Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management in Romaniacnr-cme.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Alice_Dima_ANDR_compres… · Tel. : +4 021 316 80 01 Fax: +4 021 312 14 10 E-mail: [email protected]

D.I. Mendeleev Street no. 21-25, District 1, Bucharest, Romania

Tel. : +4 021 316 80 01 Fax: +4 021 312 14 10 E-mail: [email protected]

www. agentianucleara.ro

Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management in Romania

Alice Mariana DIMA – DirectorDepartement for Nuclear Projects and Strategies

mailto:[email protected]

Romania has nuclear sector coveringmost stages of the nuclear fuel cycle

uranium mining and milling nuclear fuel fabrication nuclear power generation

(CANDU reactors) nuclear research facilities radioactive waste and spent fuel

storage facilities repositories for final disposal





National Strategy for safe management of RW and SNF

A. Policy

B. National Programme





Law 111/1996 on the safe deployment, regulation, licensing and control of nuclear activities, provides the primary legislative framework governing the safety of nuclear installations, including those for the purpose of spent fuel and radioactive waste management

Law no. 105 of 1999, ratification of Joint Convention on safe management of spent fuel and on safe management of radioactive waste, adopted in Vienna on September 5, 1997;

Law no. 43 of 1995, ratification of the Convention on Nuclear Safety, adopted in Vienna on June 17, 1994;

Government’s Decision no. 1259, regarding the approval of the National Strategy for the development of the Nuclear Field in Romania and of the Plan of Action for the implementation of this strategy.

Government Ordinance 11/2003 establishes the national framework for the responsible and safe management of radioactive waste and spent fuel, to avoid imposing undue burdens on future generations. It reconfirms that management of spent fuel and radioactive wastes will be conducted according to rules and regulations, international agreements and conventions to which Romania is a party.

Government’s Ordinance no. 7 of 2003, regarding the use of nuclear energy in exclusive peaceful purposes,

Ordinance no. 195 of 2005, on the environmental protection

Government’s Decision no. 1080 of 2007, regarding the constitution and management of financial resources necessary for the safe management of waste





Romania has adopted an open fuel cycle

Spent fuel produced by research reactors shall be returned back to origin countries

Decommissioning of nuclear installations and final disposal of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste should be implemented as soon as reasonably possible

The final point of management for all radioactive waste is final disposal

The final disposal of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste will only be carried out by state organizations

All waste generators must have the financial resources to implement the National Program through contributions to the Radioactive Waste Management Fund and to the Decommissioning Fund.





Two funds are constituted since 2007:

radioactive waste management fund (fee: 1,4 euro/MWh), and

decommissioning fund (0,6 euro/Mwh)

the contributions come only from NPP

for the institutional waste, finances came from the state budget

The level of contributions is assessed and up-dated each 5 years.

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180

Year

€1000x

Closure of geological

repository

Phase 1 of

LILW-SL repository

Construction

of URL

Start construction of geological

repository and encapsulation plant

Construction period

Operational period

Indicative schedule and cost estimate





Nuclear Agency and for Radioactive Waste (ANDR) from 2004

•Support for the nuclear energy development in Romania (power and non –power applications), exclusively for peaceful purposes

•Responsible for disposal of radioactive waste (RW) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF), and ensure at national level the coordination of the nuclear installations decommissioning processes

National Commission For Nuclear Activities Control (CNCAN) from 1996

• is the regulatory authority in the nuclear field

•elaborates the strategy and the policy for regulation, licensing and control

Waste producers

•Responsible for predisposal activities of SNF and RW and for decommissioning of their facilities;

•Bear the expenses related to the collection, handling, transport, treatment, conditioning, storage and disposal of its wastes

•Pay the annual contributions to the funds for disposal of SNF and RW and for decommissioning of nuclear facilities





2 x CANDU 6 reactors (each 700 MW)

Unit 1 commissioned in 1996, due for refurbishment in c. 2026

Unit 2 commissioned in 2007

Units 3 and 4 – to be commissioned




http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/cne1.jpg

http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/cne1.jpg


Nuclear Research Institute (ICN) Pitesti main facilities:

TRIGA® (14 MW) SSR Material Testing Research Reactor;

Post – Irradiation Examination Laboratory (LEPI Hot Cells);

Stand for Testing the Fuelling Machine (used in Cernavoda NPP)

National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering “Horia Hulubei” (IFIN - HH)

WWR-S 2MW Nuclear Research Reactor (currently in Decommissioning Process)

•Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator

•Cyclotron Accelerator

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR CRYOGENIC AND ISOTOPIC TECHNOLOGIES (ICSI Rm. Valcea)

CITON - Design and Engineering works for Nuclear Projects and to Research and Development studies associated with the implementation of the National Nuclear Program





All the radioactive

waste resulting from the

operation of Cernavoda NPP is stored on the

Intermediate Storage Facility for Radioactive Waste (DIDR)

Cernavoda

Spent nuclear fuel is initially stored for a

period of minimum six years in the

spent fuel bay. After this period

the spent nuclear fuel is

transferred and stored in the

Dry Spent Fuel Storage Facility

(DICA).

DICA is based on the MACSTOR

system (air cooled modular storage facility)

designed by AECL-Canada.

This facility will ensure the

storage of spent nuclear fuel for

an average period of 50

years, using the dry storage technology.

The institutional waste produced

/collected by IFIN-HH or INR-

Pitesti are temporally stored in

dedicated facilities within their treatment

and conditioning stations.

The LILW-LL as well as the high

activity radioactive sources are

stored into the Post Irradiation

Examination Facility.





The indicative timeline with key milestone dates for Phase 1 of

the new near-surface repository implementation programme

Reference

concept selected

Site

selected

Repository

construction begins

URL

constructed

Disposal

operations begin

Repository

closed

2025

2020

2030

2045

2055

2150

The indicative timeline with key milestone dates for the

Romanian geological repository implementation programme

1986

Operational

period

Pre-closure

period

Closure

period

Active

institutional

control period

Passive

institutional

control period

2040 2050 2055 2155 2355

Final

closure

End of disposal

operations

The indicative timeline for closure of the Baita Bihor repository

TIMESCALES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DISPOSAL

Start of site selection process

Feasibility study

Site licence granted

Repository construction begins

Disposal operations begin

2009

1992

2019

2022

2023

2026

Start of

site investigations

Application for

site licence

Application for construction licence





According to the National Strategy for Radioactive Waste Management, Romania, through ANDR, should develop andimplement solutions for the disposal of radioactive waste.

The concept chosen for low and intermediate level waste with limited quantities of long lived radioisotopesgenerated by operation and decommissioning of Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant is a near-surface repository, withmultiple engineering barriers, similar with L’Aube repository (France) and El Cabril repository (Spain) , which weconsider as examples of good practice in the field.




Initial array of disposal

cells planned

Needed for Unit 1 refurbish

ment

Further cells

added in stages

Overall size

depends on new

build and decommis

sioning programm

e

Location close to Cernavoda





• The conceptual project was developed taking into consideration more scenarios of Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant operation

Conceptual project

• In the reference scenario the project was developed using the assumption that 4 nuclear units will operate 50 years/unit

Reference scenario

• The repository will be developed into more stages. In the first stage it will be built the access pathways, the administrative building, the operational and services building, as well as the actual area of disposal, which is represented by 8 disposal cells.

Developed in stages


Site characteristics on geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, tectonics, seismicity, surface processes, meteorology, climate and human activities impact lead to the conclusion that the investigated site has the potential to be suitable

for a near-surface repository.





According to the current RWM Strategy, a

geological repository is the disposal solution for

the SNF generated by Cernavoda NPP , HLW and

for LL-LILW

The Geological Disposal Program is in early stage

of development and it will require a complete

research program to indentify the ideal host rock

Assessment of the national inventory

classification: LILW-SL, LILW-LL, HLW (SF)

Defining a generic concept for geological

repository

non-retrievable facility located at 500-1000m

depth;

based on Canadian Concept for a Deep

Geological Repository for CANDU spent fuel;





establishing a detailed implementation plan for the geological disposal programme, identifying the necessary supporting infrastructure and skills base and update cost estimate;

comparison of alternative disposal concepts, and adoption of a preferred design for further development and programme planning;

site selection methodologies, including establishing the decision-making process and the involvement of stakeholders in it, and the specification of site requirements; and

surface-based site characterization plans and technical requirements.




Geological disposal

In order to support this approach, ANDR will:

•develop a detailed RD&D programme to support geological disposal, taking into account the available expertise,

•promote international co-operation

•periodically review the new RD&D results


Identification of techniques for treatment and conditioning of RW which is to be disposed of in the DFDSMA repository

Design and construction of a treatment and conditioning plant for the waste generated by Cernavoda NPP

Development of a preliminary programme for establishing a geological repository

Revision of the financial contribution of the waste generators to the two funds earmarked for radioactive waste management and for decommissioning activities

Getting the siting license for the new near-surface LILW repository

Improvement of the regulatory framework for predisposal and disposal of radioactive waste, and for decommissioning of nuclear and radiological facilities

Strengthening the efforts to increase the Public Acceptance for Radioactive Waste Repositories

17D.I. Mendeleev Street no. 21-25, District 1, Bucharest, Romania







Thank You!

Documents

Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management in Romaniacnr-cme.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Alice_Dima_ANDR_compres… · Tel. : +4 021 316 80 01 Fax: +4 021 312 14 10 E-mail: [email protected]