Racing the Statehouse: Advancing Equitable Policies 2010

AdvAncing EquitAblE PoliciEs

racing the statehouse:

2010tAmmy johnson

Racing the statehouse: Advancing Equitable Policies 2010 is a project of the Applied Research center, a public policy institute advancing racial justice through media, research and activism. the Applied Research center publishes the award-winning ColorLines magazine and has offices in oakland, chicago and new york city.

2 | the applied research center • racing the statehouse: advancing equitable policies 2010

This “Racing the Statehouse” report was created by the Applied Research Center (ARC), a national think tank on racial equity. It contains a summary of the findings from a series of eight state-level reviews by eight statewide policy organizations. These report cards, budget reviews and progress reports represent a comprehensive analysis of the racial impact of hundreds of state-level legislative and budgetary measures.

Many viable policy solutions to racial inequity are available when state lawmakers consciously consider the racial im-pact of their decisions. Among the reports’ key findings are:

1. Most states have recently proposed or passed some measures deemed to have a positive racial impact that would close or eliminate racial disparities in areas such as public education or criminal justice.

2. At the same time, however, most states also proposed or approved some measures that are likely to have a negative racial impact by creating or contributing to further inequality and exclusion for different racial groups.

3. When elected officials consciously consider racial impacts during the lawmaking and budget-setting pro-cesses, they have the opportunity to eliminate existing racial disparities and prevent unintended consequences.

introduction, summary and Key Findings

On the crisp evening of November 4, 2008, many were quick to proclaim the

beginning of a post-racial era as Barack Hussein Obama became the President-elect

of the United States. Simultaneously, fueled by anti-immigrant fears, 52 percent of

Florida voters defeated the repeal of a 1926 constitutional amendment intended to

prohibit property ownership by Asian Americans. The juxtaposition of these events

speaks to a choice to be made for the future of our country. We can legitimate and

legislate a climate of institutionalized racism by adopting policies and practices that

demonize, degrade and polarize people. Or, we can embrace a path of social inclusion

and racial equity by advancing policies based on the principles of dignity, respect,

equal opportunity and fair treatment that can unite us all.


ThiS RepoRT highlighTS The ReSeARCh of A vARieTy of poliCy oRgAnizATionS in CAlifoR-niA, ColoRAdo, idAho, illinoiS, MinneSoTA, nevAdA, new yoRk And wAShingTon. The state-level reviews establish racial equity as a standard for measuring government effectiveness by redirecting the focus from intent to outcomes. They give state leaders the opportunity to proactively address racial disparities and discrimination. State budget reports on racial equity analyze the impact of fiscal and regulatory decisions on communities of color and establish criteria for eliminat-ing racial disparities and discrimination. State legislative report cards on racial equity apply racial equity criteria to bills that pass the statehouse during a given cycle. each legislator and the governor are graded on their perfor-mance related to those bills. To meet the racial equity criteria, a bill must adequately address the following:

• Does the legislation explicitly address racial outcomes and work to eliminate racial inequities?

• Will the legislation increase access to public benefits and institutions for communities of color?

• Does the legislation advance enfranchisement and full civic participation?

• Will the legislation protect against racial violence, racial profiling and discrimination?

• Is the legislation enforceable? Are mechanisms in place to ensure accountability?

• Will the legislation preserve and strengthen American indian tribal sovereignty?

State legislative report cards on racial equity evaluate gov-ernors and legislators on their responses to these bills. Bills were also selected with a view toward representing the breadth of a state’s diverse communities. The reports cover an array of issues including civil rights, criminal justice, economic justice, educational equity, health equity, green equity, American indian tribal sovereignty and housing and community development. Some states also grade the col-lective action of caucuses and comment on the conduct of key state leaders such as the state attorney general.

methodology and racial equity standards

California

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Colorado

Minnesota

Illinois

New York

California

Nevada

Idaho

Washington

Colorado

Minnesota

Illinois

New York


Nevada aB 149 — Revising Provisions Governing Foreclosures on Property

A significant underlying factor in Nevada’s foreclosure crisis was high-cost lending (above the national average rates) in the state during recent years, with more than 29.2 percent of all nevada borrowers in high-interest loans.1 high-interest loans were also concentrated in nevada’s communities of color, with more than 50 percent of all American indian, Black and latino borrowers in high-interest loans, compared to only slightly more than 30 percent of white borrowers.2 This pattern is especially disturbing because even when borrowers of color qualified for traditional loans, lenders still sold them higher-interest products. AB 149 allows property owners who have defaulted on loans or who are in danger of defaulting on their loans to request mediation on the terms of the loan. in addition, the law stipulates that if mediation is requested, the loan owner cannot sell the foreclosed property and evict the occupants until the completion of the mediation.

4 Signed into law

IdaHOS1119 — allowing Public Utilities to Create Low-Income Bill assistance Programs

idaho’s winters are long and cold, and keeping the heat on

is a significant burden for low-income Idaho families. In 2007, nearly 16 percent of idaho’s children were living be-low the federal poverty level.3 people of color are much more likely to live in poverty: while 10 percent of white idahoans live in poverty, more than 24 percent of Black, latino and American indian idahoans live in poverty. The federally funded low-income home energy Assistance program (liheAp) provides assistance to idaho families at or below 150 percent of the federal poverty level, and it served almost 33,000 families during the 2007-08 home heating season.4 however, it would have cost an estimated $19.5 million to serve all eligible families, funding that the state and federal governments did not budget.5 This bill, which received support from the idaho public Utilities Commission (ipUC) and the utility provider vista,6 would have allowed utilities to request permission from the ipUC to create voluntary customer assistance programs and raise rates to fund these programs.

Failed in Senate Floor vote

ILLINOISHB 202 — Increasing Youth education and employment

youth of color have disproportionately high unemploy-ment rates. in 2002, 38 percent of Black youth and 25 percent of latino youth were unemployed, compared

example policies with positive racial impacts


to 15 percent of white youth.7 hB 202 amends the youthbuild Act by requiring the Secretary of human Services to make grants to educational and employment programs for illinois youth. The bill also adds youth in foster care, juvenile offenders, children with disabilities, children of incarcerated parents and migrant youth as target groups for those programs. Among youth aging out of foster care, 60 percent are Black or latino, and 30 percent are unemployed.8

4 Signed by the Governor

WaSHINGtONSB 5360 — establishing a Community Health Care Collaborative Grant Program

in 2006, the state legislature recognized that many residents—especially people of color, working families and young adults—lacked access to quality healthcare. The legislature gave the health Care Authority (hCA) funds to administer a competitive grant program for community-based organizations that showed success in providing access to, and improvements in, healthcare at a local level. Since the program’s inception, it has seen a return on state investment of almost 5:1.9 Moreover, grant recipients have made significant gains in providing access to care for washingtonians of color, who are about 61 percent of their program’s base.10 in 2008, nearly one-quarter of the state’s American indians and about 21 percent of latinos were uninsured, both increases from 1998 figures.11 washingtonians between the ages of 19 and 30 are also more likely to be uninsured: 29 percent, versus the 17.3 percent in 1998, which is a significant figure given that Washingtonians of color are younger on average than whites.12 The program expired on June 30, 2009. SB 5360 would have reinstated the program on a permanent basis.

Partially vetoed by the Governor13

MINNeSOtaHF 1043/ SF 538 — Banning the Box on Public employment

each year, 10,000 Minnesotans are released from prison with the hope of finding gainful employment. One-third of those released are people of color and American indians. But the criminal records of the formerly incarcerated have been a major barrier to employment. while there has been movement at the local levels of Minneapolis and St. paul,14 hf 1301 “bans the box” by removing questions about criminal records from all public employment appli-cations until the person has received an interview. public employment includes jobs with State of Minnesota’s agen-cies, counties and cities. now, individuals with criminal records have the opportunity to be evaluated based upon their skills and qualifications, beyond the mark of their criminal record. however, jobs that absolutely require a background check and positions with Minnesota’s depart-ment of corrections are exempted from this requirement. Minnesota became the first state in the country to adopt such legislation.


CaLIFORNIaaB 1405 — California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006: Community Benefits Funds

ARC’s analysis of funds from the federal Recovery Act that were allocated to los Angeles County reveals a racial wealth divide that cleaves the county into poor and rich. poor cities are receiving one-quarter of the recovery dollars per poor person, as compared to rich cities.15 for example, half of the residents of the city of los Angeles are people of color, and one in five lives in poverty. In contrast, cities such as Santa Monica and Beverly hills, where more than 70 percent of the population is white, also have poverty rates well below the national average. This bill creates a Community Benefits Fund to direct a


portion of the revenues generated through the implemen-tation of the global warming Solutions Act (AB 32) to help Californians who are least able to confront the ex-pected impacts of the climate crisis. The funds would be used to provide energy-efficiency upgrades for schools, senior centers and low-income housing; improvements to mass transit; clean distributed electricity generation systems; and programs that will minimize health impacts caused by global warming.

Inactive, Senate Floor

COLORadOHB 1243 — Student Re-engagement and Dropout Prevention Office

dropout rates for Blacks and latinos triple that of whites statewide.16 in denver, the graduation rates for Black and latino males are 47.6 and 38.2 percent, respectively.17 SB 123 creates an Office of Dropout Prevention and Student Re-engagement and mandates the department of education to study effective policies to increase the graduation rate. This office will identify school districts with high dropout rates and provide technical assistance. participating districts are obligated to increase graduation rates and provide access to their educational practices and development plans. SB 123 also repeals suspension and expulsion policies shown to disproportionably impact young males of color.


ILLINOISSB 1746 — Latino Family Commission

linguistic and cultural challenges in illinois limit its abil-ity to address the needs of latinos, who comprise 14.5 percent of the state’s population—the fifth largest Latino population in the country. Because this community disproportionately faces adversity by many social and economic measures—including educational attainment, employment and health access—SB 1746 creates the illinois latino family Commission to examine and report on solutions to the problems.


MINNeSOtaHF 680/SF 657 — Promoting Hiring equity in Green Jobs

SF 657 is a significant piece of legislation that can increase hiring equity and build wealth in Minnesota’s communities of color. This bill commits $2.5 million of public invest-ment to strengthen opportunity and equity by preparing low-income Minnesotans for weatherization jobs and renewable-energy and energy-efficiency trades; support-ing outreach by community-based organizations about renewable-energy opportunities; ensuring equitable access for disadvantaged women-owned businesses and businesses owned by people of color; and reporting prog-ress on how weatherization programs have explicitly ben-efited people of color and low-income people. This bill could potentially provide more than 7,000 Minnesotans—including a large number of Minnesotans of color—jobs that fuel an equitable economic recovery.


SB 123 also repeals suspension

and expulsion policies shown

to disproportionably impact

young males of color.


policies with negative racial impacts

Too ofTen, The pRoCeSS And The iMpleMen-TATion of lAwS ConTinUe The CRiMinAliz-ing, MARginAlizATion And dehUMAnizing of whole CoMMUniTieS. public policies reinforce institutional racial inequities when they result in negative outcomes for communities of color, regardless of intent. even when the intent of a lawmaker is to improve the plight of their constituents, without an explicit assess-ment of how the policy will affect them, racial inequities can exist. As demographics change, legislative leadership is needed to ensure equity and fair treatment for every-one—regardless of race or citizenship. The following bills would likely have perpetuated or aggravated existing racial inequities.

NevadaSB 52 — ReaL Id act

SB 52 would have enrolled nevadans’ names, Social Security numbers and photos into a national identification database. A de facto national card, ReAl id was opposed by a diverse coalition of civil libertarians, civil rights activists and gun owners. it would negatively and dispro-portionately affect communities of color, American-indian communities, immigrants, refugees, the elderly and the homeless—these communities are most likely to have problems securing access to the required documentation

needed to obtain REAL ID identification.18 Therefore, the bill would have restricted these communities’ abil-ity to carry out their day-to-day lives. immediate effects would include, among other things, their ability to travel by commercial plane, to drive, and to open or access any accounts or use services that require identification.19 The bill was sponsored by the energy, infrastructure and Transportation Committee, and is an excellent example of an apparently race- and income-neutral proposal.

Passed in Senate; no vote in Assembly

CaLIFORNIaSB 696 — South Coast air Quality Management district Permit Process

This bill would allow the South Coast Air Quality Man-agement district (AQMd) to allocate permits overruling a Superior Court decree (natural Resources defense Council v. South Coast Air Quality Management district) that found that the District allocated unquantifiable emis-sion reduction permits to polluting private industry.20 The Court enacted a moratorium on new permits, which this bill seeks to overrule. These safeguards are critical for communities of color in California, where one-third of the nation’s air-polluting facilities are located. in Califor-nia, stationary toxic and polluting sites are concentrated in areas where large swaths of poor and communities of


levels oF racism

level description

individual/ internalized Racism

Racial bias within individuals—one’s beliefs, attitudes and prejudices about race.

interpersonal Racism

Racial bias between individuals—public expression of bigotry and hate.

institutional Racism

Racial bias within institutions such as schools and hospitals. disparate outcomes reveal institutional racism, whether or not there is racist intent on the part of individuals within that institution.

structural Racism

Racial bias among institutions and across society. structural racism is the cumulative effects of history, ideology, and culture and the result of institu-tions and policies that favor whites and disadvantage people of color.

color live.21 A UClA study in 2001 found that although latinos represent 40 percent of the total population of los Angeles County, more than 60 percent of residents who live adjacent to the county’s highest polluting facilities are latino.

Withdrawn from Senate Appropriations Committee

COLORadOHB 1075 — expansion of Criminal Background Checks

Reentry into society for ex-offenders after incarceration is essential to rehabilitation. white men with criminal records are more likely to obtain employment than many people of color without a criminal record.22 hB 1075 would increase background checks for employment in the department of human Services to include jobs beyond those working with vulnerable persons and disqualify peo-ple who have certain convictions despite the completion of a deferred judgment. This bill would have undoubtedly provided even more obstacles for people of color looking to gain employment after completing their sentences.

Held by House Appropriations Committee

in California, stationary toxic and polluting sites are concentrated in areas where large swaths of poor people and communities of color live.

Levels of RacismRacial Justice is the proactive reinforcement of policies, practices, attitudes and actions that produce equitable access, opportunities, treatment, impacts, and outcomes for all. equitable impacts and outcomes across race are the indicators of racial justice.


assessing the racial impacts oF state Budget proposals

state Budgets

Former President George W. Bush once said of a document: “It must be a budget.

It has numbers in it.” Advocates of racial equity say: “It must be a budget. It has

people affected by it.” Below is an example of a racial equity budget analysis produced

by Citizen Action of New York.

Race Matters: Impact of the 2009-10 Executive Budget Proposal covers the new york State fiscal year 2009-10 budget. Racial inequities in healthcare, human services, criminal and juvenile justice, higher education and k-12 education will continue if the executive Budget is passed in its current form. “fair Share Tax Reform” is urgently needed in order to make spending more equitable for communities of color in new york State.

“The executive Budget gets mixed scores in our report: we found some proposals that reduce racial and ethnic disparities and others that increase disparities,” said karen Scharff, executive director of Citizen Action of new york. “But on balance, the proposed cuts would have a disproportionately negative impact on communi-ties of color. The proposed budget would increase the racial and ethnic disparities in our state by key economic and social measures.”

Race Matters looks at key policy, spending and revenue proposals in the executive Budget to determine their impact on communities of color. It finds that in several critical areas, the cuts and deferred spending in the bud-get would exacerbate racial inequities as follows:

• education: The $2.5 billion cut in school aid falls dis-proportionately on students of color and undermines the goals of the landmark 2007 school aid reform law.

The analysis in the report shows that school districts with greater numbers of students of color and students with limited English proficiency will receive larger per-pupil cuts than other districts.

• Higher education: Cuts to The City University of new york (CUny) and The State University of new york (SUny), combined with tuition increases, are threatening to restrict access to the public higher education institutions that have traditionally served as a means for low- and moderate-income students of color to enter the middle class.

• Child Health Plus: increased premiums for Child health plus, a highly successful program aimed at pro-viding comprehensive low-cost health coverage for chil-dren, will increase racial disparities in health coverage.

• Criminal defense: The lack of funding for crimi-nal defense will have a serious impact on low-income people of color, given the already large racial inequities in the criminal justice system.

• Human services: The cuts to civil legal services to the poor and to nutrition advocacy programs will vastly undermine the ability of low-income people of color to


obtain public benefits and potentially exacerbate exist-ing racial inequities. Small, effective programs that assist immigrants, three-fourths of whom are people of color, have also been cut. The report also finds that the Executive Budget would have a positive impact on racial equity in the following areas, demonstrating that positive efforts are viable, even in the face of tight budgetary constraints:

• Health coverage: The proposed expansion of family health plus and the removal of unnecessary barriers to enrollment in public health insurance programs decrease existing racial and ethnic inequities in healthcare coverage.

• Criminal and juvenile justice: The budget begins addressing the disproportionate impact of the state’s sentencing policies on people of color by slightly decreasing the prison population and reforming juvenile justice. As sentencing reform moves forward, much more can be done to increase equity and decrease costs at the same time.

the report maKes three major recommendations:

• The State Legislature should make changes to the bud-get to prevent adverse racial impacts and create more opportunities to advance racial equity and improve the quality of life for all new yorkers.

• The Legislature should pass the Fair Share Tax Reform income tax increase on the wealthy to help fund resto-rations. An increase in income taxes on new yorkers earning over $250,000 a year would lead to a more equitable tax system and generate about $6 billion, allowing significant restorations in spending for health-care, education and the social safety net.

• The impact on racial equity should be considered in state budget making and fiscal policy in order to prevent the creation and perpetuation of racial inequality. A conscious and careful analysis of the effects of policy decisions on different racial and ethnic groups would be a useful tool for assessing budget options and other public policies to identify ways to maximize equity and inclusion.

A conscious and careful analysis of the effects of policy decisions on different racial and ethnic groups would be a useful tool for assessing budget options and other public policies to identify ways to maximize equity and inclusion.


conclusion & recommendations

An editorial from the Minneapolis - St. paul Star Tribune said it well: “Perhaps more important than the report’s call for action on specific legislation is its plea for greater attention to the racial impact of everything state govern-ment does. That’s a message those who care about the state Minnesota is becoming should heed.”23 it’s a mes-sage for a great nation as well.

The findings from this series of state reports point to the following recommendations:

1. State lawmakers should consider adapting and adopt-ing model equitable policies from other states. Racial equity legislative and budgetary reports from several states provide useful examples and analyses that can be accessed by policymakers and their research staff when drafting new legislative proposals.

2. State governors and policymakers should consciously consider the racial impacts of both revenue generation and budgetary expenditures to ensure that all re-sources are equitably generated and distributed across racial groups. The organizing Apprenticeship project’s “pocket guide to Budget proposals” is an excellent example of a resource that provides assistance to both lawmakers and their constituents in these endeavors.24

3. State policymakers should adopt new procedures to consciously and systematically address racial impacts during the lawmaking and budget-setting process. A good example of such a procedure in the area of criminal justice is the Minority impact Statement Bill passed in Iowa, the first of its kind in the nation, which requires examination of the racial and ethnic impacts of all new sentencing laws prior to passage. This enables legislators to anticipate disparities and consider alterna-tives to accomplish goals without compromising public safety. Upon signing the bill, which garnered broad bipartisan support, Iowa Governor Chet Culver said: “Minority impact Statements will serve as an essential tool for those in government—and the public—as we propose, develop, and debate policies for the future.”25 Connecticut has since enacted a similar law, and a similar policy is now under consideration in the oregon legislature. in Minnesota, the state’s Sentencing guide-lines Commission has begun to produce assessments of the potential racial impact of proposed legislative changes. The Commission has recommended adapta-tions to improve proposed policies based on the racial impact assessments.

Lawmaking is at its core about advancing shared principles and values in order to create

a civil society. Laws are often race-silent but can nevertheless have significant positive or

negative racial impacts on everyday lives. The persistence of deep racial disparities and

divisions in our society is evidence of institutional racism, which is the routine, often

invisible and unintentional, production of inequitable social opportunities and outcomes.

The aim of racial equity reports is to reduce, eliminate and prevent racial inequities and

access barriers. These reports are springboards to racial impact assessments, which help

maximize the potential for a policy to increase equity, while minimizing unanticipated

and unintended consequences that would perpetuate inequities.


resources

Facing Race: California 2004-2009 Legislative Report Cards on Racial Equitygoro Mitchell, Community Development Institute Executive Director (2009 report)Tammy Johnson, Applied Research Center Director of Strategic Partnerships (2004–2009 reports)[email protected] | 510-653-3415arc.org

2009 Minnesota Legislative Report Card on Racial Equity Pocket Guide to Budget Equityorganizing Apprenticeship projectJermaine Toney, Lead [email protected] | 612-746-4224oaproject.org

Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card on Racial Equity Progressive Leadership Alliance of Nevadakalpana krishnamurthy, Western States Center, Principle ResearcherBob fulkerson, PLAN State [email protected] | 775-348-7557Cinthia zermeno, [email protected] | 702-791-1965planevada.org

Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card on Racial EquityA joint project of the northwest federation of Community organizations, AClU of idaho, idaho Community Action network, idaho human Rights education Center, idaho women’s network, and the interfaith Alliance of idahoRowena pineda, Idaho Community Action Network Executive [email protected] | 208-457-2225idahocan.org

Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card on Racial EquityA joint project of the northwest federation of Community organizations and the washington Community Action networkMaur Mora villapando, Lead Community Organizer, Washington Community Action [email protected] | 206-805-6669washingtoncan.org

Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card on Racial EquityColorado progressive CoalitionArt way, Civil Rights [email protected] | 303-867-0312progressivecoalition.org

Facing Race: 2007-2008 Legislative Report Card on Racial EquityUnited Congress of Community and Religious organizations and the Applied Research CenterJosina Morita, Executive Coordinator, United Congress of Community and Religious [email protected] | 773-844-7296unitedcongress.orgTerry keleher, Director, Racial Justice Leadership Action Network, Applied Research [email protected] | 312-376-8234arc.org

Race Matters: Impact of the 2009-10 Executive Budget ProposalCitizen Action of new yorkBob Cohen, Policy [email protected] | 518-465-4600 x104citizenactionny.org


1. home Mortgage disclosure Act data, 2005

2. home Mortgage disclosure Act data, 2005

3. U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 American Community Survey. 10.2 percent of white idahoans, 24.4 percent of Black idahoans, 26.8 percent of American indian and Alaska native idahoans and 24.6 percent of latino idahoans live at less than 100 percent of the federal poverty level.

4. idaho public Utilities Commission. Case no. gnR-U- 08-01 “in the Matter of the Commission’s inquiry about energy Affordabil-ity issues and workshops.” January 16, 2009.

5. Russell, Betsy z. “Avista asks idaho to let it help low-income cus-tomers.” The Spokesman-Review. february 18, 2009.

6. ibid.

7. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Table 12. States: Employment status of the civilian non-institutional population by sex, age, race, and hispanic origin, 2002 annual averages.”

8. Peske, Heather G. and Haycock, Kati. “Teaching Inequality: How poor and Minority Students are Shortchanged on Teacher Qual-ity: A Report and Recommendation by the Education Trust.” education Trust. 2006.

9. washington health Care Authority, “Report to the Legislature: Evaluation of Community Health Care Collaborative grant program,” p.1, September 1, 2008.

10. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement, “Annual Report to Congress 2005.” Arrivals by County of origin and State of Resettlement, fy 1983-2005; Office of Refugee Resettlement, Fiscal Year 2007 Refugee Arrivals by Country of origin and State of initial Resettlement for fy 2007.

11. Washington State Office of Financial Management. “Health Insurance by Race/Ethnicity: 2008,” p. 3, december 2008; and “health insurance Coverage of washing-ton’s non-elderly population,” September 1999.

12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Refugee Resettlement “Annual Report to Congress 2005.” Arrivals by County of origin and State of Resettlement, fy 1983-2005; Office of Refugee Resettlement, Fiscal Year 2007 Refugee Arrivals by Country of origin and State of initial Resettlement for fy 2007.

13. gov. gregoire vetoed only the biannual reporting require-ment, citing the cost-savings to be gained during the economic downturn.

14. City of Minnesota City Council, “elizabeth glidden letter of Support for S.f. 538,” March 16, 2009. in this letter, the City of Minneapolis reveals the impact of unanimously banning the

box in December 2006. Their assessment has confirmed that fewer applications are being rejected due to a criminal record and that the new hiring practice has not slowed down hiring or increased costs to the City of Minneapolis.

15. “A Tale of Two Cities.” presentation by yvonne liu for working for an Equitable Economic Recovery” , a telebrifing sponsored by The opportunity Agenda. September 30, 2009.

16. Colorado department of public health and environment. “Racial and ethnic disparities in Colorado.” 2005. www.cdphe.state.co.us/ohd/glossary.html

17. ibid.

18. Beyerstein, lindsay. “photo id laws hurt voters.” Majikthise. April 30, 2008.

19. Friedland, Joan. “The Real ID Act Is an Unfixable disaster... why Tinkering with it won’t help.” immigration impact. June 24, 2009.

20. Natural Resources Defense Council v. South Coast Air Quality Management District, Super. Ct. los Angeles County, 2007, no. BS 110792.

21. State of California, department of finance. “Current popu-lation Survey: California Two-Year Average Series: March 2000–2008 Data”: 7. November 2009.

22. U.S. department of housing and Urban development. “SAfe Mortgage licensing Act.” July 30, 2008. www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/ramh/safe/smlicact.cfm

23. “Editorial: Pay attention to state’s racial equity: Report gives pawlenty, legislature a d for 2007.” Minnesota – St. paul Star Tribune. January 2008.

24. organizing Apprenticeship project of Minnesota. “pocket Guide to Budget Proposals: Racial and economic equity Assessment Questions.” 2009.

25. house file 2393, bill signature statement, April 2008. www.governor.iowa.gov/index.php/accomplishments/ 2009_legislation_signed_by_governor_culver_/ 2008_legislation/

resources

caliFornia

900 Alice street, suite 400oakland, cA 94607P: 510.653.3415F: 510.986.1062

www.arc.org

new yorK

32 broadway, suite 1801new york, ny 10004P: 212.513.7925F: 212.513.1367

midwest

28 E. jackson bldg. #10-A924chicago, il 60604 P: 312-376-8234F: 312-922-6964

Documents

Racing the Statehouse: Advancing Equitable Policies 2010