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Raafat Misak, Hamdy El-Gamily & Ali Al Dousari
International Workshop: Towards an Implementation Strategy for the HIMA Governance Systems
KISR, Kuwait, 3-5 Dec.2012
Managing Natural Hazards in HIMA ( The Case of Kuwait)
Outline
Natural Hazards in Kuwait.
Characterization and Prioritization of Natural Hazards in
Kuwait.
Case Study : Managing Flash Floods in Sabah Al Ahmad
Nature Reserve.
Conclusions & Recommendations.
Natural Hazards
Meteorological : Drought, Sand and Dust Storms (dust storm of 25 March 2011)
Hydrological : Flash Floods (1993, 1997, 2004,2007, 2009 & 2012)Geophysical : low magnitude seismic waves.Oceanographic : Fish kill (1999 & 2001)
Common Natural Hazards in Kuwait ( Feb., 1993 - Nov. , 2012)
Drought ( 2007/2008, 2008/2009 , 2009/2010 & 2010/2011 )Dust and sand storms (July- August 2007, 25 March 2011 & June 2012)Flash flooding ( February 1993, November 1997, January 2004, Jan. 2007, Dec.2009 & November 2012)
Wadi Al Batin, 2010 Raudtain , Nov. 2012
Floods of 26 November 2012 (Shuwaikh)
Abdaly Road, Friday, 30 Nov. 2012, 3 pm
Floods of 26 November 2012, Abdaly Road, 20 km from Iraqi Border Friday, 30 Nov. 2012, 3 pm
Prioritization of Weather- Related Hazards in Kuwait
First priority : Dust and sand storms.
Second priority : Droughts.
Third priority : Flash floods.
Frequency & Impact of Weather Related Hazards in Kuwait
Crises Frequency Impact Total score Remarks
Dust and sandstorms 5 4 9
last from few hours to more than 24 hours
Drought2 5 7 Several years
Flash floods 2 2 4 Last few hours
Details of score for frequency & impact of Weather Related Hazards
Score Frequency Impact Remarks
5 Very high (several days/ month)
Affect 100% of Kuwait
Severe dust storms affect the whole country
4 High (monthly) Affect 50- 75% of Kuwait
3 Moderate (at least once/year) Affect 25- 50 % of Kuwait
2 Low (every 5-7 years)
Affect less than 25% of Kuwait
1 Very low (decades) Affect small spots (5-10% of Kuwait)
Facts & Figures on floods in Kuwait
Destructive Floods occur during heavy rainstorms with rainfall amounting 30-40mm in one storm lasting 4-6 hours.
Parts of Kuwait were subjected to flash floods during 2nd February 1993 (40mm within 6-8 hours), 11th November 1997 (105 mm within 4-6 hours), January 2004, January 2007, April 2008, December 2009 and November 2012.
The flash floods cause intensive damage to the physical infrastructures such as roads, fences, water wells, oil facilities and others.
During floods traffic problems, ground collapses and death cases were reported, e.g., 11th November 1997.
Two Remarkable Flood Events
November 1997 : 105 mm within 4-6 hours (largest amount of rainfall in one day during 41 years (Al Sabah and Borbia, 1998)
2 February 1993 : 40 mm within 6-8 hours : Declaration of Jahra City as an area of Natural Disasters
Main Watershed Areas in Kuwait
Jal Az zour Dissected Hilly Terrain (about 145m above sea level)Al Rukham (100 m above sea level) Jal Al Liyah (about 100m above sea level)Ahmadi Ridge (about 137m above sea level) Hills of Wadi Al Batin (about 220m above sea level).Ritqa-Abdaly (80-100m above sea level)
Jal Az Zour Catchment
Jal Az Zour Watershed
Water Divide
Drainage Basins in Kuwait (Kwarteng, 2000 & Misak, 2011)
Kwarteng, 2000
Areas at Risk of Flash Floods in Kuwait
Urban Areas Parts of Al Jahra City. several areas in and around Kuwait City.Ahmady – Fahahel Stretch including Shouaiba Industrial Area.Umm Al Haiman settlement , south east Al Ahmadi (Ali Subah Al Salem City)
Desert Areas Wadi Al Batin , western part of Kuwait.Ritqa –Abdaly Stretch.Northern parts of Kuwait Bay.Other areas.
Flood Event : 26 Nov. 2012 Ritqa- Abdaly
High water mark
Managing Flash Floods in Sabah Al Ahmad Nature Reserve (SANR)
Why ??? How ???
Watersheds of SANR
Main : Jal Az zour Hilly Terrains (100-120 m above sea level)
Secondary : Terraces , cliffs and isolated hills (40-60 m above sea level )
Urban watershed (Human made): Roads and road embankments (10 – 20 m above sea level)
Urban Watershed
Hydrographic Basins of SANR
Exterior : Wadis (dry water courses)
Interior : closed basins (Playas)
Urban wadis : associated with human pressure and off road traffic.
Effective Wadis : headwaters start at Jal Az Zour main escarpment and the wadis drain in the coastal plain
Managing flash floods WHY ???
To control soil erosion by runoff.
To protect plant species such as Haloxylon salicornicum and wildlife habitats.
To minimize local sources of dust.
To protect infrastructures such as fences and roads.
Soil Erosion by runoff water (Western Part of Jal Azour water shed , March 1997)
At least 8 cubic meters of good soil was lost in one storm.
No soil recovery under the prevailing conditions.
Sole practical solution : water and soil conservation.
ا
Eastern Part of the Desert Sector of SANR, June 2012
Flood Deposits
Flood Direction
Cut in the fence of Sabah Al Ahmad Nature Reserve (30 Nov.2012)
فيضي مخروطAlluvial Cone
السيول جرفتها رمالOut-washed Sands
سم 50
Micro-catchment
Cone
Rills
Umm Al Rimmam Depression
11 November 1997
Managing flash floods HOW ???
Applying passive water harvesting with minor active harvesting techniques.
Passive water harvesting : Cost effective & environmentally sound.
Approaches of water harvesting
Passive Systems that slow flood water, allowing it to seep into the soils.
Active
Storing water in aboveground or belowground tanks. Dams & cisterns. Ribbing & Pitting
Treated Water Reservoir
Playa
Proposed Passive Measures
`
Dry water pond
Falling Dunes
Rill
Falling Dunes
Cliff
Watershed
Water Divide
Proposed Passive Measures
Dust and sand storms, droughts and flash floods are the most significant natural hazards in Kuwait.
Contingency plans for managing natural hazards are not yet completed.
Managing flash floods is essential. It starts with delineation of drainage basins using Arc GIS/high resolution satellite images and ends with contingency plan .In between there is an early warning system.
Passive measures of water harvesting is proposed .it is cost effective and environmentally friendly.
Conclusions & Recommendations
Demo Title
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Thank You for Attention