Radiochemical analysis of fallout (partial) - 16383653

8/14/2019 Radiochemical analysis of fallout (partial) - 16383653

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CHAPTER 8..

TOTAL DOSE ESTIMATES . / .8a Calculated VALUES #

The ~tal dose~ calculated for each of the islands for hypothe-ical fallout times of 8, 12, and 16 hcurs are given in Table 8.1, .tigetheruith the doses calculated in Reference 16, h order to fflus-tmta the difference h the estinates due ta the later information ongamma spectra, metir response, ad decay =tes.The 12-hour fa llout n lue is considered most probable, being mostconsistentwith the Ron 5zr lk filn tadge data (see Section 6.2). Dosesbased on t h is va lue are mult iplied by the geomet ry factor discussed tiChapter 7, h order to express them in terms of the air-dose fran asource of similar ener~ under bilateral exposure laboratory conditionswhich would have produced the sane midline dose. A plot of dose rawversus time based on Figure 3.3 ~as used ad the tuta~ dose was graph-ically determtiedby nornalizlng ordinates and dose rates for a giventime and measuring the area under ~wrves similar b Fiwre 6.1* T~s

.was done assuming all three fallout times for each island.

The aizwiose rates neasued at la~r t~es (Table 2C4) uere m~ti-plied by the b tal correction factir for geometry and energy dependenceof the survey meter (see section 5.2). Fallout beginning times andevacuation times used were those of Table 6.1. It was found that dosescalculatedusing the decay exponents of Section 3.2 were fi good agree-ment with those determined graphically.

8.2 DISCUSSIONFigure 8.1 illustrates t he cumu la tive air-dose as a function of

time on &mgelap atoll, based on the 12 hour fallout assumption. Itcan be seen that the rate of deli~eryof the dose wmied continuously,the major portion bein g r eceived at the higher dose rate prevafltigin the mid-portion of t he exposu re period. By the time that 90 percentof the dose had been received at H + ~ hoursj for e~Fle~ the doserati had fallen ta 2.7 r/hr, less than LO percent of its maximum valueof 7.~ r/hr at H + 16 hours. At H + 16 hours, 25 percent of the dosehad been received. Thus the dose rate during exposure differed marked-ly &cm that usually encounteredusing X-ray units.The dose values fcr Rongerik .ti-~enllTable 8.1 are 75 PerceQt ofthe ccmpted values, averaged for the 2d .5-~d -3& -~our eXPO~~sO is

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1as felt b best express the average air-dose received by persomelwho spent roughly half their time inside stmct..ures where the doserate was later found to be roughly half that outdoors. On the otherislands no such shieldinE was present, and no re&ction factor was ap-plied. The same procedu= was-follow~ for all the calculations. -

TABLE 8.1 - Total Gamma DosesIsland Dose 12-Hour 16-Hour Ref. 16 12-&ur Bilateral

8-Hcur Fallwt Fallout (r) Air-dose (PointFalkut (r) (r ) Sou rce of Sme(r) Energy) for EqualMidline Dose

(r)Rongerik* 106 86 70 78 130Rongelap 209 182 159 175 270Aili.nginae 92 81 72 69 1.20Utirik 15 13 12 Q 20*See Section 8.2

8*3 K@TWA ANDBETA U)MFWENTSIn addition to the total body gamma dose, the mry soft gamma andhigher energy beta radiation from the plane source contributed to theskin &se. Fu.rlhr skin tiradiation resulted fmm local deposits offalloutmaterial on the body surface itself. The latter is impossibleto esttiate, h t the former may be roughly attempted as follows.The beta dose rate in air at a height of 3 feet above the surface

of an infinite plane contaminated with mixed 2L-hour-old fission prod- .ucts is estimated b be abuut three times the air gamma dose (ReferencelL). Jbemidline gamma dose is approximately 60 percent of the prtionof the air gamma dose due to 1OO-KV radiation or above (Reference 13)qThis gxxtion, in tirn, is estimated to be 60 percent of the correctedgammadose measured in air by a calibrated instmnent. Tks, the doseat the surface of a phantom exposed to retiedfission product radiationfrom an extirnal plane source might be expected b be about eight times(3/(0.5)2) tie midline dose, H ~th occur at 3 feet off the ~omd.Such a depth-dose measurement has in fact been made experimentallyat a previous field test (Reference 15), ustig a phantom man exposed toboth the initial and residual radiation. The depth-dosesfor each sit-uation are shown in Figure 8.2 with all data as percent of the 3-csndose. With the diver=tig initial radiation from the point of explosion,the etit dose was seen to be 63 percent of the 3-cm dose. &t, withthe diffuse residual field of fission product mdiation, a surface dose

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Radiochemical analysis of fallout (partial) - 16383653