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8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
1/46
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
Increasing amount of DGs demands for continuous
protection system audits and new protection schemes
Always an Eye to Security
www.siemens.com/siguard
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
2/46
IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 2
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Krebs
Principal Expert Power Technologies
Head of Protection and Control System Studies
Siemens AG, Infrastructure & Cities Sector
IC SG SE PTI NC, Erlangen, Germany
Honorary Professor for System Protection and Control
Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
German Member in working groups of: IEC, CIGRE, IEEE, DKE, T&D Europe
Board Member of VDE Bavaria
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 3
Transformation of the Electricity System
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Continuous Analysis of Protection Systems andProtection system audits with SIGUARDPSA
Adaption of the Protection Schemes if DGs Lead
to Unselectivities Which Cannot be Covered by
Changes of Settings
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with
DGs
Summary
Contents
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
4/46
IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 4
Transformation of the Electricity System
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Continuous Analysis of Protection Systems andProtection system audits with SIGUARDPSA
Adaption of the Protection Schemes if DGs Lead
to Unselectivities Which Cannot be Covered by
Changes of Settings
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with
DGs
Summary
Contents
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 5
Electrification of society
Age of Coal
Generation and load
closely coordinated
Coal
hydro
No environmental concerns
19th Century 20th Century
Environmental awareness
Unsustainable energy system
21st Century
Transformation of the Electricity System
Age of Coal
Sustainable energy system
* First electrical energy conversion 1866 by Werner v. Siemens
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 6
*) ICT = Information and Communication Technologies
No environmental concerns
19th Century 20th Century
Environmental awareness
Unsustainable energy system
The NewElectricity Age
Electricity will be theenergy
source with a power grid as
backbone.
Integrated energy system
Load follows generation
Generation controls load
Renewable energy sources(solar, wind, hydro, biomass),
clean coal, gas, nuclear
21st Century
Transformation of the Electricity System
New Electricity Age the Age of Integration
Sustainable energy system
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
7/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 7
Transformation of the Electricity System
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Continuous Analysis of Protection Systems andProtection system audits with SIGUARDPSA
Adaption of the Protection Schemes if DGs Lead
to Unselectivities Which Cannot be Covered by
Changes of Settings
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with
DGs
Summary
Contents
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
8/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 8
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
From Primary Energy Sources to Consumers
Windparcs Onshore/OffshoreDouble fed ASMVoltage Source Converters
Power PlantsLarge GeneratorsLarge Motors
Auxiliary Systems
TransmissionShort and long lines,cablesTransformersDiff. Busbar Configs
FACTS / HVDC
DistributionVarious Switching SituationsDGs
Short-circuit Current Limiters
IndustriesLarge Motors, Generators
Power ElectronicsDynamic Loads
Oil and Gas, Harbor-and Special SystemsMVDC-SIPLINK
LNG
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 9
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Relay Types of Nearly All Eras Must Be Coordinated
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Analog Relays
Control
Numerical Protection Relays
SIPROTECV1-V3 SIPROTECV4
Electromechanical Relays
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
10/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 10
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Relay Types of All Manufacturers Must Be Coordinated
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
11/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 11
Short-Circuit ProtectionSystem Protection
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
System Protection and Short-Circuit Protection
Short-Circuits
Normal Operation
Without DGs,
No changing SC dir.,
Stability Reserves
Short Circuits
Critical Operation
High Loads, DGs,Changing Infeeds,
Stability Limit
80% of all blackouts and large disturbances
are in conjunction with wrong or unselective
short-circuit protection
Problem area short-circuit can often not
clearly be confined towards the problem area
system operation.
Design of the protection system and equipment
selection follows standard company rules
despite of new requirements defined by
modern power systems.
No consideration of system emergency
situations during settings calculation
No consideration of system changes and
extensionsno continuous settings update
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12/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 12
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
RENEWABLES
Bulk wind farmsonshore and offshore arefeeding transmission grids
Smal ler wind farm sand large PV plantsare feeding distribution grids
Small roof PV plantsfeeding LV grid
Energy infeed is predictable, Power infeedis not predictable
Energy TRADE
Energy market is deregulated
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM EXPANSION
Reduction of spinning reserve
The transmission grids with a clear power
transmission task are actually transformed
into power exchange platforms
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
13/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 13
Source: IfR, TU-Braunschweig,
Vattenfall Europe Transmission, Feb. 2008
Windpower infeedLoad
12000
03/020
8000
4000
10/02 17/02 24/02
Power
in MW
Wind Power forecast
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Predictability and Dynamics of Wind Power
Example: Vattenfall Europe Transmission, Feb. 2008
Error: -60%
Error: +280%
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
14/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 14
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Predictability and Dynamics of Solar Power
Source: Michael Weinhold & friends
Sunny Day, April: 1,9 MWh
Cloudy Day, April: 1,2 MWh
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
15/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 15
Transformation of the Electricity System
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Continuous Analysis of Protection Systems andProtection system audits with SIGUARDPSA
Adaption of the Protection Schemes if DGs Lead
to Unselectivities Which Cannot be Covered by
Changes of Settings
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with
DGs
Summary
Contents
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
16/46IC SG SE PTI
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 16
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Protection System Fingerprint
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 17
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Today: Use of Graphical Documentation of Relay Settings
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 18
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Today: Use of Graphical Documentation of Relay Settings
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 19
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Protection Security Assessment
ScanningSystem
Finger-printsNetwork and ProtectionSystem
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 20
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Protection System Improvement
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
Doctor makes
analysis acc. to
his experienceand defined measures
Finger-prints
expert system
orgenetic algorithm
or protection expert
AdaptiveSettings
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 21
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 2.5 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 2.4 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 2.3 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 2.2 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 2.1 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 2 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.9 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.8 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.7 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.6 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.5 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.4 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.3 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.2 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1.1 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 1 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.9 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.8 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.7 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.6 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.5 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.4 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.3 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.2 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0.1 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Protection System Fingerprint
1 21 41 61 81 99
L-Nord-Ble
L-Nord-Heide
L-Nord-Uni
L-Ost-Ble
L-Ost-Mitte
L-Ost-Oberwald
L-Ost-Uni
L-Sd-Oberwald
L-West-Heide
L-West-StoraEnso
L-West-Mitte
L-Grnwinkel-Sd
L-West-Grnwinkel
Ik1E.dat - Fehlerwiderstand 0 Ohm
relative Lnge in % (Fehlerort)
Leitungen
< 0,0 Ohm< 0,1 Ohm< 0,2 Ohm< 0,3 Ohm
< 0,4 Ohm< 0,5 Ohm< 0,6 Ohm< 0,7 Ohm< 0,8 Ohm< 0,9 Ohm< 1,0 Ohm< 1,1 Ohm< 1,2 Ohm< 1,3 Ohm< 1,4 Ohm
< 1,5 Ohm< 1,6 Ohm< 1,7 Ohm< 1,8 Ohm< 1,9 Ohm< 2,0 Ohm< 2,1 Ohm< 2,2 Ohm< 2,3 Ohm< 2,4 Ohm< 2,5 Ohm
Fault Resistance
mindestens ein Schutzgert an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lstnicht aus (Unterfunktion)
bei einem Fehler auf dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lst mindestens
ein nachgeordnetes Schutzgert mit aus (berfunktion)
Schutzgerte an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lsen erst in derdritten Zone, oder einer hheren Zone, aus
Schutzgerte an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel sollten in der zweitenZone auslsen, lsen ab bereits in der ersten Zone aus - und umgekehrt
Schutzgerte an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lsen korrekt aus
mindestens ein Schutzgert an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lstnicht aus (Unterfunktion)
bei einem Fehler auf dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lst mindestens
ein nachgeordnetes Schutzgert mit aus (berfunktion)
Schutzgerte an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lsen erst in derdritten Zone, oder einer hheren Zone, aus
Schutzgerte an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel sollten in der zweitenZone auslsen, lsen ab bereits in der ersten Zone aus - und umgekehrt
Schutzgerte an dem zu schtzenden Betriebsmittel lsen korrekt aus
Lin
es
L1-E Fault
Rel. line length / %
Protection relays trip correctly
Protection relays operate accelerated
Protection relays operate delayed
Protection relays overfunction
Protection relays underfunction
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 23
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Zooming into the FingerPrint
Detailed information
about protection
device operation(device name,
tripping zone,
tripping time)
Columns with the
name and length of
the line
Fault location
(% of the line length)
Color of the fields
depends on the
efficiency of the fault
clearing (see below)
selective trip
unselective trip(overfunction)
no trip (underfunction)
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 24
Protection System Audits with SIGUARDPSA
Relay Error Rate for all 294 relays at 1-phase fault
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 25
SIGUARD
The Family of Power System Security Solutions
The perfect supervision
of your power system
SIGUARD PDP
Phasor data processor for gathering,archiving and analyzing PMU datameasurement
SIGUARD DSA
Dynamic security assessment of the impactof contingencies in actual and future systemstates
SIGUARD PSA
Protection security assessment of theselectivity, sensitivity and speed of theoverall system and generator protection
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 26IGUARDDSA Cockpit
Contingencies
SIGUARDPSA
Protection
Selector
Visualization &Reporting
START
ComputationComputation
Engine
Protection
Database
Automatic
Contingencies &
Settings
Scenarios
Steady-State Network
Database
SCADA
Snapshot
SCADA
Monitoring
Result
Database
SCADA
RDC
Contingencies
Interface
Adaptive
Settingst, I>, I>>
Protection Simulator
Selectivity, Speed, Security
Protection
Index Selection
Search Algorithm
p th
Fault Pattern
Analysis andEvaluation
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/4_ProtectionSelector.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/4_ProtectionSelector.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/3_ProtectionDatabase.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/3_ProtectionDatabase.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/1_NetworkDatabase.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/1_NetworkDatabase.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/8_Result%20data.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/8_Result%20data.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/8_Result%20data.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Under%20Construction.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Under%20Construction.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/7_ProtectionIndex.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/7_ProtectionIndex.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/2_Searchalgorithmus.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/2_Searchalgorithmus.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/7_ProtectionIndex.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Under%20Construction.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/8_Result%20data.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/1_NetworkDatabase.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/3_ProtectionDatabase.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/4_ProtectionSelector.pptx8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 27
Transformation of the Electricity System
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Continuous Analysis of Protection Systems and
Protection system audits with SIGUARDPSA
Adaption of the Protection Schemes if DGs Lead
to Unselectivities Which Cannot be Covered by
Changes of Settings
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with
DGs
Summary
Contents
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 28
Distribution System of a Small City
No DG Installed, Radial System with Single Infeed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.3s t>0.0st>0.9s
t>1.2s
t>0.6s
t>>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
I>
t>0.6s
I>
t>0.6s
Protection selectivity by use of simple non-directional oc relays
- Unique short-circuit direction,
- Current / time grading with def. or IDMTL characteristics
Grading from load to infeed with increasing tripping times
I>t>1,5s
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2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 29
Distribution System of a Small City
No DG Installed, Radial System with Single Infeed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.3s t>0.0st>0.9s
t>1.2s
t>0.6s
t>>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
I>
t>0.6s
I>
t>0.6sI>
t>1,5s
Protection selectivity by use of simple non-directional oc relays
- Unique short-circuit direction,
- Current / time grading with def. or IDMTL characteristics
Grading from load to infeed with increasing tripping times
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 30
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.6s t>0.3s t>0.0st>0.9s
t>1.2s
t>0.6s
t>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
Biomass
-plant
25 MW
I>
t> 0.6s
I>
t> 0.6sI>
t>1,5s
It>0.6s
I>
t>1.2s
New protection concepts necessary
Supposed that sc currents of both infeeds are in same range
No selectivity with non-directional OC protection
Long fault clearing times
Islanding of not-allowed areas
Non-directional OC-Protection
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 31
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.6s t>0.3s t>0.0st>0.9s
t>1.2s
t>0.6s
t>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
Biomass
-plant
25 MW
I>
t> 0.6s
I>
t> 0.6sI>
t>1,5s
It>0.6s
I>
t>1.2s
New protection concepts necessary
Supposed that sc currents of both infeeds are in same range
No selectivity with non-directional OC protection
Long fault clearing times
Islanding of not-allowed areas
Non-directional OC-Protection
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 32
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.6s t>0.3s t>0.0st>0.9s
t>1.2s
t>0.6s
t>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
Biomass
-plant
25 MW
I>
t> 0.6s
I>
t> 0.6sI>
t>1,5s
It>0.6s
Islanding of System not allowed!
-No frequency control
-No resynchronizationNew protection concepts necessary
Supposed that sc currents of both infeeds are in same range
No selectivity with non-directional OC protection
Long fault clearing times
Islanding of not-allowed areas
I>
t>1.2s
Non-directional OC-Protection
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 33
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.3s t>0.0s
t>1.2s
t>0.3s
t>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
Biomass
-plant
25 MW
I>t>1,5s
It>0.9s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.9s
I>
t>1.2s
New protection concepts necessary
Supposed that sc currents of both infeeds are in same range
No selectivity with non-directional OC protection
Long fault clearing times
Islanding of not-allowed areas
Directional OC-Protection
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 34
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.3s t>0.0s
t>1.2s
t>0.3s
t>>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
Biomass
-plant
25 MW
I>t>1,5s
It>0.9s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.9s
I>
t>1.2s
New protection concepts necessary
Supposed that sc currents of both infeeds are in same range
No selectivity with non-directional OC protection
Long fault clearing times
Islanding of not-allowed areas
Directional OC-Protection
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 35
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry10 MW
Biomass-plant25 MW
I
I>
t> 0.0s
Housing area0.5 MW
M
Industry3 MW
40 MVA
t> 0.05s
I>>
t>>0s
I>
t> 0.0s
City network 7 MW
I> I>
I> I>
I> I>
I>
I>
t> 0.05s
I>
U
Decouplingdevice
I>
t>0.3s
New protection concepts necessary
Supposed that sc currents of both infeeds are in same range
No selectivity with non-directional OC protection
Long fault clearing times
Islanding of not-allowed areas
OC-Protection with directional comparison
and fast U-Q decoupling
I>
t>0.3s
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 36
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.3s t>0.0s
t>1.2s
t>0.3s
t>>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
Biomass
-plant
25 MW
I>t>1,5s
It>0.9s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.9s
I>
t>1.2s
Islanding of System not allowed!
-No frequency control
-No resynchronization
Anti-islanding logic
PMU-installation for island detection
Anti-islanding protection necessary
Anti-islanding
logic
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 37
Distribution System of a Small City
Large DG Installed
Utility
110 kV
20 kV
M
Industry
10 MW
I
I> I>
Housing area
0.5 MW
M
Industry
3 MW
I>
40 MVA I>
I>>
I>
t>0.3s t>0.0s
t>1.2s
t>0.3s
t>>0s
t>0.0s
City network 7 MW
Biomass
-plant
25 MW
I>t>1,5s
It>0.9s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.6s
It>0.9s
I>
t>1.2s
Islanding of System not allowed!
-No frequency control
-No resynchronization
Anti-islanding logic
PMU-installation for island detection
Anti-islanding protection necessary
GPS Signal
Phase
comparison
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 38
Transformation of the Electricity System
Challenges for Protection Systems of Smart Grids
Continuous Analysis of Protection Systems and
Protection system audits with SIGUARDPSA
Adaption of the Protection Schemes if DGs Lead
to Unselectivities Which Cannot be Covered by
Changes of Settings
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with
DGs
Summary
Contents
Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Rainer Krebs
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IC SG SE PTI Siemens AG 2012. All rights reserved.
2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 39
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with DGs
Operational Handbookentso-e
P5Policy 5: Emergency Operations
Source: AppendixPolicy 5: Emergency Operations
Load rejection at 49,0Hz, better at 49,2Hz
tAUS (inkl. CB op.-time)
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2012-11 Rainer KrebsPage 40
Underfrequency Loadshedding without and with DGs
Actual Installations and Common Practice
f