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1 © 2006 Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and Vehicle Manufacture Marshall R. Cleland a , Richard A. Galloway a , Daniel Montoney b , Dan Dispenza c , Anthony J. Berejka d a IBA Industrial, Inc., Edgewood, NY b Strathmore Products, Syracuse, NY c Nordan Composite Technologies, Patchogue, NY d Ionicorp + , Huntington, NY IAEA/ANS AccApp ’09 Vienna, Austria 48 May 2009

Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

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Page 1: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

1 © 2006 

Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and Vehicle Manufacture 

Marshall R. Cleland a , Richard A. Galloway a , Daniel Montoney b , 

Dan Dispenza c , Anthony J. Berejka d 

a IBA Industrial, Inc., Edgewood, NY b Strathmore Products, Syracuse, NY 

c Nordan Composite Technologies, Patchogue, NY d Ionicorp + , Huntington, NY 

IAEA/ANS AccApp ’09 Vienna, Austria 4­8 May 2009

Page 2: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

2 © 2006 

Presentation Outline 

Advantages of Composites in Vehicles 

Radiation Processing in Automobiles 

Use of Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Advantages of X­ray Curing Versus Thermal Curing for Composites

Page 3: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

3 © 2006 

Advantages of Composites in Vehicles 

Reduced Vehicle Weight 

Increased Fuel Efficiency 

Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels 

Reduced Environmental Pollution 

Reduced Corrosion of Body Parts

Page 4: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

4 © 2006 

Radiation Processing in Automobiles 

Weight reduction: 

In tire manufacture In use of closed cell foams 

Safety benefit: 

Crosslinked under­hood wiring

Page 5: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

5 © 2006 

EB Processing in Tire Manufacture 

Controlled Partial Cure to Improve Quality

Page 6: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

6 © 2006 

EB Processing in Tire Manufacture 

Benefits of Radiation Processing: 

Stabilize tire cords during molding 

Reduce weight of innerliners and other tire components 

Cost­effective processing

Page 7: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

7 © 2006 

EB Processing in Foam Manufacture 

Interior side panels and header

Page 8: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

8 © 2006 

EB Processing in Foam Manufacture 

Benefits of Radiation Processing: 

Crosslinking of the polymer is separate from the foam blowing process 

Controlled size of closed cells 

Controlled stiffness and cushioning

Page 9: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

9 © 2006 

EB Crosslinking of Electrical Wire 

Flame retardant under­hood wiring

Page 10: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

10 © 2006 

EB Crosslinking of Electrical Wire 

Benefits of EB Crosslinking: 

Prevents insulation melting and dripping 

Tolerates high temperature environment 

Flame retardancy inhibits under­hood fires

Page 11: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

11 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

GM Corvette: 1953 – outer body 1984 – leaf springs 

Automotive Composites Consortium (ACC): 1996 – crash test of front end section 

Light weight components used in high­performance autos

Page 12: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

12 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Weight reduction: 

GM Corvette 

Current high performance autos 

Safety benefit: 

Crash testing by ACC 

High speed racing cars

Page 13: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

13 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

1953 Corvette

Page 14: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

14 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Porsche Carrera GT subframe

Page 15: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

15 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Tesla Motors electric car body

Page 16: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

16 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

1996 Ford composite crash testing

Page 17: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

17 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Race car safety

Page 18: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

18 © 2006 

X­ray Curing versus Thermal Curing 

Advantages of X­ray vs Thermal Curing: 

Greater penetration 

Complex product shapes 

Shelf­stable materials 

Shorter cure cycles

Page 19: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

19 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Sources: High­energy, high­current industrial electron beam (EB) accelerators. 

X­rays are generated by electrons hitting water­cooled tantalum targets. 

X­rays can provide penetrating, non­thermal energy transfer processes.

Page 20: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

20 © 2006 

Forward Peaked X­ray Penetration

Page 21: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

21 © 2006 

Depth­Dose Distributions – EB and X­ray

Page 22: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

22 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Dynamitron ® 5.0 MeV, 300 kW electron accelerator

Page 23: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

23 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Dynamitron 5.0 MeV, 300 kW electron accelerator

Page 24: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

24 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Rhodotron ® 7.0 MeV, 700 kW electron accelerator

Page 25: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

25 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Rhodotron ® 7.0 MeV, 700 kW electron accelerator

Page 26: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

26 © 2006 

5.0 MeV and 7.0 MeV X­ray targets 

Industrial X­ray Processing Facilities 

2m

Page 27: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

27 © 2006 

Dedicated X­ray Processing Facilities 

X­ray Facility for a 7.0 MeV, 700 kW Rhodotron ®

Page 28: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

28 © 2006 

Dedicated X­ray Processing Facilities 

X­ray Facility for a 7.0 MeV, 700 kW Rhodotron ®

Page 29: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

29 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Fiber Reinforced Composites 

+ Cure within inexpensive, simple molds 

+ Use common shelf­stable materials 

+ Cure faster than thermal processes curing times only 2 to 3 minutes 

+ Encase metallic pieces for fasteners

Page 30: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

30 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Fiber Reinforced Composites 

Carbon fiber cups in a simulated mold

Page 31: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

31 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Fiber Reinforced Composites 

X­ray cured carbon­fiber cup

Page 32: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

32 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Fender

Page 33: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

33 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Fender

Page 34: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

34 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Carbon Fiber Sports Car Fender 

Class A gloss finish

Page 35: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

35 © 2006 

Comparative Toughness Testing 

Falling tup test apparatus 123 cm

Page 36: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

36 © 2006 

Comparative Toughness Testing Four ply carbon fiber composite and 

aluminum panel  of comparable thickness

Page 37: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

37 © 2006 

Comparative Autobody Weights 

Material  Density  Body weight g/cm 3  kg 

Steel  7.8  ~750 

Aluminum  2.7  ~260 

Carbon fiber  1.6  ~155 composite

Page 38: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

38 © 2006 

Comparative Mechanical Properties 

Material  Young’s modulus GPa 

Steel  ~190­210 

Aluminum  ~70 

Carbon fiber  ~125­150 composite

Page 39: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

39 © 2006 

Advantages of Radiation Curing 

Room temperature curing Makes stress­free joints No thermal distortion 

Saves energy Eliminates need for autoclaves 

Avoids air pollution No volatile organic compounds

Page 40: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

40 © 2006 

Conclusions 

X­rays penetrate through inexpensive molds made of aluminum, plastics or composites. 

Composite parts can be cured with X­rays in a few minutes while still in the mold. 

Common radiation curable materials can be used in formulating matrix systems.

Page 41: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

41 © 2006 

Conclusions 

X­ray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame. 

An 80% weight savings from carbon fiber composites versus steel could lead to more than double the fuel efficiency. 

Composites completely eliminate operations such as coating for corrosion protection.

Page 42: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

42 © 2006 

Conclusions 

Cost analyses should include the added value to the consumer and societal benefits from greater fuel efficiency and less environmental emissions leaving a lower carbon footprint.