RA17M1X22

Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)

Assignment 2

Vivek Kr. Yadav

Lovely Professional University

1. How the knowledge is acquired to make a new expert system?Ans: Knowledge is acquired in many ways to make a new expert system. Methods of knowledge acquisition are:a) Interviewb)Case studyc) Protocolsd)Critiquinge)Role playingf) Simulationg)Construct elicitationh)Document analysis

Following are the main types or ay of knowledge acquisition for developing the new expert systema. Identificationb. Conceptualizationc. Formalizationd. Refinement

The communication tool developed for this concept is calledknowledge map, which provides a systematic way of indexing and quantifying a piece of knowledge in the problem space by defining important attributes as the axes of the map. Below is the knowledge acquisition interface

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Vivek Kr. Yadav

Types of Knowledge

There are many different kinds of knowledge considered in expert systems. Many of these form dimensions of contrasting knowledge:

explicit knowledge implicit knowledge

domain knowledge

common sense or world knowledge

heuristics

algorithms

procedural knowledge

declarative or semantic knowledge

public knowledge



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

private knowledge

shallow knowledge

deep knowledge

metaknowledge

We do following to develop the expert system after acquiring knowledge. These also come under knowledge acquisition as these are the process done simultaneously with acquiring the knowledge.a) Problem selection

Look for problems that can be solvedb) Decompose problems into sequences of

classification problems, treat them separately, but work backwards from the final problem.

c) Establish the heuristics that link data to solutions after establishing the network of solutions.

d) Treat the search process separately.



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

e) Early on, define the problem in terms of input and output and the kinds of relations. Try to distinguish between substances and processes.

f) Knowledge level analysis: a structured way for identifying terms and relations.

g) Implementation: It is advantageous to use a programming language that allows relations to be made explicit, especially hierarchies.

2. Why we do knowledge elicitation? Is there any use of it? Give your opinion.

Ans: Knowledge elicitation plays the most important role in expert system as it is used to obtain the information required to solve the problems. Or we can say that knowledge elicitation makes us aware of the thing that why and how the knowledge is gathered. There are many methods for knowledge elicitation. It is brodly classified into 2

a)Direct methodb)Indirect method

Following are the process for knowledge gatheringa) Interviewb)Case studyc) Protocold)Critiquinge)Role playingf) Simulationg)Construct elicitationh)Document analysis



Assignment 2

Vivek Kr. Yadav

Following are the importance of knowledge elicitationa)Establish the purpose

– Without purpose, no scope, requirements, evaluation,

b)Informal/Semiformal knowledge elicitation– Collect the terms– Organize terms informally– Paraphrase and clarify terms to produce informal

concept definitions– Diagram informally

c) Paraphrase and comment at each stage before implementing

d)Develop normalized schema and skeletone) Implement prototype recording the intention as a

paraphrase– Keep track of what you meant to do so you can

compare with what\ happens– Implementing logic-based ontologies is

programmingf) Refine requirements & tests

3. How sensor data capturing is helpful in making an expert system?



Assignment 2

Vivek Kr. Yadav

Ans: Although the webcam and microphones have been available for computer systems, beginning sometime before 2000, as separate devices and later embedded into computer housings, there has not been an attempt to embed the technology directly into the display itself. This invention attempts to resolve that issue and relates to image, sound, and sensor data capture apparatuses that are physically embedded directly into the display apparatus—not the housing.Following are the points how sensor data capturing is helpful in making an expert system.

1. A plurality of image, sound, and sensor data capture apparatuses embedded directly into display apparatus itself, as opposed to the display housing, and associated electromechanical modular ancillary equipment whose primary function in combination is surveillance, display, and communication.

2. The image capture apparatuses are cameras with various spectral responses, sound capture apparatuses are microphones and sensors are environmental.

3. The image capture apparatuses are Charge Coupled Devices, (CCD), or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) cameras with various spectral responses, sound capture apparatuses are acoustical microphones and sensors that are sensitive to the infrared, ultraviolet, or visual spectrum.



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

4. The displays are flat panel displays using liquid crystal, plasma, light emitting diodes, optical light emitting diodes, surface conduction electron emitter, or digital light processing technologies

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the display has touch screen capability.

6. The Image, sound, and sensor data capture apparatus embedded into display or ancillary module apparatus is used for theft, burglary, intrusion, fire, or flood detection.

7. The image, sound, and sensor data capture apparatus embedded into display and ancillary module apparatuses are used for local or remote diagnostic imaging.

4. Describe the working of any one existing expert system.Ans: There are many expert systems which are current running and used. The primary goal of expert systems research is to make expertise available to decision makers and technicians who need answers quickly. There is never enough expertise to go around -- certainly it is not always available at the right place and the right time. Portable with computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of specific subjects can bring decade’s worth of knowledge to a problem.

WORKING OF MYCIN:



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

MONITOR (for MYCIN rules) attempts to evaluate the premise of the current rule, condition by condition. If any of the conditions is false, or indeterminate due to lack of information, the rule is rejected, and the next rule on the list of applicable rules pending in the current context is tried. The rule application succeeds when all of the conditions in the premise are deemed to be true, and the conclusion of the rule is added to the record of the current consultationProblem domain:

• Selection of antibiotics for patients with serious infections.

• Medical decision making, particularly in clinical medicine is regarded as an"art form" rather than a "scientific discipline": this knowledge must be systemized for practical day-to-day use and for teaching and learning clinical medicine.

Target Users: Physicians and possibly medical students and paramedics.



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

Flow chart of the mycin working



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

5. What impact can machine learning technologies have on the expert system?

Ans: Machine learning technology brings the automation of knowledge creation and refinement through the program we made.Types of knowledge are

a)Factsb)Rules c) Relationsd)Conceptse)Proceduref) Plans

Since it plays the important role for the system to be trained on the basis of the knowledge type provided above. Machine learning algorithms and applications adapt themselves to the behavior of a system usually through the discovery of time-varying patterns in the data. These algorithms typically fuse linear and nonlinear regression, adaptive control theory, neural networks, statistical learning theory, rule induction, and decision tree generation. Because of the very close relationship between learning and intelligence, nearly all machine intelligence systems incorporate some form of learning (although this is often not true of conventional expert systems).



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

Learning works in two ways: supervised and unsupervised. Supervised learning has an objective function (a dependent variable) and uses historical data (called training data) to learn the rules that classify a set of independent variables into the class of the dependent variable. Unsupervised learning discovers the implicit relationships between a collection of data and evolves the rules that describe the changes of behavior in the variables that seem to have the greatest causal impact on other variables. Machine learning capabilities create applications that are rugged, self-adapting, easier to maintain, and often more fault tolerant than conventional systems. An adaptive feedback loop can tailor a system to changes in enterprise policies and make it more resilient.Learning systems also provide the core mechanism for powerful predictive and classification models that fine tune their abilities as they gather more and more experience.

6. What is the process of interview? Give proper examples of various methods of interviewing.



Assignment 2

Vivek Kr. Yadav

Ans: Interview is the big process of interaction with the domain expert to get knowledge about the expert system. It is a direct method of knowledge acquisition. Following is the main procedure used for the interview with the expert.

Once the interview is finished, we are able to proceed next. Interview is of 3 types which is described below.



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Vivek Kr. Yadav

Different methods is used for interview. These area)Structuredb)Unstructuredc) Semi structured

In case of structured interview, sometimes referred to as a patterned interview, it is very straightforward. The interviewer has a standard set of questions that are asked.The Benefits or Features of the Screening Interview

It is legitimate and reliable. It controls the flow of the interview. Similar competencies are evaluated in each

meeting, which controls reliability. Questions are pre-written, reducing

nervousness for the interviewer.



Assignment 2

Vivek Kr. Yadav

Unstructured interview: Unstructured interviews are so labeled because the interviewer does not enter the interview setting with a planned sequence of questions to be asked of the respondent. The objective of the unstructured interview is to bring some preliminary issues to the surface so the researcher can determine what variables need further in-depth investigation. An example is social survey.

Semi structured interview is used to gain the Primary Data collection.


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RA17M1X22