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Frame role type constraints and frame metonymy in metaphoric interpretation

•  Represents a union of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980; 1999), Embodied Construction Grammar (Dodge et al. 2014; Feldman, Dodge & Bryant 2009), and Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1976; Ruppenhofer et al. 2006).

•  Formalization of CMT in a multi-language repository of a semantic network of frames and metaphors in order to support cognitive linguistic analysis of metaphor (David et al. 2014).

•  Languages are likely to converge on primary frames and metaphors, and diverge on more complex and culturally-specific ones.

•  Consists of two main components: 1) Analyst-defined frame and metaphor repository, and 2) automated metaphor extraction pipeline that scans over large corpora to identify and annotate possible linguistic and conceptual metaphors.

•  Metaphors and frames are organized into a complex lattice-like ontological network

•  Frames are formally defined according to their frame roles; their relations to other frames; the lexical units that evoke them; and specified for internal inferential structure.

•  Frames are further organized into macro frame families according to semantically coherent domains

•  Metaphors use frames as source and target domains, with mappings across the frame roles.  

•  Metaphors are also organized in families and ontological network relationships.

•  Metonymic relations between frame roles and type constraints on those roles play a major function in metaphoric conceptualization.

•  These elements are frequently elided in traditional metaphor analysis.

•  We demonstrate how formal implementations of the ontological structures developed in Embodied Construction Grammar and the MetaNet repository instantiate those relationships.

•  Contributions of metonymy and frame structure to metaphor analysis are illustrated using examples collected by our extraction system from internet-sourced corpora.

Overview:  MetaNet  Metaphor  Analysis  Project  Structuring frames, frame roles, and constructions in ECG: •  Frame roles are typed according to whether they are Entities

(such as Physical Entities, Animate Entities, Abstract Entities…), Processes, Locations, and several other types.

•  Frames contain entity/participant frame elements and process frame elements, which are bound appropriately to constructional slots.

•  The type constraints on frame roles are defined in the grammatical construction. Metaphoric interpretations are triggered in part by a type mismatch, where a lexical unit evoking a particular type occurs in a construction specifying a role of a different type.

•  Example: poverty infects society occurs in the Transitive cxn; poverty is of type Abstract Concept but the cxn specifies an Entity in the Agent role. This conflict results in a metaphoric reading.

FORMALIZATION  IN  ECG  

Analysis  2:  gun  grabbers  

Conclusions  

•  David, O., Dodge, E., Hong, J., Stickles, E., & E. Sweetser. (2014). Building the MetaNet metaphor repository: The natural symbiosis of metaphor analysis and construction grammar. Talk presented at the 8th International Conference on Construction Grammar (ICCG 8), Osnabrück, Germany. September 4, 2014.

•  Dodge, E., David, O., Stickles, E., & E. Sweetser. (2014). Constructions and metaphor: Integrating MetaNet and Embodied Construction Grammar. Talk presented at the 8th International Conference on Construction Grammar (ICCG 8), Osnabrück, Germany. September 4, 2014.

•  Feldman, J., Dodge, E., & J. Bryant (2006). Embodied Construction Grammar. In Heine B., Narrog H., (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford U Press, pp. 111–38.

•  Fillmore, C. J. (1976). Frame semantics and the nature of language. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280, pp. 20-32.

•  Lakoff, G., & Johnson. M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: UChicago Press. •  Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its

challenge to western thought. New York: Basic Books. •  Ruppenhofer, J., Ellsworth, M., Petruck, M. R. L., Johnson, C., & J. Scheffczyk. (2009).

FrameNet II: Extended theory and practice. [1] http://reason.com/archives/2014/07/09/gun-owners-no-rights-which-the-liberal-a/1#comment_4624282 [2] http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=06b_1360130561 [3] http://www.usmessageboard.com/current-events/331773-ok-gun-grabbers-you-have-your-mandatory-gun-registration-24.html [4] http://nyfirearms.com/forums/laws-politics-firearms-self-defense-weapons/55433-ct-lawmakers-already-have-revise-gun-control-voted-april-sound-familiar.html

Acknowledgements  The MetaNet Analysis and Repository teams: George Lakoff, Jisup Hong, Ellen Dodge, Karie Moorman, Luca Gilardi, Collin Baker, Jim Hieronymus, Christine Vais, Steve Doubleday Supported by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) via Department of Defense US Army Research Laboratory contract number W911NF-12-C-0022. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon. Disclaimer: The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of IARPA, DoD/ARL, or the U.S. Government.

Elise Stickles, Oana David, and Eve Sweetser UC Berkeley and International Computer Science Institute

Conceptual  Metaphor  Theory:  FormalizaJon  

Selected  References  

elstickles@berkeley.edu

Goals  of  this  Poster  

Analysis  4:  rat  infested  Embodied  ConstrucJon  Grammar:  FormalizaJon  

•  Both role-to-role metonymic relations and type constraints on the roles are important in generating the correct metaphoric interpretation.

•  Metaphors can underlie essentially concrete expressions (e.g., literal gun-grabbing). Metonymic within-frame links are present, enabling a metaphoric reading of what otherwise seems like a concrete expression.

•  In analyzing metaphoric expressions, the linking of metaphoric source and target frames to constructional slots is necessary. Constructions are layered, such that metaphoric target domains in the smaller constituent components affect the metaphoric reading in the larger construction.

Figure 2: SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE DISEASES Metaphor Family

Physical Entity

Entity

Abstract Entity

Rights

gun rights rat

Animate Entity gun

grabber

Group

Figure 3: Entity types are defined in an inheritance hierarchy; nominal lexical units evoke specific types of entities.

Figure 4: Semantic specification for the Metaphoric Transitive Cxn. By combining the cxn and metaphor, the Social Group role of the target frame is bound to the Agent NP of the cxn.

(1) have the gun rights grabbers ever stopped to think about it[1]

•  In (1), the “grabbers” are metaphorically seizing gun rights. grabber evokes the Gain Possession frame, but gun rights are of type Abstract Concept and therefore don’t match the acquired_possession role type, Object.

•  The general metaphor CONCEPTS ARE PHYSICAL OBJECTS enables the metaphoric reading of gun rights as objects that can be acquired.

Embodied  ConstrucJon  Grammar:  FormalizaJon  

Analysis  1:  gun  rights  grabbers  

Figure 5: Lexical units gun rights and grabbers evoke the target and source domains of the metaphor; the type mismatch between Abstract Concept and Object enables the metaphor.

(2) have gun grabbers awakened a sleeping giant? [2]

•  Unlike (1), in (2) the NP being “grabbed”, gun, is of type Object. Hence, gun grabbers has a literal reading which actual guns are being seized. However, here gun grabbers is again metaphoric.

•  In this context, gun is metonymic for the gun_rights role within the Gun Rights frame.

•  (2) evokes the same metaphoric interpretation as (1), via this metonymic triggering of the type mismatch between gun rights and acquired possession.

Figure 6: The lexical units gun is used metonymically in which one frame element, guns, stands for another frame element, gun rights.

Analysis  3:  blight  on  society  

(3) gun grabbers are a blight on society[3]

•  A copular cxn ‘NP1 is NP1’ coordinates bindings across two metaphors: NP1’s RESTRICTION OF GUN RIGHTS IS REMOVAL OF PHYSICAL OBJECT and NP2’s SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE DISEASES (with subcase GUN REGULATION IS A DISEASE).

•  A metaphoric cxn binds the shared target domain frame (Gun rights regulations) to the correct NPs in the copular cxn, and it gives us the viewpoint of Gun Regulation as a Social Problem.

•  gun grabbers must already be metaphorically realized as in (2) to metonymically the evoke gun_regulation Process, which then maps to the Disease Process in the second metaphor.

 

Figure 7: Copular cxn takes existing metaphoric target domain as input to NP1 (gun-grabbers) via the regulation

role (type: Process), and links it to NP2 (blight on society) by coordinating the

target domain with the right source domain in the appropriate cxn slots

using a metaphoric cxn that performs the metaphor-to-cxn slot bindings.

Figure 8: gun-grabbers (as gun-control advocates) evokes PEOPLE ARE ANIMALS; the regulation process is not profiled, only the participant role.

(4) The entire north east is rat infested with gun-grabbers[4]

•  In contrast to (3), here gun-grabbers does refer to the gun control advocates themselves.

•  Evokes the general metaphor PEOPLE ARE ANIMALS with specific inferential structure about vermin/infestation from rat (they take up the entire area, their presence is undesirable and detrimental, action is needed to rid the area of them).

Figure 1: Social Problems Frame Family

HDLS 11 · 2014