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Pharmacognosy Magazine Pharmacognosy Magazine Pharmacognosy Magazine Pharmacognosy Magazine ISSN:ISSN:ISSN:ISSN: 0973097309730973----1296129612961296 Vol 4, Issue 16 (Suppl.), OctVol 4, Issue 16 (Suppl.), OctVol 4, Issue 16 (Suppl.), OctVol 4, Issue 16 (Suppl.), Oct----Dec, 2008Dec, 2008Dec, 2008Dec, 2008

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PHCOG MAG. An official Publication of Phcog.Net

PHCOG MAG.: Research Article

Antioxidant, Antihyperlipidaemic and Antidiabetic Activity of

Dendrophthoe falcata Leaves- A Preliminary study Tenpe C. R*., Upaganlawar A. B., Khairnar A. U. and Yeole P. G.

Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Wardha - 442 001, Maharastra,

India.

Author for Correspondence : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic activity of Petroleum

ether extract (PEE), Ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and ethanol (70%) extracts (EE) of Dendrophthoe falcata (DF)

leaves. Preliminary phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of sterols, flavonoids, carotenoids and phenols in

different extract. Ethanol extract showed better in vivo antioxidant activity in both DPPH radical scavenging

(IC50=16.78µg/ml) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (IC50=54.5µg/ml) in sodium nitroprusside/Griss

reagent system. Lipid lowering activity of Dendrophthoe falcata (DF) extract (300mg/kg/day, p.o) was tested in

high fat diet model for 42 days (six weeks). Treatment of Dendrophthoe falcata 70% ethanol extract for forty two

days along with high fat diet showed significant (P<0.01) reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride

(TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and significant increased in the level of

high density lipoprotein (HDL) when compared with hyperlipedemic control. The lowered atherogenic index of

extract groups suggests antihyperlipedemic and cardioprotective potential. 70% ethanol extract (300mg/kg/day,

p.o) exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats with significant improvement

in body weight and reduction in blood glucose, serum creatinine and urea level. On the basis of above result we

can conclude that 70% ethanol extract of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves possesses good antioxidant,

antihyperlipidemic and antdiabetic activity than petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract.

KEY WORDS: Dendrophthoe falcata, Antioxidant, Hyperlipedemia, Antidiabetic

INTRODUCTION

Oxygen involved in the respiratory process can be

transformed under some condition into superoxide

anion, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen and hydrogen

peroxide (1).These reactive oxygen species are

implicated in some diseases such as inflammation,

cancer, ageing, anemia, degenerative diseases and

atherosclerosis (2). Hyperlipidemia is one of the most

important risk factors for susceptibility to coronary

heart diseases and it is characterized by abnormally

elevated blood levels of lipids (triglyceride and

cholesterol) and lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL) (3).

Atherosclerosis is the underlying form in CHD that

affects the intima of the coronary arteries. Several risk

factors influence the pathogenesis viz. diabetes,

hypertension, obesity, high fat diet, lack of exercise

and stress. Oxidative stress has been shown to have a

role in the elevation of diabetes and related problems

(4). In diabetes, protein glycation and glucose

autooxidation may generate free radical in the body,

which in turn catalyze lipid peroxidation (5).

Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting

(Family: Loranthaceae) is evergreen, large, bushy

parasitic plant, usually glabrous, branched parasite

with smooth gray bark, found almost throughout India,

Burma, Ceylon and Australia. The plant has the

properties as astringent, narcotic, bitter, diuretic and

used in the treatment of tuberculosis, asthma and

mania. It is used in menstrual disorder, wounds, in

prevention of stone in kidney & bladder, hemorrhage,

miscarriage and abortion during pregnancy. It is used

as an anti-ulcer, anthelmintic and blood purifier. It is

also used in fetus development and blood pressure

management. Plant grown on Ficus fistula host is used

for foetus development in Ayurveda. It is used in

Vatta, Kapha and Pitta. This plant is used for avoiding

abortion which occurs during 3rd month of pregnancy

(6-8).

Dendrophthoe falcata, is reported to contain

biologically active substances such as flavonoid,

quercetin, kempferol, rutin (9) tannins, β-sitosterol, β-


SSSS 183183183183


amyrin, oleanolic acid (10) chlorophyll (11) and

Phenolic contents (12). Indranin et al found (+)

catechin and leucocyanidin from bark of D. falcata

(13). Based on the presence of different active

constituents mainly flavonoids, tannins and phenolic a

study was designed to screen the different extracts of

Dendrophthoe falcata for its in vitro antioxidant

activity, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and extraction of the Plant

Dendrophthoe falcata leaves were collected from

Nashik District, Maharashtra, India and a voucher

specimen (No. BSI/WC/Tech/2006/197) was deposited

with the, Botanical survey of India, Pune .The shade

dried and powdered leaves of Dendrophthoe falcate,

were subjected to successive extraction in a soxhlet

apparatus with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and

ethanol (70%) extracts. All extracts were individually

filtered, through Whatmann filter paper # 42 and

evaporated to dryness at 50º C in oven. The extracts

were then stored in desiccators till further use.

Percentage yield of the extracts was found to be 5.8%,

14.7%, and 16.3% w/w respectively.

Chemicals

Diagnostic kit used for estimation of Triglyceride,

Cholesterol, HDL-C and glucose were obtained from

MERCK LTD, Mumbai. Alloxan hyderate was procured

from Loba chemicals. All the other chemicals used

were of AR grade.

In Vitro antioxidant activity

DPPH scavenging activity (14,15)

The free radical scavenging activity of petroleum

ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol 70 % extracts of

Dendrophthoe falcata leaves and ascorbic acid (ASC)

was measured in terms of hydrogen donating ability

using the stable radical DPPH.

0.1 mM solution of DPPH in ethanol was prepared and

absorbance was measured at 517 nm in

spectrophotometer, said as absorbance of control

reaction, further 1.0 ml of this solution was added to

3.0 ml of extracts solution in ethanol and water for

ethanol (70%), petroleum ether and ethyl acetate

extract respectively, at different concentration [5-80

µg/ml], 30 minutes later, the absorbance was

measured at 517 nm in spectrophotometer (Make and

model used). Lower absorbance of the reaction

mixture indicates higher free radical scavenging

activity.

Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (16-17)

The reaction mixture (3 ml) containing sodium

nitroprusside (10mM, 2 ml), phosphate buffer saline

(0.5 ml) and 0.5 ml of different concentration (5-80

µg/ml) of extracts were dissolved in respective solvent

system and incubated at 250C for 150 minute. After

incubation, 0.5 ml of the reaction mixture containing

nitrite was pipette and mixed with 1 ml of sulfanilic

acid reagent (0.33% in 20% glacial acetic acid) and

allowed to stand for 5 minute for completing

diazotization. Then, 1 ml of napthylethylendiamine

dihydrochloride (0.1%) was added, mixed and allowed

to stand for 30 minutes at 250C. A pink colored

chromophore was formed in diffused light. The

absorbance of this solution was measured at 547 nm

against the corresponding blank solution using

spectrophotometer. Ascorbic acid was used as positive

control. IC 50 value is the concentration of sample

required to inhibit 50 % of nitric oxide radical. All

determinations were performed in triplicates.

Acute oral toxicity test:

Acute oral toxicity test was carried out as per the

protocol given in the OECD guidelines (18) and a dose

of 300 mg/kg was selected for the animal activity.

Experimental animals:

Adult albino rats (Wistar strain), of either sex

weighing 120-200 gm were used in the entire study.

The animals were housed in the polypropylene cages

with 12 hours dark-light cycle, at appropriate

temperature and humidity conditons. Animals were

fed with a balanced diet and water ad libitum. All

animal experiments were approved by the

Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (Registration

No.535 / 02 / a / CPCSEA / Jan 2002) of Institute of

Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Wardha.

Antihyperlipidaemic activity

Hyperlipidaemia was induced by administration of

High fat diet (HFD) having composition wheat flour 30

g, sucrose 25 g, milk powder 22 g, hydrogenated

ground nut oil 22 g, cholesterol 1% of 100 g of diet.

Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol (70%)

extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves were

suspended in Tween 80 (2.5 %) in water and

administered in a dose of 300 mg/kg, p.o. to the

animals for six weeks (42 days). The rats were divided

in seven groups.

Group A: Animals served as control and received 0.3

ml 2.5 % tween 80 /kg/day, p.o.

Group B: Animals received HFD.

Group C: Animals received HFD and Lovastatin

(10mg/kg, p.o).

Group D: Animals received HFD and Petroleum ether


SSSS 184184184184


extracts (300 mg/ kg, p.o).

Group E: Animals received HFD and Ethyl acetate

extracts (300 mg/kg, p.o).

Group F: Animals received HFD and Ethanol (70%)

extracts (300 mg /kg, p.o).

Antidiabetic activity

Rats were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal

injection of Alloxan monohydrate (Loba Chemicals,

Bombay) 70 mg/kg. Two days after Alloxan injection

rats with plasma glucose level of > 200 mg/dl were

included in the study.

All extracts of Dendrophthoe falcata Linn, leaves were

suspended in Tween 80 and was orally (p.o)

administered in dose 300 mg/kg to the animals by

gastric intubation for the period of 21 days. In the

experiment Wistar albino rats were used (36 Nos). The

rats were divided in six groups of six animals in each

group.

Group I: Animals served as normal and received 0.3

ml tween 80% /kg/day, p.o. .

Group II: Animals were treated with single dose of

Alloxan (70mg/kg, i.p).

Group III: Standard reference drug Glibenclamide

(10mg/kg, p.o) + Alloxan (70mg/kg, i.p) .

Group IV: Petroleum extracts (300 mg/kg, p.o) +

Alloxan (70mg/kg, i.p)).

Group V: + Ethyl acetate extracts (300 mg/kg, p.o)

+ Alloxan (70mg/kg, i.p).

Group VI: Ethanol (70%) extracts (300 mg/kg) p.o)+

Alloxan (70mg/kg, i.p).

Biochemical analysis

Blood samples were collected at the end of treatment

period from individual rat by orbital sinus under ether

anesthesia and were centrifuged by using table top

centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 minute so as to

separate the serum. Quantitative determination of

serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and HDL

was done by using Diagnostic Kits. Level of low density

lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins

(VLDL) were calculated by the method of Friedwald’s

formula (19) and Atherogenic index was determined

using following equation.

LDL= Total Cholesterol-(VLDL+ HDL)

VLDL=Triglyceride/5

A.I= VLDL+LDL / HDL

In case of antidiabetic study the protocol was of 21

days. Blood glucose level and body weights were

analyzed on 1, 7, 14, 21st day of study. Analysis of

serum creatinine and urea was done at the end of

study on 21th days using diagnostic kit.

Statistical analysis

The results was analyzed by one-way analysis of

variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t-test. P<0.05

was considered as significant. All data are expressed as

mean ± SEM.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Preliminary phytochemical investigation was done by

chemical tests. Pet. ether extract showed presence of

sterol and carotenoids. Ethyl acetate extract showed

presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds.

Ethanol (70%) extract showed presence of sterol,

flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds.

Free radical scavenging activity:

Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) is a nitrogen-centered

free radical. It reacts similar to the peroxyl radical and

the reaction rates correlate directly with the

antioxidant activity.

In the present study IC 50 values of different extracts

were calculated and compared with IC 50 value of

ascorbic acid as a standard (IC 50=12.42 µg/ml).

Ethanol (70%) extract showed significant activity with

IC 50 value 16.78 µg/ml. The results indicate efficacy of

extract in following order ASC>ET>EAE>PET. (Fig.1)

Nitric oxide radical generated from sodium

nitroprusside at physiological pH was found to be

inhibited by Ethanol (70%), Ethyl acetate and Pet.

ether extracts. Determination of IC 50 values of

different extracts and ascorbic acid as a standard were

done. Ethanol (70%) extract had shown significant

activity with IC 50 value 54.5 µg/ml as compared to IC

50 of ascorbic acid (Fig. 2).

Antihyperlipidaemic activity:

HFD treatment for 42 days shows marked elevated

levels of serum TC, TG, LDL VLDL, and reduction in

level of HDL as compared to control group fed with

normal diet (Table 1). Administration of Dendrophthoe

falcata leaves extracts with daily dose of 300 mg/kg,

p.o significantly altered the levels of serum TC, TG,

LDL, VLDL and serum HDL level at different degrees.

Elevated level of blood cholesterol especially LDL is a

known major risk factor for coronary heart disease

where as HDL is cardioprotective (20). Among the

different extracts, ethanol (70%) extract at 300mg/kg

showed significant activity (p<0.01). While the Ethyl

acetate extract had shown considerable reduction in

the TG &VLDL level (p<0.05). Lovastatin 10 mg/kg was

used as a standard drug and showed significant results

(p<0.01).

Rats treated with HFD and ethanol (70%), Ethyl acetate

and petroleum extract showed reducing effects on


SSSS 185185185185


Fig 1- DPPH Scavenging activity.

Std – Ascorbic acid, pet-Petrolium ether extract,

eta-Ethyl acetate extract and eth-Ethanolic extract

Fig 2: Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity

Std – Ascorbic acid, pet-Petrolium ether extract,

eta-Ethyl acetate extract and eth-Ethanolic extract

Table 1: Effects of D. falcata leaves extracts on lipid profile in rats treated with HFD

Groups TC (mg/dl) TG

(mg/dl)

HDL-C

(mg/dl)

LDL

(mg/dl)

VLDL

(mg/dl)

A I

(mg/dl)

Group A

Normal

86.15

±1.98

78.49

±1.43

49.28

±2.85

52.85

±1.51

15.00

±0.16

2.76

±0.54

Group B

HFD control 227.32

±1.92

173.65

±2.02

33.65

±1.69

225.51

±2.58

37.02

±2.14

13.86

±1.23

Group C

HFD + standard

(10 mg/kg)

155.99

±2.33**

112.12

±2.78**

45.17

±1.32

134.68

±1.56**

24.59

±0.70**

7.65

±0.97**

Group D

HFD + Pet. ether

extract

(300mg/kg)

208.22

±2.867

145.47

±3.07

34.56

±1.33

192.14

±3.56

33.95

±1.33 ns

12.89

±1.51

Group E

HFD+Ethylacetate

extract (300

mg/kg)

177.67

±1.82

129.46

±3.53 **

34.43

±0.77

172.13

±2.02

27.19

±1.50

**

11.75

±1.47

Group F

HFD + Ethanol

(70 %) extract

(300 mg/kg)

162.22

±1.59**

122.42

±3.99**

39.16

±2.14**

151.61

±2.81**

24.72

±0.79**

9.46

±1.98**

Values are expressed as Mean ± S.D. (n=6). The results was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s

t-test. p<0.05* , p<0.01** Considered as significant

Table 2: Effect of D. falcata leaves extracts on glucose level and body weight

Groups Days Glucose (mg/dl) Weight (g)

Group I

Normal group

1

7

14

21

84.14±2.269

84.95± 2.65

80.91±2.529

77.5±2.671

201.4±3.586

203.5±4.661

203.6±5.632

204.3±3.146

Group II 1 312.5±2.27 197.5±4.68


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Diabetic control 7

14

21

303.8±3.69

295.8±2.98

293.2±3.584

180.4±5.12

163.4±4.21

142.7±3.47

Group III

Standard drug

1

7

14

21

296.5±1.325

225.3±2.54

153.8±3.511

125.4±2.82**

203.7±4.34

194.2±3.46

190.5±2.14

189.5±3.47**

Group IV

Pet. Ether extract

1

7

14

21

301.8±2.061

292.5±3.147

266.47±2.165

213.85±1.66 **

206.7±2.14

195.4±3.54

178.5±4.31

160.4±2.54 **

Group V

Ethyl acetate

extract

1

7

14

21

303.5±2.502

266.54±1.365

217.36±2.043

193.02±3.54**

201.4±3.69

190.4±1.36

183.8±3.85

180.6±2.44**

Group VI

Ethanol (70 %)

extract

1

7

14

21

306.86±1.458

252.87±2.547

173.7±1.525

147.35±2.69**

199.5±3.58

193.4±2.89

187.7±5.13

183.0±2.17**

Values are expressed as Mean ± S.D. (n=6). The results was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by

Dunnett’s t-test. p<0.05* , p<0.01** Considered as significant

Gro

up I

Gro

up II

Gro

up II

I

Gro

up IV

Gro

up V

Gro

up V

I0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

GroupsGroupsGroupsGroups

CR

EA

TIN

INE

mg

/dl

CR

EA

TIN

INE

mg

/dl

CR

EA

TIN

INE

mg

/dl

CR

EA

TIN

INE

mg

/dl

***

*****

GROUP I

GROUP II

GROUP II

I

GROUP IV

GROUP V

GROUP V

I0

25

50

75

GroupsGroupsGroupsGroups

UR

EA

mg

/dl

UR

EA

mg

/dl

UR

EA

mg

/dl

UR

EA

mg

/dl

***

******

Fig 3: Effect of D. falcata leaves extracts on serum creatinine

level.

The results was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t-test (n=6). *** p<0.01

Fig 4: Effect of D. falcata leaves extracts on serum urea level

The results was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t-test (n=6). *** p<0.01

atherogenic index. Ethanol (70%) extract shows

significant (p<0.01) reduction in atherogenic index.

These results suggest that the D. falcata leaves

extracts had significant antihyperlipidaemic activity in

HFD induced hyperlipidaemia.

Antidiabetic Activity

Alloxan produces oxygen free radical in the body,

which cause pancreatic injury (21) and could be

responsible for increased blood glucose level (22). In

our study there is marked increase in blood glucose


SSSS 187187187187


level in the diabetic control group as analysis done on

1, 7, 14, 21th day of study (312.5, 303.8, 295.8, 293.2

mg/dl) as compared with normal group. (84.1, 84.9,

80.9, 77.5 mg/dl). Treatment with ethanol extracts

(70%) 300mg/kg had significant (p<0.01) reduction in

elevated blood glucose level (306.8, 252.8, 173.7,

147.3 mg/dl) as compared with diabetic control group

(Table 2).

Glibenclamide 10 mg/kg p.o for 42 days also

significantly decreased blood glucose (296.5, 225.3,

153.8, 125.4 mg/dl) level as compared with diabetic

control.

Body weights of animals were recorded during the

study period and there was a marked reduction in body

weight of animals of diabetic control group. Treatment

with ethanol (70%) extract and glibenclamide

significantly (p<0.01) protects reduction in body

weight as compared with diabetic control group. The

level of creatinine and urea was significantly increase

in diabetic rats. At the end of study period estimation

of creatinine and urea were also carried out and

among the extracts. Ethanol (70%) extract had shown

significant (p<0.01) reduction in elevated levels of

urea and creatinin as compared with diabetic control

group (Fig.3 & 4).

In conclusion 70% ethanol extract of D. falcata leaves

showed good in-vitro antioxidant activity, in-vivo

antihyperlipidemic and antdiabetic activity which need

to be evaluated further.

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