Question Bank(From university Question Papers)Unit I:A) Introduction to Hydrology, B) Precipitation: Forms,C) Evaporation and Infiltration, D) Stream Gauging

1. How hydrology is interdisciplinary science2. Define hydrology and discuss its importance in the planning of water resources projects3. Explain with neat sketch Hydrological cycle. State the different process involved in it.4. Define precipitation. State any six forms of precipitation. Also explain 3 types of precipitation5. State conditions of raining. Explain cyclonic & orographic precipitation.6. Differentiate between:i) Tropical cyclone and extratropical cycloneii) Convective precipitation and orographic precipitation7. State any three types of rain gauges. Explain any one of them in detail with a neat sketch.8. Differentiate between:i) Symons rain gauge and weighing bucket rain gaugeii) Mass curve of rainfall and hyetographiii) Frontal precipitation and non-frontal precipitation9. Describe tipping bucket type rainfall measurement. Mention its advantages and disadvantages. Explain telemetry.10. Explain with neat and labeled figure weighing bucket type of rain gauge.11. Describe principles of rainfall measurement using RADAR with neat sketch, also state its advantages over other rain gauges.12. Explain any three methods of determining average rainfall over a catchment. State their advantages and limitations.13. In a catchment area of 100 Km2 the average annual precipitation observed at a five rain gauge station wasstationABCDE

Ann. Av. Ppt (mm)7501000900650500

If permissible error is 10% determinei) Number of additional rain gauge stations requiredii) Rain gauge density14. The isohyets due to a storm were having following details:Isohyets (mm)Area (Km2)

15040

170-150150

150-14070

140-130200

130-11025

Find the weighted precipitation for the total catchment area.15. The data from an isohyetal map of catchment is shown in the following tableIsohyet (mm)250300350400450500

Area covered by Isohyet (km2)500400300200100-

Determine the average depth of precipitation over the catchment area of 5000km2. 16. Explain how you will calculate missing rainfall data at station. State rainfall density as per WHO standards.17. The normal annual precipitation of five rain gauge stations P, Q, R, S and T are respectively 125, 102, 76, 113 and 137 cm. During a particular storm the precipitation recorded by stations P, Q, R and S are 13.2, 9.2, 6.8 and 10.2 respectively. The instrument at station T was inoperative during the storm. Estimate the rainfall at station T during that storm by normal ratio method. 18. The rain gauge station X did not function for a part of month during which a storm occurred. The storm produced rainfalls of 84, 70 and 96 mm at three surrounding stations A, b and C respectively. The normal annual rainfalls at the stations X, A, B and C respectively 770, 882, 736 and 944 mm. Estimate the missing storm at station X.19. A catchment area has seven rain gauge stations. In a year the annual rainfall recorded by the gauges are as follows:StationPQRSTUV

Rainfall (cm)130142.1118.2108.5165.2102.1146.9

For a 5% error in the estimation of mean rainfall. Calculate the minimum number of additional stations required to be established in the catchment.20. In a catchment area covering 100 sq.km the average annual precipitation observed at five rain gauge stations is given as follows. Find the number of additional rain gauge stations required if the permissible error is 10%Station12345

Precipitation (cm)75100906550

21. What are the WHO recommendations for density of rain gauge network. Based on this are the recommendations by Indian Standard (IS: 8389-1983)?22. Describe the working of a float type recording rain gauge with neat sketch. Mention its advantages over non-recording type.23. The hourly precipitation data during a storm is as followsTime (Hrs.)012345678910

Precipitation (mm)0103025505101025200

Plot for above data.i) Hyetographii) Mass curve24. The hourly precipitation data during a storm is as follows:Time (Hrs.)0246810121416

Precipitation (mm)02551025151050

Plot for above data.i) Hyetographii) Mass curve25. Sate various methods of determination of the mean precipitation over a given catchment area. Explain giving neat sketches any two methods.26. For a catchment area of 500 sqkm following data are available. Estimate the average precipitation over the catchment area.Isohyets in mm900-1000800-900700-800600-700500-600

Area between successive isohyets in sqkm901001254045

27. Explain the following with case:i) Mass rainfall curveii) Double mass curveiii) A rain gauge recorded the following accumulated rainfall during the storm. Draw the mass rainfall curve along the hyetograph.Time (am)8:008:058:108:158:208:258:30

Accumulated rainfall (mm)0126131819

28. What is meant by probable maximum precipitation? Describe the methods of estimating PMP. What are its design applications?29. Explain with the graph the Intensity Duration-frequency relationship.30. What are the design applications of the depth area duration relation? Explain the procedure for developing these relations31. Compute and draw DAD curve, and find the average depth of precipitation that may be expected over an area of 2400 sqkm, due to the specific storm which lasted for 24 hours. Assume the storm center to be labeled at the center of the area. The isohytel map for the storm gave the areas enclosed between different isohyets as follows:Isohyets (mm)Enclosed Area (Sq.km.)

21543

201345

192030

182545

172955

163280

153535

143710

133880

123915

32. Differentiate between Evaporation and evapotranspiration. State any five factors affecting evaporation. State Daltons equation.33. Define infiltration. State factors affecting infiltration. State Hortons equation for infiltration34. What are 3 analytical methods of evaporation estimation? Explain any one of them.35. State any 3 methods of reducing evaporation and explain any one of them.36. State any four factors affecting evaporation. Also, state any four measures to control the evaporation.37. Give analogy for infiltration with help of sketch and thereby differentiate between infiltration capacity and field capacity.38. Explain how evapotranspiration is measured with help of:i) Lysimetersii) Filed plot method39. Explain the following methods of measurement of evaporation:i) By evaporimetersii) By analytical methods40. Explain working of infiltrometers41. What is evaporation? How will you measure it? Draw a neat labeled sketch of field method to measure evaporation. State methods to control evaporation loss from reservoir. Explain ant one method in detail42. What is evapotranspiration? How will you measure it? Draw neat labeled sketch of filed method to measure evapotranspiration. State methods to control evaporation loss from reservoir. Explain any one method in detail.43. State various methods to measure evaporation. Discuss the factors affecting infiltration. Explain flooding type infiltrometer.44. State any 3 direct methods of measuring stream flow. Explain any one of them45. What is stream gauging? Explain dilution technique method with sketch and explain its application in water resource engineering.46. What is stream gauging? Explain area-velocity method with sketch and explain its application in water resources engineering.47. Explain with neat sketch, the current meter method of determining the discharge flow through open channel. Also, state the equation of current meter.48. Runoff from a catchment area 150 sqkm was 9.0 /Mm3. Rainfall in the area was observed as below. Determine the rate on infiltrationTime (hour)0123456

Rainfall (mm)0161926412111

49. Calculate the value of index from the following data of storm of 10 cm precipitation that resulted in a direct runoff 4.6 cmTime in hours123456

Incremental rainfall per hour in cms0.550.601.253.001.501.20

50. Explain infiltration indices with a suitable sketch51. The mass curve of rainfall of duration 100 mm is given below. If the catchment has a index of 0.6 cm/h, calculate the total surface runoff from the catchment.Time for the start of the rainfall (min.)020406080100

Cumulative rainfall (cm)00.51.22.63.33.5