Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2013 australian geography competitionQuestion Booklet
I N S T R U C T I O N S
1 Fill in your name, school code (your teacher will give you this), school’s
postcode, your gender and age. You must fill in the ovals, not just write the
letters and numbers, as the computer only reads the ovals. For example, a
filled-in postcode (for some other school) would look like the sample on the
right. Also fill in an oval in the school assigned column if instructed to do so by
your teacher. Otherwise leave it blank.
2 If you are 13 years or under on 31 August 2013 complete Questions 1-30.
3 If you are 14 or 15 years old on 31 August 2013 complete Questions 1-40.
4 If you are 16 to 18 years old on 31 August 2013 complete Questions 16-50.
5 Answer all questions by filling in only one oval on the answer sheet
corresponding to the most appropriate answer for each question. If you
change your mind, you must erase the wrong answer so that only one oval is
filled in for each question.
6 You have 35 minutes to answer the questions. The time to fill in the preliminary
information is extra.
7 Do not mark the front or back of the answer sheet in any other way as this can
lead to errors in the computerized marking, or to your not getting a result.
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 2
1 Which ocean is shown in Figure 1?
A Arctic
B Atlantic
C Indian
D Pacific
E Southern
2 From Figure 2 or 3, in which months does Manila have the hottest maximum temperatures?
A January and February
B March and April
C April and May
D May and June
E July and August
Start at Question 1 if you are under 16 years old on 31 August 2013. Start at Question 16 if you are older.
Figure 1. Map of Philippines © D. Dalet, d-maps.com
200 km
Manila
Baguio
MALAYSIA
N
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFebJan
Tem
per
atur
e (°
C)
Rai
nfal
l (m
m)
mean maximum temperaturemean minimum temperaturemean rainfall
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 2. Climate graph for Manila © Weatherbase
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFebJan
Tem
per
atur
e (°
C)
Rai
nfal
l (m
m)
mean maximum temperaturemean minimum temperaturemean rainfall
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 3. Climate graph for Baguio © Weatherbase
Table 1. Climate types of the Philippines Source: PAGASA
Type Description
Type I two pronounced seasons – wet and dry; maximum rain June to September
Type II no dry season; maximum rain December to February
Type III no pronounced maximum rain period; short dry season (1-3 months)
Type IV rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 3
3 From Figure 2 or 3, what is Baguio’s mean rainfall in August?
A 15 mm
B 34 mm
C 398 mm
D 515 mm
E 1160 mm
4 Using Figure 2 or 3, Manila has which climate type, as classified in Table 1?
A Type I
B Type II
C Type III
D Type IV
E between Types II and IV
5 Using Figures 1-5, what is the primary reason for the climate variations between Manila and Baguio?
A distance from Equator
B height above sea level
C Northern vs Southern Hemisphere
D prevailing winds
E typhoons not affecting Baguio
6 Which term refers to a group of islands such as the Philippines?
A archipelago
B atoll
C continent
D isthmus
E peninsula
7 On which island is Manila located?
A Hainan
B Honshu
C Java
D Luzon
E Taiwan
8 Baguio City is at high risk from landslides. Which of these is NOT a risk factor for landslides?
A deforestation from development
B earthquakes
C flat terrain
D high rainfall
E occurrence of typhoons
9 What is the approximate population of the Philippines?
A 4 million
B 13 million
C 23 million
D 104 million
E 313 million
10 Which religion do most Filipinos follow?
A Buddhism
B Christianity
C Hinduism
D Islam
E Judaism
11 Bushfire behaviour is affected by:
A humidity
B rainfall
C temperature
D wind
E all of the above
12 The official name of Australia’s largest salt lake now also includes its Arabana name, Kati Thanda. What is its European name?
A Lake Disappointment
B Lake Eildon
C Lake Eyre
D Lake George
E Lake Pedder
Figure 4. Manila © M. Gonzalez Figure 5. Baguio © Haveblue
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 4
DA
HorseshoeLagoon
WaitesLagoon
BelvoirPark Lake
H
ARRIS
ROAD
RAN GE R
OAD
STOCK ROUTE
CARRO
LLS
LAN
E
Wat
er
HIB
ISCUS CR
BUTT ST
DOCTORS POINT
ROAD
C O
D LA
NE
WAT
SON
ST
MU
RPH
Y S
T
WO
OD
ST
SMITH ST
LEM
KE RO
AD
MINT ST
KES
TRE
L S
T
ALM
A ST
REET
RYAN ROAD
HOVELL STREET
WA
UG
H R
OA
D
GEORGE ST
NORTH STREET
OLI
VE
STR
EET
SWIFT STREET
MA
CAU
LEY
STR
EET
THUR
GOO
NA
STR
EETPEMBERTON
STREET
GUINEA STREET
ELEC
TRA
STR
EE
T
MO
TT S
TRE
ET
KIE
WA
STR
EET
EBDEN STREET
WALSH STREE T
SC
HU
BAC
H
STR
E ET
EAST
STREET
LAWRENCE STREET
WILSON STREET
NORTH ST
PANMURE STREET
SO
LOM
ON
ST
ELM ST
DAY STREET
LAWRENCE STREET
DOWNSIDE ST
SMOLLETT STREET
STED
M AN CR
DIC
K ST
REET
MO
RR
ISO
N ST
MC
LE
OD COURT
JON
ES S
TRE
ET
JAC
AR
AN
DA ST
RE
ET
QUEEN ST
WOODLAND STREET
THO
RNEYCRO
FT AV
CADELL STREET
HU
ME
STR
EET
SMALL ST
BATT AVENUE
WIG
G
STR
EE
T
HODGE STREET
LAMPOR
T C
R
MILLER ST
MOUNT STREET
PAR
KLA
ND D
R
REID STREET
CURL EW
CR
HAN
EL
STR
EE T
SAN
YO D
R
FALLON ST
STEPHEN STREET
BELLEVUE STREET
CRISP STREET
MAC
AU
LEY
STR
EET
FO
RREST HILL
AVENUE
MILO
S BVD
AN
NE
ST
QUE
EN ST
REET
HIL
L S
T
RING
WO
O
D CR
REUSS ROAD
KRE
MU
R S
TRE
ET
E AM ES
STR
EET
KIE
WA
STR
EET
SAC
KVIL
LE S
TRE
ET
WIL
LOW
BA
NK
ROAD
AFFLECK
ST
KELL
Y ST
RE
ET
YA
MBLA AVEN
UE
ROS
ED
ALE D
R
SOU
THER
N
VIEW DR
KANE ROAD
JOH
NS
TON
ROAD
HOVE
LL ST
REET
RO
PER
ST
GA
P
ROADCH
URCH
STRE
ET
ST JA
MES
CR
KENDALL
ST
DA
VID
S
TREE
T
MU
RR
AY RIV
ER
HO
USE
CRE
EK WOD
ONG
A CREEK
WODONGA CITY
WODONGAR.P
WODONGAR.P
WODONGA R.P
WODONGAR.P
WODONGAR.P
Wodonga
Albury
220
240 250260
280
250
290
170
270
210
240
22016
0
180
190
170
180
240
180
210
190
150
330
210
240
380
320
300
290
270280
320
230
340
200230
180
310
350
200
220
340
330
370
230
150
210
170
310
360
190
150
300
170260
220
230
200
200
190
170
GatewayIsland
155164
162
157
152
162
159
WODONGADisused
ALBURYDismantled
Transmission line
Transmission line
Gas
New South Wales
disused
disused
disu
sed
C315
YOU
NG
STR
EE
T
BEEC
HW
ORT
H R
OAD
HIG
H S
TREE
T
MA
TE
STR
EE
T
ELGIN BOULEVARD
MELBOURNE ROAD
B400
B400
M31
ATKI
NS ST
REE
T .
RIVERINA HIGHWAY .
WO
DO
NG
A P
LAC
E .
HUME STREET .
BORELLA ROAD .
PADMAN
DRIVE .
YO
UNG S
TRE
ET
.
OSBURN STREET . MURRAY VALLEY HWY
PA
RKW
AY
LAN
E
PAULS LANE
BORELLA LANE
DEAN
STREET
M31
M31
M31
HUME FREEWAY
HU
ME
HIG
HW
AY
HUME
HIGHW
AY
PH
PH
ArthurDunstan Park
Les StonePark
SumsionGardens
FelixGrundy Park
DiamondPark
SarvaasPark
John King Park
JackMaher Park
Alexandra Park
AloysiousPark
Pam StonePark
BrownsPark
HollowayPark
LambertPark
Carl Fietz Park
BelvoirPark
WaitesPark
PhillAdams Park
Tank
Tank
Tank
Tank
356
198
167
155168
Dev
ils Glen
Jack
In
The
Box
Cre
ek
Black Springs
C reek
Bung
ambr
awatha
Cre
ek
Monument Hill LookoutPO
PO
PO
PO
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
LincolnCauseway
Union Bridge
Sawpit BridgeLincoln Causeway
Heards Bridge
WrightsBridge
Heards BridgeSpirit
Of Progress BridgeSanfords
Bridge
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
AlburyPrivate
Hospital
MercyHospital
Tower
Tower
AlburyShowground
489000m.E
489000m.E
490
490
91
91
92
92
93
93
494000m.E
494000m.E6002
000m
. N
6002
000m
. N
03 03
04 04
05 05
06 06
07 07
08 08
6009
000m
. N
6009
000m
. N
146°56'E
146°56'E
146°55'E
146°55'E
146°54'E
146°54'E
146°53'E
146°53'E
36°4
'S
36°4
'S
36°5
'S
36°5
'S
36°6
'S
36°6
'S
36°7
'S
36°7
'S
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H H
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
9392919089
9392919089
146°54´E
36°5
´S
09
08
07
06
05
04
03
09
08
07
06
05
04
03
Figure 6. Topographic map
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 5
13 Which physical feature dominates the area mapped in Figure 6?
A built-up area
B delta
C floodplain
D mountain range
E plateau
14 In which state or territory is the area shown in the southern section of the map (Fig. 6)?
A Australian Capital Territory
B New South Wales
C Northern Territory
D South Australia
E Victoria
15 Range Road (A3, Fig. 6) is a: A 2WD vehicular track
B 4WD vehicular track
C private access road
D sealed road
E walking track
Start at Question 16 if you are 16 to 18 years old on 31 August 2013. If you are younger, continue answering questions.
16 Range Road (A3, Fig. 6) follows: A an escarpment
B a peak
C a ridge
D a spur
E a valley
17 One centimetre on the map (Fig. 6) represents how much on the ground?
A 100 m
B 300 m
C 1000 m
D 3000 m
E 10 km
18 How long is Olive Street (E4 to C4, Fig. 6)? A 275 m
B 1.75 km
C 2.5 km
D 2.75 km
E 17.5 km
Legend
10 metre contour interval
Grid North
HYD
RO
GR
APH
YAD
MIN
ISTR
ATI
ON
REL
IEF
FEAT
UR
ES
VEG
ETA
TIO
NTR
AN
SPO
RT
Built up area..................................................
Freeway, route marker, highway, bridge.......
Secondary road: sealed, unsealed................
Local road: sealed, unsealed........................
Vehicular track: 2WD, 4WD..........................
Private access, proposed road.......................
Walking track and/or bicycle track................
Gate or cattlegrid, levee bank.......................
Embankment, cutting....................................
Railway, tramway..........................................
Railway station, railway siding.......................
Railway: disused, dismantled........................
Railway bridge, railway tunnel.......................
River, creek, crossing, adit.............................
Aqueduct, channel, drain...............................
Lake: perennial, intermittent...........................
Waterholes, swimming pool............................
Water well or bore, spring...............................
Land subject to inundation.............................
Swamp or marsh............................................
Crown land, cadastre, restricted area............
Parks under National Parks Act ...................
Local Government Area boundary.................
State boundary..............................................
Building, post office, church, public hall..........
School, police station, fire station, ambulance
SES, Hospital, Neighbourhood Safer Place....
Pipeline, disappearing underground................
Power transmission line...................................
Trigonometric station, spot elevation...............
Landmark object: tank or well, tanks to scale.
Mine, helipad..................................................
Landmark area, recreation area......................
Tree cover: scattered or medium, and dense..
Plantation.......................................................
Orchard or vinyard...........................................
Contours, rocky outcrop, hill shading...............
Depression contours.......................................
Cliff.................................................................
Sand..............................................................
Sand dunes....................................................
600
Bore
MELTON SHIRE
Drain
83 34
Silo Oil
Gas/Water
S
PHCPO
Disused Dismantled
A 1
Transmission Line
0 250 500 750 1,000Metres
Grid North
HYD
RO
GR
APH
YAD
MIN
ISTR
ATI
ON
REL
IEF
FEAT
UR
ES
VEG
ETA
TIO
NTR
AN
SPO
RT
Built up area..................................................
Freeway, route marker, highway, bridge.......
Secondary road: sealed, unsealed................
Local road: sealed, unsealed........................
Vehicular track: 2WD, 4WD..........................
Private access, proposed road.......................
Walking track and/or bicycle track................
Gate or cattlegrid, levee bank.......................
Embankment, cutting....................................
Railway, tramway..........................................
Railway station, railway siding.......................
Railway: disused, dismantled........................
Railway bridge, railway tunnel.......................
River, creek, crossing, adit.............................
Aqueduct, channel, drain...............................
Lake: perennial, intermittent...........................
Waterholes, swimming pool............................
Water well or bore, spring...............................
Land subject to inundation.............................
Swamp or marsh............................................
Crown land, cadastre, restricted area............
Parks under National Parks Act ...................
Local Government Area boundary.................
State boundary..............................................
Building, post office, church, public hall..........
School, police station, fire station, ambulance
SES, Hospital, Neighbourhood Safer Place....
Pipeline, disappearing underground................
Power transmission line...................................
Trigonometric station, spot elevation...............
Landmark object: tank or well, tanks to scale.
Mine, helipad..................................................
Landmark area, recreation area......................
Tree cover: scattered or medium, and dense..
Plantation.......................................................
Orchard or vinyard...........................................
Contours, rocky outcrop, hill shading...............
Depression contours.......................................
Cliff.................................................................
Sand..............................................................
Sand dunes....................................................
600
Bore
MELTON SHIRE
Drain
83 34
Silo Oil
Gas/Water
S
PHCPO
Disused Dismantled
A 1
Transmission Line
0 250 500 750 1,000Metres
© Dept of Sustainability and Environment 2011
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 6
Fold this page back on itself to see the map at the same time.
19 Range Road terminates at a T-junction (A2, Fig. 6) at approximately what height above sea level?
A 295 m
B 305 m
C 315 m
D 325 m
E 335 m
20 What is located at grid reference 924083 (Fig. 6)?
A fire station
B hospital
C North St
D Small St
E Yambla Ave
21 The curved stretch of river in square E5 (Fig. 6) will in time probably become:
A a meander
B a meltwater channel
C an oxbow lake
D a river terrace
E a watershed
22 Which type of rock is shown in Figure 7?
A basalt
B conglomerate
C limestone
D marble
E pumice
23 Which type of vegetation is shown in the background of Figure 7?
A forest
B grassland
C mangroves
D open woodland
E savannah
24 Where was the photo in Figure 7 taken?
A Blue Mountains, NSW
B Flinders Ranges, SA
C Great Barrier Reef, Qld
D Little Desert, Vic
E Pilbara, WA
25 Figure 8 shows volcanic activity on which Australian island?
A Flinders Island, Bass Strait
B Groote Eylandt, Gulf of Carpentaria
C Heard Island, Sub-Antarctic Region
D Phillip Island, Western Port
E Thursday Island, Torres Strait
Figure 7. © J. Grant
Figure 8. MODIS infrared satellite image, 30 Dec 2012 © University of Hawai’i
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 7
26 Which term best describes the spread of a city’s suburbs into surrounding agricultural areas?
A gentrification
B rural crisis
C rural decline
D urban blight
E urban sprawl
27 Due to soil and water requirements, where is cotton commonly grown in Australia?
A along sandy coastlines
B at high altitudes
C in deserts
D in rainforest clearings
E near rivers
28 Which of these cities is on a similar line of latitude to Hobart?
A Boston, USA
B Christchurch, New Zealand
C Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
D Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
E Tokyo, Japan
29 From Figure 9, which state’s population had the highest growth rate from 2001 to 2006?
A New South Wales
B Queensland
C South Australia
D Tasmania
E Western Australia
30 From Figure 9, which statement is true of the intercensal period 2006-2011?
A The ACT’s population grew at a higher rate than the national average.
B The population of all states grew at a higher rate than in the previous 5 years.
C The population of Western Australia passed that of Queensland.
D Queensland’s population decreased.
E all of the above
If you are under 14 years old on 31 August 2013 stop at Question 30. if you are older, continue answering questions.
31 Which industry sector was a key driver in Western Australia’s high population growth from 2006 to 2011?
A agriculture
B financial services
C manufacturing
D mining
E retail
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
ACTNTTasWASAQldVicNSWAus
%
30 June 2001-06
30 June 2006-11
Figure 9. Total population growth, intercensal periods 2001 to 2011 Source: ABS
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 8
32 The world’s longest high-speed rail route, opened in December 2012, links China’s capital with its southern provinces. It extends from:
A Beijing to Guangzhou
B Guangzhou to Hong Kong
C Hong Kong to Shanghai
D Shanghai to Xian
E Xian to Beijing
33 Refugees fleeing the fighting in Syria have escaped to adjacent countries. Which of these countries does NOT border Syria?
A Iran
B Iraq
C Jordan
D Lebanon
E Turkey
34 Which type of landform is shown in Figure 10?
A alluvial fan
B coral island
C delta
D impact crater
E volcano
35 The feature in Figure 10 formed primarily due to:
A an abrupt change in slope
B changes in rainfall patterns
C climate change
D a significant landslide
E tectonic activity
36 Features like the one in Figure 10 are commonly found in areas with which type of climate?
A arid
B maritime
C polar
D temperate
E tropical
37 The Mekong River Commission manages natural resources and sustainable development along the Mekong. Which of these countries is NOT a Commission member?
A Cambodia
B Laos
C Malaysia
D Thailand
E Vietnam
38 The Human Development Index measures three basic dimensions of human development – health, education and income – by combining statistics on:
A average personal income; hospitals per 10,000 people; wage gender disparity
B doctors per 1,000 people; gross domestic product per capita; infant mortality
C gross national income per capita; life expectancy; years of schooling
D highest educational attainment; average household income; literacy levels
E preventable disease rates; gross domestic product; age starting school
Figure 10. Satellite image, Taklimakan Shamo, China (blue indicates active stream flow)
Source: NASA Earth Observatory
10 km
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 9
39 From Figure 11, which statement accurately describes an effect of the 2011 Brisbane flood?
A As the water slowed, vast amounts of chemical precipitate settled in the northern Bay.
B Fast flowing flood water carried large amounts of coral fragments into the Bay.
C Many square kilometres of the once muddy Bay floor were covered with sand.
D Millions of tonnes of soil were washed from the river catchments into the southern Bay.
E Upon reaching the Bay, the speed of the water flow increased.
If you are under 16 years old on 31 August 2013 stop at Question 40. If you are older, continue to the end of the questions.
40 Sediment deposited in Moreton Bay during the 2011 flood is expected to lead to:
A improved growth of coral due to greater nutrient levels
B improved habitat structure as spaces between gravel are filled by mud
C no impact, as ocean currents would quickly clear away the mud
D reduced disease levels in fish due to the clarity of the water
E reduced number of turtles and dugongs as light levels for plants are reduced
MoretonIsland
NorthStradbroke
Island
BribieIsland
Brisbane
Redcliffe
B ri sbane Rive
r
Kilometres
0 10 20
% mud0% 100%
MoretonIsland
NorthStradbroke
Island
BribieIsland
Brisbane
Redcliffe
B ri sbane Rive
rKilometres
0 10 20
% mud0% 100%
1999 2011
Figure 11. Mud levels on the floor of Moreton Bay © Healthy Waterways
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 10
To answer Questions 41 to 50 use the information in Figures 12 to 16, Table 2, and your own knowledge.
41 The major inflows into the Arctic Ocean come from:
A Atlantic Ocean
B Beaufort Gyre
C Pacific Ocean
D precipitation
E Transpolar Drift
42 Which current flows by Point F in Figure 12?
A Circumpolar Current
B Equatorial Countercurrent
C Gulf Stream
D Labrador Current
E North Atlantic Drift
43 The outflow of the Lena River is marked by which letter in Figure 12?
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
Transpolar DriftBeaufort Gyre
1.70.042.0
4.9
0.05
0.8
8.0
1.9
3.11.20.16
Atlantic water + Intermediate layer, 200-1700 mPacific water, 50-200 mSurface water circulationRiver inflow
Figures are estimated in- or outflows in Sverdrups (million m3 per second)
Precipitation
Figure 12. Transport of water in the Arctic Source: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
A
E
F
B
C
D
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 11
44 In the area of the Beaufort Gyre, in which direction does water circulate at different depths?
A 5 m anticlockwise; 100 m anticlockwise; 500 m anticlockwise
B 5 m anticlockwise; 100 m clockwise; 500 m anticlockwise
C 5 m anticlockwise; 100 m clockwise; 500 m clockwise
D 5 m clockwise; 100 m anticlockwise; 500 m anticlockwise
E 5 m clockwise; 100 m clockwise; 500 m clockwise
45 Small lakes formed through the present-day fluvial processes of channel meandering and braiding are found where on the Lena Delta?
A on all terraces
B on no terraces
C Terrace 1
D Terrace 2
E Terrace 3
46 Compared to the other terraces in the Lena Delta, Terrace 2 can best be described as having lakes that are:
A large, elongated and present in high density
B large, nearly circular and present in low density
C small, circular and present in high density
D small, circular and present in low density
E small, elongated and present in high density
Table 2. Geomorphological features of the terraces and lakes of the Lena Delta Source: A. Morgenstern et al
Geomorphological variable Terrace 1 Terrace 2 Terrace 3
Terraces Area in km2 15,840.1 6,098.6 1,711.6
% of delta area 54.6 21.0 5.9
Lakes ≥20 ha Number 1,796 792 81
Total area in km2 997.0 808.1 56.7
% of terraced area 6.3 13.3 3.3
Mean area in ha 55.5 102.0 70.0
Mean elongation (length ÷ breadth) 2.26 1.83 1.49
Mean orientation in deg. (N = 0 deg.) 355.1 11.4 359.2
Mean deviation from mean orientation in deg.
47.5 12.9 29.1
The Lena River Delta in northern Siberia is the largest Arctic river delta, with an area of approx 30,000 km2. Three main terraces (see Figure 14) can be distinguished by their geomorphology:
Terrace 1 (T1) is the modern active delta, comprising the present-day floodplains along with the first terrace. It is composed of alluvial Holocene sands with silts and peat.
Terrace 2 (T2) is the second terrace. It consists of Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene sands, but is hardly influenced by modern fluvial processes.
Terrace 3 (T3) is the third main terrace, a relic of a Late Pleistocene accumulation plain with fine-grained and ice-rich deposits.
The delta contains many lakes of varying characteristics, including size, shape and directional orientation. A survey by A. Morgenstern et al examined the delta’s 2,669 non-marine lakes over 20 ha in area, and found significant differences between lakes on different terraces. Some of the results are included in Table 2.
Figure 13. Lena DeltaSource: adapted from A. Morgenstern et al
Figure 14. Satellite image of the Lena Delta, with terraces labelled © TerraMetrics
40 km
T1
T3
T2
Thank you for taking part in the 2013 Australian Geography Competition.
Australian Geography Competition 2013
Page 12
47 The erosion of Arctic river deltas is promoted by all of the following EXCEPT for:
A decreasing coverage of sea ice connected to the land
B freezing of deltaic permafrost
C greater wind fetch produced by shrinking sea ice coverage
D retreating near-shore sea ice
E thawing of deltaic ground ice
48 Most of the land area of the Lena Delta is tundra. What grows there in summer?
A deciduous trees and flowering plants
B grasses and small bushes
C mosses, lichens and creeping plants
D nothing as the top soil layer is permanently frozen
E stunted pine trees and understorey
49 Where on the Lena Delta are the lakes whose orientation distribution is shown in Figure 16? (See also the information in Table 2.)
A on all terraces
B on the shoreline
C Terrace 1
D Terrace 2
E Terrace 3
50 Which option correctly matches the Lena Delta terraces with their images in Figure 15?
A T1 = A; T2 = B; T3 = C
B T1 = B; T2 = A; T3 = C
C T1 = B; T2 = C; T3 = A
D T1 = C; T2 = A; T3 = B
E T1 = C; T2 = B; T3 = A
2 kmA 2 kmB 2 kmC
Figure 15. Satellite images of individual terraces in the Lena Delta © TerraMetrics
Orientation in deg.
Freq
uenc
y in
%
0 270 90
1
2
3
4
5
0
330 30
60300
Figure 16. Frequency distribution of lake orientation (N = 0 deg.) Source: A. Morgenstern et al
