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University of California, Irvine
RADIONUCLIDE
HAZARDS
INFORMATION
For 3H, 14C, 22Na, 32P, 33P, 35S
36Cl, 45Ca, 51Cr, 99mTc, 125I & 131I
February 2004
3H -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Beta, 18 keV (max) 6 keV (ave)
HALF LIFE: 12.3 years
RANGE IN AIR: 4.5 mm
RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.006 mm DOSE RATES
No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will not penetrate the dead layer of skin
INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 80 mCi--inhalation 80 mCi--oral ingestion
SPECIAL COMMENTS 3H-water is volatile and may release tritiated water vapor 3H-borohydrides are reactive and may generate tritium gas Most 3H compounds are distributed in body water with ~10 day Effective T1/2 3H-nucleotides/nucleosides may become incorporated into the cellular DNA,
resulting in a higher dose to the DNA than to all other organs and tissues INDIVIDUAL MONITORING Urine bioassays may be needed for the use of very large quantities of 3H, such as labeling procedures with 3H-water or 3H-borohydrides. Individual monitoring procedures for 3H will be specified when necessary in the Precautions Section of the Radiation Use Authorization. 3H DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 12.3 years
# of Days Decay Correction # of Days Decay Correction
0 1.00 90 0.99
180 0.97 270 0.96
360 0.95
2
14C -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Beta, 156 keV (max) 49 keV (ave)
HALF LIFE: 5,730 years
RANGE IN AIR: 22 cm
RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.28 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will barely penetrate the dead layer of skin
INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 2 mCi--inhalation 2 mCi--oral ingestion
SPECIAL COMMENTS Most 14C compounds are rapidly metabolized to 14CO2 and are then exhaled with
the very short Effective T1/2 of a few days 14C-nucleotides/nucleosides may become incorporated into the cellular DNA,
resulting in a higher dose to the DNA than to all other organs and tissues
3
22Na -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Gamma, 1.27 Mev, 511 keV Positron, 545 kev, 1.82 MeV (max) 215 kev, 834 kev (ave)
HALF LIFE: 2.6 years
HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 90 m In tissue: 10 cm In lead: 9 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
GAMMA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 540 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 1.4 mrem/h
SPECIAL COMMENTS Annihilation of positrons produces 511 keV gammas 2 inches or more of lead is needed to shield high energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 600 uCi--inhalation 400 uCi--oral ingestion
4
22Na (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE and a TLD BODY BADGE will be
worn when handling the following quantities, or more, of 22Na at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 0.1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.01 mCi under Age 18 22Na DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 2.6 days
# of Days Decay Correction # of Days Decay Correction
0 1.00 90 0.94
180 0.88 270 0.82
360 0.77 450 0.72
540 0.67 630 0.63
720 0.59 810 0.55
900 0.52
5
32P -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Beta, 1.71 MeV (max) 694 keV (ave)
HALF LIFE: 14.3 days
RANGE IN AIR: 610 cm
RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.8 cm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
BETA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 1 centimeter: 1.2 krem/h @ 1 meter: 33 mrem/h
SPECIAL COMMENTS Hazard to the lens of the eye and skin without general shielding Hazard to the extremities (fingers) without vial shielding Recommend 0.5 inch of Lucite for shielding to eliminate betas Can have significant x-ray production in heavy shields (such as lead or steel) INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 900 uCi--inhalation 600 uCi--oral ingestion
SPECIAL COMMENTS 30% of soluble 32P ingested will be deposited in bone 32P-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other
32P compounds
6
32P (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following quantities, or more, of 32P at any one time:
FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi Minors under Age 18 1 mCi
FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi Minors under Age 18 0.1 mCi 32P DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 14.3 days
Days 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65
10 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40
20 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25
30 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15
40 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09
50 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06
60 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
70 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
80 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
90 0.01
7
33P -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Beta, 249 keV (max) 80 kev (ave)
HALF LIFE: 25.4 days
RANGE IN AIR: 45 cm
RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.6 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will barely penetrate the dead layer of skin
INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 8 mCi--inhalation 6 mCi--oral ingestion
SPECIAL COMMENTS 30% of soluble 33P ingested will be deposited in bone 33P-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other
33P compounds 33P DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 25.4 days
# of Days 0 2 4 6 8
0 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80
10 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61
20 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.47
30 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.36
40 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.27
50 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21
60 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16
70 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12
80 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09
90 0.09 8
35S -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Beta, 167 keV (max) 48 kev (ave)
HALF LIFE: 87.4 days
RANGE IN AIR: 24.5 cm
RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.3 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will barely penetrate the dead layer of skin
INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 8 mCi--oral ingestion
ALI (based on 50 rems CDE): 20 mCi--inhalation 10 mCi--oral ingestion
SPECIAL COMMENTS The ALI (based on 50 rems CDE to the organ or tissue receiving the highest
internal dose) applies to the lower large intestine wall 35S-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other
35S compounds 35S DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 87.4 days
# of Weeks Decay Correction # of Weeks Decay Correction
0 1.00 1 0.95
2 0.89 3 0.85
4 0.80 5 0.76
6 0.72 7 0.68
8 0.64 9 0.61
10 0.57 11 0.54
12 0.51 13 0.49
9
36Cl -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Beta, 710 keV (max) 200 keV (ave)
HALF LIFE: 3 x 105 years
RANGE IN AIR: 200 cm
RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.3 cm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
BETA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 1 centimeter: 600 rem/h @ 1 meter: 13 mrem/h
SPECIAL COMMENTS Hazard to the lens of the eye and skin without general shielding Hazard to the extremities (fingers) without vial shielding Recommend 0.5 inch of Lucite for shielding to eliminate betas Can have significant x-ray production in heavy shields (such as lead or steel) INTERNAL EXPOSURES
FOR CHLORIDES OF H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 2 mCi--inhalation 2 mCi--oral ingestion
FOR OTHER CHLORIDES ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 uCi--inhalation
10
36Cl (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following quantities, or more, of 36Cl at any one time:
FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi Minors under Age 18 1 mCi
FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, Adults, including Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi Minors under Age 18 0.1 mCi
11
45Ca -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Beta, 257 keV (max) 86 (ave)
HALF LIFE: 163 days
RANGE IN AIR: 48 cm
RANGE IN TISSUE: 0.6 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
No external exposure hazard--radiation from this radionuclide will barely penetrate the dead layer of skin
INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 800 uCi--inhalation 2 mCi--oral ingestion
Most of 45Ca intake is deposited in bone with a long Effective T1/2 approaching the Physical T1/2
45Ca DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 163 days
# of Weeks Decay Correction # of Weeks Decay Correction
0 1.00 1 0.97
2 0.94 3 0.91
4 0.89 5 0.86
6 0.84 7 0.81
8 0.79 9 0.77
10 0.74 11 0.72
12 0.70 13 0.68
12
51Cr -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Gamma, 320 keV
HALF LIFE: 27.7 days
HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 54 m In tissue: 6 cm In lead: 2 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 6.4 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 0.02 mrem/h
SPECIAL COMMENTS 1/2 inch of lead is adequate to shield medium energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 50 mCi--inhalation 40 mCi--oral ingestion INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following
quantities, or more, of 51Cr at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18
13
51Cr (CONTINUED) FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 51Cr DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 27.7 days
Days 0 2 4 6 8
0 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.82
10 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64
20 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50
30 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39
40 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30
50 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.23
60 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
70 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14
80 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11
90 0.11
14
99mTc -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Gamma, 140 keV
HALF LIFE: 6 hours
HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 37.6 m In tissue: 4.5 cm In lead: 0.25 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 50 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 0.12 mrem/h
SPECIAL COMMENTS 1/2 inch of lead is adequate to shield medium energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES
FOR OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, HALIDES AND NITRATES ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 mCi--inhalation
FOR ALL OTHER COMPOUNDS ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 mCi--inhalation 80 mCi--oral ingestion
15
99mTc (CONTINUED) INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE will be worn when handling the
following quantities, or more, of 99mTc at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 99mTc DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 6.0 hours
# of Hours 0 2 4 6 8
0 1.00 0.79 0.63 0.50 0.40
10 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.13
20 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04
30 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
40 0.01
16
125I -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Gamma & EC X-Ray, 35 keV
HALF LIFE: 60.2 days
HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 24 m In tissue: 2.3 cm In lead: 0.02 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
GAMMA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 30 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 0.07 mrem/h
SPECIAL COMMENTS Thin lead foil is adequate to shield low energy gammas and electron capture x-
rays INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 uCi--inhalation 100 uCi--oral ingestion
ALI (based on 50 rems CDE): 60 uCi--inhalation 40 uCi--oral ingestion
SPECIAL COMMENTS The ALI (based on 50 rems CDE to the organ or tissue receiving the highest
internal dose) applies to the thyroid gland
17
125I (CONTINUED) 125I-sodium iodide is very volatile * The process of opening a vial of this labeled compound outside of a fume
hood can result in significant airborne radioactive contamination * Reducing the pH of this labeled compound to less than 7 may result in a
much increased release of airborne radioactivity 125I-sodium iodide or other volatile forms must be handled in an EH&S approved
fume hood with * An inner pair of shoulder-length impervious gloves, and * An outer pair of standard-length impervious gloves 125I-nucleotides/nucleosides may become incorporated into the cellular DNA,
resulting in a higher dose to the DNA than to all other organs and tissues 125I in RIA kits is not volatile and such kits only contain small quantities of
radioiodine INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a RING BADGE will be worn when handling the following
quantities, or more, of 125I at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18
18
125I (CONTINUED)
INTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, confirmatory THYROID COUNTS will be performed at the
indicated frequencies (given in parentheses below) for individuals performing iodinations, labeling or experimental procedures with the following quantities, or more, of 125I at any one time in an EH&S approved fume hood:
FOR SODIUM IODIDE OR OTHER VOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi (Quarterly) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 (Monthly) FOR ALL NONVOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 100 mCi (Every 2 Weeks) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 10 mCi under Age 18 (Weekly) 125I DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 60.2 days
Days 0 2 4 6 8
0 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.91
10 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
20 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
30 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.65
40 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58
50 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51
60 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46
70 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41
80 0.40 0.44 0.38 0.37 0.36
90 0.35
19
131I -- HAZARDS INFORMATION PHYSICAL DATA
RADIATION: Gamma, 364 keV, 637 keV, 284 keV Beta, 606 kev, 334 keV, 247 keV (max) 191 kev, 97 kev, 69 kev (ave)
HALF LIFE: 8.05 days
HALF VALUE LAYERS In air: 55 m In tissue: 6.2 cm In lead: 2 mm EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
GAMMA DOSE RATES FROM 1 mCi POINT SOURCE @ 5 centimeters: 112 mrem/h @ 1 meter: 0.28 mrem/h
SPECIAL COMMENTS 2 inches of lead is needed to shield high energy gammas INTERNAL EXPOSURES
ALI (based on 5 rems CEDE): 200 uCi--inhalation 90 uCi--oral ingestion
ALI (based on 50 rems CDE): 50 uCi--inhalation 30 uCi--oral ingestion
SPECIAL COMMENTS The ALI (based on 50 rems CDE to the organ or tissue receiving the highest
internal dose) applies to the thyroid gland 131I-nucleotides/nucleosides are not considered to have a greater hazard than other
131I compounds
20
131I (CONTINUED) 131I-sodium iodide is very volatile * The process of opening a vial of this labeled compound outside of a fume
hood can result in significant airborne radioactive contamination * Reducing the pH of this labeled compound to less than 7 may result in a
much increased release of airborne radioactivity 131I-sodium iodide or other volatile forms must be handled in an EH&S approved
fume hood with * An inner pair of shoulder-length impervious gloves, and * An outer pair of standard-length impervious gloves INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, a TLD RING BADGE and a TLD BODY BADGE will be
worn for handling the following quantities, or more, of 131I at any one time: FOR WELL SHIELDED OPERATIONS AND STORAGE, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 1 mCi * Declared pregnant Women and Minors 0.1 mCi under Age 18 FOR UNSHIELDED OPERATIONS, STORAGE OR BOTH, * Adults, except Declared Pregnant Women 0.1 mCi * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 0.01 mCi under Age 18
21
131I (CONTINUED)
INTERNAL EXPOSURE For administrative purposes, confirmatory THYROID COUNTS will be performed at the
indicated frequencies (given in the parentheses below) for individuals performing iodinations, labeling or experimental procedures with the following quantities, or more, of 131I at any one time in an EH&S approved fume hood:
FOR SODIUM IODIDE OR OTHER VOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 10 mCi (Monthly) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 1 mCi under Age 18 (Every 2 Weeks) FOR ALL NONVOLATILE FORMS * Adults, Except Declared Pregnant Women 100 mCi (Every 2 Weeks) * Declared Pregnant Women and Minors 10 mCi under Age 18 (Weekly) 131I DECAY TABLE: Half-life = 8.05 days
Days 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46
10 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19
20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08
30 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03
40 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
50 0.01
22