayons, markers, etc…’ and select products made from plastics are

useful and only a few types are suspected to release potentially harmful chemicals. Plastics with a recycling

code of 3, 6, or 7 should be avoided. 10

Number ‘3’ – vinyl based – ‘plastic smell’

Number ‘6’ – polystyrene – disposable cups, bowls, opaque plastic spoons etc…

Number ‘7’ – polycarbonates – baby bottles, sippy cups.10

Traditionally safety education in schools has been a key aspect of the personal, social & health education

[PSHE] curriculum.11

Children are able to recognize some hazards from a very early age for example, crawling babies will

avoid obvious heights, but they do not have the same control over their bodies that older children do, so can

easily fall. Children need to learn how to manage risk just like adults. It is vitally important for us to take

responsibility for the growing adolescence gradually helping them to learn how to keep themselves safe. 11

Professionals are convinced that such chemicals get absorbed into the hot food that is held in these

storage containers and create health hazards eventually. These studies specified that fatal exposure to

phthalates caused changes in male reproductive organs of humans.12

The waste materials collected are of all types including plastic materials, such as plastic bags, plastic

cups, plastic bottles etc. Instead of carrying these wastes away, they are burnt on the road side polluting the area

with thick smoke which produce toxic gases (because of burning of plastic material) posing a health hazard.

Inhaling of such gases causes lung diseases and even cancer. They resort to burning of waste material with the main

intention of reducing the number of trips a lorry has to take. Burning of waste material in public is a serious

offence and violation of Corporation by laws.13

The recent studies and statistics throws the light that Plastic waste is an important problem in this

contemporary approach and more school children’s are affected mainly due to improper disposal methods and

poor knowledge among the children’s regarding the disposal strategies. So the investigator is very much

interested in doing this topic.13

Students will create a Plastic Safety Map of their school’s surrounding areas.  Students research on their

environment near their school and put information in the map such as where is safe, where is dangerous and

where they love and be proud of and share their knowledge of plastic management to local people. The

colleges will be the center of community education for plastic management. Children and the youth will share

their knowledge and work as leaders of their communities. They will help people in trouble as global citizens.

They will know how to save their lives from hazards of plastics. This project will directly contribute to the

quality of lives of anyone who live on this planet.13

Considering the above facts, the researcher felt that the main emphasis is to provide the school students

a basis for understanding important hazard- related process and concepts. It will still encourage students to

grasp the fundamentals of it. It will still appreciate that most issues have complexities that are beyond the

current state of scientific knowledge. It involves societal aspects beyond the realm of science. 13

6.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is a key step in research process. It refers to an extensive, exhaustive and systematic

examination of publications relevant to the research project. Nursing research may be considered a continuing

process in which knowledge gained from earlier studies is an integral part of research in general. One of the

most satisfying aspects of the literature review is the contribution it makes to the new knowledge before

delivering into a new area of study while conducting a study, when interpreting the results of the study and

when making judgments about the applications of a new knowledge in nursing practice. The major goal of

review of literature is to develop a strong knowledge base to carry out research activity.

In this present study, review of literature can be discussed in these following headlines. The review has

been divided under the following headings:

1. Studies related to environmental hazards and health issues due to plastic

2. Studies related to indiscriminate disposal of plastic

3. Studies related to hazards of plastic use and prevention among school children

1. STUDIES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND HEALTH ISSUES DUE TO

PLASTIC

A comparative study was conducted between environmental hazards due to plastic uses and respiratory

health in young children in Dec 2006 the study period covered 11 years (1996-2006). 640 documents were

recovered from the united states accounted for 23.5% of articles. The factor most widely studied was air

pollution the outdoor air pollution is (50%) and then indoor air pollution is (40%) predominated in children 3

years of age the study concluded environmental hazards is fundamental in the management and prevention of

respiratory problems in childhood. Moderation can avoid the using of plastics which leads to environmental

pollution can reduce the health problems to the childrens.14

The prospective cohort study was conducted by the national cancer institute (NCI) in 2007, includes

25,691 male and female workers enrolled from 10 different formaldehyde producing or using plants. They

investigated mortality for multiple cancer sites and duration of exposure. The result were increased risk of sino

nasal cancers were observed among male 2.3 (95%), 13 exposed causes and female 2.4 (95%), 4 exposed cases

and 3 deaths one death from squamous cell sinonasal cancer and concluded no increase in risk was found

among formaldehyde exposed workers.15

The environmental protection Agency and centers for disease control and prevention survey was

conducted in 2001 on vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogens that causes a rare cancer of the liver.

Health assessment for vinyl chloride monomer plants cause or contribute air pollution that may increase in

mortality or increase in serious (IRIS) data lowers the previous risk factor estimate by the 20 samples and

concludes that liver is the most sensitive site and have consistent evidence for liver cancer and weaker

association for other sites15

2. STUDIES RELATED TO INDISCRIMINATE DISPOSAL OF PLASTIC

A study conducted on plastic waste management in India, 60% of the plastic-waste collected and

segregated gets recycled back into materials for further processing into consumer products, while the balance

is left unutilized16

A study conducted on new perspectives in plastic biodegradation, recycling has practically failed to

provide a safe solution for disposal of plastic waste (only 5% out of 1 trillion plastic bags, annually produced

in the US alone, are being recycled). Since the most utilized plastic is polyethylene (PE; ca. 140 million

tons/year), any reduction in the accumulation of PE waste alone would have a major impact on the overall

reduction of the plastic waste in the environment. Since PE is considered to be practically inert, efforts were

made to isolate unique microorganisms capable of utilizing synthetic polymers. Recent data showed that

biodegradation of plastic waste with selected microbial strains became a viable solution.16

A study on Guidelines for recycling of plastics conducted by the National Environmental Engineering

Research Institute (NEERI) for the Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation, which handles more than 5,500

metric tons MSW per day shows that plastic waste is 0.75 %. In Europe and U.S.A, plastic waste makes up 8

% of total MSW. The rest is made up of organic materials (33%), paper and paperboards (30%), glass and

metals (16%) and others (13%).The methods of recycling and the technology used for the same at present are

quite outmoded and are in need of up gradation. It has also been observed that some of industries even recycle

the plastic waste/scrap which is totally unhygienic and such is a health hazard for persons who use items made

from such plastics and even used at times for packaging of foodstuff and medicines. 16

A Population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Finland, with the Objective to find relation

between the presence of plastic wall materials in the home and respiratory health in children. The risk of

asthma was also increased in children exposed to such materials. The study concluded that emissions from

plastic materials indoors have adverse effects on the lower respiratory tracts of small children.17

A longitudinal study was conducted including 85 mother-and-son pairs, showing that, as in rats, women

with higher phthalate levels were more likely to give birth to boys with a shortened distance between the anus

and the genitals. Boys whose mothers had the highest levels of mono-n-butyl phthalate were 10 times more

likely to have undescended testes, smaller scrota and smaller penises. In a follow-up study, Swam and

colleagues found that the phthalate levels associated with the reproductive effect were lower than the dose

considered safe by the Environmental Protection Agency. 18

3. STUDIES RELATED TO HAZARDS OF PLASTIC USE AND PREVENTION AMONG

SCHOOL CHILDREN

A laboratory based study was conducted by national institute of health in united states; by 38 experts

they examined the effects of bisphenol A between animal’s studies and effects on human beings. During

animal studies, scientist have noted female reproductive problems, early onset of puberty, and cancer of the

breast & prostate at even low levels of exposure to bisphenol A. the conclusion of this study in dicates that

very low levels of Bisphenol A exposure could cause adverse health effects especially to a fetus and infant

brain development, effect the children behaviour (hyperactivity). This study recommended that beneficial

impacts of plastic use can reduce the health effects on school going childrens.19

A survey was conducted in United States to determine the effects of bisphenol-A on the brain,

behaviour & prostate gland in fetuses, infants & children at current exposures to bisphenol-A. The National

Toxicology programme giving result in fetal or neonatal mortality, birth defects, or reduced birth weight are

negligible concern to bisphenol-A the Food and Drug administration expressed the same level of concern.19

A study was conducted on obesity among school going children’s has increased effect to bisphenol. An

exposure by some scientists & public health officials. A 2009 review of available studies has persistent effects

on body weight and adiposity is perinatal bisphenol-An exposure, this review has concluded the “Eliminating

exposure to bisphenol-A and improving nutrition during development offer the potential for reducing obesity

and associated diseases. The study recommended that the investigator is in a position to provide preventive

guidance on plastic use to parents and childrens.19

A study was conducted in Yale school of medicine on neurological issues on exposure to bisphenol-A

(Plastic water bottles) in 2008, they demonstrated that adverse neurological effects occur in non human

primates regularly exposure to bisphenol-A at levels equal to the environment protection agency’s in united

states administered maximum safe dose of 50 µg/kg/day in mice. This research found a connection between

bisphenol-A and interference with brain cell connections vital to memory, learning and mood. This study

indicated that education about avoidance of bisphenol-A plastic water bottles reduces the neurological effect

on childrens.19

A laboratory based study was conducted in 2010 by the Yale school of medicine on rates prenatally

exposed to 40 micrograms/kg/Bw bisphenol-A, the study has concluded that corticosterone and its actions in

the brain are sensitive to the programming effects of bisphenol-A.19

A cross-sectional study was published on health effects on humans associated with bisphenol-An

exposure, the sample was 1,500 people assessed to bisphenol-A by looking at the levels of the chemical in

urine. A preliminary study needs to be confirmed and cannot prove causality have the heart disease, diabetes &

liver enzymes. The study confirmed despite of lower concentrations of bisphenol-A in the second study

sample, increased risk of heart disease but not for diabetes or liver enzymes.19

6.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding health

hazards of plastic use among high school students in a selected school at Bangalore

6.4. OBJECTIVES

To assess the pre test and post test level of knowledge regarding health hazards of plastic use among

high school students in a selected school at Bangalore

To assess the effectiveness of the planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding health hazards

of plastic use among high school students in a selected school at Bangalore

To associate the pre test and post test knowledge with selected demographic variables on knowledge

regarding health hazards of plastic use among high school students in a selected school at Bangalore

6.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1: There will be significant difference between the pre and post test knowledge on health hazards of

plastic use among high school students in a selected school at Bangalore

H2: There will be significant association between pre-test and post-test knowledge on health hazards

of plastic use with selected demographic variables among high school students in a selected school at

Bangalore

6.6. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

ASSESS : It refers to measuring the knowledge of high school children on health hazards of plastic use

with the help of a structured questionnaire

EFFECTIVENESS : It refers to any desired change that occurs on knowledge of high school students

regarding health hazards of plastic use

PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME : It refers to any pre-planned teaching programme

organized and conducted by the researcher with the help of audio visual aids to assess the knowledge

of school students regarding health hazards of plastic use

HEALTH HAZARDS: These are any hazards which occur in an individual and also produce

devastating effect in their individual health status.

PLASTICS: A material made from petroleum capable of being moulded, extruded or cast into various

shapes. There are many different kinds of plastic made from different combinations of compounds.

HIGH SCHOOL CHILDREN: It refers to any students who are in the grade of education which

includes standards VII to X.

6.7 ASSUMPTIONS

High school students may have inadequate knowledge regarding health hazards of plastic use

Planned teaching programme approach may increase the knowledge of high school students regarding

health hazards of plastic use

High school students may be the best conveyors of knowledge and role models to the future generation

6.8 DELIMITATIONS

The study is delimited to high school students of selected school at Bangalore

The study is delimited to students of class 7th to 10th standard of selected school at Bangalore

The study is delimited for a period of 4 weeks

6.9. PROJECTED OUTCOME

The study will enhance the knowledge of high school students regarding health hazards of plastic use

with the help of planned teaching programme.

7.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1 SOURCE OF DATA

High school students of a selected school at Bangalore

7.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND APPROACH

The research design used in this study is quasi experimental one group pre test and post test

design.

Pretest Intervention Post test

O1 X O2

The research approach used in the study is quantitative approach

7.1.2 SETTING

The setting of the study will be selected high school at Bangalore.

7.1.3. POPULATION

Target population: It includes all high school students

Accessible population: It includes high school students of a selected school at Bangalore

7.2. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

7.2.1. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Stratified sampling technique will be used.

7.2.2. VARIABLES UNDER THE STUDY

Independent Variable:

Planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding health hazards of plastic use

Dependent Variable:

Knowledge of high school students regarding health hazards of plastic use

Demographic variable:

Age, gender ,class studying, religion, father’s education, father’s occupation, mother’s education,

mother’s occupation, place of residence , source of information, etc

7.2.3. SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size includes 60 high school students in a selected school at Bangalore

7.2.4. DURATION OF THE STUDY

Duration of the study will be delimited to a period of 4 weeks

7.2.5. INCLUSIVE CRITERIA

High school students of selected school at Bangalore

Students who can read and understand English

7.2.6. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA

High school students who are absent at the time of data collection

Students who are not willing to participate in the study

7.2.7. INSTRUMENT NEED TO BE USED

This consists of three sections as follows:

Section 1 : Demographic data

This Consists Of Demographic Variables Such As Age, Gender, Class Studying, Religion, Father’s

Education, Father’s Occupation, Mother’s Education, Mother’s Occupation, Place of residence, source of

information etc

Section 2 : Structured questionnaire

A structured questionnaire will be used to assess the knowledge of students on health hazards of plastic

use

Section 3 : Planned teaching programme

A planned teaching programme which may last for 30 – 40 min duration involving lecture and

discussion of health hazards of plastic use by using posters which will be prepared ahead by the researcher and

validated by the experts.

SCORING PROCEDURE

Multiple choice questions are used

For answers. If the answer is right 1

If the answer is wrong 0

SCORING INTERPRETATION

Knowledge Range

Adequate knowledge : 80-100%

Moderate knowledge : 60-79%

Inadequate knowledge : <59%

7.2.8. LIMITATIONS

The study will be limited to

Selected school at Bangalore

Sample size of 60 high school students

7.2.9 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

After obtaining the permission from concerned authorities and informed consent from the samples, the

investigator will collect the baseline demographic data.

LEVEL 1 : Pre test will be conducted from the students of high school at Bangalore

LEVEL 2: Educating the high school student on health hazards of plastic use with the aid of planned teaching

programme.

LEVEL 3: After 1 week of the education program, post test will be administered to assess the level of

knowledge on health hazards of plastic use among high school students.

7.2.10 PILOT STUDY:

The study will be conducted with a sample of 06 high school students. The purpose to conduct the pilot

study is to find out the feasibility for conducting the main study and design a plan of statistical analysis.

7.2.11. PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive Statistics:

Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to describe the demographic variables.

Mean and standard deviation will be used to assess the knowledge in pretest and posttest.

Inferential statistics:

Paired‘t’ test will be used to compare the pretest and posttest knowledge of high school students

Chi-square test will be used to associate the posttest knowledge with selected demographic variables.

The significant findings will be examined with tables, figures and graph.

7.3. DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS

OR OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMALS

Yes, study will be conducted among high school students to assess the pre and post test knowledge

regarding health hazards of plastic use.

7.4. HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR INSTITUTION INCASE OF

7.3?

Yes, informed consent will be obtained from the concerned study subjects and authority.

Privacy, confidentiality and anonymity will be guarded.

Scientific objectivity of the study will be maintained with honesty and impartiality.

7.5. ETHICAL COMMITTEE:

Title of the topic

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching

programme on knowledge regarding health hazards of plastic use

among high school students in a selected school at Bangalore

Name of the candidate Ms. Guna Sundari J

Course and the subject MSc Nursing in Pediatric Nursing

Name of the guide Prof. Hannah C Rajapriya

Ethical committee Approved

8.0 LIST OF REFERENCES

1. URL : Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Plastic

2. Elias, Hans – Georg. An Introduction To Plastics.4th Edition. Wiley & Weinheim Publishers ; 2003 .

3. Wiberg S. Consumer Hazards Of Plastics. Environmental Health Perspectives ; 2001

4. Moinuddin Sarker, Mohammad Mamunor Rashid, Mohammed Molla. Waste Plastic Conversion Into Chemical Products. Journal Of Fundamentals Of Renewable Energy And Applications. 2001; 5[1]: 11-20.

5. Amrutha Pretty. Plastic Wastage Around The Streets. Times Of India.2000. Jan 16.

6. Andrady,Anthony. Plastics And The Environment. 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons ; 2003. P.222.

7. URL : Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Plastic

8. Galvez M. Plastic Exposure In Childhood. American Journal Of Public Health.1970; 797.

9. Dingle P. Pediatric Exposure And Potential Toxicity Of BPA Plasticizers. 2003.

10. Agnihothra V. Guidelines For Recycling Of Plastics. Indian Journal On Medicine. 2009; 26[6]: 52-61.

11. Lofquist B. Home Hazards Residential Plastics Pose Threats To Children’s Health. Alternatives Journal. 2002; 25-26.

12. American Academy Of Pediatrics Technical Report. Pediatric Exposure And Potential Toxicity Of Phthalate Plasticizers. 2003

13. National Health Survey. Plastics And Its Possible Ill Health. JNHS. 2004; 92[33]: 318-391.

14. Ruotsalainen R. Home Dampness And Molds As Determinants Of Respiratory Symptoms And Asthma In Pre-School Children. 2003.

15. Davis J.R. Plastic Use And Childhood Cancer. Archieves Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology; 1993.P 87-92.

16. Dr.Parveshbhawan. Central Pollution Control Board [Online]. 2009[Cited 2009 Dec]; Available From :URL: Http://Www.Buzzle.Com

17. Ruotsalainen R. Home Dampness And Molds As Determinants Of Respiratory Symptoms And Asthma In Pre-School Children. 2003

18. American Academy Of Pediatrics Technical Report. Pediatric Exposure And Potential Toxicity Of Phthalate Plasticizers. 2003

19. Plastic And Health Hazards BPA. Environmental California Research Center. Br J Pharmacol. 2004; P 209-214.

9 Signature of the candidate

10 Remarks of the guide

Health hazards caused by plastics are one of the

major health problems in India. By educating the

high school students who are going to be the

future citizens of India we can solve the issue of

health hazards caused by plastic usage in near

future.

11

Name and designation of

11.1 Guide Prof. Hannah C Rajapriya. A,

11.2 Signature

11.3 Co-Guide(if any) -

11.4 Signature

11.5 Head of Department Prof. Hannah C Rajapriya

11.6 Signature

12 12.1 Remarks of the

PrincipalThis study is feasible and can be conducted. It also

helps in educating the high school students

regarding the health hazards caused due to plastic

usage

12.2 Signature