Question of Periodization • Periodization: AP World History is broken into

six chronological periods of study.

• Period 3(Ch9-16): Regional and Transregional Interactions, c. 600CE to 1450 CE (20% of AP Exam)

• Key Concept 3.1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks

• Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions

• Key Concept 3.3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

Key Concept 3.1 Expansion & Intensification of Communication and

Exchange Networks • Although Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate from

one another, this era witnessed a deepening and widening of old and new networks of human interaction within and across regions. The results were unprecedented concentrations of wealth and the intensification of cross-cultural exchanges. Innovations in transportation, state policies, and mercantile practices contributed to the expansion and development of commercial networks, which in turn served as conduits for cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies. Pastoral or nomadic groups played a key role in creating and sustaining these networks. Expanding networks fostered greater interregional borrowing, while at the same time sustaining regional diversity. The prophet Muhammad promoted Islam, a new major monotheistic religion at the start of this period. It spread quickly through practices of trade, warfare, and diffusion characteristic of this period.

Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and

Innovation of State Forms and

Their Interactions

• State formation in this era demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and diversity in various regions. In Afro-Eurasia, some states attempted, with differing degrees of success, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while smaller, less centralized states continued to develop. The expansion of Islam introduced a new concept —the Caliphate —to Afro-Eurasian statecraft. Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds. In the Americas, powerful states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region.

AP Objectives. You should be able to…

• Understand the story of the life of Muhammad and the development of the religion of Islam, the umma, and the two major branches of Islam (Sunni and Shi’ite) (WH23A) (AP -Key Concept 3.1.I).

• Identify and analyze the rise and the decline of the Umayyad and the Abbasid Caliphates (AP-Key Concept 3.1.IE).

• Understand the characteristics of Islamic civilization, including the Shari’a, the role of cities in Islam, intellectual life, and the roles of women and slaves (WH24A) (AP -Key Concept 3.1.I).

• Identify significant examples of artistic expressions, including literature and drama, architecture, and sculpture, showing distinctive cultural developments (AP Key Concept 2.1.V).

Important AP Key Terms

•Shi’ites

•Sunnis

•Sasanid Empire

•Mecca

•Muhammad

•Muslim

•Islam

•Medina

•umma

•Caliphate

•Quran

•Umayyad Caliphate

•Abbasid Caliphate

•Mamluks

•ulama

•hadith

The Sassanid Empire

The Sassanid Empire, 224-651

• PERSIA(Iran).

• •Controlled the areas of Iran and Mesopotamia.

• •Arabs also benefitted from the invention of the camel saddle, which allowed them to take control of the caravan trade.

• •Theological struggle between the Byzantine Empire (Christian) & Sassanid Empire (Zoroastrianism).

• •During this period, religion replaced citizenship, language, and ethnicity as the paramount factor in people's identity.

Key Features of the Sassanid

Empire, 224-651

• Social Classes: Religion replaced citizenship, language, and ethnicity as the paramount factor in people's identity. Women were veiled and secluded.

• Political System: Continued the political and ruling techniques of the Achaemenid(Persian) empire. Conflicts with Byzantine and Roman empire to west and Kushan empire to east slowly weakened the empire.

• Interaction Between Humans & Environment: Controlled the areas of Iran and Mesopotamia. Capital at Ctesiphon (on the Euphrates River). ShapurI created buffer states between the Sassanid and Roman empires. Defeated several Roman armies and took Roman prisoners.

Key Features of the Sassanid

Empire, 224-65

• Cultural: Zoroastrian writings are compiled into a holy book, the Avestas. Often persecuted other faiths. Manichaeism blended Zoroastrianism, Christian, and Buddhists beliefs. Refurbished many cities. Learned Roman engineering skills to aid with road construction and the building of dams.

• Economic System: Active trading with people east and west. Introduced the cultivation of rice, sugarcane, citrus fruits, eggplant, and cotton to Iran.

• DECLINE: Supplanted by the Islamic Caliphates.

The Rise of Islam

Arabian peninsula before Muhammad

• Most Arabs were settled people. Nomads were a minority, but they were important in the caravan trade that linked Yemen to Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean.

• Trade brought Arabs into contact with the Byzantine and Sassanid civilizations.

• The nomads were polytheists who worshiped natural forces and celestial bodies (the stars), but they were also familiar with other religions including Christianity.

• Mecca was a caravan city and a cult center t

• hat attracted nomads to worship the idols enshrined in a small cubical shrine called the Ka'ba.

Muhammad: The Prophet of Islam

• Born in about 570.

• Merchant and shepherd in Mecca

• Had a vision of the Angel Gabriel

• Gabriel told him to convert the Arab tribes to the worship of one God, Allah.

• Muhammad is Allah’s messenger, not a god.

• Islam means submission; (Muslim is ‘one who submits.’

• Allah is the same God worshipped by Jews and Christians

• He left Mecca in 622 fearing for his life because of some envious merchants. This is called the Hegira and is the starting point of the Muslim calendar.

According to Islam, you

cannot portray the face of

Mohammad or other humans

in art

STTA: What do you think

Mohammad knew about

Christianity and Judaism?

Muhammad: The Prophet of Islam

• Muhammad escaped to Medina and became a popular religious leader

• Followers: Umma

• In 630, in a Holy War or jihad, he gathered an army and took over Mecca, & destroyed the idols in the Ka’ba(built by Abraham)

• Unified much of Arabia under Islam by the time of his death in 632.

STTA: What qualities might

Mohammad have had for so

many people to follow him?

Islamic Holy Texts & Beliefs

• QURAN: Sacred text of Islam (believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad)

• Contains many references to the Jews and Christians

• Two Main beliefs: – There is no God but Allah

– Mohammad is his prophet

• SHARI’A: Islamic system of law, regulated moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community

• FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: Faith, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Hajj (Pilgrimage)

• STTA: How is the Koran

similar to the Jewish

Torah and Christian

Bible?

The World of Islam Today

Women in Islam

• Muslim women were veiled and secluded as they had been previously in the Byzantine and the Sassanid Empires.

• Women could be influential in the family, but only slave women could have a public role or appear in public before men.

• Muslim women did have rights under Islamic law. These rights included the right to own property and to retain it in marriage, the right to divorce, the right to remarry, to testify in court, and to go on pilgrimage.

• Abu Bakr, first caliph aka successor

• He was Muhammad’s close friend and father in law,

• He and the next three caliph’s spread Islam

throughout Syria, Spain & North Africa by military

conquest.

How were the Muslims able to

conquer so many lands?

1.The Byzantine and Sassanid (Persian)empires were weak from years of fighting each other.

2.People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab conquerors as liberators.

3.The Arabs used bold, efficient fighting methods, which overwhelmed traditional armies.

4. The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of tribes into a determined, unified state.

Movements Within Islam Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam.

Sunni Shi’ites Sufi

• Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad, should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community (umma).

• Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority

• Believed that only descendants of Muhammad could become caliph

• Believed descendants of Muhammad to be divinely inspired.

• Sought to communicate with God through meditation, fasting and other rituals

• These are the mystics & missionaries of the Muslim world.

The Caliphates

• Caliph-head of state,

military commander,

chief judge and

military leader

(emperor and religious

leader combined into

one)

• Caliphate (Islamic

Empire –Theocracy)

Split: Shiite Vs Sunni

• Battle for control

•Abu al-Abbas (a descendent of

Muhammad's uncle, supported by the

descendent of Ali, Shia, and Mawali-non

Arab Muslims, the Umayyad was defeated

and replaced by Abbasid Caliphate in 750

(everywhere but Spain)

• No clear line of Succession

• First 4 caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali (Ali was assassinated and succeeded by his son Hasan)

• Prominent family in Mecca (Umayyad) forced Hasanto relinquish his power and started the Umayyad Dynasty with its capital in Damascus, Syria

Umayyad Caliphate, 661-700

• Religion (Sunni)

• Language (Arabic)

• Capital (Damascus [Syria])

• Economy – Gold & silver became standard monetary units

• Social – Conquered subjects were “encouraged” to convert OR pay

a tax

• Territory – Expanded to northern Africa and Spain(stopped by

Frankish leader Charles Martel from further advancement into Europe at the Battle of Tours, 732)

• Spain –became center of learning; multiethnic

Key Features of the Umayyad

Caliphate, 661-700 • Social Classes: Arab Military ruling aristocracy. Various tribes

ranged through out Umayyad rule. Muslim women were veiled and secluded, BUT did have legal rights under Islamic law (right to own property, the right to divorce & remarry, to testify in court, and to go on pilgrimage.)

• Political System: The Caliphs were the hereditary rulers. Empire expanded greatly. Elaborate rituals took place in court. Leaders were not considered divine which was considered abnormal.

• Interaction Between Humans & Environment: Capitol was moved from Medina to Damascus, Syria. Later Umayyad dynasty made it all the way to Spain. Extensive trade network throughout Asia & the Mediterranean. Spain became center of learning & multi-ethnic.

Key Features of the Umayyad

Caliphate, 661-700

• Cultural: Sunni. Adopted Arabic virtue of hilm(leniency). Christians at first were not pressured to convert to Islam. Civil laws were based off of an individuals faith. Language (Arabic). Technological Advances in medicine, philosophy, and alchemy. Underground canals were constructed and hospitals were erected. Known for great architecture and mosaics.

• Economic System: Adopted Byzantine financial systems. Centralized a system of taxation and developed a system of gold & silver coinage. Foreign trade played a huge role in their economy.

• DECLINE: Sunni/Shi’ite split; supplanted by the Abbasid Dynasty.

Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258

• Sunni

• Focused on trade, not war

• Golden Age – Arts and science flourished

– Capital at Baghdad (Iraq)

– introduced credit, receipts and bills, steel in weapons, medicine (medical encyclopedia) and mathematics (algebra) flourished

• Acquired knowledge from India (math) and China (paper)

• Built libraries and universities and gathered information from all over the world (preserved western culture)

Alhambra Palace, Granada,

Spain. c. 889

Key Features of the Abbasid

Caliphate, 750-1258 • Social Classes: Woman experienced growing

restrictions. Had slaves which revolted from 868-883 B.C.E. causing extensive damage.

• Political System: Leaders were Abbasid Caliphs who were strained for power by Turkic Sultans. Individual governors and military commanders asserted autonomies over their respective regions. Capital in Baghdad (Iraq).

• Interaction Between Humans & Environment: Capitol in Baghdad (Iraq). Expanded throughout Middle East, North Africa, and into Spain. Extensive trade network throughout Asia & the Mediterranean. Acquired knowledge from India (math) and China (paper)

Key Features of the Abbasid

Caliphate, 750-1258

• Cultural: Sunni. The religion of Islam; Quran; Allah. Golden Age. Grew Culturally. Al-Mumun, a caliph poet and scholar, established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Steel weapons, medical encyclopedia, algebra. Arabesques (geometric, non-representational art).

• Economic System: Focused on trade, not war. Flourished economically Had intensified agricultural techniques that caused increased food production, population growth, urbanization, and industrial development. Part of the Silk Road. Introduced credit, receipts and bills

• DECLINE: Ottoman Sultans claimed legacy from the Abbasids. Mongol sacking of Baghdad marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphs.

The role of Sufis • Islamic mystics (missionaries)

– Stressed a personal relationship to god

– Encouraged followers to practice their own ways tom revere Allah, tolerant of others

– Responsible for converting large numbers to the people of Islam

Islam Penetrates Europe

Decline of the Muslim Empire

• Around 850, the caliphs became unable to maintain centralized control, and the empire fragmented.

• In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent.

• In the 1200s and 1300s, “wait for it…”

• Mongol invaders dominated the Middle East.

Despite the decline of the empire,

Islam continued to link diverse people

across an enormous area.

FROM ARABS TO EUROPE • Vast trading network covering 3 continents

(Asia, Europe, Africa)

• CULTURAL DIFFUSIONExchange of products, technologies, religion, culture

• ALGEBRA& ARABIC NUMERALS1, 2, 3, 4…

• IBN SINAMEDICINEContagious nature of disease

• OMAR KAYYAMLITERATUREArabian Nights

• ARCHITECTUREMOSQUES–ALAHAMBRA–geometric patterns (ARABESQUES) –representational painting forbidden (imitates God).