Radio Network Planning(Revised)

Wireless Network Planning

Mobile Research Institute Network

Planning & Optimization Department

Objective

After taking this course, you will be able to : know the planning details and what to collect

know how to make capacity planning

know how to make coverage planning

know steps to take and notice to be observed during site survey

know coverage emulation and frequency planning

Category

Network Planning Information Gathering

Capacity Planning

Coverage Planning

Site Distribution & Survey

Coverage Emulation

Frequency Planning


Material of mobile service forecast

Information Gathering

Wave transmitting environment survey

Diagnosis

demand analysis

Existing network equipment & operator profile

City planning material

Analysis of network traffic distribution

Network coverage and quality analysis

Interference diagnosis

●forecast of all kinds of phone users●user distribution, such as ratio of urban users to suburban users●opinion of operators towards user number forseen●comparison of user numbers among similar cities

●existing mobile user number and annual growth rate●ratio of urban user number to suburban user number ●configuration and distributing status of existing mobile network MSC, BSC and BTS.●recent traffic statistics report and drive test report of mobile network●operators’ appraisal towards existing network and also suggestions toward network development

●city: provincial & industrial cities, and seaport●city populace and agricultural populace●existing and future coverage of cities and suburbs●distribution of urban industrial zone, commercial zone, residential zone and traveling zone●construction and development plan of economic zone●status and developing plan of roads and transportation●maps including district maps and city planning maps

●terrain, plain, hilly terrain and hills●height and density of land building and high building distribution● road path, width and wood distribution

●urban industrial zone, commercial zone, residential zone, traveling zone and high tech park●distribution of high traffic density, medium traffic density and low traffic density

●investigation of coverage range, coverage quality and voice quality (DT)● statistics analysis of interface of A, Abis cobra and OMC

●distributing and using status of existing frequency ●whether channel to be used is occupied or interfered (clear frequency)

Network Planning Information Collection

Demand analysis

Frequency OtherTraffic ModelCapacityCoverage

limited

frequency

used

usable

bandwidth

and

frequency

band

frequency

resources

KPI

traffic

distributing

ratio

planning

area size

redundancy

and other

requirements

traffic

distributing

ratio

traffic

demand and

system

capacity

data traffic

model

User type

and rate of

data traffic

voice traffic

model

scheme of

operators/

existing

website

number and

site

configuration

transmitting

ambience

electronic

map exists

or bought?


Network planning information collecting template

Microsoft Excel ¹¤×÷±í

Inadequate info

1. What is necessary information? 2. What is supplementary info?

？

Catalog

Network planning information collection

Capacity planning

Coverage planning

Site distribution and survey

Coverage emulation

Frequency planning

Capacity Planning

...

Defines the relation between call loss, channel number and traffic volume.

...

Call loss refers to calls dropped when the channels in one mobile telecommunication system are exhausted, then call can’t be put through and thus got lost. It’s also called blocked call. Radio call loss rate GOS is call block rate. According to the rules in Public Mobile Telephone Network Technology System, radio channel loss rate is less than 5% and less than 2% in traffic-dense area.

Traffic model is the fundamental of radio network planning that defines the value of important parameters that may affect system capacity including average busy-hour traffic of each user and call loss rate).

One Erlang refers to the traffic load either when a circuit is fully occupied for a hour or when two circuits are fully occupied for half an hour.

Traffic volume

Traffic is the total of telephone calls on one group of lines or trunk. Busy-hour traffic A is the maximum traffic on the busiest hour of system or line. A= a * b * t. Of which, a is everyday call times (originating and terminating) per user , b is busy-hour to day ratio( busy-hour traffic divided by daytime traffic), and t is average call duration. Suppose one user has calls for 6 times per day, each time lasts 2 minutes and b is 0.15. therefore, A=0.03Erl

Basic concepts

Erland

Call loss rate

Erlang B table

Traffic model

Capacity Planning Procedures

Set parameter value Get number of estimated site configured

Get capacity distributing rate

Get site distributing status and their latitude and longitude

Reach target in accordance with capacity planning

1 2 3 4 5Network sizeCapacity information

gatheringSite distributionTraffic distributing

analysisSite model and nu

mber

Capacity Planning

1 Capacity Info Gathering

Network type: GSM900, DCS1800, dual-band network or WLL network ？ System capacity demand. That is, how many users in the system and how heavy the traffic is? Traffic model of the voice service? Equipment type: V2/V3? Model? Indoor or outdoor? DPCT applied in V3 or not? Rate of adopting

DPCT? Is data service required? EDG frequency? Data service penetration rate? Traffic model of data se

rvice? What is frequency resource range ? Is there frequency that are prohibited? Maximum site configu

ration is? Make forecast and investigation of traffic density distribution and define capacity distributing rate.

Capacity Planning

return

Traffic are mostly in big and medium-sized cities and especially in the downtown of the city. Even in this area, there are denser traffic areas. So if these factor are not taken into consideration during network construction, it will lead to the waste of equipment resource in mean-traffic area and inadequacy of dense-traffic capacity and thus affects network investment profit and service quality.Traffic distributing analysis is to categorize the planning area into areas of different service levels based on forecast and survey of traffic density distribution and use it as the foundation in site distributing planning.

2

Traffic distributing analysis

扇面 141%

扇面 226%

扇面 315%

扇面 411%

扇面 57%

●how many phases and what is the ratio of users in

each phase

●what is the planning area range and the traffic

distributing ratio in DU/MU/SU/RU.

●Provide existing sites and their configuration and

performance statistics report data

Capacity planning

2

Traffic distributing analysis

Service level : by radio transmitting environmentⅠ

Area Topographic features

Denseurban

Average height of surrounding buildings is more than 30 metres (over 10 storey) and average distance between buildings is 10-20 metres. Usually the buildings are crowded around the site with the height of 10-20 stories and the ambient roads are not considerablly wide.

urbanAverage height of surrounding buildings is about 15-30 metres (5-9 storey) and average distance between buildings is 10-20 metres. The buildings are evenly distributed around the site. Mostly are below 9 stories and some are over 9 stories and the ambient roads are not considerably wide.

suburb

Average height of surrounding buildings is about 10-15 metres (3-5 storey) and average distance between buildings is 30-50 metres. The buildings are evenly distributed around the site. Mostly are 3-4 stories and some are over 4 stories. Roads around are wide.

ruralAverage height of surrounding buildings is below 10 metres. They are dispersed and mainly are 1-2 storey high. There are spacious space between.

Capacity planning

2

Traffic Distributing AnalysisService level : by service distributing areaⅡ

Area Distribution Features

Dense urbanTraffic is heavy and rate shall be high,

which is the focus of data service development

Mean urbanTraffic is relatively heavy and rate should

be comparatively high. Data service is required

suburbTraffic is low and only low-speed and data

service are provided

ruralTraffic is quite low. Site is for coverage

purpose and consequently data service quality are not ensured.

Radio transmitting

environment and service

distributing factors should all

be taken into consideration.

Capacity Planning

return

3Site Model & Number Estimate maximum configuration and capacity of each site based on frequency resources

and frequency reusing mode. Total traffic volume divided by site capacity is site number. Number of sites configured in different areas of each phase. Channel number (service channel number and control channel number) of a cell or site

as well as their traffic volume and user number. Totaling of sites capacity. Also called network capacity.

Total Traffic

Traffic per site

Start

Frequency resources

Capacity of each cell

Capacity per siteSite configuration

& number

Frequency reuse method

Maximum configuration

Channel planning & data service

ERL B table

Traffic model

Model configuration

Traffic volume & distributing ratio

Network Scale Coverage Planning

Capacity Planning

3Model & Site Nu

mber

Coverage Planning

Capacity Planning

Network Scale

Capacity planning is to

add or reduce sites based

on radio coverage

planning and analysis.

Capacity planning is a

repeated, gradual process

helping to decide site

number and model

distribution.

Capacity Planning

Catalog


Capacity Planning

Coverage Planning


Coverage Emulation

Frequency Planning

Coverage Planning

Process

Set parameter Get estimated

coverage radius of each site

Get allowable max path loss

Get information of distribution as well as latitude & longitude of sites

Target the goal of coverage planning

1 2 3 4 5

Network scaleSet network parameter

Site distribu-tion & coverage e

mulationLink budget Coverage radius

estimate

1

Set network parameter

Network category: GSM900,DCS1800, dual-band or WLL network? Equipment type: V2 or V3? Model? Indoor or outdoor? Apply DPCT in V3? DPCT ratio? Carrier Transmission power is 40W ， 60W ， 80W? Are data service required? EDGE carrier fr

equency ？ Antenna model: antenna gains, horizontal and vertical beam width, antenna downtilt, polariz

ation mode and electrical downtilt etc. Antenna parameter: antenna available height, directional angle and downtile. Apply tower top amplifier? Feeder type: 7/8 feeder or 15/8 feeder? Maximum site configuration is? Are there special requirements toward configuration of comb

ining and distribution unit? What is KPI? What is level and area coverage rate? Which new technology will be adopted in V

3 site, DDT? IRC? or FWDR?

Coverage Planning

return

2

Link Budget

Definition: analyze the factors that may affect uplink and downlink signaling transmission, evaluate the coverage capacity of the system and get maximum transmission loss allowed by the link with call quality ensured.

Object: Purpose of analysis and computing of both uplink and downlink power is to get maximum available power of the site, avoid invalid downlink coverage, reduce interference and system noise, which lays a foundation for quality service.

Get allowable maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of uplink and downlink according to budget of uplink and downlink.

The smaller of allowable maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of uplink and downlink is considered to be the allowed maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of the same efficiency and set it to be the loss when estimating radius coverage.

Uplink Downlink

Coverage Planning

2

Link budget

PAPA

Feeder loss Transmission loss

Antenna gain

Penetration loss

Site sensitivity

Fading margin

Body loss

MS power

Put it in a simple way, link budget is the computing of loss and gains on one telecommunication link.

Coverage Planning

2

Link Budget

template

Losses

Margin reservation

Gains

Network Type & Equipment

Link Budget

Transmission power and reception sensitivity of MS/BTS

Maximum site configuration affect the selection of combining and distribution unit

Fast fading margin Slow fading margin Interference magin

Site antenna gain MS antenna gain TMA gain

Path loss Body loss Apartmen

t loss Vegetatio

n loss

Building penetration loss

Feeder and connector loss

Combiner and splitter loss

Microsoft Excel ¹¤×÷±í

Coverage Planning

Complying with GSM protocol ， transmission power are showed as follows ：

losses

margin reservation

gains

equipment

link budget

2

Link Budget

Power class GSM 900 Nominal

Maximum output p

ower

DCS 1800 Nomin

al Maximum output

power

PCS 1900 Nomina

l Maximum output

power

1 1 W (30 dBm) 1 W (30 dBm)

2 8 W (39 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm)

3 5 W (37 dBm) 4 W (36 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm)

4 2 W (33 dBm)

5 0.8 W (29 dBm)

Coverage Planning

2

Link Budget Transmission power, Reception sensibility and biggest site configuration of GSM BTS V2 and V3 are as follows:

Series Moduling mode Transmission power Reception sensibility Biggest site config

BTS V3

B8018GMSK 60 W 47.78 dBm

‑112 dBm S18/18/188PSK 31 W 45 dBm

B8112GMSK 60 W 47.78 dBm

‑112 dBm S12/12/128PSK 31 W 45 dBm

M8202GMSK 30 W 44.78 dBm

-110 dBm S2/2/2 or O6 8PSK 20 W 43 dBm

BTS V2

　 GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12

　 GMSK 80W 49 dBm -110 dBm S6/6/6

　 8PSK 30W 44.78 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12

(EDGE)

GMSK 60W 47.7 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12

　OB06 GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S6/6/6

BS30 GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S2/2/2

BS21GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S2/2/2

GMSK 80W 49 dBm ‑112 dBm S1/1/1

Equipment

Coverage Planning

losses

Margin resservation

gains

equipmentbudget

2

Link Budget

●Path loss

●Body loss

●Compartment loss

●Vegetation loss

●Building penetration loss

●Feeder and connector loss

●Combining and distributing unit loss

Coverage Planning

Path lossRadio wave loss caused by the transmission distance.

Body lossWhen the phone is at waist or shoulder, the signaling is lower than when antenna is several wavelength far from body. As for voice service, body is supposed to be 3 Db; for data service, 0dB.

Compartment lossUsually it is 8~10dB.

Vegetation loss

Vegetation loss is related to density of the forest, leaf shape (conifer and board leave), forest height and the distance between forest and antenna. Inside the forest, the loss of 900MHz is 0.2dB/m; the loss of 1800MHz is 0.3dB/m; Through forest or diffraction, the loss is 20dB/dec; For there are forest around the antenna and the antenna is lower than the forest, around 10dB

Building penetration lossBuilding penetration loss is the loss caused when wave passing through the construction. It equals to the difference between average signaling level inside and outside the construction. Averagely it’s 10 – 20 dB ， relying on building material and thickness.

Losses

2

Link Budget

Area 900M loss （ dB ） 1800M loss （ dB ） Dense urban 18 ～ 22 23 ～ 27Mean urban 15 ～ 20 20 ～ 25 Suburb & rural

10 ～ 15 15 ～ 20

Coverage Planning

Feeder loss Type loss （ dB/100m ） 900M 1800/1900M

1/2 soft jumper 7.22 11.37/8 feeder 3.89 6.1515/8 feeder 2.34 3.84

Losses

2

Link Budget

Combining & splitter loss（ 1 ） CDU （ Combiner Distribution Unit ）宽带合路器

LNA含分路器

收发双工器

ANT

TX1

TX2

RX1RX2RX3RX4

ERX1

ERX2

ETX

Coverage Planning

Losses

2

Link Budget

Combiner & splitter loss（ 2 ） ECDU （ Duplexer & splitter ）

ANTD

RX2

RXD1

RXD2

RX1

收发双工器

ITX

LNA含分路器

LNA含分路器

分集接收滤波器

ANT

（ 3 ） RDU （ Receiver Distribution Unit ）

Coverage Planning

TX3

RX2

RX3

RX4

分路器

分路器

RX1

合路器

合路器TX4

TX2

TX1OTX1OTX2

ERX1ERX2

Losses

2

Link Budget

Combiner & splitter loss

（ 4 ） CEU （ Combiner Extension Unit ）

（ 5 ） CENU （ Combiner Extension Net Unit ）TX3

RX2

RX3

RX4

分路器

分路器

RX1

合路器

合路器

TX4

TX2TX1

OTX1OTX2

ERX1ERX2

TX5TX6

TX3

RX5~RX8分路器

分路器

RX1~RX4

合路器

合路器

TX4

TX2TX1

OTX1OTX2

ERX1ERX2

TX5TX6

CENU CENU/2

Coverage Planning

Losses

2

Link Budget

Combiner & Splitter loss

Unit (900M) Insertion loss

CDUG 4.4dBCEUG 3.5dBCENG 5.3dB

CENG/2 5.3dBECDU 0.9-1.0dB

Unit(1800M) Insertion loss

CDUD 4.6dBCEUD 3.6dBCEND 5.5dB

CEND/2 5.5dBECDU 0.9-1.0dB

Coverage Planning

Losses2

Link Budget


Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in BTS V2(80W TRX) are as follows:

TRXnumb

er

Antenna number &

configuration CDU RDU CEU

Remark

1 2 ， TX/RX ， RX 1 1 －CDU need special treatment:

connect TX1 interface with TX interface of

combiner and inactivate TX2

2 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－CDU need special treatment:

connect TX1 interface with TX interface of

combiner and inactivate TX2

3~4 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－5~6 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 － 2

Coverage Planning

Losses

2

Link Budget


Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in ZXG10 B8018

TRX number

Antenna number & config CDU ECDU CEU CENU Remark

14 ，（ 2 TX/RX ， 2 RX ）－ 2 －－2 ，（ 2 TX/RX ） 2 －－－ CDU+TMA for extension

22 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－－ Combiner for easy extension

2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－－ Without Combiner. TMA. large coverage

3~4 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－－

5~62 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 － 1 － For easy extension,

imbalance carrier frequency

2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－ 1 To balance carrier frequency7~8 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 － 2 －

Coverage Planning

Losses

2

Link Budget


Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in ZXG10 B8112

TRX number

Antenna number & config

CDU

ECDU CEU CEN

URemark

1 2 ，（ 2 TX/RX ）－ 1 －－

22 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－－ combiner for easy extension

2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－－ Without combiner. TMA. Large coverage

3~4 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－－

5~62 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 － 1 － For easy extension. Imbalance

carrier frequency

2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－ 1 Balance carrier frequency

7~8 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 － 2 －9~12 2 ， TX/RX ， TX/RX 2 －－ 2

Coverage Planning

losses

margin reservation

gains

euipmentlink budget

2

Link Budget

Site antenna gainAntenna model selection should based on actual condition.

Area Antenna gain （ dBi ）urban 15.5

suburb 15.5~17

rural 17~18

Express way or long & narrow valley

18~21

Hills and highland 17~18

MS antenna gainusually is 0

remark ： special attention should be paid to antenna gain in MS in GSM WLL network Antenna may be indoor, outside door or on the roof. So antenna gain and height should be examined, which will affect coverage greatly.

TMA gain

Coverage Planning

losses

margin reservation

gains

equipmentLink budget

2

Link Budget

Fast fading & deterioration storageFast fading is due to stationary wave field because of the multi-path interference caused by the reflection on path of scatters (building) or nature obstacles (mainly forest) within 50-100 wavelength around MS. When MS goes through this station wave field, received signaling becomes fading and signaling level fluctuates greatly. fast fading & deterioration reservation is the additional received level in receiver noise condition when multi-path effect and factitious noise (car arc interference ) exists.walking ： 2.0--5.0dB fast moving ： 0dBIn GSM system, fast fading amount of voice and data service is supposed to be 3dB.

Interference marginIn Gsm system, there are intra-frequency interference, inter-frequency interference, intermodulation interference, and interference from vicinity to beyond. These interference will affect link budget. The interference margin is generally supposed to be 3dB.

Coverage Planning

losses

margin reservation

gains

equipmentLink budget

2

Link Budget

Slow fading margin （ fading margin ）Slow fading is due to shadow effect caused by signaling interference from ambient buildings or terrain. The interference will attenuate the received signaling, which is called shadow fading.

To ensure that site signaling can cover cell edge at certain rate. It’s necessary for the site to preserve some transmission power called fading margin to counteract shadow fading. Generally shadow fading follows logarithm normal distribution. Shadow fading margin should base on operator demand of shadow fading variance and margin coverage probability.slow fading standard deviation is related to transmission condition of electromagnetic wave. In cities, it’s about 8~10 Db, while in suburbs or rural areas ， 6 ～ 8dB.For instance ： city ： fading standard deviation is 8dB, marginal coverage probability is 90% and shadow fading margin is 10.3dB

countries: fading standard deviation is 8dB, marginal coverage probability is 75% and shadow fading margin is 5.4dB

Marginal coverage probability(%)

70 75 80 85 90 95 98

slow fading margin/dB 0.53σ 0.68σ 0.85σ 1.04σ 1.29σ 1.65σ 2.06σ

Coverage Planning

2Link Budget

Parameter Symbol

MS transmitting power ABody loss B

Building loss C MS reception sensibility D

MS antenna gain E TMA gain F

diversity gain GFeeder loss H

combiner/divider unit loss I

fast fading and deterioration reservation J

fading margin K noise margin L

path loss indoor M=A-B-C-D+E+F+G-H-I-J-K-L

path loss outdoor N=M+C

It’s normal that loss difference between uplink and downlink is 3-5dB; It’s considered to be imbalance of uplink and downlink if loss difference is over 10, when link budget should be modified.

Coverage Planning

return

3Coverage radi

us estimate

Basis to estimate coverage radius● maximum allowable path loss when uplink and downlink keep bal

ance

●propagation model Okumura-Hata model Cost231-Hata model Universal model Cost231-Walfish-Ikegami model

Coverage radiusestimate

Max allowable loss Propagation model selection

Coverage Planning

return

4Site distribution & coverage emulation

Sitedistribution

Electronic map/Mapinfo mapPlanning area sizeplanning area(Polygon) partitionPlanning site numberLink budget radius estimate

Distribution mapDistribution infoDistribution latitude & longitude

****Input Output

Coverage planning

return

4Site distribution & coverage emulation

Coverage &emulation

****Input Output

Electronic mapPlanning mapPolygonlatitude & longitude of sitesAntenna height/direction angleAntenna selectionPropagation modelLink budgetExisting network data

Site distribution mapSite coverage effect mapHeight info mapExisting network coverage mapCoverage probability statistics table

Coverage planning

return

5

Network scale

Coverage planning

Capacity planning

Network scale

Coverage planning

Catalog

Network planning info gathering

Capacity planning

Site distribution & survey

Coverage emulation

Frequency planning


coverage planning + capacity planning =>site scale

Distribute site on Mapinfo or PLANET/EET map, set site theoretic location, and get latitude & longitude and other para of sites

Based on theoretic latitude & lon

gitude of sites, make sites surve

y. According to practical traffic di

stribution, coverage requirement,

ambient construction environme

nt, natural environment, power s

upply, propagation supply, and la

nd lease , decide site location an

d feeder design, including site lo

cation, site type & location, anten

na selection, height, direction an

gle, downtilt, combiner & splitter,

tower top amplifier and feeder et

c.

Site survey is key to site distribution including optical measurement, spectrum measurement and site location investigation.

Optical measurement

▪ Ambient construction environment and natural environment Spectrum measurement

▪ Electromagnetism environment Site survey

▪ Installation condition of antenna and equipment

▪ Power and transmission supply

Preparation●familiarize with the engineering by collecting materials relating to the project inc

luding ： Engineering files, background material, existing network situation, map

and configuration list

●Get tools ready Digital cameral, GPS satellite receiver, compass, ruler and pc.


Location selection When selecting location, take the following aspects into consideration

Previous Network condition Population distribution and habits City layout and distribution Main streets and traffic volume Natural environment such as Hills, lakes, rivers and coastline Growing trend

Select high traffic area and dense population area

populaceTraffic distribution

Customer flow trend

Principles of site selection

Surrounding environmentSignaling transmission quality

Careful select high hills, radar, radio

station, filling station, forest and power plant


Site selection Main principles to select sites

Site should be at the best place of regular mesh with deviation less than a quarter of the site radius. Select existing facilities for cost saving and period reduction purpose on the premise that it doesn’t affe

ct site distribution. City skirt and high-elevated hills(100 m or 300 m higher than city construction) in suburbs are not suppos

ed to be sites, as first to control coverage scope, second to make construction and maintenance easier. Newly-constructed sites should better be at place where transportation is convenient, has ample power

supply, environment is safe and has less farmland. Avoid construct sites near high power radio transmitter, radar station or other interferer. Better far from forest to avoid fast fading of received signaling. Pay attention to the effect of signaling reflection and dispersion when in hills, steep slopes, dense lake ar

ea, mountainous region and high metallic buildings. When in cities, utilize the height of the building to realize division of network hiberarchy. There are less sites in the initial stage of network construction, so good coverage of key areas should be

guaranteed.

Site distribution and survey

AEM design

CDU

Feeder design

Function of transceiver duplex , transmission signaling combining, filtering and receiving signaling filter, low noise amplifier and splitter is encouraged. TMA feed circuit is provided. One unit uses one antenna for multiple signaling transmitting and receiving.

AntennaHeight, direction

angleFrequency range, gainPolarizationHorizontal and

vertical 3dB beam widthDown tilt

To enable sensibility of site reception system. TMA is optional, and can be selected based on system band. CDU site can use simplex TMA and triplex; combiner site. Site adopting CDU can use simplex or duplex TMA, while site adopting combiner can use duplex TMA.

TMA

Feeder

For 900MHz ， 5/4″ feeder when feed length is over 80m ；For 1800MHz ， 5/4″ feeder when feed length is over 50m ；


AEM Design

Major guidelines for network planning are: Frequency Range Gain Polarization Horizontal/Vertical half-power beam width Down tilt

The following is antenna direction map of Kathrein 739649


AEM Design

Antenna selection is vital to network quality.

Select the antenna according to the coverage of service area, service quality

demand, traffic distribution, and topography, coverage of the whole network

and interference condition should also be considered.

Environment is classified into the following based on topography and traffic. Urban area, suburb, rural area, road, mountainous area , offshore, tunnel and indoor

BTS in city

a select directional antenna with horizontal half-power of 60 ～ 65°b select medium gain antenna of about 15dBic best to select antenna with electrical downtilt of 3 ～ 6°d recommended to select dual-polarized antenna

BTS in suburb

a select direction antenna with horizontal half-power of 65°or 90°b generally select medium or high gain antennac preset downtilt or not based on actual conditiond select dual polarized or vertical polarized antenna


Rural sites

a 、 select directional antenna of 90° 、 120°or all way antennab 、 Gain of directional antenna selected is higher than normal （ 16 ～ 18dB

i ） c 、 generally don’t select downtilt antenna. For high sites, zero filling antenn

a is the best choice. d 、 vertical polarized antenna is recommended

Road Sites

a 、 generally select narrow-beam, high-antenna directional antenna. Select 8-shape antenna, all-way antenna or deformation all-way antenna based on actual condition

b 、 generally don’t select downtilt antenna because road site has higher requirements toward coverage distance.

c 、 vertical polarized antenna is recommended.d 、 front-to-back radio ratio of selected directional antenna should not be hi

gh.

AEM Design


AEM Design AEM design

principle Antenna of different cell of the same site can be different due to installation conveniences or cell planning requirements.

For flat rural area, valid height of antenna is generally 25m. For suburbs, antenna height can be elevated to 40m. Antenna overheight will reduce coverage level near the antenna especially for omni antenna Antenna overheight will easily cause problems affecting network quality like severe cross-area cover

age, co-channel interference or adjacent-channel interference. Design principle of Antenna direction angle

From the network’s point of view, directional angel of three-sectored area of rural sites should be the same. Adjustment of antenna directional angel can be made based on coverage target in the neighborhood of rural and suburban area, arteries and solo site in suburb.

Antenna main lobe should direct at dense traffic area to enable signaling strength and to elevate call quality.

Main lobe deviate from co-frequency cell to control interference effectively. Intersection coverage depth of rural adjacent sectored antennas should not exceed 10%. Intersection coverage of suburban and commune adjacent cells shouldn’t be too deep and

inclination of adjacent sectored antenna of the same site should not less than 90%. Antenna lobe of dense rural area should avoid opposing straight street for cross-area

coverage.


AEM Design Design principles of antenna downtilt

Antenna beam tilt is basic technique of enhancing frequency reuse ability.

Antenna beam tilt technique can control coverage range to reduce interference in the system.

Antenna downtilt angle depends on actual condition in order to reduce interference between co-frequency cells and to

guarantee coverage requirements.

Downtilt design should take sites transmission power, antenna height, cell coverage range and radio transmission env

ironment into consideration. Antenna beam tilt can either use electrical or mechanical mode. Electrical tilt is fixed relating to antenna model sele

cted and mechanical tile is adjustable but generally not beyond limited by installation component and radio signaling broadcasting features

Different surface radiation will be generated using electrical downtilt or mechanical mode. When downtile angle is small, difference is small. When angle gets bigger, difference becomes more obvious


AEM Design Antenna isolation

There must be isolation between receiver and transmitter of the site. Antenna isolation degree: fading of signaling from one port of antenna to another when ant

ennas are installed. For GSM system, isolation degree between two transmitting antenna and between transmit

ting antenna and receiving antenna should be no less than 32 Db ▪ Lv=28+40log(k/λ)(dB) (When antenna is vertically distributed)▪ Lv=22+20log(d/λ)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2)(dB) (When antenna is horizontal distributed)

Fulfill the spacing requirement of diversity gain Distance between two receiving antenna is 12 ～ 18λwhen antenna is diversified by space. Distance between diversity antenna shall be greater when antenna is higher. Generally distan

ce between diversity antenna is 0.11 times of available antenna height. To achieve the same effect, distance of vertical diversity must be 5 or 6 times of vertical divers

ity. To reduce the interaction of the two antennas, horizontal distance of diversity antenna should

be over 3 m with antenna at whatever available height


Catalog


Capacity Planning

Coverage Planning


Coverage Emulation

Frequency Planning

Coverage Emulation

Coverageemulation

Electronic mapPlanning areaPolygonLatitude & longitude of sitesAntenna height & direction angelAntenna modelLink budgetExisting network data

Sites distribution mapSite coverage effect mapHeight information mapExisting network coverage mapCoverage rate statistics table

****Input Output

Coverage Emulation

Catalog


Capacity Planning


Coverage Emulation

Frequency Planning

GSM900Uplink 890 915 MHzDownlink 935 960 MHzduplex separation is 45MHz ， carrier frequency separation is 200KHz

EGSMUplink 880 890 MHzDownlink 935 935 MHzduplex separation is 45MHz ， carrier frequency separation is 200KHz

DCS1800Uplink 1710 1785 MHzDownlink 1805 1880 MHz duplex separation is 95MHz ， carrier frequency separation is 200KHz

Frequency Planning

P-GSM900 Fl (n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz

Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45 MHz 1 n 124

n stands for ARFCN

E-GSM900Fl (n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024) 975 n 1023

Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45 MHz 0 n 124

DCS1800Fl (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz

Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 95 MHz 512 n 885

GSM Working Frequency Band GSM Frequency Band Serial Number

Frequency Planning

Co-frequency interference C/I ：C/I ， is the value of interference. When different cells use the same frequency, another cell may bring interference to the serving cell. Conforming to GSM criterion, C/I >9dB. In actual engineering, C/I>12dB

Adjacent-frequency interference C/A ：C/A is the rate between the two channel when adopting frequency duplex pattern, adjacent channel will bring interference to the channel of the serving cell. Conforming to GSM criterion, C/A>-9dB. In actual engineering, C/A>-6dB.

whatever method, it should meet the following requirements taking different transmission condition, different multiplex mode, multiple interfering factor into consideration.

co-channel interference protection rate C/I≥9dBadjacent channel interference protection rate C/I ≥ － 9dB adjacent channel interference protection rate(400KHz) C/I≥ － 41dB

Definition of Interference of Co-frequency & Interference of Adjacent Frequency Frequency Planning

Frequency Planning

Frequency Planning

GSM commonly-used frequency multiplex pattern

A3

D2B1

D1

D3

C1B3

C2

B2

C3

A1

A2

A3

D2B1

D1

D3

C1B3

C2

B2

C3

A1

A2

A3

B1

B3B2

A1

A2

A3

B1

A1

A2A3

D2B1

D1

D3

A1

A2

A1

A3

D2B1

D1

D3

C1B3

C2

B2

C3

A1

A2

“4×3”multiplexSuppose cellular hexagon side length is 1, intergrating interference model, we will get:

dB

dBIC

18)2.7(2)8(

2log10

)(

44

4

18dB>12dB

Frequency Planning

A3

C2B1

C1

C3

B3B2

A1

A2

A3

C2B1

C1

C3

B3B2

A1

A2A3

C2B1

C1

C3

B3B2

A1

A2

A3 C1

A1

A2

A3

C2B1

C1

C3

B3B2

A1

A2

A3 C1

A1

A2

A3

B1

B3B2

A1

A2

Frequency Planning

GSM commonly-used frequency multiplex pattern

“3×3”multiplexSuppose cellular hexagon length is 1, integrating interference model, we can get:

dB

dBIC

3.13)57.5(2)7(2

2log10

)(

44

4

13.3dB>12dB

Frequency Planning

Control channel planning

Computing of control channel numberuse M/G/N/N model as traffic model of control channel.Suppose SDCCH call average processing time is 3 second, average processing time of place upgrade is 9 second, user busy-hour call times is 2BHCA, traffic volume of users on SDCCH will be:

(3×2+9)/3600=0.0042 ErlangWhen GOS=2%, capacity of 4SDCCH is 1.092Erlang ， user volume is

(1.092/0.0042=260 户 ) ×0.025 Erlang=6.5ErlangBy referring to Erlang-B table, 12 TCH(2TRX) are needed.When GOS=2%, capacity of 8SDCCH is 3.627 Erlang ， user volume is

8 (3.627/0.0042=863 户 ) ×0.025 Erlang=21.6Erlang By referring to Erlang-B table, 30 TCH(2TRX) are needed.Generally, we can get the maximum site configuration according to frequency resource and selected frequency multiplex. In planning , select suitable site configuration. Control channel number can be gotten using ERL B table.

$

Frequency Planning

PDCH Planning

Fix traffic model of data service

If GPRS/EDGE service are supported ,please

provide

GPRS user (%) 20%

EDGE user (%) 100%

Busy-hour throughput per user （ bps/sub ） 220Or provide ： monthly traffic per user (MB/Month) 　

Monthly valid days （ days/Month ）　 busy-hour rate （ hours/day ）　

Penetrate percentage of data service 20%Attach percentage 10%

PDP Context Active percentage 20%Other null

User data service traffic

（ user number ） X （ Penetrate percentage ） X （ Attach percentage ） X （ PDP Context Active percentage ） X （ monthly traffic per user ）

Frequency Planning

PDCH Planning

Fix coding mode rate of data service

GPRS coding mode

Bear velocity of Um IP layer

Applicationrate

Average bearing velocity of Um IP layer

CS-1 (Kbps) 6.4 0.2

10.454CS-2 (Kbps) 9.41 0.3CS-3 (Kbps) 11.11 0.3CS-4 (Kbps) 15.09 0.2

Compute PDCH number of data service of each cell with different configuration.

In this way, we can get average velocity of 9 coding type of EDGE

（ data service traffic of cell user ） / （ average velocity of data service ）

$

Frequency Planning

Carrier chann

el SDCCH

Controlchanne

lSurpluschannel

TCH user

traffic/cell

PDCH channel TCH ERL

TCH user

1 8 SDCCH/4 1 7 117 2.0592 1 2.28 911 8 SDCCH/8 2 6 91 1.6016 1 1.66 662 16 SDCCH/8 2 14 327 5.7552 1 7.4 2963 24 SDCCH/8 2 22 595 10.472 2 13.18 527

4 322*SDCCH/

8 3 29 841 14.8016 2 19.27 770

5 402*SDCCH/

8 3 37 1130 19.888 3 25.53 1021

6 482*SDCCH/

8 3 45 1424 25.0624 4 31.92 1276

7 563*SDCCH/

8 4 52 1685 29.656 4 38.39 1535

8 643*SDCCH/

8 4 60 1985 34.936 4 45.87 1834

PDCH Planning

PDCH planning data of data service

Frequency Planning

TCH Planning

Basic Discipline Carriers configured in cells in a certain site shall not be co-channel or adjacent channel. Opposite cell should not co-channel and avoid adjacent channel. High hill shall not be considered as neighboring site while broad water shall be considered as neighboring sit

e. Concerning antenna height and complexity of transmission environment, carriers in opposite & cells of nearb

y sites should avoid co-channel. ( 含斜对 ); Focus on co-channel reuse. Avoid using the same BCCH with the same BSIC in neighboring areas. Verify and adjust frequency using planning forecast software.

Frequency Planning

□ Configuration of neighboring cells– GSM system is centered on cells and have at most two-level handover relationship externally.– For a stable GSM system, modify unreasonable handover cell in the planning according – to data in drive test.– Cells handed over shall not be co-channel.– Switch shall be mutual, not undirectional – There shalln’t be two handover cells with the same BCCH with the same BSIC. – There shalln’t be two handover cells with the same BCCH with the same BSIC– cell switch selection shalln’t be two many or too little. Two level is best especially– for cells covering road or railway.

Frequency PlanningTCH Planning

Preserve frequency. When we make the frequency planning, we seldom preserve frequency especially for frequency-lack telecom engineering. In fact, there are lots of advantages to preserve frequency such as using as frequency in the test, as replacement frequency in the interference , as cellular frequency in dense-traffic region. 28 frequency is used in phase 5 engineering of Chongqin Telecom with frequency No.98 preserved. Frequency No. 98 and No. 108 will be preserved in Phase 6. At least one frequency will be preserved in frequency planning.

Allocate BCCH frequency and TCH frequency. Generally BCCH should be allocated greater continuous frequency number.

Assign frequency to different areas. Assign frequency for sites in different areas such as urban, suburb and rural. Focus should be put on cities to avoid interference. Make planning in urban areas before in suburbs and rural areas. Divide urban area into different areas when there are many sites.

Check manually. Check manually after frequency assignment via automatic frequency planning. Modify frequency assignment condition or modify frequency manually if frequency is unsuitable.

Pay attention to the following in the process of GSM frequency planning:

Frequency Planning

GSM Network Planning

info collection

capacity planning

coverage planning

site distribution & survey

frequency planning

radio network

Action/reaction

Documents

Radio Network Planning(Revised)