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1.1. What is one way the problem of the weight of the What is one way the problem of the weight of the dome was solved on the pantheon?dome was solved on the pantheon?

2.2. What year was it first built?What year was it first built?3.3. Where exactly was it located?Where exactly was it located?4.4. How many columns were there on the front porch all How many columns were there on the front porch all

together?together?5.5. What is the word used to describe how these What is the word used to describe how these

columns were made from one piece of marble?columns were made from one piece of marble?6.6. What was once on the pediment?What was once on the pediment?7.7. What is the word for the parts that stick out from the What is the word for the parts that stick out from the

rotunda on the exterior?rotunda on the exterior?8.8. What length is the oculus?What length is the oculus?9.9. What is the alternating pattern above the niches and What is the alternating pattern above the niches and

alcoves?alcoves?10. How was the problem of rain inside the pantheon 10. How was the problem of rain inside the pantheon

solved?solved?

1.1. The dome gets thinner as it gets higherThe dome gets thinner as it gets higher Lighter pumice used for top layersLighter pumice used for top layers Columns and pilasters retained the weight of the domeColumns and pilasters retained the weight of the dome Coffers – lessened the weight of the roof, while keeping Coffers – lessened the weight of the roof, while keeping

overall strengthoverall strength Arches in the top two layers, were made of brick on outside Arches in the top two layers, were made of brick on outside

wall to distribute the weight evenlywall to distribute the weight evenly Vestibule (rectangular bit at front) supported the dome Vestibule (rectangular bit at front) supported the dome 2. 27 BC2. 27 BC3. Campus Martius, Rome3. Campus Martius, Rome4. 164. 165. Monolithic5. Monolithic6. A sculpture of an eagle6. A sculpture of an eagle7. Cornice7. Cornice8. 9m8. 9m9. Marble panel alternating with niche9. Marble panel alternating with niche10. Holes in the floor, and a slightly convex floor10. Holes in the floor, and a slightly convex floor

The Ara Pacis The Ara Pacis AugsutaeAugsutae““The altar of Augustan The altar of Augustan

Peace”Peace”

Religious ArchitectureReligious Architecture

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Who was the Aeneid Who was the Aeneid written for?written for?

What kinds of messages did he What kinds of messages did he want given about him in the Aeneid?want given about him in the Aeneid?

How did he do this?How did he do this? What are his key areas of success What are his key areas of success

as an Emperor?as an Emperor? How could one show or represent How could one show or represent

these ideas in a building?these ideas in a building?

backgroundbackground When Augustus became When Augustus became Emperor, and started the Emperor, and started the Roman Empire, he ruled the Roman Empire, he ruled the Roman world, it was important Roman world, it was important that his image be seen in every that his image be seen in every public place all over the Empire. public place all over the Empire.

The Romans liked to see The Romans liked to see victories in warfare and other victories in warfare and other important events important events commemorated in stone. commemorated in stone.

The purpose of relief sculpture The purpose of relief sculpture was to inform: it told a story to was to inform: it told a story to the illiterate and for the literate, the illiterate and for the literate, used images to emphasise the used images to emphasise the imperial ideologyimperial ideology

Rome’s rulers used relief sculpture as a form of political propaganda, the message was readable at a glance

Imperial PropagandaImperial Propaganda The purpose of the Ara Pacis is to show Augustus’ great The purpose of the Ara Pacis is to show Augustus’ great

achievements. this was started with the defeat of Mark achievements. this was started with the defeat of Mark Anthony and the Egyptian forces at the battle Actium in Anthony and the Egyptian forces at the battle Actium in 31BC which ended the civil war. 31BC which ended the civil war.

Augustus has given people peace, prosperity, fertility, piety Augustus has given people peace, prosperity, fertility, piety and those are all shown on the Ara Pacis. and those are all shown on the Ara Pacis.

The idea is proclaimed by: The idea is proclaimed by: Showing Augustus’ victory over Western provincesShowing Augustus’ victory over Western provinces Its location in the Field of Mars, a military exercise areaIts location in the Field of Mars, a military exercise area The symbols and images used on each relief panelThe symbols and images used on each relief panel The altar sits close to a sundial that symbolises defeated The altar sits close to a sundial that symbolises defeated

and pacified Egypt. The sundial worked through the power and pacified Egypt. The sundial worked through the power of Apollo (the sun god), the deity that Augustus favoured. of Apollo (the sun god), the deity that Augustus favoured. The shadow aligned once a year with the door to the Ara The shadow aligned once a year with the door to the Ara Pacis, on Augustus’ birthdayPacis, on Augustus’ birthday

Workbook:Workbook: Location:Location: Original site was the Campus Martius (field of Original site was the Campus Martius (field of

Mars) in the North of Rome.Mars) in the North of Rome. Meaning of name:Meaning of name: altar of Augustan Peace altar of Augustan Peace Architectural/art type:Architectural/art type: Religious altar, relief sculpture Religious altar, relief sculpture

Purpose:Purpose: Awarded to Augustus by the Roman Senate after Awarded to Augustus by the Roman Senate after he successfully pacifiied Gaul and Spain, he had been he successfully pacifiied Gaul and Spain, he had been there since 16BC. (From 29BC onwards, Augustus refused there since 16BC. (From 29BC onwards, Augustus refused to accept triumphal honours that were normally celebrated to accept triumphal honours that were normally celebrated by a victorious general, so they had to find different was to by a victorious general, so they had to find different was to celebrate his return). It is also political propaganda. The celebrate his return). It is also political propaganda. The altar was designed for annual sacrifices to the goddess altar was designed for annual sacrifices to the goddess peace and Roma by magistrates, priests and vestal virgins.peace and Roma by magistrates, priests and vestal virgins.

Dates of Construction:Dates of Construction: Find in Paul Artus, Find in Paul Artus, (was restored by Mussolini in 1930 and relocated)

Dimensions:Dimensions: 10.5 m in length 11.6 m in width,and 7m in 10.5 m in length 11.6 m in width,and 7m in heightheight

North

Procession of senators and priests

West: Mythological

Romulus & Remus

West: Mythological

Aeneas

South:

Procession of imperial family

East: Allegorical

Tellus

East: Allegorical

Roma

Altar

Materials used: Tufa, Travertine, Carrara marble (all Italian building materials)

Greek Influences: Greek Parthenon (440-430 BC) – Augustus

wanted to link himself and his rule with the successes and achievements of 5th cent Athens, so he copied the style of the processional frieze.

The altar and screen wall are modelled on the Greek altar of Mercy in Athens

Greek influence in style of decoration, structure, acanthus leaf scroll work

Ara Pacis - workbookAra Pacis - workbook

The altar itself is inside The altar itself is inside the precinct on a raised the precinct on a raised dais, facing east. The dais, facing east. The outer and interior wall is outer and interior wall is is decorated with is decorated with friezes of relief friezes of relief sculpture. sculpture.

The altar on the inside: The altar on the inside: Has a small frieze, Has a small frieze, 39cm high of a 39cm high of a sacrificial procession. sacrificial procession. Possibly shows the Possibly shows the altar’s dedication altar’s dedication ceremony in 9 BC. ceremony in 9 BC. There are vestal There are vestal virgins, animals and virgins, animals and attendants.attendants.

Upper part of the wall has symbols of sacrifice, these are:

•elabourate garlands

•patarae (libation bowls)

•bucrania (bulls skulls)

•Palmette decoration creates a border.

This interior decoration means the altar is permanently ready for sacrifice

The lower half of the Interior precinct wall represents the carved Wooden palisade thatwas set up as a makeshift enclosurewhen the site was Inaugurated in 13BC

interior wall

Exterior wallExterior wallThe exterior wall is decorated with two Layers also. Here the two layers are separated, By a thicker band, a meander pattern, carved In high relief.

The bottom layer around the whole precinct is an intricate floral pattern.It has hundreds of swirling acanthus plants that turn into realistic flowers, each petal has intricate detail.

There are birds, insects, snakes and lizards in amongst the plants, making the panel seem alive with movement. Swans, the symbol of Apollo are also there. Apollo was Augustus’ patron diety & helped him win the battle in Actium in 31BC

meander

Each corner of the precinct has a Corinthian Pilaster which is decorated with an elaboratefoliate scroll and acanthus capital.

There are 2 doors in the precinct walls (on the east and west sides) This is the There are 2 doors in the precinct walls (on the east and west sides) This is the west, because it is the main entrance for sacrifice and there are 9 shallow west, because it is the main entrance for sacrifice and there are 9 shallow steps.steps.

Each door is surrounded Each door is surrounded by a stepped by a stepped door jambdoor jamb and and lintel.lintel.

What is on the What is on the walls???walls???

The most significant feature of the The most significant feature of the exterior decoration are the reliefs on the exterior decoration are the reliefs on the top layer of the precinct wall. top layer of the precinct wall.

They are in precise pattern, They are in precise pattern, mythological, and allegorial features on mythological, and allegorial features on the east/west and historical procession the east/west and historical procession on the north/south.on the north/south.

North

Procession of senators and priests

West: Mythological

Romulus & Remus

West: Mythological

Aeneas

South:

Procession of imperial family

East: Allegorical

Tellus

East: Allegorical

Roma

Altar

In your groups you will research a In your groups you will research a section of the relief and make section of the relief and make notes to be photocopied for the notes to be photocopied for the classclass

1.1. East Allegorical side: Tellus reliefEast Allegorical side: Tellus relief

2.2. East Allegorical side : RomaEast Allegorical side : Roma

3.3. West Mythological side: Romulus and West Mythological side: Romulus and Remus Remus

4.4. West Mythological side: AeneasWest Mythological side: Aeneas

5.5. South procession of Augustus familySouth procession of Augustus family

6.6. North procession of senators & priestsNorth procession of senators & priests

1. Tellus

1. Tellus

1. Tellus

2. Roma

3. Romulus and Remus

4.Aeneas

6. North frieze, procession of senators, vestal virgins, and priests6. North frieze, procession of senators, vestal virgins, and priests

6. North frieze, procession of senators, vestal virgins, 6. North frieze, procession of senators, vestal virgins, and priestsand priests

South frieze, procession of Augustus & FamilySouth frieze, procession of Augustus & Family

In your groups you will research a In your groups you will research a section of the relief and make section of the relief and make notes to be photocopied for the notes to be photocopied for the classclass

1.1. East Allegorical side: Tellus reliefEast Allegorical side: Tellus relief

2.2. East Allegorical side : RomaEast Allegorical side : Roma

3.3. West Mythological side: Romulus and West Mythological side: Romulus and Remus Remus

4.4. West Mythological side: AeneasWest Mythological side: Aeneas

5.5. South procession of Augustus familySouth procession of Augustus family

6.6. North procession of senators & priestsNorth procession of senators & priests

You need toYou need to

1.1. Annotate the picture you get given with all Annotate the picture you get given with all of the important notes from Paul Artusof the important notes from Paul Artus

2.2. Check the J.Campbell book for any Extra Check the J.Campbell book for any Extra notesnotes

3.3. Explain the style of the reliefExplain the style of the relief

4.4. Explain any significant symbols/ Explain any significant symbols/ images/people in the relief and what they images/people in the relief and what they representrepresent

Vocab listVocab list Bucrania = decorative bulls skull Bucrania = decorative bulls skull Palmette = leaf decorationPalmette = leaf decoration Precinct = stone wallsPrecinct = stone walls Paterae = Paterae = (highlight in your glossary in workbooks)(highlight in your glossary in workbooks) Meander = design that is a common motif in Roman artMeander = design that is a common motif in Roman art Door jamb = sides of a doorwayDoor jamb = sides of a doorway Lintel = Lintel = (highlight in your glossary in workbooks)(highlight in your glossary in workbooks) Capital = Capital = (highlight in your glossary in workbooks)(highlight in your glossary in workbooks) Acanthus capital = head part of a column, decorated with Acanthus capital = head part of a column, decorated with

Acanthus leavesAcanthus leaves Cornice = the top, projecting section of entablatureCornice = the top, projecting section of entablature Entablature = Entablature = (highlight in your glossary in workbooks)(highlight in your glossary in workbooks) Pilaster =Pilaster =(highlight in your glossary in workbooks)(highlight in your glossary in workbooks)