CE2026 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTUNIT-1PART-ADefine traffic engineering.What are the characteristics of road users? What are the static characteristics of vehicles? Explain skid resistance and braking efficiency. What is off tracking? What are the methods of volume counting?What are the various traffic studies? A vehicle travelling at 40kmph was stopped within 1.8 seconds after the application of brakes. Determine the average skid resistance. Define traffic volume, density and capacity. Explain the types of traffic flow characteristics.What are the characteristics of roads Explain the term PCU with various examples. Explain the presentation of spot speed data. What is the importance of origin and destination studies? Explain speed and delay study in traffic engineering.PART-B 1) A) Explain the road user characteristics B) Vehicular characteristics in detail. What are the components of traffic engineering and explain the components of road? In a braking test, a vehicle travelling at a speed of 30kmph was stopped by applying brakes fully and the skid marks were 5.8m in length. Determine the average skid resistance of the pavement surface. A vehicle travelling at 40kmph was stopped within 1.8 seconds after the application of brakes. Determine the average skid resistance. A vehicle was stopped in 1.4 seconds by fully jamming the brakes and the skid marks measured 7m. Determine the average skid resistance. A vehicle moving at 40kmph speed was stopped by applying the brake and the length of skid mark was 12.2m. If the average skid resistance of the pavement is known to be 0.70, determine the brake efficiency of the test vehicle. A vehicle has a wheel base of 6.4m . What is the off tracking while negotiating a curved path with a mean radius of 32m. PART-BExplain in detail about traffic volume study measuring the traffic volume and presentation of traffic volume study. Explain in detail about the speed studies, measuring the speed and presentation of speed data. A) Spot speed studies were carried out at a certain stretch of a highway and the consolidated data collected are given below. Speed range, kmphNo of vehiclesSpeed range, kmphNo of vehiclesobservedobserved0 to 101250 to 6025510 to 201860 to 7011920 to 306870 to 804330 to 408980 to 903340 to 5020490 to 1009Determine (i) the upper and lower values or speed limits for regulation of mixed traffic flow and (ii) the design speed for checking the geometric design elements of the highway.B) The table below gives the consolidated data of spot speed studies on a section of a road. Determine the most preferred speed at which maximum proportion of vehicles travels.Speed range, kmphNo of vehiclesSpeed range, kmphNo of vehiclesobservedobserved0 to 10050 to 6021610 to 201160 to 706820 to 303070 to 802430 to 4010580 to 90040 to 50233C) The consolidated data collected from speed and delay studies by floating car method on a stretch of urban road of length 3.5km, running North-South are given below. Determine the average values of volume, journey speed and running speed of the traffic stream along either direction.Trip NoDirection ofJourneyTotalNo ofNo ofNo oftripTimestoppedvehiclesvehiclesvehiclesMin-secdelayovertakingovertakenfrom opp.Min-secDirection1N-S6-321-40472682S-N7-141-50531863N-S6-501-30532804S-N7-402-00212005N-S6-101-10352506S-N8-002-22221707N-S6-281-40252908S-N7-301-4032160Explain in detail about the origin and destination studies with method of collecting O & D data, presentation of O & D data. a) Explain traffic capacity study, determination of theoretical capacity, factors affecting practical capacity, design capacity and level of service. b) Explain passenger car unit in detail.Explain accident studies, causes for accidents, accident studies and records, accident investigation. A vehicle of weight 2.0 tonne skids through a distance equal to 40m before colliding with another parked vehicle of weight 1.0 tonne. After collision both the vehicles skid through a distance equal to 12m before stopping. Compute the initial speed of the moving vehicle. Assume coefficient of friction as 0.5. Case (ii) When the two vehicles approaching from right angles collide8)Explain in detail about the relationship between speed, travel time, volume, density and capacity with appropriate diagrams and graphs.9)Explain parking and pedestrian studies.