Raj Board Class 12 Book - Ajho

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - Ajho

1/74

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AglaSem School
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AglaSem School
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ewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esa %%%%% :i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s

kCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esa %%%%%

AglaSem School
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laLdj.klaLdj. klaLdj.klaLdj. kla Ldj. k %%%%% 20122012201220122012

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cksMZ }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s58 th-,l-,e- he

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AglaSem School
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c v[kj[kq'kh ,sai+Q[+kqj th xkfYg vkgstksek;fed f'k{kk cksMZjktLFkku vtesj ikjkafgu lky 2006

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vofy iQksu rsiksb [k+r t+jh, [kq'khv lkaeat+jh fMuh] tafga ykb 'kqxqt+kjh ek.kq t+:jh Fkh leq>kaA[k+kl djsys[kd bgk vkt+knh fMuh r Ldwyh ckjfu tks;kuqj[kansdsva'k dVsfc l?kkaFkh ,saewamu vkt+knhv tks?kqjcy bLrSeky d;ksvkgsA

nlhZfdrkc desVhv tsesEcjfu Jh th- ,l- [kq'kyk.kh] Jherh eksfguh [kq'kyk.kh] Jh gksrwjkeekuok.kh] Jh xaxkjke bZljk.kh ,saJh vkRekjke Vgfy;k.khv th fc 'kqxqt+kj vkfg;ka] ftfu fgufdrkc th pwaM dj.k esa lg;ksx fMuks vkgsA

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vkgsAmEehn r ghm fdrkc ntsZXIIesaikogqts r tk.k MhUnkA

MkW- deyk xksdyk.khla;ksftdk

AglaSem School
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([k) vkt+knhv ykb vlkatsdkSeh tnkstgn esaftu p vkn'kZfu lkgq iQwfd;ksvkgs] mUgfu [kslka


7/74

ys[kd rji+Qka?k.kk lky vofy ewaxksdhZv th vkRe dFkk i


8/74

vnhc tks de vkgs iafgath xkfYg ,sa iafgatk ohpkj yksdfu rkb igqpk, r thvagwlgh ,sax+yfr th rdrksj djsl?kfuA ysfdu thvar vnhc ,sai+Qudkj lekt 'ksod u vkgs] rafgadjs gwmins'k fM;.k [kka fdukjksFkks djs gwjkg Ms[kkjsl?ks FkksA ysfdu gwmu jkg rsvkqfj [kka idM+soBh gyh uFkksl?ksA xhrk esafc bgksbZp;yqvkgsr rOghaiqLrd ,samins'k i


9/74

ys[kd th okfDi+Q;r1- ukyks% gfj ukjk;.k flag eksVok.kh ^fla/h*2- tue % uoEcj 1929 & ykM+dk.kks3- rbyhe % flU/hv tk pkj ntkZ4- fc;wa cksfy;wa % fgUnh] xqtjkrh ,sa mnwZ5- fdrkc %

(1) fgd yfgj (dgkf.k;wa) 1975(2) /jrh (dgkf.k;wa) 1983

(3) [+kqkj (dgkf.k;wa) 1991(4) vNk okj dkjk Hkaoj (dgkf.k;wa) 1994(5) vcks (ukWfoy) 1988(6) v>ks(ukWfoy) 1990(7) ikf.k;kjk i[kh (ukWfoy) 1993(8) ckfgfj fufdj.k tksjLrks(ukWfoy) 1995(9) tqfM+;y ftfu lkaftanq(ukWfoy) 1988(10) vkf[+kjh iuk (vkRe dFkk)

6- buke % (1) [kqkj fdrkc rs&

egkjk"V jkT; fla/h lkfgr vdkneh rji+Qka cfgrjhfu fdrkc tksbuke(2) vcks ukWfoy rsgkjeuh vokMZ(dkSeh ,drk)(3) v>ks ukWfoy rslkfgR; vdknehv tksbuke

7- lueku % (1) lkfgR; lsok ykb ksiQslj jke iatok.kh fyVjjh ,sa dYpjylsUVj ikjkalueku ,sa buke(2) 'kjr pU pVthZv flyscjs'ku vokMZ,saVkiQh

8- vcks] v>ks,asikf.k;kjk i[kh ukWfoy jktLFkku ,saeqEcbZ;wuhoflZVhv ikjkanlhZfdrkc rksjeat+j d;y

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10/74

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11/74

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tks'khys ejht+[ksol esavk.k.k [kkadkflj gksA ulZfgd fc, okMZCok; x.kir [kslM d;ksAx.kir tkaBks gksA gqu vp.k 'krZejht+[ksHkkdqj esaHkjs] csM rsnls] [ksfl lkth eqd vksykjhans]

/edkbns p;ks] ^^[+kcjnkj] ts ojh cM+cM+dbZ vFksbZrA eqd g.kh estkyksfpFks NMhankslkabA!**okMZCok; x.kir th /edh c/h ulZfMth osbZA gqu vfxrso/h] x.kir [kslkth ckaga [kka

okh >fy;ksA fNaHkhansp;kbfl] ^pfj;ksr u fFk;ksvkgha! ghm gks'k esafdFksvkgs\ fgu[ksr ,frjks

ekfj;ksfo;ksvkgs] tkslanfl gokl bZ[+krk Fkh fo;k vkfgfuA**bgks lpq gksA gqu[ks ,frjksekfj;ks fo;ksgks] tks u fliQZ gqutk gM dqM Hkxk gqvk] ij ekjcnkSyr lanfl gks'k fc xqe Fkh fo;k gqvkA

ij gwekj [kkadhu fMuks gksA ekj [kkagwv/ eqvks fc dhu fFk;ksgksA gwvxj fMuks gksrfliQZmu efg.ks[kka] mu fgd y+t+ [kka] tafgagqutsotwn esa o< fo/k gqvk_ lanfl t+[+efu rsyw.k cjfd;ks gks_ tafga cbfn gwyqfN;ks gks] iQfFkfd;ks gks,sa /hjs /hjs [kaMgj cf.kth Mgh fi;ksgksA

gqutksMksgqi+Qdfr ,frjksgksr gqu iafgatsekfyd] iafgatsv&nkrk tksp;ksu efk;ksgks,saeksV esa [ksfl ekj ,sa ft+Yyr lfg.kh isbZgqbZA gw mgk ekj] mgk ft+Yyr fc cnkZ'kr djs oks gkvxj lanfl ekfyd [ksfl rkuks g.kh b,a u posgk r fgu [ksfl v>ks fMuks gksA

lanfl mgksekfyd e'kgwj nknk gks] tsdks u tk.k dfgM+k ,sadsfrjk uktkbt+/U/k dUnks gksAiksb fc xkVqpksdjsgyanksgksA mu lanfl ekfyd [ks] iafgatsfgd vnuk ukSdj [ks] iafgatseqagayx.k rs ,sa lanfl p;y de [kka badkj dj.k rs] ,frjh c[+khyh oBh osbZ gqbZ] tks gw ckgksfM+thiafgatksgks'k fokk, osBks gksA gqu ifgjha[ksfl fgd pekV gabZ] iksb ch gabZ] ij tMfgagwpqfi chBksjfg;ks ,sa dq>qu dqfN;kb r gqu[kso/hd dkofM+yxhA

AglaSem School
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12/74

2 v>ks

iksb gqu [ksfl BkSa'kfu lkaxM xkfj;wafM;.kqfc 'kq: d;wa%^^lwvj tk iQj] ewarks[ks v>ksfMuks,sa ghavj rwaewalkaeqgkMks FkksvfVdkb!**cl] bu rkus] bu fgd y+t+] gqutk gokl [+krk djs NfM;k] gqutsfnekx+twa ulwafulfr;wa

djs NfM;waAgk] gwcs&v>sbZr gks] tafga[ks fgu nknk efgjckuh djsv>ksfMuksgks! rafgadjsgwtMfgafc

pkghanks] tfgM+ks fc pkghanks] gqu [kka de oBanksA r Nk gw tafga oDr fc pkghanks] v>s MhanM+ [ksvfgM+s uewusls[kr Mhanks\ gw Nk xqyke gks\ dksfM;qfu ts eqYgqfodkfe;y gks\ ij gwxqyke Nks

gks] cs&v>s Nks gks_ gqu[kscs&v>sdafgac.kk;ks gks\ r Nk tMfga fc ds# v>ksMhanks] fgu rjg]

tMfga fc pkghanks] efFkfl trkbnksjganksr gwv>ksMhanM+gks\ r ghavj [ksfl bgks;kn jf[k.kksgksr gwfgrs cs&v>sgks ,sa[ksfl ges'kg v>s tsryk'k esajfg.kksgks!b,aNksgks\ fgu ykb v>ksNksu gks\ fgu 'kkgh nj[+kr esa] tafgaesafc;fu tk iafgatk vk[ksjk

gqvk] gwiafgatksvk[ksjksNksuFkstksM+slf?k;ks\ gqu[ksiafgatksvk[ksjks] iafgatksv>ksvM.k tksgdqNksuFkks fMuksoks\

bUgfu lfHkuh lqokyfu [ksfl rokbZc.kk;ks gks,sa ftLekuh ekj [kkao/hd bu t+guh bar'kkj[ksfl t+jfc;ksgks!

gwtMfga iafgats ekfyd th ekj [kkbZ[kkbZewNkZFkh fo;ksgks] rMfgaukSdjfu fgu[ksmrka [k.khiQqV&ikFk rsokh mfNyk;ks gks] ftrkafgd iqfyl okjs ek.gqfu tsenn lka[ksfl VSDlhv esapkksfM;.k okjksdsj gks\fgdq gokynk#] tsdks gquth ut+jnkjh djs jfg;ks gks] tafgats lqiqnZ bgks deq gks r gw thva

gks'k esavpsr [kkamfl c;ku oBh dyecan djs r [ksfl ekj.k okjksds# gksA budjsgwtafgaoDrfc lqrZesavk;ks ,sadq>qxkYgkb.k yxksr gwMk;jh ,sackWy&isu [kksys] gqutslkEgwaokh FkschBksAij [ksfl dq> fc gM+gkfly u Fkhanksgks] Nkstksgwvyk, Nk tksNk poanksgksA

fgd oDr] tMfgagwgks'k esagks,saulZ[kkaiqNh jfg;ksgksr fgrsdhvavk;ksgksr ulZts

tokc fM;.k [kka vxs bZ mgks gokynkj gquts lkEgwa igqph fo;ks gksA gqu nkn ryc fuxkgqfu lkaMkagqfl fugkjhansp;ks] ^^ewabZrks[ksfgrsvkanksA**ij fgu gokynkj th xkfYg t.kq r c/h bZdkuA gwojh fc ulZ[kka iqN.k yxks] ^^flLVj]

ewa[ksc/kb] ekafgrs dhva igqrqfl\**gokynkj [ksMk


13/74

3 v>ks

gqu jfM+dbZ] ^^gwv fdfjM+h fMlks] gwv uaksMkfg;ka--- vpksr vlha

fgd fc, rk v>k Mkfg;wa--- fgUnqLrku ft+Ungckn--- ikfdLrku ft+Ungckn---gwojh cslqrZ(csgks'kq) Fkh fo;ksAulZ th [kq'kh x+e esa cfnfyth osbZA gqu gokynkj ri+ZQ fugkjs p;ks] ^^egjckuh djs fgu[ks

?k.kksijs'kkuqu dfj] rwadq>qoDrq ckfgfj okh osgqA eka[ksfl gks'k esavk.k.k tks;ru dfj;kaFkhA**gokynkj Mk;jh ,sa ckyisu can djs] okMZ [kka ckfgfj fufdjh fo;ksA

()

flU/ esagwdki+Qh lqf[k;k lrkck gwank gqvkA fojgkscbfn Hkkjr esavph] vyx&vyx 'kgjfu

AglaSem School
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14/74

4 v>ks

esa] vyx&vyx /a/k /kfM+;wadjsdki+Qh uqdlku ikrksgqvkaA vkf[k+fj esagqufu cM+ksnk 'kgj vpholk;ksgksAcM+ksnk dki+Qh oMks,salki+Q lqfFkjks'kgj gksA uxjifr egkjktk fl;kth jko xk;dokM+if


15/74

5 v>ks

bnks gks] mu eka ?kj tks xkMks fxfgycks gksA lanfl oMh Hks.k in~ek oMh Fkh osbZ gqbZA fgd Mhagqagqu[ks fgd x+jhc flU/h ekLrj lka ifj.kk;ksfo;ksA lanfl ekm iafgats/hv ykb c pwfM+;wa,asfgdeqaMh NMs osbZ gqbZ] mgk fod.kh 'kknhv twajLewa iwfj;wad;wa os;waA

vfgM+hv rjg fgu dqVac tk thvarhvadjsdq>qlky fc;k fc xqt+jh fo;kAeksgu vjM+galkyfu tksgksr fgd Mhagqagqutksiafgatsihm lka>sM+ksFkh fi;ksA Mksgqgqutksu]

lanfl ihm tksgksA eksgu tsfrjks dek;ksFks] iafgatsubekm [ksvk.ksfMuksFksA lanfl ihm tkspo.kgksr gqu tsfrjksdek;ksFks] mu [kka?kfV ekm [ksfMuksFksA eksgu tkspo.kqgksr gqu jkst+vB #i;kdek;k Fks] tafgaekavB vkuk iafgath [+kphZ[k.kh ckdh lksM+ksFkh fi;ksAvkyepUn dkofM+esavph iqV [kspekV g.kh dh ?kj ekafufdjh ok.k ykbu pos gk!

gk] gwukyk;d gks] csdkj gks] fgu ?kj rsck# gks!

gqu ihm [ksdq>q u p;ksA ubekm [ksfc dq> u p;kbA pqipki] fcuk dafga[ksdq>qc/kb.kts] lkfx;fu dfiM+fu esa] iafgath Hks.k in~ek ofV gfy;ksfo;ksAeksgu th Hks.k in~ek] tsdk fgd x+jhc ekLrj lkaijf.k;y gqbZ] llqlgqjslkaxMfgd ufU pbZu l?khA

eksguqHks.k tksyFky eqagqa fMlh leq>h fo;ksr gwv fgutsvp.k rs[+kqf'k u Fkh gqbZA gweubZeu esaHks.k ofV vp.k rsiNrkb.k yxksA ij iksb gwfc;ksfdFksoksgk\ fgu lalkj esaihm ,saHks.k ts?kj [kkalokb fgu ykb fc;ksdfgM+ks?kj gks] ftrsgwHkth okh v>ksoBsgk!

in~ek fl;k.kh gqbZA gqu lksfp;ks] fgu gkyfr esaHkkm th fny oB.k t+:jh gqbZA rafgadjseqagarseqdZvk.khansp;kb] ^ewaofV vph pksd;qbA ij Hkk;M+k] ihvj r iqVfu rsdkofM+dank bZvkfgfuAdafgaoDr gFkq fc [k.kh fogank vkfgfuA rafgadjsNk Iafgatks?kj NMsvfpcks\ vkf[+kj ?kj NMs dsMkagqaofkcks\**

eksgu Hks.k tsxkfYg tksdkstokc u fMuksA tokc fM;.k ykb dq> cfp;ksfc fdFksgksA gqur [ksfl b'kkjs esapbZfc NfM;ksgksr iafgats?kj [kkalokb fc;ks dks fc ?kj] dksfc nj fgu ykbdksUgs! lanfl Hks.k tksfc u!

AglaSem School
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16/74

6 v>ks

in~ek Hkkm [kspqi fMlh p;ks] ^^eksgu Hkkm] rwafgdqni+Qkslksfp r lghar ckck th gkyfrdsfrjh u D;kl tksxh vkgsA lHkqdq> fokk, gk.ksgwcst+kj Fkh fi;ksvkgsA tMfga[+ki+QsFkksfFk, rdq> fc pbZFkksfogsA ik.k tsdh dek, Fkks] fokk, FkksvpsA rwatsfrjksdekb Fkks] mu eka?kj tksxkMksuFkksgysA rafgadjs gwlewjksxqLlksrksrsFkksd fc u cfp;ks gksAbgslHkqxkfYg;walkspsgqutksfnekx+tkb rsvph fo;ksA gqu [ksiafgatsihm tseFkkatsdk dkofM+

gqbZ] mgk dkiQwj Fkh osbZA gqu [ks fny esaiNrkm fFk;.k yxksr gwihm tslkEgwaNksfi;ksgks!fc, nhagqagwiafgats?kj eksVh vk;ksA fi.kfl [ksfl dq> u p;ksA gwiqV [ksfcfu fVfu ga/fu rs

xksYg.k fo;ksgksij [ksfl dksu fefy;ks gksA dafga[ksirksfc dksu gksr gwfdFksgksA /hm in~ekrjiQ r dafgatks;ku u fo;ks gksA Nksr mgk vgenkckn esagqbZA

eksgu ubekm lkaokh lpqlfy;ksr gwdsMkagqafo;ksgksA ek.kfl [ksfl fxjkfVM+h ik, fujkM+rspqEeh fMuhA

cM+ksnk esa flU/h ehfM;e tk Ldwy ,sa gkb Ldwy gqvk] ij eksgu [ks etcwjfu bYe eFkkajksVhv [ksrjthg fM;.kh isbZA gw tMfga vjgM+fu lkyfu tksxHk: tqoku fFk;ks r chfM+;qfu c/.k esaekfgj dkjhxj cf.kth pqdksgksA gqu tsgFk twachfM+;wafMlh n;k HkkbZiVsy gqu rsMk iSlk iklhjk dj.k 'kq: d;kAtMfga efgus th ifgjharkjh[+k gw mrstek fFk;y iSlk ihm ofV [k.kh fo;ks gks r fi.kfl Mk>h deh'ku feyanh gqbZA

vkyepUn gk.ksdkiQh t+bZi+Q Fkh fo;ks gksA [ksfl feBk is'kkc Fkh fi;k gqvkA ghavj ?kj tksltksck# eksgu eFkkagksA lanfl uU


17/74

7 v>ks

th 'kknh djk, lf?ktsAeksgu [kslsfB [kkadt+Z?kqj.k rsladksp FkhanksgksA gw lksphanksgksr lsfB vxj dt+ZfM;.k [kkabadkj d;ks r fguth dfgM+h bT+t+r jganh! oMks lsfB r [k.kh MsbZ fc NMs gk] ij vt dYgdkj[+kkustksdkjksckj lanfl iqV laHkkys jfg;ksgks] tsdksMf[k;ks ek.gw gks,saiqV [ks ukjkt+dj.kn;k HkkbZv ykb eqefdu u gksA

eksgu lksfp;ksgks] fl/ksuU


18/74

8 v>ks

vkgs\**^^ij ewanku u] rOgka[kka dt+Zfi, ?kqfj;ksA ekarOgkaofV deqFkksdfj;ka] ekaiafgath i?kkj ekadVkbnksokka gkA**

eqdqan HkkbZv eksgu tseqagaesa fprk, fugkfj;ksA iksb 'kks[+k Fkh p;ks] ^^rwa iafgath et+jh jkst+oBanksvkgha] iksb dVkbfdFkkagk\ rafga[kkalokb ekafgd fgd et+j th vfgM+suewust+:jr iwjhdanqfl r dkj[+kkuks dhvagykbnqflA**

^^ysfdu eqdqan HkkbZ----**^^ysfdu csfdu ewa[ksdq> cf/.kks ukgsA rOgka[ksjkst+xkj ,sav>ksfM;.k tksefrycqbgksukgs

r gfjdk ?kqfjt iwjh dj.k ykb c/y vkfg;waA fc;ksr vOghaflU/ ekaHkth vk;k vkfg;ks] lqHkk.ks

fgrkafc Hkth okksr iksb vlkath jde ds# pqdkbnks!\**vfgM+h fr[kh ,sa tykbnM+ xkfYg c/.k tks eksgu [ks dMfga lqiuks fc u vk;ks gksA gqutkst.kqr ltksotwn bZ/qMh fo;ksA bgk xkfYg u gqbZt.kqrst+kc th /kj gqbZ] tk gquts ru cnu [kslkM+hanh xkjhanh osbZA ^^flU/qekaHkth vk;k vkfg;waA** bgksrkuksu gks] dkjkbZgqbZ] tk gqu tsotwn[ksphjhanh] Vqdjk Vqdjk danh osbZA ysfdu ygwfdFksgks\ ygw'kk;fn ci+QZcf.kth teh fo;ksgks;kckiQ cf.kth mMkeh fo;ksgksA

eksgu [ks,frjkslneksigqrksgks] tks okr ekav[kj fc u mdfy;flA ci+QZFkh fo;y jrqi?kjcf.kth fujkM+rka fVe.k yxflA thvapgdq vp.k rs ul ekajrqfVeanksvkgs!

gk] bgk vlkarsykur gqbZ] flU/qekaHkth vp.k th ykur] tsdk vlkats >ksy esafo/h osbZgqbZ] fcuk vlkatspkgr ts_ ,sagk.ksbgk ykur] Hkth vp.k tksefg.kksvlka[ksges'kg cf/.kks ,sacnkZ'r dfj.kks ioUnks! mu [kkaNksVdkjs tksdksjLrks] dk jkg] ch dk okV vkgsbZdku_ vlkatwalHkqokVwa,sa okgwa] lHkqya?k cafn vkfgfu& vlkarscafn d;k fo;k vkfgfuA rokjh[+k vlkatsvfx;katsdk [kkgh [kksVh vkgs] mgk vlhaikj djsbZuFkk l?kwa! fcYdqy uFkk djsl?kwa!

eksgu [kstMfgagks'k vk;ks] gqu fMBks] dSfcu easgwvdsyksgksA gwckfgfj vk;ksA iafgatksdeiwjksd;kbA 'kke tksiafgatks fglkc oBh] n;k HkkbZiVsy chfM+;qfu tsdkj[+kkus[ksges'kg ykbvyfonk d;kb!

eksgu fl/ks?kj u fo;ksA gqu ts fnekx+esalaxzke gksA Tokykeq[khv ft;kagqutkst+gu //dh

jfg;ks gksA gqu iQkV.k Fkspkfg;ksA t+gu esadBksfFk;y lewjksykok ckfgfj dksbZ r ofjrks vkgsA bgk xkfYg gw ckj&ckj Nksu otkZbnk! vlka[kslanfuxkfYg] fiQV ykur ft;kajkst+cf/.kh ,salfg.kh ioanh! bu Hkksxu [kkadksNksVdkjks] dk eqfDr vkgsbZdku! bgks vlkatks eqdj cf.kth pqdksvkgs----

AglaSem School
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19/74

9 v>ks

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bu [kkao/hd ch dfgM+h ft+Yyr Fkh l?ks Fkh r [ksfl eqdqan HkkbZv [kkacf/.kksfi;ksgksrgqu [ksfl jkst+xkj fMuksgksr v>ksfc fMuksgks! mu [kkar gwiafgats/jrhv rsejh fefVtsgk rmgksekSr fgu ft+Yyr [kkacfgrj gks! iksb dksrkuks] dks v>sfM;.k tksvglku r u trk, gk!

HkktksdM+! bgksbZefrycqfFk;ksr vlhaHkktksdM+vkfg;wa,safMth iafgatsoru ekaHkth vk;k

vkfg;wa! ,sagk.ksvlka[ksjkst+cf/.kksioanks& vlhaHkktksdM+vkfg;wa!gqu[ksiafgats ihm rs xqLlks vk;ksA gw vfgM+ksfMft.kksgks] tks iafgatsihjlu ihm ekm [ksfcmrsNMsvk;ksA dk'k! mu oDr gwFkksjksoMks gqtsgk r gwiafgatsMkMs,saiafgatsoru [ksdMfgafc[+kSj vkckn u djs gk! ,satsgwu vpsgk r lanfl ekm fc u vpsgkA lanfl ekm u vpsgk rlanfl ihm fc u vpsgkA iksb mgk v>ksfM;.k th cqfNM+h xkfYg c/.k th ukScr fc u vpsgk!

mu oDr] oru NM.k oDr] tafga oDr gw fliQZ Ngfu lkyfu tks gks] gqu esa,frjh leq>Nksu gqbZ r gw ekm [kka gFk NMk,] lkEgwa okjh jghek pkphv ts ?kj okh fydh fogs gk! u gwyfHktsgk ,sau gwgsMkagqavpfu gk! tsgw[ksfl NMsgfy;k fc okfu gk r gw MkMsofV bZgqtsgkAMkMsofV ekuk iafgats/jrhv rs] iafgats v>sgsfB!

ij ---- ij gqu b,au d;ks,saekB ehB esa ekm tksgFkq >ys] fgrsgfy;ksvk;ksAMkMstksdsMksu lkgqgks gqu esa! gat ekaykfg.k rsfny bZdku fi, fFk;flA gj gj pqfe;wafi, fMukbflA oMhv eqf'dy lka fi.kfl fNdsMkMsts gat eka ykFkksgksflA MkMks pqipki xks lkspsp;kb] ^^gsfrfj;waxkfYg;wac/.k [kkaiksb

mrs de dj.k [ks dfgM+h ekuk vkgs\ dfgM+s eqaga lka de dfj;ka gk tMfga r bT+t+r bZ u gqtsgk!**

fi.kfl [ks fliQZ isV tksfi+Q gksA mu ykb vxj cs&x+Sjr c.kft.kks ios r fc gqu[ks xokjkgksA rafgadjsp;kb] ^^Nk Fkh fi;ksvxj uU pbZfc fo/ksrA bgk dk xkjr dku gqbZ] tafga rsrwadkfofM+th deq NMsvk;ksvkghaA rwa fMlhafc osBksr gk.kseka de dj.ktfgM+ksu jfg;ksvkfg;kaA vfgM+hv gkyfr esavlkaofV ch dfgM+h /jkor j[kh vkgs] tsdk osgh[kkbnklha\**

AglaSem School
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20/74

10 v>ks

eksgu [ksMk fokk, u NMsgk r [ksfl dt+Z?kqfj.kks bZu iosgkA ij gqu ihm [ks dq> u p;ksAgwpqfi djsnjokt+s rji+Q fugkj.k yxks] tafgatks fgdqrkdq [kqfy;y gksA

iqV [kspqi fMlh vkyepUn p;ks] ^^eqafgath xkfYg ekq,safgdqMhagqafc vtk;ksu fokkbAvt bZuU lksps p;kb] ^r iksb ghvadfj] rwaiafgatsekesofV dY;k.k dSEi gfy;ksokqA mrsgwrks[ksdksu dksdeqt+:# oBh MhanksA

rwa #xks,frjks[+;ky jf[kft r iqfB;kavlha rqafgats vkljsrsgwanklhaA rslharkb ekarqafgatsuU


21/74

11 v>ks

tksgwgkfde gqvk ,safganqLrkuh flikgh lanfu pkfdjh dank gwank] Nkstksmgsxqyke gqvkAtlqgqtsegkRek xka/hv [ks] tafgavaxzst+fu [ks[+kkyh gFksa fganqLrku ekayMk;ks,saHkkjrokfl;qfutsxys ekaxqykehv tksxVqykFkks!

egkRek xka/h rMgkadj vaxzst+fu rsMefj;y gwankstMfgaxksjhv peM+hv okjfu vaxzst+fu M[k.kvkQhdk esajaxHksn uhrhv lcc lk.kqfl v.k lwgkbnks ofgaokj d;ksgksA gwcSjsLVj gks,safgd Hksjs

iQLVZDykl cksxhv esali+Qj djsjfg;ksgksr fgd vaxzst+fVdsV psdj [ksfl b,apbZVsu ekaykgsNfM;ksgksr dafga dkjs fganqLrkuhv [ksiQLVZDykl esali+Qj dj.k th btkt+r dku gqbZA

cSjsLVj eksgunkl deZpan xka/hv [ksfl iQLVZ Dykl th fVdsV Ms[kkjh r fc mu vaxzst+ Vh-lhv u efk;ks ,sau fliQZ[ksfl xkMhv ekagsfB ykFkkbcfYd lanfl lkeku fc [k.kh IysViQkeZrs

fiQVksd;kb!eksgunkl xka/h ,Mh oMh csbT+t+rh cnkZ'kr u djs lf?k;ksgwanksA gqutseu esavaxzst+fu f[+kyki+Qui+Qjr iSnk Fkh gwanh ,sagqu eu bZeu esaladYi d;ksgwanksr gwmu csbT+t+rhv tkscfnyksvaxzst+fu[kkat+:# oBanks!

egkRek xka/hv ts Mcjs ljhj esa vaxzst+fu f[+kyki+Q cx+kor th sj.kk bgk ui+Qjr ,sa cfnysoB.k th ckfg gwanh tk rMfgaFk/h Fkh gwanh] tMfgagqu Hkkjr ekavaxzst+fu tksrMks[k.kk;ks& fcukryokj ;k canwd gykb.k ts!

vaxzst+fu tMfga dY;k.k dSEi [+kkyh dbZ r iqfB;ka HkM+Hkkax cSjdwa] 'kjkc twa [+kkyh cksrywa]flxzsVfu ,sa ekphlfu tk [+kkyh iSdsV] xank #eky ,sa Hkxy VqVy iQuhZpj NfM;ksgksA lkg okjfu ts

ukysesamrsukax] foNwa] dwvk ,saxqlwagq;waAtafgaoDr mgk dSEi fla/h ujokfl;qfu ykb [kqyh gqbZ] rafgaoDr dsj lanfu gkyfr r fMlsgk! gwt:# vkg Hkjsposgk r ghm flaf/;qfu [ks fdFks ,sa dfgfM+;qfu gkyrqfu gsfB jgk;ksfo;ksvkgsA cSjdqfu [ksu gqvk nj] u gq;waiwfj;wa nfj;waA ek.gqfu njfu rs x.k tk inkZ ga;k gqvkA dejk

fc b,a bZvyfx vyfx d;k fo;k gqvkA dkdwl Hkxy ,sa njfu [kka lokb] dsj vps r vxyks[ka?kh c/k, r vofy bZdsj gktr rsgks! 'kke tks jLrsrka ya?kq r isjfu oVka ukax fi;ksfljdanksosanksA jkr tkslqEgqr dwvk ,saxqlwaekl dksjsokfuA ik.khv rs>sM+k] jk'ku rsdkk:a,safc;wavdhpkjijs'kkfu;wa!

ij flaf/;qfu fgEeFk u ykFkhA iksjfs[ksyxh fo;kA fdfu /a/k d;k] fdfu gquj 'kq: d;k

,safdfu ukSdfj;wad;waA t+kyqfu ikiM+d;k] Hkjr Hkfj;k ,sackjfu yksdy xkfM;qfu esa[kVfeBM+k ,safcLdsV fofd;kA efrycq r dafgafc de [kkavk# u d;kaA

iksb thva thvagwdSEi esa FkkabZdk Fkhank fo;k] i


22/74

12 v>ks

vkfgfu] Nksr ghm lanfu uxj] flaf/;qfu tks uxj gks!eksgu tsekesjksphjke [ksfla/wuxj esacsdjh gqbZA mgk csdjh gqu iafgatsiqV veqy tsukys rs[kksyh gqbZA csdjh [kksy.k [kkavx jksphjke ?kj ?kj okh Mcy jksfV;wa,as[kkjk fcLdwV fod.kanksgksAlanfl uofu lkyfu tksiqV veqy fc;fu Nksdjfu lkaxfMth yksdy xkfM;qfu esa[kVfeBM+k fod.kanksgksA ghv mezgqbZckjfu ts i


23/74

13 v>ks

dksu fo;ksgksA ij gk.ksgwiqjkf.k;waxkfYg;waHkqfyth pqdksgksA eksgu lanfl Hks.k tksfldhy/ksiqVqgksA gw[ksfl iafgatsiqV ft;kaHkkab.k yxksAjkr tkstMfgagwi/j esa[kV rsosBk gqvk r jksphjke iafgatsHkk.kstseksgu ri+QZfugkjs p;ks]

^^iqV eksgu] rwaveqy tfgM+ksI;kjksvkgha] rwagk.ks fgrseqafgath csdjh osgh lEHkkyA ij tscsdjhvrs u fog.k pkgha r eqafgats lkEgwa esa?kjkt chfM+;qfu okjsth fiM+h vkgs] tsdks rekeq Hkyks ek.gwvkgsA tsdMfgarwagqu ofV lkfx;ksbZchfM+;wac/.k tksdeqdj.kqpkghar eka [ksfl poka] gqeqafgath

xkfYg u eksVkbnksA mu [kka lokb fc;ksdksdeq dkfj dj.kq pkgh a r fc eka gj fdLe th enndUnqflA**

eksgu iafgatsekestwaxkfYg;wa;ku lka cf/;waA gqu lksfp;ksr gw chfM+;wac/.k esaekfgj gks]

rafgadjs gqu ykb bgksbZ deq csgrj gksA bu de esa gw tsfrjh o/hd esgur danks] vksfrjks o/hddek, l?kanksA bgkslkspsgqu ekesri+QZfugkfj;ks ,sa/hjsp;ks] ^^ekek] eqafgatsykb chfM+;wac/.k tksdeqBhd Fkhanks] ojh fc thvarOgka Bhd leq>ksA**

^^Bhd vkgsiqV] ekalqHkk.ksbZlk.kfl xkfYg Fkksdkanfu tks osBy gksA flU/q nfj;kg eka>kanfu [ks os>ks gksA gj lwej rsgw vVs twa xksfy;wa Bkgs]dMfgalkbZfdy rsr dMfgaia/q nfj;kg rsosanksgks,sada/hv rsosgh] vVs twaxksfy;waefN;qfu [ksMhanksgksA gsfrjsoDr [kka tksfcuk ukxsefN;qfu [ksxksfy;wa[kkjkbnksgksr efN;wa fc [ksfl lqkk.ksos;wagq;waA ,frjsdnq# tksuaf


24/74

14 v>ks

fogat.k ykb gsfBrsvaxksNksc/h] /ksrh] dehl ,saxath ykgslkbZfdy eFkka;k ijHkjks fdukjsofVj[kanksgksA mu cbfn ljgatksrsyq okjfu rs ,sacqr rs yxk,] nfj;kg esa f?kM+anksgksAgwlqBks rk:a gks] rafgadjs Mg ianzg feUV fi;ks rjanks ,sarM+xanks gksA iNkM+hv tks xq:v tks

ukyks oBh iat Vqfc;waMhanks gks ,sa nfj;kg eka fudjanksgksA iksb /ksrh] ywaxhv okaxq# c/h] vaxksNksfuiwM+s] okj ,sacnu m?kanksgksA vksflrkb eq[k ekati lkfgc twaikSfM+;wafi;ksmpkjhanksgksA

nfj;kg 'kkg rkaeksVh vph gwnqdku [kksyhanksgksAesa?kjkt [kseka>kanfu esafc chfM+;qfu tksbZnqdku gksA flxzsV fc j[kanksgksA gwik.k fc chfM+;wa

c/anks gks ,sa c Vsek.gw fc;k fc jf[k;y gqvflA jkst+xkj lqBks gksflA vehj u gks r i+Qdhj fcdksu gksA 'kknh d;yqgks,savkSykn i+Qdfr fgd fu;k.kh gqvflA

tMfga eqYd tksfojgkks fFk;ks,safc;fu lkaxM esa?kjkt [ksfc flU/ ,saiafgatks'kgj eka>kanNfM.kksfi;ksr gwdsfrjk dykd nfj;kg rsokh osBksgksA gqu mrsosBs] efN;qfu [ksxksfy;waMhans][kwc gatwagkfj;wa! mu Mhagqagqu [kxfu [ksfc mrkadksu Hktk;ksA [k+cj ukgsgwmUgfu [ksojh fMlanksvyk, uA oMh vtc th xkfYg r bgk gqbZ tks mu Mhagqa nfj;kg esa ng'kr gqbZ r fc efN;wa ,s a

[kxk mrs vk;k gqvk!esa?kjkt vVstwaxksfy;wamfNykbnksFksfo;ks,safgd fgd eNhv [kkajksbZeksfdykbnksFksfo;ksA

t.kqiafgatfu os>fu vt+ht+fu [kkages'kg ykb foNqM+h jfg;ksgks! gwnfj;kg tksiwtkjh gks,saghmefN;wamu nfj;kg twaiqf=k;wagq;wa] budjsgqutwa nknqfy;wa gq;waA

gwtMfganfj;kg ts dij rkamfFk;ksr lanfl eu xkSjks,savf[k;wafHkuy gq;waA gqu fgdqni+QksHkjiwj fuxkgqfu lka nfj;kg ri+ZQ fugkfj;ks ,samu[ksiafgatsus.kfu esalesVsofjrksA iksb tMfga[ksfl

nfj;kg 'kkg ;kfn fi;ks] gqu xksfV;ksAesa?kjkt dSEi esaek.gqu [ksi+Q[kqj lkac/kbnksgksr gqu eka>kafnu esaHkxr daojjke th ifgjha

,sa vkf[kjh Hkxfr c/h gqbZA vkf[k+jh budjs tks mu Hkxfr cbfn Hkxr lkfgc 'kghn Fkh fo;ksAgqu c/k;ksr mu jkr Hkxr daojjke okg th Hkxfr fo/h gqbZA [k+yd fc dk [k+yd gqbZ!

vlqy nfj;kg fi, mNywafMfu;waA vyk, fdFkka&fdFkka ek.gwHkxfr c/.k vk;k gqvkA ds jsy esavk;k gqvk r dscfl;qfu esa] ds ia/ vph igqrk r dsMkan xkfM;qfu] cfx;qfu ,salkbZfdyqfu rsA

t.kq dks esyks gksA Hkxr lkfgc [ks fc dks vx bZ fi:a ibth fo;k gqvk r 'kk;fn ghv fguthvkf[k+jh Hkxfr gqbZ] budjsgqu oTn esavph Hkxfr fo/h tksvt rkb mgk ek.gqfu [kkau fofljhvkgsA Hkxr lkfgc Nsj ,satkeksik,] fgdqgFkqdu rsj[kh ,safc;ksgFkqfM?kksdjsvkyki fMuksr

ek.gwcs[kqfn cf.kth fo;k gqvkAtMfga Nsj fNedkbns,sa>qej ikbnsxkrkb% dhvajh>k;karks[ksdhvaifjpk;ka--- dhvaifjpk;ka-

-- Mlq dks Ms--- r [k+yd jfM+;wa djs po.k yxh% okg Hkxr lkfgc] okg! dqck Zu okwa rks rka---!vfM+ghv rjg izHkkr fFk;.k rkb Hkxr Jkse.kh Hkxfr fo>anks jfg;ks,sa ek.gwc/ank jfg;k gqvk!

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25/74

15 v>ks

()dY;k.k dSEi esaesa?kjkt ckohgsa lsD'ku esafiiy tso.k os>ksiafgath dkB th ekaM.kh vMs]

chfM+;qfu tksdeq'kq: d;ksgksA gFkqlqBksgksfl rafgadjstYnqbZdSEi esalanfl chfM+;wae'kgwj Fkhos;waA iksb thvaoDrqxqft+janksfo;ks] gqu chfM+;wac/.k okjk c Vsek.gwfc;k fc o/k;kA vkfgLrs&vkfgLrsgwe'kgw# Fkh fo;ks,saikM+sesa gfjdks[ksfl dkdksdksB.k yxksA

dkdksesa?kjkt lqcwg tks?kjkavph lHk [kkavxfiiy tso.k ts pkS/kjh ifjek MhanksgksA iksbo.k tsikM+fu esafdfofy;qfu ,saekdksM+fu ykb [kaMqcjdhanksgksA mu[kkaiksb okh ekaM.kh [kksyhanksgksA

dkds ofV tsds c Nksfdjk fc;k chfM+;wa c/ank gqvk] frfu eka fgfdM+ks flU/h gk s ,sa fc;ksenzklhA 'kke rkb tsfrfj;wachfM+;wac/fc;wagq;wa] lqcwg tks dSEi tk fc;k chfM+;qfu okjk ,saiku okjk[kkamfl oBh osank gqvkA

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Documents

Raj Board Class 12 Book - Ajho