Quick study review of for week 24 DCA

Quick study review of for week 24 DCA

Evidence of evolution• Comparative Anatomy- how do structures of

different organisms show that they have common ancestor– Homologous structures- similar structures from

common ancestor– Analogous structures- similar function and

structure but from different ancestor (no related). Q1) According to the diagram: which organism is cat most closely related to?

Evidence of Evolution

• Embryology- study of embryo development in different species to show common ancestry

Evidence of Evolution• Molecular Biology: Using DNA sequence to

determine the relativeness of species to show common ancestry.

• Remember: DNARNAProteins- The more similar the DNA are between 2 species, the more related they are.

Evidence of Evolution • Cladogram- branching diagram or "tree"

showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species. (wiki)

Q1) According to the diagram, who is the oldest organism?

Q2)What do trait(s) Mouse and chip share in common?

Evidence of Evolution• Fossil records- a system of relative dating

showing the relative (estimated) age of the fossils depending on the layer of rocks they were found.

• Remember the layers at the bottom is older than the ones on the top.

Geological Timeline• Shows the geological history of Earth and the

evolution (rises and change) of the living and non-living organisms.

Q1) According to the timescale: what was the first living organism?

Q2)Where do we find the oldest dates on the top or bottom of the time scale?

Natural Selection• Natural selection is how the forces/ criteria from the

environment selecting a specific trait with in a population. • This can lead to adaptation- meaning that the best fitted

trait for that environment continues to live and reproduce.• Remember there is already a variety existing within the

population to begin with! • Conditions of natural selection:

– Over population– Competition for resource (food, mate, space)– The fittest (not always the strongest) will survive. – Variation should already exist within the population

Speciation-formation of new species• There are few mechanisms of how speciation occurs due

to reproductive isolation (unable to mate and reproduce) between species.

• Types of reproductive isolation:• Temporal isolation- different mating seasons• ***Geographical isolation- separated by geographical

location (river, mountain, island)• Hybrid break down- the baby that is hybrid can’t have

baby (sterile)• ***Behavioral isolation- different ways to mating rituals

(i.e. dancing rituals, different bird songs, etc…)

Taxonomy- kingdoms• Be able to identify the characteristics of different

kingdoms. • Pay close attention of differences and similarities

between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. • They are both prokaryote- no nucleus or membrane

bound organelles. • Eubacteria are found in daily- common

surroundings. • Archaebacteria are found in extreme environment

(hot springs, salty environments)

Taxonomy- Dichotomous key• Be able to use dichotomous key to identify the

name of the unknown organism. • *Remember to always start off with the first

question and then depending on what the characteristic the organism do/do not have you go to the next question.

According to the diagram what is organism number 5?

Ecological succession

• Change in a ecosystem over time

Primary succession

• Started out with bare rock no soil, longer

Secondary succession

• Occurs after a disaster/disturbance, have soil, faster

Pioneer species

• First to start the succession create soilLichen, moss, algae etc…

Climax community

• Final stage of succession where everything is stable

Food Chain/ Food web

Flow of energy and matter

What is the main source of Energy w/in an Ecosystem?

The SUN!

It provides Energy for the plants so that they can undergo photosynthesis and grow and then animals eat them.

Aut trophs“Auto” = self “troph” = food

They are PRODUCERS!

Organisms that useEnergy from theenvironment to maketheir own food!(e.g.; plants and some bacteria)

Heterotroph

“Hetero” = other“troph” = food

They are CONSUMERS!

Organisms that eatOther organisms toObtain Energy.

(e.g.; mushrooms, leopards, humans, & sharks)

Herbivores

Animals that eat ONLY plants, fruits, and “herbs” (e.g.; Fruit Bats, Moose, Elephants, Rabbits, Deer, Cows)

OmnivoresAnimals that eat both autotrophs & heterotrophs (plants and animals) (e.g.; bears, most humans, pigs, dogs, monkeys, ducks & crows)

Carnivores

Animals that eat other heterotrophs (animals)… Meat Eaters ONLY! (e.g.; Komodo Dragons, Lions, Tigers, Snakes & Octopus)

Predator vs. Prey

PredatorCaptures and feeds

PreyIs eaten or fed on

Decomposers

Breaks down organic matter and recycles it back into the earth (this makes them the ultimate top level consumer)

(e.g.; fungi/ mushrooms, and bacteria)

Decomposers

Detritivores

Scavengers; Feed on DEAD decaying organisms (e.g.; mites, flies, earthworms, snails, crabs, rats & vultures)

Detritivores

Food ChainShows how Energy is transferred “thru” an Ecosystem

Sun Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Shows a linear feeding relationship for 1 particular organism (“Who eats who”)

Arrows ALWAYS Point to the 1 who is Enjoying the Meal

Some People

Food Chain-Practice(circle the appropriate organism then answer questions)

• A

• B

• In diagram A who is the producer?• In diagram B who is the tertiary consumer?• How many trophic level is in diagram B?• What is the ultimate (original) source of energy?

Food Web

Shows a NETWORK of interconnected feeding relationships within an ecosystem

Food Webs are ALL of the Food Chains w/in an Ecosystem linked together

(“Who eats who” and “whose being eaten”)

Trophic Levels

Each step in a food chain or food web– PRODUCERS REPRESENTS THE 1ST LEVEL– CONSUMERS MAKE UP THE 2ND, 3RD, OR HIGHER LEVELS

Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy

Trophic Levels w/in A Food Web

ProducersAlways start a foodchain or a food web;plants or bacteria

Primary Consumerseat the producers;herbivores

Trophic Levels w/in A Food Web

Secondary ConsumersEat the producers andthe primary consumers;omnivores

Tertiary ConsumersEat the secondary andprimary consumers;carnivores = the topPredator

Biomass PyramidsBiomass total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

The Pyramid represents the potential food available for each trophic level.

Pyramids of Numbershttp://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains-mcq.htm Based on the # of

organisms at each trophic level.

There should always be more producers represented than there are consumers

http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains-mcq.htm

Energy Pyramids/ The Rule of 10

Only about 10% of the ENERGY available w/in 1 Trophic Level is transferred to organisms at the trophic level above it

The rest of the Energy is released in some form of heat

(e.g.; when you eat a chicken wing you are only going to absorb 10% of it’s energy)

Fig. 3-15, p. 63

10

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

HeatDecomposers

Tertiaryconsumers(human)

Secondaryconsumers(perch)

Primaryconsumers(zooplankton)

Producers(phytoplankton)

Usable energy availableat each trophic level

(in kilocalories)

1,000

10,000

100

Symbiosis

• Relationship between two organisms that live CLOSELY together

Mutualism

• Both organisms benefit; +/+Sea anemone and clown fish

Commensalism

• One benefit where other is unaffected; +/0Cow and egret (bird)

Parasitism

• One benefit while the other is harmed• Host and parasite (Dog and Tick)

Predator and prey

• Predator- hunts for food• Prey-the organism being hunted

BIOGEOCHEMICALCYCLES

3-3

http://www.animationlibrary.com/search/?keywords=recycle

Energy is not the only thingthat moves through the

ecosystem.

Atoms are never destroyed . . . only transformed.

http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm

Take a deep breath.The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago.

http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

ENERGY & MATTER

4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms

CARBON

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

NITROGEN

The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in___________________________BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

CARBON CYCLECO2 inatmosphere

CO2 inocean

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE

CO2 inatmosphere

CO2 inOcean


1. In ____________ as CO2 gas 2. In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas3. On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil4. __________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks

atmosphereocean

landUnderground

Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in

atmosphere

CO2 inOcean


1. ________________ 2. ______________ 3. _________________4. ____________ of dead organisms

Volcanic activityHuman activity (burning fossil fuels)

Cellular respirationDecomposition

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins,

nucleic acids, lipids

Image by Riedell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

BUILDING BLOCKS

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?

Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on.

http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg

GLUCOSEPHOTOSYNTHESIS

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

Section 3-3

NITROGEN CYCLE


WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?

Image by Riedell

__________________make DNA and RNA

Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in _______

Makes AMINO part of _________ (proteins)

Image by Riedell


NITROGEN BASES

ATP

amino acids

79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas

(N2)

Image by Riedell Image by Riedell


BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe!

The bond in N2 gas is sostrong it can only be broken by__________________________________________________

CAN’T

lightning

Volcanic activity

few special bacteria

http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif

Bacteria that live ______________and in _________ relationships withplants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants.

THIS PROCESSIS CALLED_________________

in the soil

symbiotic

legumes

AMMONIA (NH3)

NITROGEN FIXATION

Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell

Other bacteria in the soil convertammonia into ________________& _________________which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from

the ___________ ___________ we breathe!

NITRATES (NO3- )

FOOD WE EAT

NOT THE AIR

& NITRITES (NO2-)

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

Section 3-3

NITROGEN CYCLE


Bacteria that live ______________also carry out the reverse process

___________ → _____________.

THIS PROCESSIS CALLED_________________

in the soil

NITRATES & NITRITES

NITROGEN GAS

DENITRIFICATION

Documents

Quick study review of for week 24 DCA