RACIAL UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION; NUR-RAFFIDA BT …eprints.ums.edu.my/12935/1/ae0000002768.pdf · 2 Pc:rpustakaan UOilferslli Malaysia Sabail dlbc:narkan membuat salinan untuk

RACIAL UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION; A CASE STUDY IN THREE INSTITUTION IN

EAST MALAYSIA

NUR-RAFFIDA BT ABDILLAH

TIDS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

SCIENCE

MATHEMATICS WITH ECONOMICS PROGRAMME SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

APRIL 2008

~:UMS ~-.1~" , • R , UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

PUMS99I

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS rESIS@

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m.:n~J"U mcmbenarkal'! lesis (LPSMISarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti ~Iala y "ia Sabah dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:-

T CSIS adalah hakmilik Unlvero;iti Malaysia Sabah. 2 Pc:rpustakaan UOilferslli Malaysia Sabail dlbc:narkan membuat salinan untuk rujuan pengajian

sahaJa 3 Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis mi sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institutsi

peng~i ian tinggi 4. Sila tandakan (I)

D SULIT

D TERHAD

I I TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau Kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termak."tUb di dalam AKT A RAHSIA RASl'v1I 1972)

(Mengandungi maklu'mat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organlsasttbadan di mana penyelidlkan dijalankan)

Disahkan Oleh

....

. . NURULAIN B NTI ISMAil ~ LIBRARIAN.

(T ANDATANGAiUST /Utl'l.W$!" MA YSIA SASi'"

Alamat Tetap ",-\-It;veu.~lut1

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Tarikh:

•• Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD. sila lampirkan sural daripada pihak berkuasa lorganisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sc:kah scbab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULtT dan TERHAD

@Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi IJazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan atau dlsertai bagi pengaj ian seeara kerja kursus dan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (LPSM)

UMS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

ii

DECLARATION

I affirm that this dissertation is of my own effort, except for the materials referred to

as cited in the reference section.

10 APRIL 2008

NUR-RAFFI A BT ABDILLAH

HS2004-4443

'UMS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

1lI

CERTIFICATION

CERTIFIED BY

1. SUPERVISOR

ASSOC. PROF. DR. HO CHONG MUN

2. CO-SUPERVISOR

PROF. AMRAN AHMED

3. EXAMINER

PUAN SITI RAHA YU MOHD HASHIM

4. DEAN ~'~:}-r ~ ..

SUYf/KS. ASSOC. PROF. DR. SHARIFF A.K OMANG


iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to all those people. who have

given me the possibilities to complete this dissertation.

I would like to extend my appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ho

Chong Mun, and my co-supervisor, Prof. Dr. Amran Ahmed who has dedicated their

precious time and effort in giving me the guidance and assistance in order to help me

accomplishing my dissertation.

My appreciation also goes to all the lecturers who have been teaching me all

these years, giving me the knowledge. so that I am able to apply them in my study. Not

forgotten, my course mates and my friends that never give up on giving their support to

me.

Last but not least, I would love to express my precious gratitude to my beloved

family in Kuching, especially my parents, Mr. Abdillah and Puan Mordiana, for their

non-stop support, for their encouragement, and for their prayers. Their continuous moral

supports give me strength through my hard days. Once again, thank you.


PERPADUAN KAUM DAN INTEGRASI NASIONAL; KAJIAN DI TIGA BUAH INSTlTUSI DI

MALAYSIA TIMUR

ABSTRAK

v

Kajian ini dijalankan di tiga buah universiti di Malaysia Timur, iaitu Universiti Malaysia

Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNlMAS), dan Universiti Teknologi Mara

(UiTM) cawangan Kota Samarahan. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji

tahap perpaduan bum di tiga buah universiti tersebut selain mengkaji keberkesanan

Program Latihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN) yang telah dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan.

Daripada kajian ini, anal isis mengenai wujudnya perbezaan min skor antara responden

yang pemah mengikuti program tersebut dengan yang tidak pemah mengikutinya dapat

dijalankan. Selain itu, kajian ini juga mengkaji kepentigan aspek bahasa rasmi,sebagai

medium untuk perpaduan kaum dan integrasi nasional. Data daripada soalselidik dikaji

dengan analisis faktor dan ANOV A. HasH analisis menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat

perbezaan min skor antara responden yang pemah mengikuti latihan tersebut. Selain itu,

bahasa bukanlah suatu aspek yang penting bagi memangkinkan perpaduan kaum. HasH

daripada analisis faktor pula menunjukkan bahawa interaksi di dalam kampus dapat

diringkaskan menjadi lima faktor utama iaitu aktiviti sosial, interaksi maya, aktiviti

santai, aktiviti kebudayaan dan aktiviti informal. Manakala interaksi akademik pula

dapat dibahagikan kepada dua faktor utama iaitu formal dan informal. Toleransi etnik

yang pada mulanya mempunyai 33 item pula dapat diringkaskan kepada 11 faktor utama.


vi

ABSTRACT

This study has been conducted in three universities in east Malaysia, which is Universiti

Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), and Universiti

Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Kota Samarahan branch. The main objective of this study is to

observe the racial unity and national integration level among the three universities

besides to detennine the national service programme, Program Latihan Khidmat Negara

(PLKN) effectiveness. From this study, a research about whether if there exist significant

different between the respondents who have attended the programme and respondents

who never attended the programme mean can be conducted. Apart from that, this study

also observes the importance of the national language as a major factor for racial unity

and national integration. Data from questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive

method, factor analysis, and ANOV A. From the result of this research, there is no

significantly different between mean score of respondents that have attended the PLKN

programme from those who have never attended. Beside of that, the study of this

research also reveals that language is not a major aspect for racial unity. From factor

analysis, interaction in campus can be summarized into five main factors which is social

activities, virtual interaction, casual activity, cultural activity and infonnal activity.

Whereas academic interaction can be divide into two main factors namely fonnal and

infonnal. Initially ethnics' tolerance have 33 items can be summarize into only 11

factors.


vii

CONTENTS

DECLARATION ii

CERTIFICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRAK v

ABTSRACT vi

CONTENTS vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

CHAPTERl INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION I

1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS 4

1.2.1 Defmition and Importance of Racial Unity 4

1.2.2 Definition of National Integration and Obstacle to National Integration 6

1.3 POPULATION OF MALAYSIA 7

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 8

I.S RATIONAL OF THE STUDY 8

1.6 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY 10

CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 MALAYSIA CONSTITUTION

2.1.1 Definition of the Constitution

12

13


viii

2.1.2 Elements of the Constitution 14

2.1.3 Issues in Malaysia Constitution 17

2.2 UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION CONCEPT 18

2.2.1 Theory of racial relations and integration 19

2.3 RACIAL UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN MALAYSIA 21

2.3.1 The Basis of Racial Unity in Malaysia 22

2.4 FORMER RESEARCH FINDING 2S

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 DATA RESOURCE

3.3 RELIABILITY TESTS

3.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS

3.4.1 Eigenvalues

3.4.2 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Statistics

3.4.3 Factor Rotation

3.6 ANAL YSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

3.6.1 Assumptions in ANOV A

CHAPTER 4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ANALYSIS

4.3 RELIABILITY TESTS

4.4 FACTOR ANAL YSIS

4.41 Eigenvalues

26

27

27

30

31

32

33

36

40

42

42

48

49

49

UMS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SA BAH

ix

4.4.2 KMO statistics 49

4.5 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOV A) 59

CHAPTERS DISCUSSION

5.1 INTRODUCTION 67

S.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ANALYSIS 67

S.3 RELIABILTY ANALYSIS 68

S.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 69

5.5ANOVA 72

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION 76

6.2 COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATION 78

REFERENCE 79

APPENDIX A

APPENDIXB

APPENDIXC

APPENDIXD

APPENDIXE

UMS UNIVERSIT MALAYSIA SABAH

x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ANOYA Analysis of variance

MSE Mean square between groups

MSR Mean square within groups

SSE sum of squares between groups

SSR Sum of squares within groups

SST Sum of squares total

SPSS Statistic Package for Social Science


xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

a Alpha

p Parameter

& Parameter

y Dependent variable

x Independent variable

P Mean of inter-item correlation

N Number of items on the scale

n Sample size

F F-test

Ho Null hypothesis

HJ Alternative hypothesis

E Expected value

< Less than

> More than

S Less than or equal to

~ More than or equal to

= Equal to

~ Not equal to

(J Standard deviation

L Summation


xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure nnmben Page

2.1 The Process of Integration 20

3.1 Factor figure after component principal analysis extraction 3S

3.2 Varimax orthogonal rotations for Figure 3.1 36

4.1 Respondents' awareness of the existence of Jabatan Perpaduan Kaum

dan Integrasi Nasional frequency 4S

4.2 Frequency of respondents' Malay language grade 46

4.3 Frequency of the respondents that admit they understand the

concept of national integration 47

4.4 Frequency of respondents that can list out at least one

programme that base on national integration 48


xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Page

2.1 Allocation of constitution aspect 1 S

3.1 KMO levels recommendation 33

3.2 ANOVA table 40

4.1 Respondent's Campus Distribution frequency 43

4.2 Race of the students' frequency 43

4.3 Frequency of respondent that have attended PLKN and never attended PLKN 44

4.4 Total Variance Explained for part B 50

4.5 Total Variance Explained for part C 51

4.6 Total Variance Explained for part D 52

4.7 Total Variance Explained for part E S3

4.8 Total Variance Explained for part F 54

4.9 Rotated Factor Matrix for Part C 55

4.10 Rotated Factor Matrix for Part D 56

4.11 Rotated Factor Matrix for Part E 57

4.12 Rotated Factor Matrix for Part F 58

4.13 ANOV A result table for gender 59

4.14 ANOV A result table for language usage and Malay grade 60

4.15 ANOV A result table for campus 62

4.16 Two-way ANOV A result for interaction in campus 64

4.17 Three-way ANOV A result for ethnicity level 6S

4.18 Three-way ANOV A result table for interaction in campus 66


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Malaysia is a country inhabited by a multi-racial society. In plural society such as that

of Malaysia, unity and national integration is a vital to ensure the people live in peace

and hannony. Malaysia is unique because although the population consists of multi-

ethnic groups, conflict among the groups is rare. Malaysia, before 1963, is well-known

as Tanah Melayu. Only after the joining of Sabah and Sarawak on August 1963,

Malaysia is officially proclaims as the new name for the country replacing Tanah

Melayu.

Tanah Melayu was granted independence SO years ago on 31st August 1957. To

free the country from the colonialists, local leaders have difficulties to achieve the

independent for the country because of the unity issues. The colonialist has agreed to

free Tanah Melayu only under certain conditions. Their acceptance was conditional on


2

the all of the Tanah Melayu residents' unite and supports only one political party that

will take over the government (Mohd Idris Salleh et al., 1994).

Unity issues at the time being are so much complicated and there is too much

dissimilarity ideology between the three main races (Malays, Chinese and Indians) in

Tanah Melayu. The country faced various problems because of cultural, educational

system, settlement, and socio-economic differences. These problems seemingly

constituted obstacles to unity.

Moreover. the Japanese invasion worsened the relationship among the races in

Tanah Melayu because the Japanese were against the Chinese and on the side of the

Malays. Basically, the rise of the unity problems is a result of the colonialist policies

that isolated the local society according to their races and occupation which gives them

small opportunity for interaction inter-racial (Abdul Rahman Embong, 2000).

After few years of struggling, finally Tanah Melayu is free from colonial era. In

August 31st, 1957, independence proclaims was announced by Tunku Abdul Rahman

Putra AI-Haj, the first prime minister of Malaysia. Since then, various efforts have been

initiated to prevent racial problems but the execution of the systems is not efficient thus

its lead to the race riot in 1969. The race riot on 13th May 1969 has raised many

concerns on the importance of tackling racial issues in multicultural society like

Malaysia. Since then, there are numerous actions are taken to overcome the issues

seriously.


3

Nowadays, Malaysia is celebrating 50 years of independence from British rule.

As a melting pot of people of various ethnicity, multi-race, multi culture and multi-

religion country, we must aware that unity is the main and the most important factor to

preserve Malaysia as a peaceful country because unity among the various races was the

greatest achievement of the country since it gained independence, besides economic

and infrastructure progress. Hence, to uphold the harmony of the country, the

government has promoted the importance of the racial unity and national integration

throughout the country.

The Bangsa Malaysia (English: Malaysian nation) policy was introduced by

Tun Dato Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, former Prime Minister of Malaysia, to create an

inclusive national identity for all inhabitants of Malaysia. Thus the Bangsa Malaysia is

means people being able to identify themselves with the country, speak Bahasa

Malaysia (the Malay language) and accept the Constitution of Malaysia. This term is

defmed by Tun as quoted in Malaysian Politics under Mahathir by Milne and Mauzy,

(1999), to promoted one nation all over the country.

On 31st August 1981, Rulcun Negara was officially declared. It (Rukun Negara)

is our guide for nation-building and should be respected by all. It is a shared vision for

national unity that should be upheld and practiced for we must never take for granted

the stability, peace and hannony we have attained so far.


4

Rukun Negara is defined as official national ideology, whereas national

ideology is characterized as a Malaysian lifestyles which is a multiracial, multi religion

and multi cultural society lives in peace, harmony, and tolerant with each other (Mohd

Idris Salleh et al., 1994).

1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.1.1 Definition and Importance of Racial Unity

Race is one of main groups that humans can be divided into according to their physical

differences and from different background whereas racial is usually connected with a

person's race as defined in Oxford Advanced Leamer's Dictionary. Unity is defined as

the state of being in agreement and working together. Thus, racial unity can be state as

a group of people that is generally differ in physical appearance and background live

together in harmony and tolerance without a major conflict

The worst race riots in our country, the Chinese - Malay race riot in Kuala

Lumpur began on 13th May 1969 and is often referred as the May 13th incident though

it lasted for some days. This was the aftermath of a major defeat of the ruling UMNO at

the hands of the Chinese Opposition Parties (Democratic Action Party and the Gerakan)

in the general elections held on 10 May 1969 (Mohd Idris Salleh et al., 1994).

UMS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SA BAH

5

In the riots according to official figures, there were around 200 casualties and

approximately 150 wounded. More than 700 cases of arson and destruction or damage

to 200 odd vehicles were reported. Following the tragedy, Maj/is Gerakan Negara

(MAGERAN) was formed and on 1st July 1969, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara was

established under the governance of Mageran to handle and improve the unity among

races at that time (Comber, 2001).

Majlis Penasihat Perpaduan Negara was formed on 23rd February 1971 after

the dissolvement of Mageran. Jabatan Perpaduan Negara was given the responsibility

to promote and maintain national unity. Between 1990 until now, Jabatan Perpaduan

Negara was under Kementerion Perpaduan Negara dan Pembangunan Masyarakat c z .' < before it is put under Jabatan Perpaduan Negara dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN) ~ ~

~!;a (Ramlah Adam, 2004).

There are numerous approach implemented by the Government to maintain the

stability of racial unity in our country, such as the military-style national service

program for 18-year-old youths was introduced in 2004 with the aim of boosting racial

integration. Students are chosen at random and taken to camps for up to three months in

the hope they wil1leam team work and absorb each other's culture.

Theoretically, racial unity is the main factor to stabilize and to maintain our

peaceful country. In Malaysia, government does not impose any restrictions on

minority races, which are free to practice their own culture, religion and education.

-"'0

~f:; ;;~

~~ ;pi; ~ CQ -~


6

Without the unity among the various ethnics, Malaysia is not as harmony as it is now.

We must admit that the Government has done its job successfully to unite our society

so we can live together peacefully in one country with multi-racial population.

1.2.2 Definition of National Integration and Obstacle to National Integration

Generally, national integration can be defined as a dynamic process to tighten up the

relationship within the countries in Malaysia, especially between the East Malaysia (

the Peninsula) and West Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) to form a Bangsa Malaysia that

have its own identity base on Federal Constitution and the national ideology, Rukun

Negara as defined by Jawatankuasa lntegrasi Nasional.

National integration may be important to development and is the ultimate aim of

national development, but it is not easily achieved. In the opinion of Hefner (200 1), in

general, there are three elements that affect national integration negatively. These

elements are attached to the question of value and attitude of society, namely,

prejudice, racism and ethnocentricism.

i. Prejudice - attitude towards other groups based on stereotype and is usually

take form of "bad expectations" of other races.

ii. Communalism - attitude of favouring one's own ethnicity whereby an ethnic

group shows favouritism towards those from within the group.


7

iii. Ethnocentricism - refers to belief that one's own culture is superior to that

others.

Prejudice, communalism, and ethnocentricism are "inside feeling" that can give

rise to actions of partiality or injustice toward other groups, which can described as

discrimination and gives obstacle to national integration.

1.3 POPULATION OF MALAYSIA

In July 2007, population of Malaysia was estimated about 24,821,286 people with

50.4% of the population are Malay, 23.7% Chinese, 11% Indigenous, 7.1% Indian, and

others 7.8%. And according to the year of 2000 census, the population is dominated by

some IS millions of Muslim, 19.2% Buddhist, 9.1% Christian, 6.3% Hindu, other

traditional Chinese religions such as Taoism and Confucianism is 2.6o/~ other or

unknown is 1.5%, whereas almost 200 thousand of the population, have no religion.

Bahasa Malaysia is an official language of Malaysia while English is a second

language. Other language such as Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka,

Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telu~ Malayalam, Punjabi and so on is speak by their

practitioner freely. As in East Malaysia, there are several indigenous local languages,

which most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan.


8

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project has been done to determine the racial unity and the national integration

level among the student of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Malaysia

Sarawak (UNlMAS), and Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Kota Samarahan branch.

Thus it will consist only among the involved university's students. The survey will be

distribute randomly among all the undergraduate students.

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

There are four main objectives of the study. Firstly is to observe the attainment of the

racial unity and national integration based programme that have been implemented by

the Government such as the National Service Programme. Frequently the scheme has

been plagued with problems, including reports of race-based fighting, riots, and

extortion which have prompted opposition politicians to call for it to be suspended.

Various issues have been linked to this programme had arisen and the feasibility of the

programme is doubted.

Secondly is to assess the integration and unity level and the proficiency or

competency of the constitution system execution. The competency of the constitution

execution can be gauge through the accomplishment and the positive outcome of its


9

campaigns and programme. As mention earlier, our former Prime Minister, Tun Dato

Dr. Mahathir has introduced the Bangsa Malaysia term as a new identity for all citizen

of Malaysia.

Nevertheless, after half a century into nationhood, the idea of a Bangsa

Malaysia is still nowhere in sight Therefore, through this study perhaps we can identify

what is the root of this racial problem so that we could intensify efforts towards the

creation of a united Bangsa Malaysia where we are known as Malaysians first and

Malays, Chinese, Indian, Iban, Kadavm and many more, second.

Besides that, it is important to perceive the awareness and the comprehension of

the society concerning the Malaysia Constitution and the importance of the racial unity

and national integration to our country. Comprehension concerning the Malaysia's

constitution is an essential to make sure the entire citizen knows the significance of the

constitution regarding the concept of the native privilege position within this country to

avoid misunderstanding. Several times, due to lack of comprehension concerning the

Malaysia constitution, there has been some issues arise respecting of the native

privilege position.

Lastly, is to evaluate the importance of the national language as a major factor

for racial unity and national integration. In Malaysia, language is always being singled

out as the major culprit for the failure of the racial unity and national integration. Some

people refuse to mix up with other race just because they speak different language. We


10

often hear the "Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa" quote. But, do we really understand what it is

really mean? Government has allocated an appropriate budget to upscale the national

language. We must aware that language is an identity of the nation and an important

element to reflect the nation itself as Spanish for Spain, Japanese for Japan, Tagalog for

Philippine and as for Malaysia, we speak Bahasa Malaysia (Malay language).

1.6 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

Malaysia'S popUlation of 25 million people is dominated by almost 60 percent Malays.

Chinese and Indians, who began migrating here in the early 19th century, make up 26

percent and 8.0 percent respectively. Without a doubt, Malaysia has enjoyed relative

racial harmony compared to neighbouring Indonesia, where deadly anti-Chinese race

riots struck as recently as 1998, during the Asian financial crisis.

Nevertheless, many citizens lament the lack of ties between majority Malays

and the Chinese and Indians living alongside them. Even though in overall, the

Malaysian people live in harmony but there is some degree of tension due to the feeling

inter-racial distrust. The majority of the races find comfort and security in their

respective ethnicity.

Although the National Service Programme has been plague with problems,

including reports of fighting, riots and extortion, overall the main objective of the

programme, which is to promote national integration and racial unity, is attainable. Any


79

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