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PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 1
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 1Center for the Built Environment October 2013
Radiant Cooling Design: Performance Prediction and Modeling Methods
Jingjuan (Dove) Feng, PhD CandidateCenter for the Built Environment
University of California Berkeley
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 2
Agenda
Background
Cooling load prediction methods and tools
Whats available and whats been used? Are they accurate? Investigation by experiment and simulationDesign recommendations
Cooling load prediction method Modeling tool selection Implications for sizingModeling for code compliance and LEED
Coolingload
analysis
Coolingload
analysis
Radiantsystemsizing
Radiantsystemsizing
Modelingtools
Modelingtools
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 2
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 3
Backgrounds: Air systems vs. Radiant systems
Air systems Ventilation + space
conditioning
Design to meet a single peak cooling load value
Remove heat using convection
Radiant systems
Decoupled ventilation and space conditioning
Allow pre-conditioning the radiant layer
Remove heat using convection + radiation
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 4
1. Is the cooling load the same for radiant systems as for air systems?
2. Can we use the same method to size radiant system as air system?
3. Which modeling tools can be used to assist design?
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 3
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 5
What methods and tools are available and being used ?
Literature review
ASHRAE HOF (2013) ISO 11855 (2012) RHVEA Guidebook Price Engineer's HVAC Handbook
(2011)
Case studies + Survey
5 case studies 11 responses from designers from
Europe and North America
1)ASHRAEHOF;2)ISO11855(2012)
Casestudybuildinglist
Building names
Bankok Airport
David Brower Center
Walmart at sacramento
Manitoba Hydro
NREL Research Support FacilityWilliam Jefferson Clinton
Presidential LibraryLobby of Hearst headquarters
SMUD building office area
St Meinrad Archabbey church
applications Load features Rad system type
Lobby/atrium solar + stratification radiant floor
office Typical radiant ceiling slab
retail with skylight Typical radiant floor cooling
office Typical TABS ceiling
office Typical radiant slab ceiling
Lobby/atriumTypical
load+stratification radiant floorLobby/atrium solar + stratification radiant floor
office Typical radiant ceiling slab
ChurchTypical
load+stratification radiant floor
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 6
Available cooling load prediction methods/tools
Method Tools
#1 Heat gain Ignorethermalmasseffect Spreadsheet
#2 Simplifiedmethods
RTS,CLTD/CLF/SCL,weightingfactormethod, etc.(airsystemonly)
TRACE,DOE2,eQUEST,etc.
#3 HB method Radiantsystemsimulatedwith dynamicsimulationtool
EnergyPlus,IESVE,TRNSYS,etc.
#4 Nontraditional
Usedmostlyfor applicationswithintensivesolarandstratification
Solar simulationtools,CFD
#5 ISO11855(2012)
Diagrambasedondesigndayenergygain,operationhour,andetc. (TABSonly)
Proprietarytools
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 4
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 7
Thermal load analysis method/tool in practice
13 out of 16 designers we interviewed assume the same cooling load for radiant systems as air systems
Radiant cooled surfaces were not directly modeled
Directly use heat gain 37%
Simplified method (Trane
Trace) 38%
ISO 11855 method
0% Dynamic simula on
tool 19%
Nontradi onal method (CFD,
etc) 6%
Typical design
N=16
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 8
Differences between Heat gain and cooling load
Thermalmasseffectforconvectionbased(air)system(source:ASHRAEFundamental2013)
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 5
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 9
Space cooling load definition
All-air systems Cooling load
Heat gain removed by convection only Maintain fixed setpoint temperature
Radiant heat gain Absorbed by non-active thermal mass Released as convective heat gain after time delay
Radiant systems Cooling load
Heat gain removed by radiation and convection at active chilled surface
Maintain operative temperature within comfort zone
Radiant heat gain Becomes cooling load instantly
What is the difference in cooling load for radiant vs. air systems?
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 10
Are they the same?
Cooling loadRADIANT Cooling loadAIR
Laboratory testing and simulation study will compare the following:
Instantaneous cooling rate
peak cooling rate
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 6
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 11
Laboratory testing: Cooling load comparison
Objectives
Verify that cooling loads for radiant system are different from air system
Experimental approach
Concrete blocks (thermal mass) on floor with heating mats on top (internal heat gain)
Conduct 12-hour tests with heaters on for 6 hours and off for 6 hours Radiant chilled ceiling panels Overhead air system Maintain the same operative temperature
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 12
Test chamber configurations
Feng,J.Bauman,F.andSchiavon,S.(2013)Experimentalcomparisonofzonecoolingloadbetweenradiantandairsystems,TobesubmittedtoEnergyandBuilding.
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 7
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 13
Experimental results: Operative temperature
Maintain the same thermal comfort level
Control to the same operative temperature at 24C (75.2 F )
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 14
Experimental results: Instantaneous cooling rate
Radiant system has a higher cooling rate than the air system
18% higher during hour 6 (peak cooling load)
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 8
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 15
Radiant system removes heat faster during heater-on period
Radiant system removes 82% of total heat gain
Air system removes 63.3%of total heat gain
Experimental results: Total energy removal
Heateronperiod
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 16
Simulation study of different design cases
Radiant system types
Radiant panel/Lightweight radiant slab/Heavyweight radiant slab
Parameters studied Thermal insulation Building mass Radiative/convective
split of internal load
Solar heat gain Active ceiling/floor Cooling design day simulation
Window Window
BC: adiabatic
Window Window
BC: adiabatic
BC: adiabatic
hw_r2: R=2.20 (m2-K/W)hw_r1: R=1.20 (m2-K/W)
BC: adiabatic
Wall: L1: Concrete block L2: Foam insulation
L1: Concrete slab
L2: Insulation
L3: Wood sidingFlr:
hw_r2: heavyweight Lw_r2: lightweightWall: L1: Plaster board
L2: Fiberglass quilt
L1: Timber flooring
L2: Insulation
L3: Wood sidingFlr:
BC: adiabatic
rad0: 0% radiant
BC: adiabatic
rad0.6: 60% radiantrad0.3: 30% radiant
rad1.0: 100% radiant
BC: environment
G1: insulation G2: building mass
G3 :Int. heat gain G4 :ceiling with solar
cl_noshade: No shade cl_shade:Exterior shade
flr_noshade: No shade flr_shade:Exterior shade
G5 :floor with solar
Real Window
BC: adiabatic
G6 :typical
cl_shade_rad0.6
Feng,J., Schiavon,S.andBauman,F.(2013)Coolingloaddifferencesbetweenradiantandairsystems,EnergyandBuildings,65,310321.
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 9
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 17
Results: Peak cooling load
Higher peak cooling load for studied cases:
Interior space: 7-27% Perimeter space without solar: 12-35% Perimeter space with solar: 48-85%
Implications
Minimize solar load for design Especially effective for removing solar load High peak load high energy consumption!
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 18
Why are they different?
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Power
Level
(W/m
2 )
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Power
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(W/m
2 )
Coolingloadfromconvectiveheatgain
AirSystem
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RadiantSystem
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PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 10
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 19
Comparison of cooling load profiles
Caseexample:Internalloadonly_radiative fraction=0.6
AirSystem RadiantSystem
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 20
What about cooling load prediction methods and
modeling tools?
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 11
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 21
ASHRAE cooling load prediction methods
Heat balance (HB) method
Based on first principles EnergyPlus 8.0Radiant time series (RTS) method/weighting factor method
Convective heat gain instantaneous cooling load Radiative heat gain convective cooling load with delay CTF/RTF Generator and excel (or TRACE )
0
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6:00 18:00 6:00
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 22
Quote: ASHRAE HOF chapter 19
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 12
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 23
Measured vs. Prediction based on HB method
EnergyPlus v8.0 model was developed to apply the HB method Match well with air system cooling load Radiant system cooling load: heat removed by the radiant ceiling panels
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 24
Measured vs. Prediction based on RTS method
RTS method cannot predict cooling load correctly for the test chamber configuration
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 13
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 25
Modeling tool selection
Tools Modeling method Capabilityto capturetheradiantdynamic
IES (VE) HBmethodTRNSYS HBmethodEnergyPlus HB method
ESPr HBmethodDOE2 Weighting factormethodeQUEST Weighting factormethodTRACE RTSmethod orTFmethod
Makesureto:1)Modeltheradiantsourceasaroomsurface;2)Definecoolingloadcorrectly
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 26
Design radiant floor cooling systems with solar load
Applications
Spaces with large glazed surfaces, such as atria, perimeter areas, etc.
Guidance is limited with solar
Maximum cooling capacity in standard: 42 W/m2 (13 Btu/h.ft2)
With solar: 100 W/m2 (32 Btu/h.ft2)
Akronartmuseum,OH
B.Olesen,ASHRAEJournal(2008).
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 14
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 27
Simulated capacity vs. standard without solar
Simulated capacity matches well with standard capacity curve without solar
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 28
Simulated capacity vs. standard with solar
Cooling capacity can reach 130 W/m2 (42 Btu/h.ft2)
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 15
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 29
Air system size: Simulated: 20 W/m2 (6.4 Btu/h.ft2)
Guideline: 86 W/m2 (27.5 Btu/h.ft2)
Impact on air system sizing
Coolingcapacityhighlimitwithoutsolar42W/m2
peakcoolingload:128W/m2 (41Btu/h.ft2)Radiantcoolingcapacity:108W/m2 (34.5Btu/h.ft2)
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 30
Modeling for code compliance and beyond code program
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 16
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 31
Title 24 (2013): Radiant floor cooling system
Modeling requirements for compliance evaluation
EnergyPlus will be available for code compliance (CBECC-Com) , Jan 2014, http://www.bees.archenergy.com
Items ModelingInputRestrictionsTemperaturecontrol MeanairtemperatureHydronic TubingInsideDiameter Betweenaminimumof1/2andamaximumofTemperatureControl FixedatMeanAirTemperatureforcompliancecalculationsCondensationControlDewpointOffset
MinimumcoldwatersupplyTemperaturefixedat2Fabovedewpoint
CoolingLowWaterTemperature 55F
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 32
LEED
LEED topics PossiblepointsEnergy& AtmosphereCredit1:OptimizeenergyperformanceCredit 3:EnhancedcommissioningCredit4:EnhancedrefrigerantmanagementCredit5:Measurement&verification
26
IndoorEnvironmentalQualityCredit1:OutdoorairdeliveringmonitoringCredit2:IncreasedventilationCredit3:ConstructionIAQplanCredit6.2:Controllabilityofsystems thermalcomfortCredit7:Thermalcomfort Design&Verification
6
Innovationindesign 5
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 17
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 33
Key takeaway
Cooling load prediction and modeling method for radiant systems Use design tools based on heat balance approach
Define cooling load as heat removed by actively cooled surface(s),i.e. , radiant source should be modeled
RTS or weighting factor method, may lead to incorrect results
Peak cooling loads may be higher than air systems, but Radiant systems are known to be more energy efficient
Under some operating strategies radiant systems will have lower peak cooling loads (e.g., nighttime pre-cooling).
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 34
Acknowledgments
California Energy Commission (CEC) Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Buildings Program.
Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley (www.cbe.berkeley.edu).
Julian Rimmer, Brad Tully, and Tom Epp of Price Industries for the use of their Hydronic Test Chamber in Winnipeg.
PerformancePredictionandModeling JingjuanFeng,PhDCand.
GGASHRAERadiantEnergySeminar 18
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 35
Radiant system building project
Link to the map: http://bit.ly/RadiantBuildingsCBE
Link to the form: http://bit.ly/RadiantFormCBE
Contact: Caroline Karmann, [email protected]
Fred Baumann, [email protected]
Center for the Built Environment October 2013 36
Questions?
Jingjuan (Dove) Feng
Fred Bauman
Stefano Schiavon