R313 Medical TerminologyCh. 7 Dermatology

Dermatology

The anatomy and physiology of the Integumentary System.

The diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures used to treat integumentary diseases and conditions.

Anatomy and Physiology

Integumentary System:skin (epidermis and dermis)sebaceous glandssweat glandshairnails

Function: protects the body and is the first line of defense against invading microorganisms; the sense of touch.

Anatomy

Skin layers:1. Epidermis 2. Dermis

3. Subcutaneous

Characteristics of the Epidermis: -epithelial tissue-covers the external surface of the body and mucous membranes.-outer epidermis is the corneal layer.-lower epidermis is the basal layer.-external cells contain keratin, protein that gives skin a waterproofing ability.-cells also contain melanocytes that produce melanin, a protein pigment that gives skin its color; absorbs UV light from the sun.-dead cells are removed through a process called exfoliation.

Figure 7-2 Epidermis and dermis

Characteristics of the Dermis:-Connective Tissue-Thicker layer than the epidermis-Contains collagen fibers (firm, white protein) and

elastin fibers (elastic, yellow protein).-Contains: blood vesslesneurons (nerve cells)hair folliclessebaceous glands (oil glands; secrete sebum)sweat glands (sudoriferous glands; secrete water,

sodium, waste products)

-Has dermatome’s: specific area on the skin that sends sensory information to the spinal cord.

Hair-Covers most of the body.-Additional facial, axillary, and pubic hairs appear during puberty.-Contains melanocytes and keratin.-Forms in a hair follicle in the dermis.-Piloerection

Xie QiupingHair Length = 18’ 5.54”

Tran Van HayHair Length = 20’ 3.6”

Nails-Cover and protect the distal ends of the fingers and toes.-Each nail consists of a nail plate, nail bed, cuticle, lunula, and nail root.

Characteristics of the Subcutaneous Tissue-Loose, connective tissue directly beneath the dermis of the skin. -Composed of adipose tissue that contains lipocytes (fat-storing cells).-Provides a layer of insulation to conserve internal body heat. -Acts as a cushion to protect the bones and internal organs.

Physiology of an Allergic Reaction-An allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity response to certain types of antigens known as allergens.

Allergens:foodspollensmoldsanimal danderdustchemicalsdrugs

-The basis of all allergic reactions is the release of histamine from basophils in the blood and mast cells in the connective tissue.-A local reaction occurs when an allergen touches the skin or mucous membranes.-Anaphylaxis is a severe systemic allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. (anaphylactic shock)

Epi-pen

Diseases & Conditions

-Dermatitis

-Edema

-Hemorrhagepetechiaecontusion (bruise)ecchymosis (large contusion)hematoma

Skin Lesions

Neoplasm- benign or malignant growth occurring on the skin.

Pruritus- itching

Rash

Wound

Xeroderma- excessive dryness of the skin

Skin Color Conditions:

Albinism- lack of pigment because of a genetic mutation.

Cyanosis- bluish-purplish discoloration of the skin.

Erythema- reddish discoloration of the skin.

Jaundice- yellowing of the skin; liver cannot process bilirubin.

Necrosis- blackish discoloration of the skin.

Pallor- paleness due to lack of blood supply.

Vitiligo- autoimmune disease where the melanocytes are destroyed causing white patches.

Figure 7-7 Necrosis and palloMeyer/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

Skin Injuries:

Abrasion

Blister

Callus (corn)

Burn Types

1st Degree Burns:-a burn that affects the epidermis only, causing erythema without blistering.

2nd Degree Burns:-a burn that affects the epidermis and the dermis, classified as superficial (involving the epidermis and the papillary dermis) or deep (extending into the reticular dermis). Called also partial thickness burn.

3rd Degree Burns:-a burn that destroys both the epidermis and the dermis, often also involving the subcutaneous tissue. Called also full-thickness burn

4th Degree Burns:-a burn that extends deeply into the subcutaneous tissue; it may involve muscle, fascia, or bone.

First Degree Burn

Second Degree Burn

Third Degree Burn

Fourth Degree Burn

Cicatrix- collagen scar tissue; keloid scar tissue formed from an overproduction of collagen.

Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore)

Excoriation- scratch on the skin

Laceration- deep wound

Skin Infections:

Abscess- local pus containing pocket

Cellulitis- inflammation and infection of the connective tissues.

Herpes- caused by a virusType 1- lips (cold sores)Type 2- HSV; sexually transmitted (genital herpes)Herpes Whitlow- infection at the base of thefingernailHerpes Varicella Roster- skin rash; chickenpox; adult

version is called Shingles.

Figure 7-13 ShinglesGill/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

Tinea- fungal infection (ringworm, jock itch, athletes’s foot)

Verruca (warts)- skin lesion caused by the human papillomavirus on the hands, fingers, or feet.

Skin Infestations:

Pediculosis- lice

Scabies- parasitic mites

Allergic Skin Conditions:

Contact Dermatitis- reaction caused by an allergen coming in contact with the skin.

Urticaria- hives, wheal & welts.

Benign Skin Markings and Neoplasms:

Actinic Keratoses- raised, dry, rough areas of the skin.

Freckle- grouping of melanocytes from sun exposure.

Hemangioma- growth of superficial blood vessels.

Nevus- birth marks

Papilloma- small protrusion of epidermis and dermis.

Premalignant Skin Lesions- abnormal skin lesions that are not yet cancerous.

Senile Lentigo- light to dark brown macules from exposure to the sun. (sun spots)

Syndactyly- webbed fingers or toes; polydactyly is extra fingers or toes.

Xanthoma- benign growth that is a yellow nodule or plaque on the hands, elbows, knees, or feet.

Malignant Neoplasms of the Skin:

Cancer- malignant

Basal Cell Carcinoma- most common type

Malignant Melanoma- can spread to other parts of the body.

A- asymmetryB- borderC- colorD- diameter

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Kaposi’s Sarcoma- skin cancer that begins in the connective tissue or lymph nodes. Common in AIDS patients.

Autoimmune Diseases with Skin Symptoms:

Psoriasis- excessive number of epidermal cells; causes redness and itching; scales and plaque.

Scleroderma- skin and internal organs progressively harden due to deposits of collagen.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- deterioration of the collagen in the skin and connective tissues; joint pain, sun sensitivity, fatigue.

Figure 7-22 PsoriasisNMSB/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

Diseases of the Sebaceous Glands:

Acne Vulgaris- during puberty, sebaceous glands secrete large amounts of sebum.

Acne Rosacea- middle-aged patients, sebaceous glands secrete large amounts of sebum, causes blotchy redness and edema.

Seborrhea- overproduction of sebum at times other than puberty; also called cradle cap in infants and eczema in adults.

Diseases of the Sweat Glands:

Anhidrosis- absence of sweat glands.

Diaphoresis- profuse sweating.

Diseases of the Hair:

Alopecia- chronic loss of scalp hair.

Folliculitis- infection of the hair follicle; often occurs after shaving.

Hirsutism- presence of excessive, dark hair on the forearms and over the lip of women.

Pilonidal Sinus- abnormal passageway that begins as a large, abnormal hair follicle that contains a hair that is never shed.

Diseases of the Nails:

Clubbing- abnormally curved fingernails and stunted growth of fingers.

Onychomycosis- fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails.

Paronychia- bacterial infection of the skin next to the cuticle.

Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures:

Allergy Skin Testing

Culture and Sensitivity (C & S)- test done on pus of a bacteria infection to determine course of treatment.

RAST- blood test done to determine allergies.

Skin Scraping- sampling of skin taken to be observed in determining if a patient has ringworm.

Tzanck Test- skin scraping done to test fluid for the presence of a virus.

Wood’s Lamp- UV light used to highlight areas of the skin in a darkened room.

Medical and Surgical Procedures:

Botox Injections- the drugBotox is injected into the skin to paralyze the muscle.

Collagen Injections- collagen is a protein, helps to plump the skin to reduce wrinkles and scarring.

Cryosurgery- liquid nitrogen is put onto a wart or mole to remove it.

Curettage- a tool called a curet is used to remove a superficial skin lesion.

Debridement- procedure to remove necrotic tissue from a burn, wound, or ulcer.

Electrosurgery- electricity is used to remove a nevus, wart, or small malignant lesion.

Incision and Drainage- a scalpel is used to make a cut to drain infection from an abscess or cyst.

Laser Surgery- a laser is used to remove birthmarks, tattoos, enlarged blood vessels, or hair.

Skin Examination- examining a patient’s skin.

Skin Resurfacing- removal of acne scars, tattoo’s, wrinkles.

Chemical Peel- use a chemical to remove the outer layers of the epidermis.

Dermabrasion- removal of the outer epidermal layers using a spinning wire brush or diamond surface.

Laser Skin Resurfacing- use of a laser to remove outer layers of the epidermis and/or dermis.

Microdermabrasion- skin resurfacing done using aluminum oxide crystals.

Suturing- use of sutures to bring edges of skin together to allow for better healing.

Surgical Procedures:

Biopsy- procedure done to remove a skin lesion for testing and diagnosis.

Excisional Biopsy- use of a scalpel to remove a skin lesion.

Incisional Biopsy- uses of a scalpel to remove part of a skin lesion.

Needle Aspiration- use of a needle to remove cells for testing from a skin lesion.

Punch Biopsy- circular metal cutter is used to remove a plug shaped core of skin.

Shave Biopsy- use of a razor blade to shave of a skin lesion.

Dermatoplasty- any type ofplastic surgery of the skin.

Liposuction- produce used toremove excess adipose tissue.

Mohs’ Surgery- procedure used to remove skin cancer.

Rhytidectomy- also called a facelift; done to tighten up loose skin and remove wrinkles.

Skin Grafting:

Autograft- skin graft taken from the patient’s own body.

Allograft- skin graft taken from a cadaver.

Xenograft- skin graft taken from an animal (pig).

Synthetic Skin Graft- artificial skin made from collagen; new skin grows replacing the collagen.