Quiet RevolutionQuiet Revolution

Quebec & CanadaQuebec & Canada

1950’s – 1990’s1950’s – 1990’s

La Grande NoirceurLa Grande Noirceur

The Great DarknessThe Great Darkness

The Duplessis Years – 1936-1959The Duplessis Years – 1936-1959 Union NationaleUnion Nationale Dedeicated to preserving the importance of Dedeicated to preserving the importance of

Quebec’s Roman Catholic faith and French Quebec’s Roman Catholic faith and French language (often by shutting out the outside language (often by shutting out the outside world)world) Refused federal programs that affected Quebec lifeRefused federal programs that affected Quebec life

Refused federal grants for health care and education Refused federal grants for health care and education because he saw them as threats to traditional Quebec because he saw them as threats to traditional Quebec SocietySociety

Duplessis’ PoliciesDuplessis’ Policies

Encouraged English-speaking business people, Encouraged English-speaking business people, especially Americans, to establish industries in especially Americans, to establish industries in Quebec – tax breaks & special privilegesQuebec – tax breaks & special privileges

Built hydro-electric dams and factoriesBuilt hydro-electric dams and factories 500,000 rural Quebecers moved from farms to 500,000 rural Quebecers moved from farms to

work in factorieswork in factories Most were poorly paid and had to work hard Most were poorly paid and had to work hard

just to make ends meet. just to make ends meet.

Duplessis & LabourDuplessis & Labour

Discouraged unionsDiscouraged unions Usually took side of business owners over Usually took side of business owners over

workersworkers Asbestos strike in 1949 – ordered provincial Asbestos strike in 1949 – ordered provincial

police to break up picket lines and arrest strike police to break up picket lines and arrest strike leadersleaders

Need for changeNeed for change

Quebecers want changeQuebecers want change Saw policies as old fashioned and restrictiveSaw policies as old fashioned and restrictive

Quebec becoming very secularQuebec becoming very secular More urbanMore urban Young intellectuals agitated for changeYoung intellectuals agitated for change PET – Cite LibrePET – Cite Libre

The Quiet RevolutionThe Quiet Revolution

1960 – Quebec Liberals won a narrow victory 1960 – Quebec Liberals won a narrow victory in provincial election (Duplessis had died and in provincial election (Duplessis had died and UN was in disarray)UN was in disarray)

Jean Lesage was new PremierJean Lesage was new Premier

““Il faut que ce change!”Il faut que ce change!”

Lesage’s changesLesage’s changes

Professional civil service (formally lots of Professional civil service (formally lots of patronage)patronage)

Modernized outdated educational system Modernized outdated educational system (formally run by RC Church)(formally run by RC Church)

Improved transportation systemsImproved transportation systems

La Revolution TranquilleLa Revolution Tranquille

Wanted a new, equal relationship with Canada Wanted a new, equal relationship with Canada recognized as one of the nation’s two founding recognized as one of the nation’s two founding peoplespeoples

Pressed federal government for “special Pressed federal government for “special status” for Quebec – felt Quebec needed more status” for Quebec – felt Quebec needed more provincial powers to protect its language and provincial powers to protect its language and cultureculture

Wanted federal money for programs that they Wanted federal money for programs that they Quebec would run instead of OttawaQuebec would run instead of Ottawa

World’s stageWorld’s stage

1967 – Canada’s Centennial celebrations1967 – Canada’s Centennial celebrations

1967 – Expo ’67 in Montreal1967 – Expo ’67 in Montreal

1976 – XXI Olympic Summer Games1976 – XXI Olympic Summer Games

Charles de GaulleCharles de Gaulle

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=C0LQBcygNew&feature=related=C0LQBcygNew&feature=related

Old InstitutionsOld Institutions

ChurchChurch IntellectualsIntellectuals English Business and moneyEnglish Business and money

1968 Watershed1968 Watershed

Election of Pierre Elliot TrudeauElection of Pierre Elliot Trudeau TrudeaumaniaTrudeaumania ““Just Society”Just Society” Canadians like 'young' new PM - CBC ArchivCanadians like 'young' new PM - CBC Archiv

eses TrudeaumaniaTrudeaumania - CBC Archives - CBC Archives

FLQ CrisisFLQ Crisis

James CrossJames Cross Pierre LaportePierre Laporte War Measures ActWar Measures Act CellsCells Montreal PoliceMontreal Police ““Just Watch Me”Just Watch Me”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7_a2wa2dd4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7_a2wa2dd4

1976 Provincial Election1976 Provincial Election

Rene Levesque and Rene Levesque and Parti Quebecois win a Parti Quebecois win a majority and make a majority and make a promise to hold a promise to hold a referendum on referendum on Sovereignty-Sovereignty-AssociationAssociation

1979 Federal Election1979 Federal Election

Trudeau Loses power to Trudeau Loses power to ConservativesConservatives

Joe Clark is PM – Joe Clark is PM – Minority governmentMinority government

His government lasts His government lasts only a few months only a few months before it is defeated in before it is defeated in the House of Commons the House of Commons (May 1979 – February (May 1979 – February 1980)1980)

Official Languages ActOfficial Languages Act

Canada was officially bilingualCanada was officially bilingual Growth of French Immersion in provinces – Growth of French Immersion in provinces –

encouraged students to study Frenchencouraged students to study French

Welcome to the 1980’sWelcome to the 1980’s

Trudeau’s backTrudeau’s back Fights and wins the 1980 Federal election Fights and wins the 1980 Federal election

(majority) and then goes on to fight the (majority) and then goes on to fight the referendum in Quebecreferendum in Quebec

1980 Referendum Question1980 Referendum Question "The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to "The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to

negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?"between Quebec and Canada?"

Referendum resultsReferendum results

60% voted against the resolution60% voted against the resolution Rene Levesque promises to fight againRene Levesque promises to fight again Trudeau promises to make Canada an Trudeau promises to make Canada an

independent nation with Quebec as an equal independent nation with Quebec as an equal partnerpartner

Constitutional NegotiationsConstitutional Negotiations

1980-82 – 1980-82 – Gang of 8Gang of 8 Group of 3Group of 3 Supreme Court Reference – Amending Supreme Court Reference – Amending

FormulaeFormulae Issue: Parliamentary Supremacy vs. Issue: Parliamentary Supremacy vs.

Individual RightsIndividual Rights

Night of the Long KnivesNight of the Long Knives

Trudeau threatens a national ReferendumTrudeau threatens a national Referendum Gang of 8 foldsGang of 8 folds Compromise: Section 33Compromise: Section 33 33.33.   (1) Parliament or the legislature of a province   (1) Parliament or the legislature of a province

may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter. this Charter.

Provincial Premiers fall in lineProvincial Premiers fall in line

Except Levesque…..Except Levesque….. Quebec does not signQuebec does not sign Trudeau ensures 3 Trudeau ensures 3

signatures on Royal signatures on Royal Proclamation are Proclamation are QuebecersQuebecers

19841984

Trudeau takes a walk in the snowTrudeau takes a walk in the snow Brian Mulroney wins largest majority in Brian Mulroney wins largest majority in

Canadian historyCanadian history Promises “National Reconciliation”Promises “National Reconciliation”

19851985

Robert Bourassa elected Robert Bourassa elected Premier of Premier of Quebec….againQuebec….again

Lowell Murray et al Lowell Murray et al visited provincesvisited provinces

5 demands5 demands

Quebec’s 5 DemandsQuebec’s 5 Demands

recognition of the province of Quebec as a "recognition of the province of Quebec as a "distinct societydistinct society" "

a constitutional veto for Quebec a constitutional veto for Quebec increased provincial powers with respect to increased provincial powers with respect to

immigrationimmigration reasonable financial compensation to reasonable financial compensation to opt outopt out

of any future federal programs of any future federal programs 3 Supreme Court judges from Quebec3 Supreme Court judges from Quebec

Meech Lake AccordMeech Lake Accord

Granted Quebec’s 5 demandsGranted Quebec’s 5 demands Gave much the same deal to all provincesGave much the same deal to all provinces 3 years to ratify from June 30, 19873 years to ratify from June 30, 1987 NB’s Hatfield holds off ratification vote until NB’s Hatfield holds off ratification vote until

after electionafter election

ConcernsConcerns

Distinct SocietyDistinct Society Old Boys Club/Behind Closed Doors processOld Boys Club/Behind Closed Doors process Trudeau back againTrudeau back again

“…“…With a bang, not a whimper”With a bang, not a whimper”

June 1990June 1990

Accord CollapsesAccord Collapses Bloc Quebecois formedBloc Quebecois formed Oka CrisisOka Crisis Canada about to go to war in Persian GulfCanada about to go to war in Persian Gulf PM Mulroney very unpopularPM Mulroney very unpopular

Spicer CommissionSpicer Commission

Proposals from all CanadiansProposals from all Canadians Joe ClarkJoe Clark Charlottown Accord 1992Charlottown Accord 1992 National Referendum – defeated by CanadiansNational Referendum – defeated by Canadians

19931993

Mulroney goneMulroney gone Kim Campbell there for a whileKim Campbell there for a while Rise of Jean ChrétienRise of Jean Chrétien

1995 Referendum1995 Referendum

Jacques ParrizeauJacques Parrizeau 50.6% - 49.4%50.6% - 49.4% “…“…money and the ethnic vote.”money and the ethnic vote.”

Supreme Court ReferenceSupreme Court Reference

FederalismFederalism DemocracyDemocracy Constitutionalism & the Rule of LawConstitutionalism & the Rule of Law Accommodation of minorities Accommodation of minorities Clear majority on a clear questionClear majority on a clear question

Clarity ActClarity Act