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RADIOTRACER
MEASUREMENTS
TECHNIQUE IN KENYA
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
Collins Omondi
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY, 24TH – 28TH APRIL , 2017
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
KEBS MANDATE :
• Promotion of Standards development
• Provision of testing and calibration services
• Quality Assurance
• Import inspection
• Certification
• Pre-Export verification of Conformity to Standards
VISION : To be a global leader in standards
based solutions that deliver quality
and confidence.
METROLOGY
METROLOGY LABORATORIES
Mass laboratory
Time and Frequency Lab.
Industrial measurements Lab.
AC/DC Lab.
Pressure Lab.
Mandate :
1. To develop and maintain national standards
2. To provide measurement traceability
3. To disseminate the SI unit through calibrations
Density & Viscosity
Temperature Lab.
Force Lab.
Radiation Dosimetry Lab.
Volume Lab
IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT
1. Fair trading
2. Consumer protection and confidence
3. Health and safety
4. Environmental monitoring
5. Demonstration of compliance to specifications by
manufacturers
KEN 6/06 - SECONDARY STANDARD DOSIMETRY LABORATORY
(SSDL) , X-RAY & Cs-17 CALIBRATION LABORATORY
OBJECTIVE :
1. To develop radiation dosimetry unit of measurements (Reference).
2. To disseminate radiation dosimetry unit (calibration).
Calibration :
1. Radiation protection equipment
2. Diagnostic equipment
Cs-137 emits gamma rays, 647 GBq
Half-life of 30 years
RADIOTRACER LABORATORY 2
RAF 8/040 - Radioisotope applications for troubleshooting and
optimizing industrial process
General Objective:
To introduce and implement radiotracer technique for
problem solving of industrial challenges
Specific objectives:
1 To develop the national capability for application of radiotracer
technique through training, expert missions and fellowship
2 To upgrade radiotracer infrastructure / equipment
3 To promote wider use of the radiotracer application for solving
industrial problems and to facilitate its use by the industrial end-user
4 To improve human resource capacity to solve industrial and
environmental problems for different fields
FLOW RIG EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Flow rig experimental setup for
1. Dead/stagnant volume
2. Bypassing / channelling
3. Mixing
4. Troubleshooting
5. Efficiency
6. Measurement of the residence
time distribution (RTD).
Input Output
DAS
Flow meters
Co
lum
n w
ith
4 m
ixer
s in
ser
ies Scintillation Detector
Ion exchange
COMPARISON OF FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT
USING RADIOTRACER AND WATER METER
Water meter Injection
point
Detector 2 Detector 1
Water flow
1
FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT USING WATER METER
Water Meter Measurement Volume ΔV
ΔV = VFINAL READING - VINITIAL READING
Flow rate = Volume/ time
Meter size …1/2 Inch ……… Instrument: Water meter…….
Manufacturer …MELBON ... S/No …06A203001….
RESULTS FOR THE WATER METER
NO
METER UNDER TEST READING LITRES (M.U.T) STANDARD
VOLUME IN
LITRES
(C.V)
TIME
SEC
IN
m3/h
%
ERROR
INITIAL FINAL DIFFERENCE
IN LITRES
1 7198 9205 200.7 198 2350 0.307 -1.36
2 9209 11220 201.1 199 2345 0.309 -1.06
3 11223 13221 199.8 198 2341 0.307 -0.91
4 13361 15365 200.4 201 2360 0.306 0.30
FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT USING RADIOTRACER
Method:
Peak-to-peak flow rate measurement
Procedure :
Injecting a pulse tracer and monitoring the passage of tracer at two
detection points
Average linear velocity u = { Δ x } = { Distance }
Δt time
Volumetric flow Q = u = a . Δ x
a Δt
where a = Cross-sectional area
Injection Detector 1 Detector 2 Flow meter
3m
RADIOTRACER MEASUREMENT PROCESS
Problem description
Radiotracer experiment carried out in a straight pipe that is used for
calibration of flow meters at KEBS.
Parameters specifications :
• Pipe length around 3 m and internal diameter 26.7 cm
• The fluid was water at ambient temperature
• Pressure 2-3 bar
Radiotracer :
Gamma-emitting Tc-99m (2 mCi) injected by a syringe at a location of
the pipe, around 1 m before the first detector, and monitored by two
detectors separated by 114.5cm:
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Parameters Classical
volumetric
technique
Radiotracer
transit
time technique
Flow rate,
liters/hour
351 307
Accuracy ± 12.3 %
KENGEN GEOTHERMAL FIELD , KENYA 2
• Kenya leads Africa and 8th in the world in generation of geothermal power
power production
• We have 4 companies producing a total of 544 MW
• Kengen company drilled over 250 production wells and over 50 re-injection wells
GEOTHERMAL CHALLENGES :
• Inadequate monitoring
• Inadequate information
• Re-injection
• Over exploitation
• Utilization of same resource
• Lack of reliable modelling
PROPOSED INTERWELL TRACER TECHNOLOGY
1. To optimize production and re-injection program
2. Provide evidence of interwell connections
3. Identify injection returns
4. Calibrate 2 phase flow meters
CEMENT PRODUCTION, PORTLAND 3 • Kenya cement production is about 5.88 million tones per year
• 13 cement production companies
Opportunity for RTD curve and its model :
• optimize the performance of the clinker grinding system
• measure the grinding efficiency
• measure holdup or dead stock
• measure re-circulation of the mill
• obtain information and parameters for diagnosing the dynamics of
material in the clinker grinding system
CONCLUSION
Radiotracer has potential to
play an important role for better management
of Kenya natural resources, industrial growth
and environmental preservation.