Radio Telemetry Studies of Adult Salmonids and Pacific Lamprey in the Columbia Basin Chris Caudill...
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Radio Telemetry Studies of Adult Salmonids and Pacific Lamprey in the Columbia Basin Chris Caudill University of Idaho Fish Ecology Research Lab Department
Radio Telemetry Studies of Adult Salmonids and Pacific Lamprey
in the Columbia Basin Chris Caudill University of Idaho Fish
Ecology Research Lab Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences
Moscow, Idaho [email protected]
http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/Archives.htm
Slide 2
Radio Telemetry Studies of Adult Salmonids and Pacific Lamprey
in the Columbia Basin Chris Peery, Ted Bjornn, Matt Keefer, Charles
Boggs, Bill Daigle, Tami Clabough, Megan Heinrich, Mike Jepson,
Steve Lee, George Naughton, Rudy Ringe, Ken Tolotti, Lowell
Struenberg, Mary Moser, Ben Ho, Brian McIlraith, Dan Joosten, Karen
Johnson, Ryan Mann, Eric Johnson, Mark Morasch, Travis Dick, Rose
Poulin Brian Burke, Chris Peery, Ted Bjornn, Matt Keefer, Charles
Boggs, Bill Daigle, Tami Clabough, Megan Heinrich, Mike Jepson,
Steve Lee, George Naughton, Rudy Ringe, Ken Tolotti, Lowell
Struenberg, Mary Moser, Ben Ho, Brian McIlraith, Dan Joosten, Karen
Johnson, Ryan Mann, Eric Johnson, Mark Morasch, Travis Dick, Rose
Poulin Brian Burke,
Slide 3
Talk outline Radio telemetry background: RT in the multi- scale
toolbox Specific case studies General approach Adult salmonids
Adult Pacific lamprey
Slide 4
Spatial Scale of Investigation Short scale/local (specific
structures, behavior; 1-10 m spatial scales) Optical video DIDSON
Video PIT evaluation (specific antennas) Acoustic telemetry w/ 3D
receiver array Meso-scale (fishways, habitat use, individual dams;
10m - km spatial scales) Radio or Acoustic (PIT) Large-scale
evaluations (escapement, distribution, straying, etc. 10-1000s km)
Radio or Acoustic (PIT)
Slide 5
Active Transmitting Tags HabitatRadio TelemetryAcoustic
Telemetry ShallowExcellent (kms)Poor to Good (meters to 100s m)
Deep (>10 m)PoorGood (~ km) SalinePoorGood TurbulentGoodFair to
Poor Large Mainstem RiversPoor to Excellent (Fish depth)Good to
Excellent TailraceV. goodFair SpillwayV. goodFair to Poor
(Entrained air) FishwaysExcellentPoor ReservoirsPoor to Excellent
(Fish depth)Good to Excellent TributariesExcellentFair to Poor
(Entrained air) FactorRadio TelemetryAcoustic Telemetry Tag
lifedays to years Cost per tag$200-300 External antennaYesNo
Slide 6
Tag effects Corbett et al. 2012 NAJFM
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.700902
Slide 7
Tag effects Corbett et al. (2012). Tagged spring Chinook salmon
in upper Yakima River (Roza Dam, Yakima rkm 208; Columbia rkm 745),
held in raceways.
Slide 8
Willamette Valley Fall Creek (Columbia R. rkm 503) YearGroup#
released# recovered % recovered %PSM 2008PIT1953229.09.4
2009PIT1753316.584.8 Double252184.090.5 2010PIT125623141.9
Double75547263.0 2011PIT1252721.614.8 Double752229.318.2
Unmarked1282418.833.3 Table 7. Final estimated fates of Chinook
salmon that were PIT-tagged or double-tagged (PIT and radio-tagged)
in Fall Creek, 2008-2011. Double-tagged fish were only included in
the PIT-tagged numbers if the whole carcass was recovered, and not
just the radio tag in 2008-2010. Double-tagged and radio-tagged
fish were enumerated separately in 2011. From Naughton et al.
2012.
Slide 9
Columbia River tag effects Mainstem unaccounted for losses ~
12% ~ upper limit -unreported harvest -death (including tag
effects) -tag failure / loss -does not account for delayed effects
in tribs (Keefer et al. 2005) Known tag loss ~2.2-4.0% (Keefer et
al. 2004) Travel rates similar between RT and unhandled PIT tagged
adults (Matter and Sanford 2003). Keefer et al. 2005
Slide 10
Radio Telemetry Summary Medium to large spatial scales Tracking
individuals through acoustically noisy environments (e.g.,
spillways, fishways) Single receiver gates External antenna Tag
life ~ battery size ~ tag size ~ tag effect Spatial resolution to ~
10 m Tag effects important in some systems, particularly when
tagging late in migration
Slide 11
Case Examples: Adult salmonids General approach Local scale
questions Behavior Evaluations of fishway improvements Temperature
effects Spawning success in tributaries Reach scale questions
Run-timing Conversion rates Temperature effects Post-project
passage migration Transport and straying
Slide 12
Telemetry Approaches
Slide 13
Bonneville Dam Chinook Salmon Tagging 2010 Tagging early in
run, in contrast to Corbett et al. 2012
Monitoring arrays 4 Lower Columbia dams 4 Lower Snake dams
Priest Rapids, Wanapum Major tributaries 147 Receiver Sites / yr
Mobile Tracking Multi-antenna recvs at dams Single antenna recvs at
other sites
Slide 16
Bonneville Dam Chinook Salmon Tagging Proportional tagging
useful for expansions, sampling all stocks
Bonneville DamHD PITRadioTotal 1997 197 1998 255 1999 350 2000
298 2001 201 2002 398 2005 841 2006 2,000 2007 757 2008 6095951,204
2009 368596964 2010 13312325 Total 4,5881,5036,091 Pacific Lamprey
Sample sizes driven by balance of precision needed for question(s),
costs, and potential negative impacts on resource.
Slide 19
Data Management and Availability Generates very large datasets
(millions of records) Data processing, filtering, and coding of
behaviors (SQL server, custom scripts) Long term database stored at
UI and NMFS Challenging to convert to a (useful) open source
database Code definitions and interpretations of detections
Interannual comparisons complicated by changes in site locations,
etc. Most use of coded database by researchers
Slide 20
Local scale questions Do modifications negatively affect adult
salmonid passage? Dam structures Dam operations (tailrace
conditions, fishway operations), or Fishway improvements
Slide 21
Monitoring modifications and improvements (Local to
Mesoscale)
Slide 22
Monitoring modifications and improvements for Pacific lamprey
LPS Variable width weir
Slide 23
Manipulated Spill at Bonneville Dam
Slide 24
BON PH2 LFS
Slide 25
Example Passage Metrics Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI)
Design PASSAGE RATE/NUMBERS 1) Entrance Efficiency = the proportion
of fish entering of those that approached (Entrances/approaches) 2)
Exit Ratio = the proportion of fish exiting to the tailrace of
those that entered (Exits/entrances) PASS BEHAVIOR (DELAYS ~
energetic cost; sea lion predation) 3) Entrance Time = Time from
first fishway approach to first entrance 4) Entrance to Base of
Ladder = Passage time from first entrance to the transition pool 5)
Extended passage time = Percentage of adults with passage time >
1 hour
Slide 26
Spring Chinook Salmon CI Entrance Metrics Spring ChinookRange
(2002-2007) Metric nEstimate n 1 Entrance
efficiency1160.9039-1670.74-0.98 2 Exit ratio1040.0029-1390.00-0.38
3 Median approach to entry8542 min20-1385.6-46.0 min 4 Median entry
to ladder7813 min11-1327.4-11.8 min 5 Approach-entry > 1
h8536%20-13813.9-25.8% 6 Entry-ladder > 1
h781%11-1325.5-12.9%
Slide 27
Cascades Island vs. Bradford Island Spring Chinook Conclusion:
Short-term effect in year after installation, diminished in second
year (seasoning effect?)
Slide 28
What is the thermal experience of adults How does temperature
affect behavior? Behavioral thermoregulation at tributaries At
dams? Temperature and survival Climate change? Temperature and
energetics and prespawn mortality Temperature effects: Individual
to Population Scale Linking environmental experience to
movement
Slide 29
Steelhead body temperatures reflect extensive holding in cool-
water tributaries with large diel fluctuations in temperature
Behavioral thermoregulation and flexible migration rate Increased
vulnerability to fisheries take in tributaries (High et al.
2006).
Slide 30
Summer Stratification and Ladder Temperatures Dam
TailraceForebay Fishway Exit Temperature Junction Pool
Temperature
Slide 31
Seasonal Patterns of T
Slide 32
Ladder Passage Time A B BA A B A AA Different letters indicate
contrast P < 0.025 A B B
Slide 33
Population Effects: Sockeye Salmon 1997 Late Entry Early
Entry
Slide 34
Willamette Valley PSM Keefer et al. 2010 Environmental Factors
Energetic Status/Timing Condition/ Disease Status PSM
Slide 35
Adult salmonid reach-scale questions: Run-timing Escapement
rates Post-project passage migration success Delayed effects of
transport on migration success, behavior and straying
Slide 36
Chinook salmon migration timing and stock composition Keefer et
al. 2004 (NAJFM) Jepson et al. 2004 (NAJFM) Back assignment of
unmarked adults using final locations Date at Bonneville Dam
Slide 37
Escapement data Fisheries in lower reservoirs Increase for
upstream Reaches Esc 1 uncorrected for fisheries take Esc 2
Fisheries take in tribs considered successful Esc 3 All fisheries
take considered successful Keefer et al. 2005
Slide 38
Across scales: Delayed effects Spring Chinook at Bonneville Dam
2002 Caudill et al. 2007
Slide 39
Dam Passage Time & Fate
Slide 40
Mechanism remain uninvestigated
Slide 41
Barging and straying Does barging juveniles affect adult
behavior? HOME ?
Slide 42
Juvenile migration route and adult migration Spawning Marine
Growth Sequential imprinting during juvenile outmigration Adults
use reverse sequence Barge In-river
Slide 43
Metrics Migration timing and rate Route, especially fallback
Fate Successful (reached spawning trib) Unaccounted Fisheries
returns (reward program) Known-source groups: Stray? Barged as
juveniles or in-river outmigration?
Slide 44
Barging and straying Keefer et al. 2008 (EA)
Slide 45
Barging and straying Early right turn suggests effect of
barging on the recall rate or timing of imprinted cues near
tributary-mainstem confluence
Slide 46
Figure 14. Examples of the proportions of adult strays that
spawn with a local recipient population (strays/(strays+natives) as
estimated using four recipient population sizes (four panels: 500,
1,000, 5,000, or 10,000 fish), a range of donor population size
(0-200,000), and three donor stray rates: 1% (solid line), 3%
(dotted line), and 5% (dashed line). Small recipient populations
can be numerically dominated by strays when the donor population is
large, even when stray rates are low. (Note: same as Figure 1).
From Keefer and Caudill 2012. Why it matters: Straying effects on
small wild populations
Slide 47
Adult Pacific lamprey General passage behavior and patterns Dam
passage Hydrosystem passage Local-scale evaluations Identifying
bottlenecks Evaluating structural and operational modifications Tag
effects Cautionary note
Slide 48
Modifications for Pacific lamprey Velocity
Slide 49
HDX only: from release All radios: from release Relatively
consistent patterns among years Upstream escapement: among-year
comparison
Slide 50
BON TDA JDA MCN PRD John Day R Deschutes R Klickitat R 3%
Tributaries = 13% IHD 31% Main stem sites = 87% Reservoirs= 41%
Tailrace and fishway= 46% 5% 2% 1% 15% 14% 1% Distribution: 185
radio-tagged lampreys that passed BON Last detections: 2009
Slide 51
Escapement: Release to Bonneville exit (2009) Weighted
regressions r 2 = 0.47 r 2 = 0.08 r 2 = 0.54 Small n Upstream
escapement: size effects by tag type Similar results in 2007-2008
Radio tag effect across size classes Radio tag effect depends
Slide 52
Tag effect depends on relative tag size
Slide 53
Motivation and interpreting results Current evidence suggests
adult lamprey home at very coarse scales or not at all (use other
cues for breeding site selection) Challenging to interpret failed
passage attempts Successful downstream spawning? Using multiple
lines of inquiry (including multiple tag types)
Slide 54
How to prioritize improvements at a dam? Keefer et al 2012
Slide 55
Or across all dams
Slide 56
Prioritization among dams:
Slide 57
Spatial Scale of Investigation Short scale/local (specific
structures, behavior; 1-10 m spatial scales) Optical video DIDSON
Video PIT evaluation (specific antennas) Acoustic telemetry w/ 3D
receiver array Meso-scale (fishways, habitat use, individual dams;
10- 1000 m spatial scales) Radio or Acoustic PIT Large-scale
evaluations (escapement, distribution, straying, etc. 10-1000s km)
Radio or Acoustic PIT
Slide 58
Telemetry tool box if you have a hammer, every problem looks
like a nail
Slide 59
Telemetry tool box if you have a hammer, every problem looks
like a nail
Slide 60
Slide 61
Selected References Close, D. A., M. S. Fitzpatrick, C. M.
Lorion, H. W. Li and C. B. Schreck. 2003. Effects of
intraperitoneally implanted radio transmitters on the swimming
performance and physiology of Pacific lamprey. North American
Journal of Fisheries Management 23(4): 1184-1192. Keefer, M. L., C.
A. Peery, R. R. Ringe and I. C. Bjornn. 2004. Regurgitation rates
of intragastric radio transmitters by adult Chinook salmon and
steelhead during upstream migration in the Columbia and Snake
Rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24(1):
47-54. Matter, A. L. and B. P. Sandford. 2003. A comparison of
migration rates of radio- and PIT-tagged adult Snake River chinook
salmon through the Columbia River hydropower system. North American
Journal of Fisheries Management 23: 967-973. Moser, M. L., D. A.
Ogden and B. P. Sandford. 2007. Effects of surgically implanted
transmitters on anguilliform fishes: lessons from lamprey. Journal
of Fish Biology 71(6): 1847-1852. Caudill, C. C., W. R. Daigle, M.
L. Keefer, C. T. Boggs, M. A. Jepson, B. J. Burke, R. W. Zabel, T.
C. Bjornn and C. A. Peery. 2007. Slow dam passage in adult Columbia
River salmonids associated with unsuccessful migration: delayed
negative effects of passage obstacles or condition-dependent
mortality? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
64(7): 979-995. High, B., C. A. Peery and D. H. Bennett. 2006.
Temporary staging of Columbia River summer steelhead in coolwater
areas and its effect on migration rates. Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society 135(2): 519-528. Keefer, M. L., C. C.
Caudill, C. A. Peery and S. R. Lee. 2008. Transporting Juvenile
salmonids around dams impairs adult migration. Ecological
Applications 18(8): 1888-1900. Keefer, M. L., C. A. Peery, W. R.
Daigle, M. A. Jepson, S. R. Lee, C. T. Boggs, K. R. Tolotti and B.
J. Burke. 2005. Escapement, harvest, and unknown loss of
radio-tagged adult salmonids in the Columbia River - Snake River
hydrosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
62(4): 930-949. Keefer, M. L., G. A. Taylor, D. F. Garletts, G. A.
Gauthier, T. M. Pierce and C. C. Caudill. 2010. Prespawn mortality
in adult spring Chinook salmon outplanted above barrier dams.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 19(3): 361-372. Naughton, G. P., C. C.
Caudill, M. L. Keefer, T. C. Bjornn, L. C. Stuehrenberg and C. A.
Peery. 2005. Late-season mortality during migration of radio-
tagged adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Columbia
River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62(1):
30-47.