hosting03.snu.ac.krhosting03.snu.ac.kr/~quercus1/적색목록_2018_190520.pdf · 2019-05-23 · The Red List of Vascular Plants in Korea updated 2018 AUTHORS Chin Sung Chang is a

The Red List of VascularPlants in Korea updated 2018

The Red List of VascularPlants in Korea updated 2018

AUTHORS

Chin Sung Chang is a professor at Seoul National University (Plant taxonomy and conservation biology) and a current focal point of the Korean Plant Specialist Group, which is one of IUCN SSC Red List Authority. Hui Kim is a professor of Mokpo National University, teaching plant taxonomy and a member of the Korean Plant Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Sung Won Son is a researcher in charge of the conservation for threatened plants in Korea National Arboretum and a current member of the Korean Plant Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Yong-Shik Kim is the director of Chollipo Arboretum and a chair of the Korean Plant Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. 9 791187 031277 ISBN:

The Red List of Vascular Plants in Korea

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Copylight © 2017 Korea National Arboretum & Korean Plant Specialist Group

Published by Korea National Arboretum of the Korea Forest Service

Edited by Korea National Arboretum of the Korea Forest Service and Korean Plant Specialist Group

Designed byDESIGNPOST. TEL: +82-31-916-9516, E-mail : [email protected]

CitationH. Kim, C.S Chang, S. Son, and Y.-S. Kim. 2017. The Red List of Vascular Plants in Korea updated 2018. Korea National Arboretum and Korean Plant Specialist Group. Pocheon.

Contributing authorKorean Plant Specialist Group : Hui Kim, Chin Sung Chang, and Yong-Shik KimKorea National Arboretum : Sungwon Son, Cheul-ho Lee, and Gang-Uk Suh

Provided valuable photosHyung Ho Yang and Hyun Cheol Kim

For more information, please contactKorea National Arboretum : Dr. Sungwon Son ([email protected])Korean Plant Specialist Group : Dr. Hui Kim ([email protected])

ISBN 979-11-88720-08-8 Government Publication Registration Number 11-1400119-000323-01

ISBN: 979-11-88720-08-8

9 791188 720088

93480


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Table of contentsForeword

Acknowledgements

1. Background

2. Vascular Plants in the Korean Peninsula

3. How This Red List was Completed- Geographical scope

- Taxonomic scope- Information on each species

4. Current Red List

5. References

6. Appendix- Red List Status of Selected Korean Vascular Plants

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126

127


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Foreword

ince its establishment in 1999, the Korea National Arboretum has been reinforcing biodiversity conservation efforts in the Korean Peninsula, such as in situ and ex situ conservation activities. These efforts are also in line with the national targets listed under the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) 2020.

The red listing of rare and endangered plants contributes directly to Target 2 of the GSPC 2020. Working together, the Korean Plants Specialist Group and the Korea National Arboretum are committed to undertaking a global assessment of the conservation status of vascular plants on the Korean Peninsula. In 2016, 33 endemic taxa on the peninsula were assessed, and the outcome of the assessment was published in the same year. This report, the second publication under the global assessment, features 260 native species inhabiting the Korean Peninsula that have been assessed at the global level.

This publication marks an important step toward achievement of the GSPC targets, and the Korea National Arboretum will continue to strengthen efforts toward all activities aimed at conserving biodiversity. We hope the information in this report will contribute to the successful endeavors of scientific institutions, research groups, and cooperation networks related to conservation of plant biodiversity in Korea and abroad.

You Mi Lee, Ph.D. Director General

Korea National Arboretum

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t is important for us to publish this second report, which used the updated IUCN Red List Criteria to assess approximately 300 Korean plants. We would like to take this opportunity to thank the Red List Unit (IUCN Species Programme), in particular, Helen Temple and Craig Hilton-Taylor, for providing technical guidance on application of IUCN categories and criteria.

Translation of the global assessment from English into Korean was conducted by Dr. H. Kim. We are grateful to all the members of the Korea National Arboretum for this publication. All images are credited to the Korea National Arboretum.

Photo credits:

E-mail addresses: • Chin Sung Chang ([email protected]) • Hui Kim ([email protected]) • Son, Sung Won ([email protected]) • Kim, Yong-Shik ([email protected])

Acknowledgements

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1. Background

2. Vascular Plants in the Korean Peninsula

he Korean National Strategy for the Conservation of Biodiversity proposed by Korea National Arboretum declared the necessity to enhance knowledge regarding the conservation status of the national flora to establish an effective conservation strategy by 2020 that is in line with the global strategy for plant conservation (Korean

National Arboretum, 2016). Therefore, the purpose of the Korea Forest Service’s Korea National Arboretum (KNA) is to evaluate the extinction risk of endangered species in Korea using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. One goal is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and to provide scientifically based information on the status of species at a global level. Another goal is to provide information that guides actions to conserve biological diversity at the national level.

On the other hand, the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) of the Korean Ministry of Environment highlighted the need for a reliable national list of plants deserving legal protection. They focused attention on the most recent IUCN Red List protocol as a starting point from which to guide this national list (Hyun, 2016). Notable differences were found, however, between the national threatened species list and the 2008 IUCN Red List. The most serious disagreements between the Korean Ministry of Environment and the Korea Forest Service were that different target species were selected for assessment, and that two different Red List processes, at the regional (national) and global levels, were used (Chang et al., 2017). A certain number of vascular plants that are widely distributed throughout the world or in eastern Asia were deemed to be ineligible for assessment at a regional level and were assigned to the Not Applicable (NA) category because they are present in very low numbers in South Korea. The most common errors involved incorrect application of species extinctions to assessment of population extinction in South Korea, and provided incorrect interpretations of the IUCN Red List criteria at the regional level. Most assessments proposed by the Ministry of Environment were not supported by quantitative data or reliable sources. The list proposed by the Ministry of Environment overestimated the number of threatened vascular plants; additionally, the term ‘species extinction’ was misapplied for regional assessment and was open to some degree of subjectivity and misinterpretation. The national Red List of threatened plants is based on its own modified version of the Red List system, different from the current IUCN standards (IUCN, 2012). Some extreme cases have shown that species may be considered globally threatened but are not listed nationally.

The KPSG and the Korea National Arboretum stress that the categories of threat should be based on an assessment of global distribution and decline, which should be applied globally throughout the current range of each taxon (Chang et al., 2016). The possible comparison between national red lists and IUCN’s Red List has been a high priority for the KPSG. If a taxon that is endemic or has a restricted distribution on the global level is threatened in Korea, the Korean population must still be regarded as a critically important component of the global population and deserves full protection with appropriate conservation measures. If the Korean population was to begin to decline, the endemic or rare species would be regarded as even more threatened on a global scale. The results of this Red Data List analysis regarding the selected 34 taxa were previously published in 2016 (IUCN, 2018).

The primary aim of this report is to present the level of threat facing vascular plant species on the Korean Peninsula. The results of the Red List global assessment of Korean plants derived from the IUCN website (IUCN, 2018) were collected and presented here. Therefore, the current Red List presented here is a review of the conservation status of approximately 300 Korean vascular plants according to the IUCN global Red Listing guidelines. This Red Data List includes all vascular plants (fern and fern-like, flowering plants, and conifers) native to the Korean Peninsula. Geographical scope

This section, which has previously appeared in our publication (Chang et al., 2016), provides an introduction to the Korean vegetation including the flora of Korea.

The flora of Korea is not well known because of its geographic position (situated between China and Japan), which encompasses a diversity of terrestrial formations and wide ranges in altitude (0–2,000 m above sea level), precipitation levels (600–1,800 mm), and average yearly temperatures (-2.5–25 C°). These variations in temperature and rainfall within relatively small areas are reflected in three distinct temperate forest zones (cold, cool, and warm).

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Forest alone covers 12,930,000 ha, or 58% of the Korea’s land area, mainly in form of broad-leaf and conifer trees. Moreover, 70% of its land surface is steep and mountainous. A range of forest types are found, including evergreen and warm temperate forest on the southern coast, cool and cold temperate forest in the east, montane conifer forest, and cold temperate forest in the north, and mixed forest (conifer and broad-leaf) in the west. Korea has more than 3,500 higher plant species, including 650 woody species in 1,000 genera and 200 families.

There are two institutions in Korea responsible for the management of forest resources. The Ministry of Environment is in charge of the National Parks, while the Korea Forest Service (KFS) is in charge of the management of national forests. The KFS is responsible for the conservation of threatened species and the preparation of the official Red List of Korea.

Although a floristic province is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species, adjacent floristic provinces usually do not have sharp boundaries. A transitional area, often called a ‘vegetation tension zone’, is one in which many species from both regions overlap; an example is the west side of the Korean peninsula. In addition, the Ulleung and Jeju Islands are characterized by an exceptional amount of endemic species, which constitute a subset of the Korean peninsula flora, rather than an altogether unique flora.

The flora of the Eastern Asiatic region is generally characterized by a large number of endemics. The major subdivision of the Eastern flora is composed of 13 provinces. The determination of the extent of these provinces is based upon their diversity of endemic genera, phylogenetic divergence, and geographic origins (including geologic, climatic, and geographic factors). Among 13 provinces of the Eastern Asiatic Region (Takhtajan, 1986), the Manchurian, Korean- Japanese, and North Chinese provinces are three that can be recognized in the Korean peninsula now. The separation of the Korean-Japanese and North Chinese provinces is newly proposed here, with the former including the Manchurian province. This province includes only eastern China east of a line that passes from northwest to southwest Korea.

The distribution patterns are variously associated into diversified ecosystems from Northeast China (Fig. 1, mixed deciduous forest with Pinus koraiensis as one of the dominants). Mixed deciduous forests marked by Pinus koraiensis cover vast mountainous regions and contain a number of old floristic elements, but endemic genera are very scarce here and no endemic families occur within this province. The representative species are as follows; Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baillon, Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr, Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., Tilia mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim., Phellodendron amurense Rupr. , Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S. Y. Hu, Vitis amurensis Rupr., Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Abies holophylla Maxim., Betula costata Trautv., Salix kangensis Nakai, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim., Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim., Acer mandshuricum Maxim., Acer komarovii Pojarkova, Acer barbinerve Maxim., Acer caudatum var. ukurunduense (Trutv. & C. A. Mey.) Rehder, Acer pictum var. mono (Maxim.) Maxim. ex Franch., Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala (Maxim) Wesm., Deutzia glabrata Kom., Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, Syringa wolfii C. K. Schneid., Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Hara, Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim., Betula davurica Pall., and Euonymus verrucosus Scop. var. pauciflorus (Maxim.) Regel.

The characteristic vegetation of North China is a drier, mixed deciduous oak forest marked by Pinus tabuliformis or P. densiflora (Fig. 2, from maritime areas to the Liaotung and Shandong peninsulas). North China has a rather ancient flora that dates from the Tertiary. The following species are representative examples of the North China province: Philadelphus pekinensis Rupr., Rhus chinensis Mill., Celtis sinensis Persoon, Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb., Euonymus hamiltonianus Wall., Grewia biloba G. Don, Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC,. Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne., Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino, Betula chinensis Maxim,. Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc., and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.

Furthermore, it is reasonable to keep the original Japan-Korean Province separate and distinct in a floristic sense. The degree of diversification has been more pronounced and rapid in this province. Many evergreen species are found here, which belong to the Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae, and Aquifoliaceae families. Representative examples of these deciduous woody plants are: Tsuga diversifolia (Maxim.) Mast., Pinus parviflora Siebold & Zucc., Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., Celtis sinensis Persoon, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen., Pinus thunbergii Parl., Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl., Magnolia kobus A. DC., Carpinus tschonoskii (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim., Rhododendron tschonoskii Maxim., and Acer palmatum Thunb.


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The Korean peninsula supports approximately 3,500 species of vascular plants (Park, 2007), of which approximately 2.5% are thought to be endemic. The mountains of the Korean peninsula are a recognized local biodiversity hotspot, supporting approximately 45% of all species. Floristic diversity in the Korean peninsula is highest in Gangwon province and nearly as high as in southern Korea and the islands. Endemism is highest regionally in the Gangwon province and Taebaek Mountains, although local centers of endemism are widely scattered throughout the Korean peninsula.

Figure 3. China-Japan-Korea flora (CJK)

Figure 2. North China flora

Figure 1. Amur flora (Manchurian flora)


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Geographical scope

This document covers the entire Korean Peninsula, comprised of the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The whole peninsula is considered one biogeographical unit, as the flora has been studied in that context historically. Geographically, to the northwest, the Yalu River separates the peninsula from the main continent, and to the northeast, the Tumen River separates Korea from China and Russia. The Korean Peninsula is surrounded by the Yellow Sea to the west, the East China Sea and Korea Strait to the south, and the East China Sea to the east. The peninsula has traditionally been subdivided biogeographically into several parts (Uyeki, 1933; Nakai, 1935; Chung and Lee, 1965; Yim and Kira, 1975; 1976; Lee and Yim, 1978).

Taxonomic scope

All selected plant species included in this current Red List are native to the Korean Peninsula. The selection of species for the Korean Peninsula Red List of Vascular Plants took place in 2017 and followed the Korean Peninsula Flora taxonomy (Chang et al., 2014). In European countries, many species can be subdivided based on time elapsed since the first introduction: an archaeophyte is an alien species that is known or suspected to have become naturalized before AD 1500, whereas a neophyte is one that was introduced after AD 1500 (Preston et al., 2004). Unfortunately, in our case, very few species could be explicitly classified because no information is available regarding archaeophyte status for the taxa included in this Red List. There have been some significant changes in names and genera used to recognize various taxa. Many taxa previously accepted as good species have been lumped with others and relegated to synonymy or are now treated as infra-specific taxa; in other cases, former infra-specific taxa have been raised to individual species. Neophytes are excluded from this Red List.

Information on each species

A search of all relevant information from the IUCN Red List website (IUCN, 2018) was carried out for all records of the species found in Korea. As stated above, nomenclature and the species list follow Chang et al. (2014). Where nomenclature differs from the published IUCN Red List website, the original name is presented next to the current name, e.g., Parasenecio firmus (Kom.) Y.L. Chen [Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa (Nakai) H. Rob. & Brettell]. Only native and archaeophyte taxa are included in the current Red List of Vascular Plants in Korea. The species accounts are arranged into two groups, threatened and non-threatened, based on the IUCN Red List categories. These are further subdivided into plant families and then are arranged in alphabetical order. Each individual account is headed by the scientific name of the species, followed by its Korean vernacular name. Next, the IUCN category is listed, and each species account contains a brief description, a summary of its status, and its justification of accession, followed by other information such as assessor(s), reviewer(s), published year, country occurrence, and current population trend.

3. How This Red List was Completed

4. Current Red ListThis document lists all species assessed thus far and in total, there are around 262 species. Other species, which are not recognized as native species to Korea are listed in Table 2, although those are included as a part of Korean flora in the IUCN database.

At the global level, 12.9% of the species (34 species) in the IUCN database are considered as threatened, with 1.9% of them being Critically Endangered, 7.6% Endangered and 3.4% Vulnerable (Table 1 and Figure 4). A further 2.3% (6 species) of species are classified as Near Threatened (NT). Obviously most taxa are not threatened, and 209 (79.8%) are categorized as being Least Concern (LC).

Figures 5 represent the assessed number of Korean vascular plant species over last 20 year period by our study (Chang et al., 2016) as well as foreign specialist groups. Better population trend data will be available through our inventory and monitoring schemes that have been established in five years. More analysis will be comprehensively assessed at the global level within a few years here according to IUCN Red List guidelines.


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Documenting population trends is a key to assessing species status, and the analysis was made to determine which species are considered to be significantly declining, stable, or increasing. About 13 % of the plant species in Korea are to be declining in terms of population trend. About a third (35%) of them seems to have stable population, while only 4% are increasing (Figure 6). A further 48% have unknown population trends.

There are many areas of taxonomic uncertainty affecting this list. Where the information is available, the taxonomic treatment by the revised checklist will be followed in the near future. Finally, it should be noted that the percentages of threatened plants in Korea mentioned above represent minimum estimates. A more realistic value will be presented based on our current inventory data within five years.

IUCN Red List Categories No. species

Critically Endangered (CR) 5 (1.9%)

Endangered (EN) 20 (7.7%)

Vulnerable (VU) 9 (3.5)

Near Threatened (NT) 6 (2.3%)

Least Concern (LC) 209 (79.8%)

Data Deficient (DD) 13 (5.0%)

Total number of species assessed* 262

DD, 5%

LC, 80%

CR, 2% EN, 8%VN, 3%

NT, 2%

number of speciescumulated number of species

1998 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Unknown48%

Decreasing13%

Increasing4%

Stable35%

Table 1. Summary of numbers of current red list of vascular plants in Korea within each category of threat.

Figure 5. Number of assessed species for 20 years and cumulated number of species.

Figure 4. the current Red List status of vascular plants in Korea

Figure 6. Population trends of 262 vascular plant species in Korea.


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Table 2. The list of species excluded as non native species to Korea here.

Family Scientific Name IUNC category

AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. LC

BETULACEAE Betula gmelinii Bunge LC

BETULACEAE Betula humilis Schrank LC

CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham. LC

CHARACEAE Nitella mucronata (A.Braun) Miq. LC

CRUCIFERAE Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. LC

CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus sabina L. LC

CYPERACEAE Carex atherodes Spreng. LC

CYPERACEAE Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. LC

CYPERACEAE Carex distans L. LC

CYPERACEAE Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. LC

CYPERACEAE Carex umbrosa Host LC

CYPERACEAE Carex utriculata Boott LC

CYPERACEAE Cyperus michelianus (L.) Delile LC

CYPERACEAE Cyperus nutans Vahl LC

CYPERACEAE Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. LC

CYPERACEAE Eriophorum chamissonis C.A. Mey. LC

EQUISETACEAE Equisetum giganteum L. LC

GRAMINEAE Hordeum roshevitzii Bowden LC

GRAMINEAE Oryza rufipogon Griff. LC

GRAMINEAE Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A.Camus LC

GRAMINEAE Poa angustifolia L. LC

HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas gracillima (A.Braun ex Engelm.) Magnus LC

JAMESONIELLACEAE Jamesoniella undulifolia (Nees) K.Muell. VU

JUNCACEAE Juncus articulatus L. LC

JUNCACEAE Juncus compressus Jacq. LC

JUNCACEAE Juncus conglomeratus L. LC

LEGUMINOSAE Indigofera bungeana Walp. LC

LEMNACEAE Lemna turionifera E.Landolt LC

MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC. LC

ONAGRACEAE Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn. LC

ONAGRACEAE Epilobium parviflorum Schreber LC

ORCHIDACEAE Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. LC

ORCHIDACEAE Platanthera tipuloides (L.f.) Lindl. LC

POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton wrightii Morong LC

RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus rionii Lagger LC

RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix LC

RUBIACEAE Galium triflorum Michx. LC

TAMARICACEAE Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. LC


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Table 3. Red List of vascular plants in Korean Peninsula.

1 EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L. 쇠뜨기 LC

2 EQUISETACEAE Equisetum fluviatile L. 물속새 LC

3 EQUISETACEAE Equisetum hyemale L. 속새 LC

4 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Mankyua chejuense B.Y.Sun, M.H.Kim & C.H.Kim 제주고사리삼 CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

5 THELYPTERIDACEAE Thelypteris palustris Schott 처녀고사리 LC

6 CEPHALOTAXACEAE Cephalotaxus harringtonii (Knight ex J.Forbes) K.Koch 개비자나무 LC

7 CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus chinensis L. 향나무 LC

8 CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus communis L. 곱향나무 LC

9 CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. 노간주나무 LC

10 CUPRESSACEAE Thuja koraiensis Nakai 눈측백 VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D1

11 PINACEAE Abies holophylla Maxim. 전나무 NT

12 PINACEAE Abies koreana E.H.Wilson 구상나무 EN B2ab(ii,iii,v)

13 PINACEAE Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim. 분비나무 LC

14 PINACEAE Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. 잎갈나무 LC

15 PINACEAE Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carriére 가문비나무 LC

16 PINACEAE Picea koraiensis Nakai 종비나무 LC

17 PINACEAE Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 소나무 LC

18 PINACEAE Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. 잣나무 LC

19 PINACEAE Pinus parviflora Siebold & Zucc. 섬잣나무 LC

20 PINACEAE Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel 눈잣나무 LC

21 PINACEAE Pinus tabuliformis Carrière 만주곰솔 LC

22 PINACEAE Pinus thunbergii Parl. 곰솔 LC

23 TAXACEAE Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 주목 LC

24 TAXACEAE Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc. 비자나무 LC

25 ACORACEAE Acorus calamus L. 창포 LC

26 ACORACEAE Acorus gramineus Sol. 석창포 LC

27 ALISMATACEAE Alisma plantago-aquatica L. 질경이택사 LC

28 ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. 올미 LC

29 ALLIACEAE Allium macrostemon Bunge 산달래 LC

30 ALLIACEAE Allium maximowiczii Regel 산파 DD

31 ALLIACEAE Allium thunbergii G.Don 산부추 DD

32 ARACEAE Arisaema heterophyllum Blume 두루미천남성 LC

33 ARACEAE Calla palustris L. 산부채 LC

34 ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. 천문동 DD

35 ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus dauricus Fisch. ex Link 망적천문동 DD

36 ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. 방울비짜루 DD

37 ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus schoberioides Kunth 비짜루 LC

38 CYPERACEAE Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. 감둥사초 LC

39 CYPERACEAE Carex canescens L. 산사초 LC

40 CYPERACEAE Carex chordorrhiza L.f. 대암사초 LC

41 CYPERACEAE Carex echinata Murray 함북사초 LC

42 CYPERACEAE Carex japonica Thunb. 개찌버리사초 LC

43 CYPERACEAE Carex lachenalii Schkuhr 산타래사초 LC

44 CYPERACEAE Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. 벌사초 LC

45 CYPERACEAE Carex laxa Wahlenb. 실이삭사초 DD

46 CYPERACEAE Carex limosa L. 대택사초 LC

47 CYPERACEAE Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. 동백사초 LC

48 CYPERACEAE Carex loliacea L. 호밀사초 LC

49 CYPERACEAE Carex pauciflora Lightf. 산바늘사초 LC

50 CYPERACEAE Carex subspathacea Wormsk. ex Hornem. 애기천일사초 LC

51 CYPERACEAE Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. 별사초 LC

52 CYPERACEAE Carex vaginata Tausch 집사초 LC

No. Family Scientific Name Vernacular Categories Criteria


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53 CYPERACEAE Carex vesicaria L. 새방울사초 LC

54 CYPERACEAE Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl 층층고랭이 LC

55 CYPERACEAE Cyperus difformis L. 알방동사니 LC

56 CYPERACEAE Cyperus iria L. 참방동사니 LC

57 CYPERACEAE Cyperus nipponicus Franch. & Sav. 푸른방동사니 LC

58 CYPERACEAE Cyperus rotundus L. 향부자 LC

59 CYPERACEAE Cyperus tenuispica Steud. 우산방동사니 LC

60 CYPERACEAE Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. 원산쇠털골 LC

61 CYPERACEAE Eriophorum vaginatum L. 황새풀 LC

62 CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link 어른지기 LC

63 CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl 하늘지기 LC

64 CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke 푸른하늘지기 LC

65 CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich. 바람하늘지기 LC

66 CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f.) J.Kern 쇠하늘지기 LC

67 CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl 제주하늘지기 LC

68 CYPERACEAE Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. 검정방동사니 LC

69 CYPERACEAE Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. 파대가리 LC

70 CYPERACEAE Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) Koyama 드렁방동사니 LC

71 CYPERACEAE Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv. 갯방동사니 LC

72 CYPERACEAE Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl 흰고양이수염 LC

73 CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla 좀송이고랭이 LC

74 CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla 세모고랭이 LC

75 GRAMINEAE Agrostis canina L. 검은겨이삭 LC

76 GRAMINEAE Agrostis clavata Trin. 산겨이삭 LC

77 GRAMINEAE Agrostis stolonifera L. 애기겨이삭 LC

78 GRAMINEAE Arundo donax L. 물대 LC

79 GRAMINEAE Avena fatua L. 메귀리 LC

80 GRAMINEAE Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. 개피 LC

81 GRAMINEAE Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartm. 라프랜드새풀 LC

82 GRAMINEAE Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hall.f.) Koel 갯조풀 LC

83 GRAMINEAE Festuca parvigluma Steud. 김의털아재비 LC

84 GRAMINEAE Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. 좀겨풀 LC

85 GRAMINEAE Phalaris arundinacea L. 갈풀 LC

86 GRAMINEAE Phleum alpinum L. 산조아재비 LC

87 GRAMINEAE Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. 갈대 LC

88 GRAMINEAE Poa annua L. 새포아풀 LC

89 GRAMINEAE Poa pratensis L. 왕포아풀 LC

90 GRAMINEAE Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. 갯쇠돌피 LC

91 GRAMINEAE Pseudoraphis sordida (Thwaites) S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen 물잔디 LC

92 GRAMINEAE Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Buse 쇠풀 LC

93 GRAMINEAE Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi 잠자리피 LC

94 HYDROCHARITACEAE Blyxa aubertii Rich. 올챙이자리 LC

95 HYDROCHARITACEAE Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. ex Asch. & G?ke 올챙이솔 LC

96 HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila nipponica J.Kuo 해호말 NT

97 HYDROCHARITACEAE Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 검정말 LC

98 HYDROCHARITACEAE Hydrocharis dubia (Blume) Backer 자라풀 LC

99 HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas graminea Delile 나자스말 LC

100 HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas marina L. 민나자스말 LC

101 HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas minor All. 톱니나자스말 LC

102 HYDROCHARITACEAE Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. 물질경이 LC

103 HYDROCHARITACEAE Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H.Hara 나사말 LC

104 IRIDACEAE Iris koreana Nakai 노랑붓꽃 EN B2ab(iii,v)



16

105 IRIDACEAE Iris odaesanensis Y.N.Lee 노랑무늬붓꽃 EN B2ab(iii,v)

106 JUNCACEAE Juncus bufonius L. 애기골풀 LC

107 JUNCACEAE Juncus decipiens (Buchenau) Nakai 골풀 LC

108 JUNCACEAE Juncus prismatocarpus R.Br. 참비녀골풀 LC

109 JUNCACEAE Juncus stygius L. 대택비녀골풀 LC

110 JUNCACEAE Juncus triglumis L. 구름골풀 LC

111 JUNCACEAE Juncus wallichianus J.Gay ex Laharpe 눈비녀골풀 LC

112 LILIACEAE Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker 나도개감채 LC

113 ORCHIDACEAE Cypripedium calceolus L. 노랑복주머니란 LC

114 ORCHIDACEAE Cypripedium guttatum Sw. 털복주머니란 LC

115 ORCHIDACEAE Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. in J.A.Murray 광릉요강꽃 EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)

116 ORCHIDACEAE Cypripedium macranthos Sw. 복주머니란 LC

117 ORCHIDACEAE Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames 타래난초 LC

118 PONTEDERIACEAE Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack 물옥잠 LC

119 PONTEDERIACEAE Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl 물달개비 LC

120 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton crispus L. 말즘 LC

121 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton distinctus A.Benn. 가래 LC

122 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton gramineus L. 앉은가래 LC

123 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn. 새우가래 LC

124 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton natans L. 큰가래 LC

125 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton octandrus Poir. 애기가래 LC

126 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton perfoliatus L. 넓은잎말 LC

127 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton pusillus L. 실말 LC

128 POTAMOGETONACEAE Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner 솔잎가래 LC

129 POTAMOGETONACEAE Zannichellia palustris L. 뿔말 LC

130 TYPHACEAE Sparganium erectum L. 흑삼릉 LC

131 TYPHACEAE Typha latifolia L. 큰잎부들 LC

132 TYPHACEAE Typha orientalis C.Presl. 부들 LC

133 ZOSTERACEAE Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino 새우말 VU B1ab(ii,iii)

134 ZOSTERACEAE Phyllospadix japonicus Makino 게바다말 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)

135 ZOSTERACEAE Zostera asiatica Miki 왕거머리말 NT

136 ZOSTERACEAE Zostera caespitosa Miki 포기거머리말 VU B2ab(ii,iii)

137 ZOSTERACEAE Zostera caulescens Miki 수거머리말 NT

138 ZOSTERACEAE Zostera geojeensis Shin 좀마디거머리말 EN B2ab(ii,iii)

139 ZOSTERACEAE Zostera japonica Asch. & Graebn. 애기거머리말 LC

140 ZOSTERACEAE Zostera marina L. 거머리말 LC

141 BERBERIDACEAE Berberis koreana Palib 매자나무 LC

142 BERBERIDACEAE Gymnospermium microrrhynchum (S.Moore) Takht. 한계령풀 EN B2ab(iii,v)

143 BETULACEAE Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. 물오리나무 LC

144 BETULACEAE Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. 오리나무 LC

145 BETULACEAE Alnus mandshurica (Callier) Hand.-Mazz. 덤불오리나무 LC

146 BETULACEAE Alnus maximowiczii Callier 두메오리나무 DD

147 BETULACEAE Alnus pendula Matsum. 좀사방오리 LC

148 BETULACEAE Alnus vermicularis Nakai 설령오리나무 DD

149 BETULACEAE Betula chinensis Maxim. 개박달나무 LC

150 BETULACEAE Betula costata Trautv. 거제수나무 LC

151 BETULACEAE Betula dahurica Pall. 물박달나무 LC

152 BETULACEAE Betula ermanii Cham. 사스래나무 LC

153 BETULACEAE Betula fruticosa Pall. 좀자작나무 LC

154 BETULACEAE Betula schmidtii Regel 박달나무 LC

155 BETULACEAE Carpinus cordata Blume 까치박달 LC

156 BETULACEAE Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume 서어나무 DD



17

157 BETULACEAE Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. 개서어나무 LC

158 BETULACEAE Carpinus turczaninowii Hance 소사나무 LC

159 BETULACEAE Corylus sieboldiana Blume 참개암나무 LC

160 BETULACEAE Ostrya japonica Sarg. 새우나무 LC

161 CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche palustris L. 물별이끼 LC

162 CAMPANULACEAE Adenophora taquetii H.Lév. 섬잔대 VU D2

163 CAMPANULACEAE Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai 금강초롱꽃 EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)

164 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera subsessilis Rehder 청괴불나무 LC

165 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey 병꽃나무 LC

166 CARYOPHYLLACEAE Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. 갯개미자리 LC

167 COMPOSITAE Bidens tripartita L. 가막사리 LC

168 COMPOSITAE Cirsium rhinoceros (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai 바늘엉겅퀴 LC

169 COMPOSITAE Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai 고려엉겅퀴 LC

170 COMPOSITAE Hemisteptia lyrata (Bunge) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. 지칭개 LC

171 COMPOSITAE Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa (Nakai) H.Rob. & Brettell 어리병풍 VU B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)

172 COMPOSITAE Leontopodium coreanum Nakai 솜다리 DD

173 COMPOSITAE Miyamayomena koraiensis (Nakai) Kitam 벌개미취 LC

174 COMPOSITAE Saussurea seoulensis Nakai 분취 LC

175 DROSERACEAE Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. 벌레먹이말 EN B2ab(iii,v)

176 DROSERACEAE Drosera peltata Thunb. 끈끈이귀개 LC

177 ERICACEAE Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. 월귤 LC

178 EUPHORBIACEAE Glochidion chodoense C.S.Lee & H.T.Im 조도만두나무 CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)

179 FAGACEAE Quercus dentata Thunb. 떡갈나무 LR/lc

180 HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum spicatum L. 이삭물수세미 LC

181 HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum ussuriense (Regel) Maxim. 선물수세미 LC

182 HAMAMELIDACEAE Corylopsis coreana Uyeki 히어리 EN B2ab(iii)

183 HYDRANGEACEAE Deutzia paniculata Nakai 꼬리말발도리 EN B2ab(i,iii,iv)

184 HYDRANGEACEAE Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe 나도승마 EN B2ab(ii,iii,v)

185 LABIATAE Lycopus uniflorus Michx. 털쉽싸리 LC

186 LABIATAE Prunella vulgaris L. 꿀풀 LC

187 LABIATAE Salvia maximowicziana Hemsl. 참배암차즈기 LC

188 LABIATAE Scutellaria insignis Nakai 광릉골무꽃 DD

189 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold ex Nakai 생달나무 LR/nt

190 LEGUMINOSAE Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.Cours.) G.Don 비수리 LC

191 LEGUMINOSAE Lespedeza maritima Nakai 해변싸리 LC

192 LEGUMINOSAE Medicago sativa L. 자주개자리 LC

193 LEGUMINOSAE Sophora flavescens Aiton 고삼 LC

194 LEGUMINOSAE Sophora koreensis Nakai 개느삼 EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

195 LEGUMINOSAE Vicia amoena Fisch. ex Ser. 갈퀴나물 LC

196 LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia bifida L. 땅귀개 LC

197 LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia intermedia Hayne 개통발 LC

198 LINDERNIACEAE Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. 외풀 LC

199 LINDERNIACEAE Lindernia micrantha D.Don 논뚝외풀 LC

200 LYTHRACEAE Lythrum salicaria L. 털부처꽃 LC

201 MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch 함박꽃나무 LC

202 MENYANTHACEAE Menyanthes trifoliata L. 조름나물 LC

203 MENYANTHACEAE Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze 노랑어리연꽃 LC

204 NYMPHAEACEAE Euryale ferox Salisb. 가시연꽃 LC

205 NYMPHAEACEAE Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. 왜개연꽃 LC

206 NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea tetragona Georgi 수련 LC

207 OLEACEAE Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai 미선나무 EN B2ab(iii)

208 OLEACEAE Forsythia ovata Nakai 만리화 EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)



18


209 OLEACEAE Fraxinus chiisanensis Nakai 물들메나무 EN B2ab(ii,iii)

210 OLEACEAE Fraxinus chinensis Roxb. 물푸레나무 LC

211 OLEACEAE Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara 개회나무 LC

212 ONAGRACEAE Epilobium hirsutum L. 큰바늘꽃 LC

213 ONAGRACEAE Epilobium palustre L. 버들바늘꽃 LC

214 PAPAVERACEAE Chelidonium hylomeconoides (Nakai) Ohwi 매미꽃 LC

215 PAPAVERACEAE Corydalis filistipes Nakai 섬현호색 VU D2

216 PARNASSIACEAE Parnassia palustris L. 물매화 LC

217 POLYGONACEAE Fallopia koreana B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim 삼도하수오 VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

218 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre 물여뀌 LC

219 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 여뀌 LC

220 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre 흰여뀌 LC

221 POLYGONACEAE Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross 미꾸리낚시 LC

222 POLYGONACEAE Polygonum pubescens Blume 바보여뀌 LC

223 PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia maritima (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano 갯봄맞이 LC

224 RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. 세뿔투구꽃 NT

225 RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum coreanum (H.Lév.) Rapaics 백부자 LC

226 RANUNCULACEAE Anemone koraiensis Nakai 홀아비바람꽃 LC

227 RANUNCULACEAE Anemone maxima Nakai 섬노루귀 CR B1ab(iii)

228 RANUNCULACEAE Clematis trichotoma Nakai 할미밀망 LC

229 RANUNCULACEAE Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi 모데미풀 EN B2ab(iii)

230 RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus sceleratus L. 개구리자리 LC

231 ROSACEAE Armeniaca mandshurica (Maxim.) Skvortsov 개살구나무 DD

232 ROSACEAE Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. 야광나무 LC

233 ROSACEAE Malus komarovii (Sarg.) Rehder 이노리나무 EN B2ab(iii,iv,v)

234 ROSACEAE Malus toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese 아그배나무 DD

235 ROSACEAE Pentactina rupicola Nakai 금강인가목 CR B1ab(iii)

236 ROSACEAE Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. 검은낭아초 LC

237 ROSACEAE Potentilla supina L. 개소시랑개비 LC

238 ROSACEAE Prunus choreiana Nakai ex T.Kawamoto 복사앵도 EN B2ab(iii)

239 ROSACEAE Prunus padus L. 귀룽나무 LC

240 ROSACEAE Rosa acicularis Lindl. 민둥인가목 LC

241 ROSACEAE Rubus arcticus L. 함경딸기 LC

242 ROSACEAE Rubus chamaemorus L. 진들딸기 LC

243 RUBIACEAE Galium trifidum L. 가는네잎갈퀴 LC

244 SALICACEAE Chosenia arbutifolia (Pallas) A. Skvortsov 채양버들 VU A1c

245 SALICACEAE Salix blinii H.Lév. 제주산버들 VU D2

246 SAPINDACEAE Acer palmatum Thunb. 단풍나무 LC

247 SAPINDACEAE Acer pictum Thunb. 고로쇠나무 DD

248 SCROPHULARIACEAE Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. 소엽풀 LC

249 SCROPHULARIACEAE Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume 구와말 LC

250 SCROPHULARIACEAE Microcarpaea minima (Retz.) Merr. 진흙풀 LC

251 SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 큰물칭개나물 LC

252 THEACEAE Camellia japonica L. 동백나무 LC

253 TRAPACEAE Trapa incisa Siebold & Zucc. 애기마름 LC

254 UMBELLIFERAE Bupleurum euphorbioides Nakai 등대시호 EN B2ab(iii)

255 UMBELLIFERAE Bupleurum latissimum Nakai 섬시호 CR B1ab(iii)

256 UMBELLIFERAE Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 병풀 LC

257 UMBELLIFERAE Cicuta virosa L. 독미나리 LC

258 UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. 큰피막이풀 LC

259 UMBELLIFERAE Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. 미나리 LC

260 VALERIANACEAE Patrinia saniculifolia Hemsley 금마타리 LC

Part 1

The Red List of Vascular Plants in Korea (Theatened categories)


20

Mankyua chejuense B.Y.Sun, M.H.Kim & C.H.Kim제주고사리삼

Ophioglossaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1 Assessor(s): Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S. Year Published: 2016 Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic of Current Population Trend: decreasingJustification: Mankyua chejuense has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 8km². It is known from only one location and there is a clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors, including the effects of deforestation (Bae 200, Chang and Seok 1997). For these reasons the species has been assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 제주고사리삼은 약 8km²의 점유면적(EOO)과 분포범위(AOO)를 보인다. 오직 한 지역에만 분포하며 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 요인들로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 본 종은 위급(CR)로 평가된다. Citation: Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. 2016. Mankyua chejuense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72136436A98368257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72136436A72136464.en


21

Glochidion chodoense C.S.Lee & H.T.Im / 조도만두나무 Euphorbiaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Glochidion chodoense has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 8 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is also estimated as being around 8 km². It occurs in three, fragmented locations. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of threatening factors, including the effects of deforestation (Bae 2009, Chang and Seok 1997). For these reasons G. chodoense is assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 조도만두나무는 약 8km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)에 위치하며, 분포범위(EOO)는 약 8km²로 추정된다. 본 종은 3개 지역에 분절화 되어 있다. 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 가지 위협 요인으로 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 조도만두나무는 위급(CR)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Glochidion chodoense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188452A13189464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188452A13189464.en


22

Anemone maxima Nakai / 섬노루귀 Ranunculaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Anemone maxima is endemic to Ulleung Island, South Korea, where it is narrowly distributed, growing on only one locality on the island. Currently there is no evidence of population decline, and although there is a future threat from invasive species and habitat loss, it is unclear what impact this may have on the species. Qualitative decline of the species' habitat can be inferred from increasing road construction and increasing human habitats (H. Kim pers. comm.) Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both around 48 km². The population has a very restricted area of occupancy and occurs in only one location that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events. For these reasons A. maxima has been assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 섬노루귀는 울릉도 고유종으로, 섬의 한 지역에서만 자라는 좁은 분포를 보인다. 현재 개체군 감소의 증거는 없으며, 침입 종과 생육지 손실로 인한 미래의 위협이 있더라도 이것이 종에 어떤 영향을 미칠지는 분명하지 않다. 생육지의 질적 감소는 도로 건설 증가와 인간 서식지의 증가로 추측 할 수 있다. 추정된 분포범위(EOO)와 점유면적(AOO)은 약 48km²이다. 섬노루귀 집단은 매우 제한된 점유 면적을 갖고 있고 인간 활동이나 우연적인 사건의 영향에 취약한 한 지역에서만 존재한다. 이러한 이유로 섬노루귀는 위급(CR)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Anemone maxima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188471A13189479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188471A13189479.en


23

Pentactina rupicola Nakai / 금강인가목 Rosaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Pentactina rupicola is endemic to Mt. Geumgang in North Korea, where it is distributed narrowly and is known from only one locality in the mountains. This species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 24 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 57 km². There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors, including the effects of deforestation. The species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 금강인가목은 북한의 금강산 지역의 고유종으로 좁은 곳에 분포하며 해당 지역에서만 알려져있다. 본 종은 24km²의 점유면적(AOO)과 57km²의 분포범위(EOO)를 보인다. 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소하고 있다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 따라, 본 종은 멸종위급(CR)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Pentactina rupicola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T72137308A72137585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72137308A72137585.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: Bupleurum latissimum has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 20 km². It occurs in six fragmented sites within one location. The distances between each subpopulation range from 1–12 km; the population is severely fragmented and subpopulations are very restricted with distances between them likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons B. latissimum has been assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 섬시호는 약 20km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고, 한 지역 내에 6개의 조각난 아집단을 형성하고 있다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 1~12km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 단편화되어 있어 유효한 유전자 교류를 허용하기에는 너무 멀다. 해당지역에 대한 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 섬시호는 멸종위급(CR)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Bupleurum latissimum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188385A13189429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188385A13189429.en

Bupleurum latissimum Nakai / 섬시호 Umbelliferae


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Abies koreana E.H.Wilson / 구상나무 Pinaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Kim, C.-S. & Gardner, M.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P. & Farjon, A.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: The Korean Fir (Abies koreana) has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 12 km². It occurs in four fragmented locations; Mt. Gaya, Mt. Chiri and Mt. Togyu on the mainland and Mt. Halla on the remote Jeju Island. The distances between each location range from 40–250 km and are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in the AOO and quality of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of climate change, pathogen attack and on Mt. Halla the invasion of pines and bamboo (Sasa). For these reasons A. koreana has been assessed as Endangered. The conservation status of this species needs to be carefully monitored as if there is a further reduction of the current AOO of 12 km² to 10 km² or below, then it will qualify as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 구상나무는 약 12km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 갖고 있다. 본 종은 내륙의 가야산, 지리산, 덕유산과 제주의 한라산 4지역에 분절화된 분포를 보인다. 각 지역 간의 거리는 40-250km로 유효한 유전자 교류를 하기에는 너무 멀다. 기후 변화, 병원균 영향과 한라산에서의 소나무와 조릿대의 침입 등 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 점유면적의 지속적인 감소에 대한 명확하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 구상나무는 위기(ER)로 평가된다. 이 종의 보전 상태는 현재 점유면적이 12km²에서 10km² 이하로 감소하는 지에 대해 신중하게 모니터링이 수행될 필요가 있다. 만약 이와 같이 줄어들게 된다면 위급으로 판정될 수 있다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Kim, C.-S. & Gardner, M. 2011. Abies koreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T31244A9618913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T31244A9618913.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Iris koreana has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 228 km². It occurs in 14 locations, and the distances between each subpopulation range from 30-200 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the distance between subpopulations is likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons I. koreana has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 노랑붓꽃의 추정 점유면적은 약 228km²로 14개 장소에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 30-200km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 노랑붓꽃은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Iris koreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188476A13189484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188476A13189484.en

Iris koreana Nakai / 노랑붓꽃 Iridaceae


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Iris odaesanensis Y.N.Lee / 노랑무늬붓꽃 Iridaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Iris odaesanensis has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 184 km². It occurs in 20 locations. The distances between each location range from 30–200 km and are severely fragmented, likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons I. odaesanensis has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 노랑무늬붓꽃의 추정 점유면적은 약 184km²로 20개 장소에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 30-200km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 노랑무늬붓꽃은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Iris odaesanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188481A13189489. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188481A13189489.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rankou, H.Reviewer(s): Fay, M.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic of Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Cypripedium japonicum is rare to extremely rare in some areas with a scattered and restricted distribution. The trend of the population is decreasing and the abundance of the species has been significantly reduced in recent decades due to many threats especially exploitation for horticultural and medicinal purposes, ruthless collection, trampling, weak recovery, frequent fires, overgrazing pressure, ecological disturbance, deforestation, tourism and infrastructure development. The estimated area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² with an estimated continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, the quality of habitats and the number of subpopulations. The estimated number of mature individuals is less than 2,000 in the wild and the number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is less than 250. Therefore, C. japonicum is assessed as Endangered (EN)

평가근거: 광릉요강꽃은 분포가 산발적이고 제한적이며, 일부 지역에서는 희귀하거나 극단적으로 희귀하다. 집단의 추세는 감소하고 있으며, 원예 및 약용 목적의 채취, 무자비한 수집, 답압, 약한 회복, 빈번한 화재, 과도한 방목, 생태적 교란, 산림벌채, 관광 및 사회간접자본 개발 등의 위협으로 인해 수십 년 동안 종이 현저하게 감소되었다. 본 종의 추정 점유면적은 500㎢ 미만으로 성숙한 개체의 수, 생육지의 질 및 아집단의 수의 계속적인 감소를 격고 있다. 성숙한 개체의 추정 수는 야생에서 2,000 미만이며 각 아집단의 성숙한 개체 수는 250 미만이다. 따라서 광릉요강꽃은 적색목록상 위기(EN)에 처한 것으로 평가된다.

Citation: Rankou, H. 2014. Cypripedium japonicum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T13188414A16672875. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T13188414A16672875.en

Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. in J.A.Murray / 광릉요강꽃 Orchidaceae


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Gymnospermium microrrhynchum (S.Moore) Takht. 한계령풀

Berberidaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Jilin, Liaoning); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Gymnospermium microrrhychum has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 148 km². It occurs in 15 locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 60–600 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons G. microrrhychum has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 한계령풀은 약 148km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고 15개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 간의 거리는 60-600km로 아집단이 심각하게 파편화되어 있다(즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 한계령풀은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Gymnospermium microrrhynchum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188457A13189469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188457A13189469.en


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Zostera geojeensis Shin / 좀마디거머리말 Zosteraceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Zostera geojeensis is known only from two locations on the west coast and south coast of South Korea and has an extremely limited distribution. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km². The population is in decline and this species is threatened by habitat loss from hardening of shorelines. This species meets Criterion B2, with less than five known locations, and a continuing decline in AOO and quality of habitat. This species is listed as Endangered.

평가근거: 좀마디거머리말은 한국의 서해안과 남해안의 2개 지역에서만 알려져 있으며 분포가 극히 제한적입니다. 점유면적(AOO)은 500km² 미만으로 집단은 감소하고 있으며 해안선의 구조물화 인한 생육지 감소로 위협 받고 있습니다. 본 종은 5개 미만의 알려진 지역와 점유면적 및 생육지의 질이 지속적으로 하락하여 평가기준 B2를 충족한다. 따라서, 이 종은 적색평가 기준의 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Zostera geojeensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173345A6995781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173345A6995781.en


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Phyllospadix japonicus Makino / 게바다말 Zosteraceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Phyllospadix japonicus has a small distribution in Korea and a very limited range in Japan. There have been declines recorded in Korea. Major threats to this species are localized coastal development and shoreline hardening. In northern China this species was previously widespread over vast rocky shallow subtidal areas, but since the establishment of extensive kelp (algal) aquaculture nearly all the P. japonicus has been eliminated. The recruitment rate of this species is low as it inhabits a high energy environment, where conditions need to be right for seeds to be successful. The population of P. japonicus is naturally fragmented due to a lack of suitable substrate. Overall declines are estimated to be in the region of between 30 and 50% over the three generation lengths (18 years) which meets the threshold for Vulnerable under criterion A. However, given the shallow depth range and patchy occurrence, the current area of occupancy of this species is estimated to be less than 500 km² and therefore this species also meets the threshold for Endangered under criterion B2, with a continuing decline in area and a fragmented population.

평가근거: 게바다말은 한국에서는 작은 규모의 분포, 일본에서는 매우 제한된 범위의 분포를 보인다. 한국에서는 종의 감소가 기록되었다. 본 종에 대한 주요 위협은 지역적인 해안 개발과 해안선 구조물화이다. 중국 북부에서 본 종은 이전에 바위가 많은 얕은 조하대에 넓게 분포 했었지만 광범위한 해초 양식을 시작한 이래 거의 모든 게바다말이 제거되었다. 본 종의 재활착 비율은 낮은데, 종자의 활착에 필요한 조건이 높은 에너지 환경이기 때문이다. 게바다말의 집단은 적절한 기질이 없기 때문에 자연적으로 파편화되어있다. 전반적인 감소는 기준 A에서 취약성에 대한 임계 값을 충족시키는 3개 세대 동안(18년) 30-50%로 추정된다. 그러나 얕은 수심 범위와 파편화된 종 발생으로 인하여, 현재의 점유면적은 500km² 미만으로 추정되며 지속적인 감소와 파편화된 집단의 특성과 함께 본 종은 기준 B2에 따라 적색목록기준의 위기(EN)에 처한 한계점을 충족한다. Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Phyllospadix japonicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173341A6994909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173341A6994909.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Hanabusaya asiatica has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 72 km². It occurs in 20 locations, but the distances between each subpopulation range from 20–200 km; the population is considered to be severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons H. asiatica has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 금강초롱의 추정 점유면적은 약 72km²로 20개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 20-200km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 금강초롱은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Hanabusaya asiatica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188466A13189474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188466A13189474.en

Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai / 금강초롱꽃 Campanulaceae


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Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. / 벌레먹이말 Droseraceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Cross, A.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Bilz, M.Year Published: 2012Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia); Botswana; Bulgaria; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Lithuania; Poland; Romania; Serbia (Serbia, Serbia); South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part))Regionally extinct: Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Burundi; Cameroon; Chad; China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Ghana; India (Manipur, West Bengal); Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan (Honshu); Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Malawi; Montenegro; Mozambique; Rwanda; Slovakia; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Timor-Leste; Togo; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Uganda; Uzbekistan; ZambiaCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: From 379 natural historical populations distributed throughout 124 regions in 43 countries, this species has declined over the last century to only 50 confirmed extant locations. Two thirds of these are however found in one region within Poland and the Ukraine, with the remaining 18 sites thinly spread across four continents. The species has been confirmed extinct in Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Bangladesh, India, Japan, Uzbekistan and East Timor, and remains unverified in another 21 countries. The likelihood of persistence in many of these areas is slim due to extensive wetland degradation, and it is undeniable that this species faces a potentially severe outlook if attempts to mediate the species decline are not swiftly made.

평가근거: 43개국 124개 지역에 분포 한 379개 자연 집단으로부터 벌레먹이말은 지난 세기 동안 현존하는 50개의 확인된 지역으로 감소했다. 그러나 이들 중 3분의 2는 폴란드와 우크라이나의 한 지역에서 발견되며 나머지 18개 지역은 4개 대륙에 걸쳐 얇게 펼쳐진다. 본 종은 오스트리아, 슬로바키아, 체코, 프랑스, 독일, 이탈리아, 방글라데시, 인도, 일본, 우즈베키스탄 및 동 티모르에서 멸종 된 것으로 확인되었으며 다른 21개국에서 확인되지 않고 있다. 이 많은 지역에서 생존 확률은 습지가 광범위하게 감소함에 따라 희박해 지고 있고 종의 쇠퇴를 조정하려는 시도가 신속하게 이루어지지 않으면 잠재적으로 심각한 전망에 직면한다는 것은 부인할 수 없다. Citation: Cross, A. 2012. Aldrovanda vesiculosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T162346A901031. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T162346A901031.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Son, S.-W., Kim, H. & Kim, Y.-S.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Corylopsis coreana has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 412 km². It occurs in 37 locations. The distances between each location range from 50-200 km and are severely fragmented, likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons C. coreana has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 히어리의 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 412km²이다. 현재까지 37개 지역에서 발생한다. 각 지역 사이의 거리는 50~200km로 심각하게 파편화 되어 있어 유효한 유전자 교류를 하기에는 너무 멀다. 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 히어리는 적색목록의 평가기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Son, S.-W., Kim, H. & Kim, Y.-S. 2016. Corylopsis coreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72136190A72136238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72136190A72136238.en

Corylopsis coreana Uyeki / 히어리 Hamamelidaceae


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Deutzia paniculata Nakai / 꼬리말발도리 Hydrangeaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(i,iii,iv) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Deutzia paniculata has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 17,555km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 116km². It occurs in six locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 10-100 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons D. paniculata has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 꼬리말발도리는 약 17,555km²의 분포범위(EOO)와 약 116km²의 점유면적(AOO)을 보이며 6개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 10-100km로 심하게 파편화되었다(아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 꼬리말발도리는 적색목록 기준에 따라 위기(EN)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Deutzia paniculata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188425A13189444. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188425A13189444.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: This species occurs in forest habitats in China, Japan and South Korea. These habitats are declining due to human disturbance, herbivore damage, and soil erosion. The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO); far larger than the criterion B1 thresholds. However its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 64km². Given its small AOO, continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat, a severely fragmented population, and the very small population size, this species is listed as Endangered.

평가근거: 나도승마는 한국, 중국, 일본의 산림에 분포한다. 해당 산림 생육지는 인간의 교란, 초식 동물의 피해 및 토양 침식으로 인해 감소하고 있다. 본 종은 분포범위(EOO)는 높은 값을 보여 평가 기준 B1 임계 값보다 훨씬 크다. 그러나 점유면적(AOO)은 약 64km²이다. 낮은 AOO를 감안할 때 생육지의 범위와 질의 지속적인 감소, 개체군의 파편화, 그리고 매우 작은 개체군 크기를 감안하여 이 종은 위기(ER)로 판정된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Kirengeshoma palmata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188492A13189494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188492A13189494.en

Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe / 나도승마 Hydrangeaceae


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Sophora koreensis Nakai / 개느삼 Leguminosae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Sophora koreensis has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 44 km². It occurs in nine locations. The distances between each location range from 50–320 km, making the populstion severely fragmented (i.e. subpopulations are likely too distant to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons S. koreensis has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 개느삼의 추정 점유면적은 약 44km²로 9개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 50-320km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 개느삼은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Sophora koreensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188557A13189529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188557A13189529.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Abeliophyllum distichum has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 72 km². It is known to occur in nine locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 20–220 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the distance between subpopulations is likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons A. distichum has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 미선나무의 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 72km²입니다. 본 종은 9개 지역에서 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 20-220km로 각 아집단이 심각하게 단편화 된다(즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 되지 않음). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 미선나무는 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. 2016. Abeliophyllum distichum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188339A13189399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188339A13189399.en

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai / 미선나무 Oleaceae


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Forsythia ovata Nakai / 만리화 Oleaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Forsythia ovata has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 80 km². It occurs in five locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 30–200 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors, including the effects of deforestation. For these reasons F. ovata has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 만리화는 약 80km²의 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고 5개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 30-200km로 집단이 심각하게 파편화되었다(즉, 아집단 사이의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능함). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소하고 있다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 만리화는 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Forsythia ovata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188438A13189454. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188438A13189454.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Fraxinus chiisanensis has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 84 km². It occurs in nine locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 5-100 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons F. chiisanensis has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 물들메나무는 약 84km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고 9개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 간의 거리는 5-100km 범위이며 아집단이 심각하게 파편화되어 있다(즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 물들메나무는 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Fraxinus chiisanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188447A13189459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T13188447A13189459.en

Fraxinus chiisanensis Nakai / 물들메나무 Oleaceae


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Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi / 모데미풀 Ranunculaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Megaleranthis saniculifolia has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 272 km². It occurs in >10 locations, but the distances between each subpopulation range from 60–600 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopualtions are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons M. saniculifolia has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 모데미풀의 추정 점유면적은 약 272km²로 14개 이상의 장소에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 60-600km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 모데미풀은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Megaleranthis saniculifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72136660A72136663. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72136660A72136663.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,iv,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L., Maxted, N., Kim, H., Son, S.-W. & Kim, Y.-S.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Jilin); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Malus komarovii has a small distribution in South Korea and a very limited range in northern China. The majority of its distribution is within North Korea. Previous this species was assessed as Vulnerable (World Conservation Monitoring Centre 2013). There is no evidence that the threats documented in previous assessments have ceased, and fragmentation and habitat degradation are documented both in the Korean DMZ and the Changbai Shan Nature Reserve. Furthermore minimal ex-situ conservation is in place for this species, with no evidence found for active in-situ conservation (e.g., management and monitoring). Taking this into account, this species is globally assessed as Endangered as it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 84 km², and an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) around 52,000 km², a severely fragmented population, and there is continuing decline in quality of habitat. Recommendations for this species include management and monitoring of subpopulations in where applicable, and collection of germ plasm material for ex-situ conservation.

평가근거: 이노리나무는 한국과 중국 북부에서는 매우 제한된 분포를 보이며 북한에서 종의 대부분 이 분포한다. 이전 연구에서 본 종은 취약(VU)으로 평가되었으며 위협이 중지되었다는 문서화된 증거는 없으며 한반도의 비무장지대와 장백산 자연 보호 구역에서 생육지 악화와 분절화가 문서화 되어 있다. 또한 이 종에 대한 최소한의 현지 외 보전이 이루어지거나 현지내 보전 (예, 관리 및 모니터링)관리가 시행되었다는 증거는 없었다. 이를 고려하여 이노리나무의 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 84km²이고 추정 분포범위(EOO)는 약 52,000km²이며, 집단이 심하게 분절화되어 있고 생육지의 질이 지속적으로 저하되어 적색목록상 세계적 규모의 멸종위기(ER)로 판정된다. 이 종에 대한 보전 권장 사항에는 적용 가능한 경우 아집단의 관리 및 모니터링과 현지 외 보전을위한 유전자원 수집 등이다. Citation: Rhodes, L., Maxted, N., Kim, H., Son, S.-W. & Kim, Y.-S. 2016. Malus komarovii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T32362A13189514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T32362A13189514.en

Malus komarovii (Sarg.) Rehder / 이노리나무 Rosaceae


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Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im / 복사앵도 Rosaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Prunus choreiana is endemic to the Korean peninsula. This species is naturally fragmented due to a lack of suitable habitat. Major threats to this species are local development and agricultural activities. It has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 72 km² and it is known from 10 locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 20-500 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). This species meets the threshold for criterion B2, with a restricted AOO, continuing decline in area and quality of habitat, and with less than 10 known locations and a fragmented population. This species is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 복사앵도는 한반도의 고유종이다. 본 종은 적절한 생육지가 없어 자연적으로 파편화되어 있다. 본 종에 대한 주요 위협은 지역 개발과 농업 활동입니다. 본 종의 추정 점유면적(AOO)이 72km²이고 10 개 지역에서 분포한다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 20-500km로 심각하게 파편화되어 있다 (즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능함). 생육지의 질과 점유면적의 지속적으로 감소와 알려진 지역이 4곳 이하이고 평가기준 B2에 대한 기준을 충족하고 있다. 그러므로 이 종은 취약(VU)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Prunus choreiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64121110A64121118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64121110A64121118.en


44

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Jilin); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation(West Siberia)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Bupleurum euphorbioides has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) including areas of South Korea, North Korea, and extending into China and Russia. However, its population is fragmented and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 184km². Currently it is known from 15 locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 30–900 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the subpopulations are likely too distant from each other to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons B. euphorbioides has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 등대시호는 한반도 및 중국과 러시아(연해주)까지 매우 광범위하게 분포한다. 그러나 그 집단은 파편화되어 있으며 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 약 184km²이다. 현재 15 지역에 알려져 있고 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 30-900km로 아집단은 심각하게 단편화되어있다 (즉, 아집단은 유요한 유전자 교류를 위해 너무 멀리 떨어져 있을 가능성이 있다). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 생육지 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 등대시호는 적색목록의 평가 기준상 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Bupleurum euphorbioides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188382A13189424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188382A13189424.en

Bupleurum euphorbioides Nakai / 등대시호 Umbelliferae


45

Thuja koraiensis Nakai / 눈측백 Cupressaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D1 ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Lee, H. & Gardner, M.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P., Farjon, A. & Christian, T.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: China (Jilin); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Although there is little or no information about the conservation status of Thuja koraiensis in North Korea, there is sufficient documentation concerning the critical state of the forests to assume that the species is under threat. Most of the loss of forests in North Korea’s is related to the policy of increasing arable land in mountainous areas (UNEP 2003, Hayes 2009). The level of deforestation is suspected to have caused a loss in the area of occupancy (AOO) and had a negative impact on the extent and/or quality of any existing habitats and caused severe fragmentation. In South Korea the species is more secure but the underlying problem here and throughout the global population is the lack of recruitment due to the paucity of mature individuals. Even in the Changbaishan reserve where there is an estimated 2,500 individual plants, only 15 individuals are sexually mature. Some locations, for example, Mt. Taebaek (M.Gardner pers. obs. 2010) have no mature individuals. The total number of mature reproducing individuals is uncertain but is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000. The AOO is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km² with subpopulations severely fragmented. A recent survey could not locate plants on Mt. Hwaak due to disturbance from military buildings, indicating a decline in the number of locations and probably mature individuals (H. Lee pers. comm. 2011). As a result Thuja koraiensis is assessed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 비록 북한지역에서 눈측백의 보존 상태에 대한 정보가 거의 없지만, 본 종이 위협에 처한 것으로 추정 할 수 있는 현지 산림의 치명적 상황에 관한 충분한 문서가 있다. 북한의 대부분의 산림 감소는 산악 경작지 증가 정책과 관련이 있다(UNEP 2003, Hayes 2009). 북한의 산림벌채 수준은 점유면적(AOO) 감소를 일으킨 것으로 의심되며 기존 생육지의 범위 또는 질에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 심각한 파편화를 야기했다. 한국에서는 종의 안전성이 더 높지만 근본적인 문제는 전체 집단에서 성숙 개체 부족으로 인한 개체군 보충이 안되는 점이다. 추정된 2,500개의 개체가 보고된 장백산 보호 구역에서도 15개체 만 생식이 가능한 성숙개체이다. 일부 지역 예를 들어 태백산(M.Gardner pers. obs. 2010)에는 성숙한 개체가 전혀 없다. 성숙한 번식 개체의 총 수는 불확실하지만 250 ~ 1,000으로 추정된다. 점유면적은 500 ~ 2,000km² 사이 인 것으로 추정되며 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어있다. 최근 조사에서 화악산은 군시설물로 인한 교란으로 더 이상 개체를 찾을 수 없었으며, 이는 많은 지역과 성숙 개체의 감소를 의미한다 (H. Lee. comm. 2011). 그 결과 눈측백은 적색목록 기준상 취약(VU)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Lee, H. & Gardner, M. 2011. Thuja koraiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T31245A9619180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T31245A9619180.en


46

Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino / 새우말 Zosteraceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B1ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian FederationCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Phyllospadix iwatensis has a limited distribution in Korea, China and Japan. This species is naturally fragmented due to a lack of suitable substrate. There have been declines recorded in Korea and Japan. Losses of unknown magnitude have occurred since the start of extensive kelp aquaculture in Northern China. Major threats to this species are coastal development and shoreline hardening, pollution, eutrophication and aquaculture. The recruitment rate of this species is low as it inhabits a high energy environment, where conditions need to be right for seeds to be successful. The extent of occurrence of P. iwatensis is less than 20,000 km². This species meets the threshold for criterion B1, with a continuing decline in area and quality of habitat, and with less than 10 known locations and a fragmented population. This species is listed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 새우말은 한국, 중국, 일본에 분포가 제한적이다. 본 종은 적절한 기질이 없기 때문에 자연적으로 파편화된다. 한국과 일본에서 기록적인 감소가 있었고, 중국 북부의 광대 한 다시마 양식이 시작된 이래로 알려지지 않은 크기의 감소가 발생했다. 이 종에 대한 주요 위협은 해안 개발과 해안선의 구조물화, 오염, 부영양화 및 양식이다. 본 종의 재활착 비율은 낮은데, 종자의 활착에 필요한 조건이 높은 에너지 환경이기 때문이다. 새우말의 분포범위는 20,000km² 미만이다. 본 종은 생육지의 면적과 질이 지속적으로 감소하고, 10개 미만의 알려진 분포지역과 파편화된 아집단은 적색목록 평가 기준 B1을 충족시킨다. 따라서, 본 종은 취약(VU)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Phyllospadix iwatensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173344A6995596. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173344A6995596.en


47

Zostera caespitosa Miki / 포기거머리말 Zosteraceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Zostera caespitosa is found on the Korean Peninsula, northern China, and northern Japan and has a very limited distribution. Zostera caespitosa is sensitive to pollution and reduced water quality is a particular threat. Habitat loss is also a major threat to this species. Zostera caespitosa is naturally restricted to a narrow depth range. The area of occupancy for this species is less than 2,000 km². This species meets criterion B2 with a continuing decline in area and habitat quality and a restricted and fragmented population. This species is listed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 포기거머리말은 한반도, 중국 북부, 일본 북부에서 발견되며 분포가 매우 제한적이다. 포기거머리말은 오염에 민감하고 수질의 저하는 특별한 위협이다. 생육지의 손실 또한 본 종에 대한 주요한 위협이다. 포기거머리말은 자연적으로 수심 범위가 좁고 제한된다. 본 종의 점유면적은 2,000km² 미만이다. 본 종은 면적과 생육지 질이 지속적으로 떨어지고, 집단은 제한되고 파편화되어 평가 기준 B2를 충족시킨다. 따라서, 본 종은 적색목록 평가기준으로 취약(VU)로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Zostera caespitosa. The IIUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173357A6998463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173357A6998463.en


48

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: This species is endemic to Jeju Island, where it has a narrow distribution, growing in only one location. Currently there is no evidence of population decline, but there is a future potential threat from invasive species and habitat loss, both of which are occurring on Jeju but it currently is unclear what effects these threats may be having on A. taquetii. The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) based on its restricted range and plausible threats that potentially could push this species into CR or EX within a short time period.

평가근거: 섬잔대는 제주도 고유종으로 국소 분포하며 한 지역에만 생육하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재 집단 감소의 증거는 없지만 제주도에서 발생하고 있는 침입종과 생육지의 감소가 위협이 될 가능성이 있으며, 해당 위협이 섬잔대에 미칠 수있는 영향은 현재 명확하지 않다. 본 종은 제한된 분포와 짧은 기간 내에 이 종을 위급 또는 멸종으로 이끌 수 있는 가능성 있는 위협에 근거하여 취약(VU)으로 평가한다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Adenophora taquetii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188370A13189414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188370A13189414.en

Adenophora taquetii H.Lév. / 섬잔대 Campanulaceae


49

Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa (Nakai) H.Rob. & Brettell 어리병풍

Compositae

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa is an endemic species in South Korea. Its estimated extent of occurrence(EOO) and area of occupancy(AOO) are 4,867km² and 56km², respectively. Because of its narrow range the risk of extinction is high as the existing threats to the species and its habitats are likely to cause the population to decline quickly in the near future. Since 1940, its EOO has declined from 5,600 km² to 4,867 km², which is an 13% decline in its distribution area.

평가근거: 병풍쌈은 한국의 고유종이다. 추정 분포범위(EOO)와 점유면적(AOO)은 각각 4,867km²와 56km²이다. 그 범위가 좁기 때문에 종과 생육지에 대한 기존 위협이 조만간 집단 감소를 초래할 가능성이 높기 때문에 멸종 위험이 높다. 1940년 이래로 분포범위는 5,600 km²에서 4,867 km²로 감소하여 분포 지역이 13% 감소되었다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188960A13189549. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188960A13189549.en


50

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is endemic to Ulleung Island, Korea, where it has a narrow distribution. Currently there is no evidence of population decline, and although there is a future potential threat from invasive species and habitat loss, the impact of these threats is unclear. Corydalis filistipes has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 16 km². The species has a very restricted AOO and occurrence in only one location, with potential threats from human activities or stochastic events that could push the species into CR or EX rapidly. Therefore it has been assessed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 섬현호색은 울릉도 고유종으로 협소한 분포를 보인다. 현재 집단 감소의 증거는 없으며 침입종과 생육지 감소라는 잠재적인 위협이 있지만 이러한 위협의 영향은 분명하지 않다. 섬현호색에는 16km²보다 작은 점유면적(AOO)과 분포범위(EOO)를 보인다. 이 종은 매우 제한된 점유면적과 한 지역에서만 발생하여 인간 활동이나 우연적 사건으로 본종을 멸종위기나 멸종으로 빠르게 이끌수 있는 잠재적 위협이 있다. 따라서 본종은 적색목록 평가기준에 따라 취약(VU)으로 평가한다.

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Corydalis filistipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188401A13189439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188401A13189439.en

Corydalis filistipes Nakai / 섬현호색 Papaveraceae


51

Fallopia koreana B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim / 삼도하수오 Polygonaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Fallopia korana has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 7,081km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 60 km². It occurs in nine locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 20-100 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons F. korana has been assessed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 삼도하수오의 추정 분포범위(EOO)는 7,081km²이고, 추정 점유면적은 약 60km²로 9 개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 20-100km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 삼도하수오는 적색목록 기준으로 취약(VU)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Fallopia koreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188430A13189449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188430A13189449.en


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Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A1c ver 2.3Assessor(s): World Conservation Monitoring CentreYear Published: 1998Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Russian Federation (North European Russia, Sakhalin)

평가근거: 본종은 ver. 2.3으로 평가되어 평가근거에 대한 기록이 없다.

Citation: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Chosenia arbutifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T32389A9696100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32389A9696100.en

Chosenia arbutifolia (Pall.) A. Skvortsov / 채양버들 Salicaceae


53

Salix blinii H. Lév. / 제주산버들 Salicaceae

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to Jeju Island, South Korea, where it has a restricted distribution on Mt. Halla. It is known from just one location, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) around 12 km². Currently there is no current evidence of decline, and but there is a future potential threat from invasive species and habitat loss, both of which are occurring on Jeju but it currently is unclear what effects these threats may be having on this species. The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) based on its restricted range and plausible threats that potentially could push this species into CR or EX within a short time period.

평가근거: 제주산버들은 제주도의 고유종으로 한라산의 매우 제한된 지역에 분포하고 추정 분포범위 (EOO)와 점유면적 (AOO)은 모두 12 km²이다. 현재 감소 증거는 없지만 침입종과 생육지의 감소 가능성이 있으며, 두가지 위협 모두 현재 제주도에서 발생하고 있으나 현재 본 종에 어떤 영향이 미칠 수 있는지는 분명하지 않다. 본 종은 제한된 분포 범위와 짧은 기간 내에 본 종을 멸종위기 또는 멸종으로 이끌 수 있는 가능한 위협에 근거하여 적색목록 기준으로 취약(VU)로 평가한다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Salix blinii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72138023A72138069. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72138023A72138069.en


54

Ⅰ. PTERIDOPHYTES

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum arvense L. / 쇠뜨기Equisetum boreale Bong., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 174 (1832)Equisetum arvense L. var. boreale (Bong.) Rupr., Dist. Crypt. Vasc. Ross. 19 (1845)Equisetum saxicola Suksd., Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 19: 93 (1901)Equisetum arvense L. subsp. boreale (Bong.) A.Löve, Náttúrufræðingurinn 18: 101 (1948)Equisetum calderi B.Boivin, Amer. Fern J. 50: 107 (1960)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China; Greenland; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; United States (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaiian Is., Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington)Current Population Trend: unknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Equisetum arvense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T167857A1178497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T167857A1178497.en

Equisetum fluviatile L. / 물속새Equisetum limosum L., Sp. Pl. 1062Equisetum heleocharis Ehrh., Hannover. Mag. 1783: 286Equisetum hyemale L. var. japonicum Milde, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 69

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014 Country Occurrence: Albania; Australia; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Iceland; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland));

Japan; Jersey; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); SaintPierre and Miquelon; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: stable Justification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. 평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Equisetum fluviatile. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167858A42381075. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167858A42381075.en

Equisetum hyemale L. / 속새Hippochaete hyemalis (L.) Milde ex Bruhin, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 18: 758 (1868)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V. Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Chongqing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Greenland; Guatemala; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guadalupe I., Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico Distrito Federal, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Revillagigedo Is., Rocas Alijos, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, Kamchatka, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Sakhalin, South European Russia, West Siberia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina,



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South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: increasing Justification: This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats. 평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Equisetum hyemale. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T203003A42381564. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203003A42381564.en

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Mankyua chejuense B.Y.Sun, M.H.Kim & C.H.Kim / 제주고사리삼Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1 Assessor(s): Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S. Year Published: 2016 Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic of Current Population Trend: decreasing Justification: Mankyua chejuense has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 8 km². It is known from only one location and there is a clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors, including the effects of deforestation (Bae 200, Chang and Seok 1997). For these reasons the species has been assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 제주고사리삼은 약 8km²의 점유면적(EOO)과 분포범위(AOO)를 보인다. 오직 한 지역에만 분포하며 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 요인들로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 본 종은 위급(CR)로 평가된다. Citation: Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. 2016. Mankyua chejuense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72136436A98368257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72136436A72136464.en

THELYPTERIDACEAE

Thelypteris palustris Schott / 처녀고사리 Acrostichum thelypteris L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1071 (1753)Polypodium palustre Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 403 (1796)Lastrea thelypteris (L.) Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 9: 233 (1826)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kavak, S. Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. Year Published: 2014 Country Occurrence: Albania; Algeria; Angola; Austria; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Croatia; Cuba; Denmark; Ethiopia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Jordan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mexico; Montenegro; Morocco; Namibia; Netherlands; Norway; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Peru; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation; Rwanda; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tanzania, United Republic of; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe);

Uganda; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States Current Population Trend: decreasingJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major global threats. 평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 주요한 전 지구적 위협이 없고 안정적인 집단을 유지하먀 넓게 분포하는 종으로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kavak, S. 2014. Thelypteris palustris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164136A42331187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164136A42331187.en

Ⅱ. GYMNOSPERMS

CEPHALOTAXACEAE

Cephalotaxus harringtonii (Knight ex J.Forbes) K.Koch / 개비자나무

Taxus harringtonia Knight ex Forbes, Pinet. Woburn. 217: t. 62 (1839)Cephalotaxus nana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 193 (1919)Cephalotaxus drupacea Siebold & Zucc. var. nana (Nakai) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 4: 107 (1923)Cephalotaxus koreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 508 (1930)Cephalotaxus drupacea Siebold & Zucc. var. koreana Hatus., Exp. Forest. Kyushu Imp.Univ. 5: 38 (1934)Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex Forbes) K.Koch var. nana (Nakai) Rehder, J.Arnold Arbor. 22: 571 (1941)Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex Forbes) K.Koch subsp. koreana (Nakai) Silba, J. Int.Conifer Preserv. Soc. 14: 8 (2007)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Yang, Y., Luscombe, D & Katsuki, T.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Taiwan, Province of China Current Population Trend: unknownJustification: The species as a whole is Least Concern as its status is driven by the nominate variety and by var. nana, both of which are also Least Concern as they are widespread and have no major threats. 평가근거: 현재 보전상 지위는 약관심종인 기본종과 변종(var. nana) 모두로부터 얻어진 것으로 모두 넓게 분포하고 주요한 위협이 없어 전체적으로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation:Yang, Y., Luscombe, D & Katsuki, T. 2013. Cephalotaxus harringtonii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T39589A2929537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39589A2929537.en

CUPRESSACEAE

Juniperus chinensis L. / 향나무Juniperus cernua Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 (Roxburgh) 3: 839 (1832)Juniperus thunbergii Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 271 (1838)Juniperus fortunei Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif.11 (1855)Sabina chinensis (L.) Antoine, Cupress. Gatt. 54 (1857)Juniperus chinensis L. var. horizontalis Nakai, Corean Timber Trees 136 (1926)Sabina chinensis (L.) Antoine var. horizontalis (Nakai) Nakai, Chosen Sanrin Kwaiho 158: 27 (1938)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 Assessor(s): Farjon,A.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P. & Adams, R Year Published: 2013


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Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Myanmar; Russian Federation (Kamchatka, Kuril Is., Primoryi, Sakhalin); Taiwan, Province of China Current Population Trend: stableJustification: This species is too widespread to be considered threatened.

평가근거: 본 종은 위협된다고 고려하기에는 너무 넓게 분포한다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Juniperus chinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42227A2962948. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42227A2962948.en

Juniperus communis L. / 곱향나무Juniperus communis L. var. montana Aiton, Hort. Kew. (Hill) 3: 414 (1789)Juniperus communis L. var. nana (Willd.) Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 2: 308 (1816)Juniperus pygmaea C.Koch, Linnaea 22: 302 (1849)Juniperus nipponica Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 12: 230 (1867)Juniperus communis L. var. sibirica Rydb., Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 3: 533 (1896)Juniperus communis L. var. nipponica (Maxim.) E.H.Wilson, Conif. Taxads Japan 81 (1916)Juniperus niemannii E.L.Wolf, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 3: 37 (1922)Juniperus rebunensis Kudô & Sasaki, Medic. Pl. Hokk. 1: 6 (1922)Juniperus communis L. subsp. nipponica (Maxim.) Silba, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 13: 7 (2006)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon,A.Reviewer(s): Adams, R & Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Andorra; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang); Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica); Georgia (Abkhaziya); Germany; Gibraltar; Greece (Kriti); Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Italy (Sardegna); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Malta; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Dagestan, Irkutsk, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kamchatka, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Severo-Osetiya, Stavropol, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); San Marino; Serbia (Serbia); Spain (Baleares); Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: This is the most widespread species of conifer in the world. While it is struggling to survive in some areas, e.g. England, it is increasing elsewhere; both phenomena in its population dynamics are related to shifts in agricultural practices and general land use. Its var. saxatilis, mainly an arctic-alpine form, is circum-polar in distribution. Globally, this species or any of its varieties are not threatened with extinction.

평가근거: 세계에서 가장 널리 분포하는 침엽수 종이다. 일부 지역 예를 들어 영국에서는 생존에 위협을 받고 있지만, 다른 곳에서는 증가하고 있다. 개체군동태에서 두 현상은 농법과 토지이용의 변화와 관련되어 있다. 변종인 var. saxailis는 주로 극-고산지 형이고 북극 주변에 분포한다. 전 세계적으로 본 종 또는 변종 중 어떤 분류군도 멸종 위기에 처해 있지 않다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Juniperus communis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42229A2963096. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en

Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. / 노간주나무Juniperus nana Willd., Berlin. Baumz. 159 (1796)Juniperus conferta Parl., Conif. Nov. 1 (1863)Juniperus litoralis Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 12: 230 (1867)Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. var. conferta (Parl.) Patschke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 48: 678 (1913)Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. f. longicarpa Uyeki, Corean Timber Trees 143 (1926)Juniperus coreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 161 (1926)Juniperus utilis Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 99 (1930)Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. var. modesta Nakai, Chosen Sanrin Kwaiho 19: 26 (1935)Juniperus coreana Nakai var. rigida (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai, Chosen Sanrin Kwaiho 158: 22 (1938)Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. var. coreana (Nakai) T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 238 (1966)Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. f. modesta (Nakai) Y.C.Chu, Pl. Medic. ChinaeBor.-orient. 59 (1989)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Adams, R & Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Primoryi, Sakhalin)Current Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: As this species is widespread and common, and as it is probably increasing as a result of changes in forest cover and land use, it is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있고 흔하며, 산림식생의 변화로 인하여 아마도 증가하고 있다. 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Juniperus rigida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42248A2966458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42248A2966458.enn

Thuja koraiensis Nakai / 눈측백Thuja kongoensis Doi ex Nakai, Rep. Veg. Diamond Mountains 63

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D1 ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Lee, H. & Gardner, M.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P., Farjon, A. & Christian, T.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: China (Jilin); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Although there is little or no information about the conservation status of Thuja koraiensis in North Korea, there is sufficient documentation concerning the critical state of the forests to assume that the species is under threat. Most of the loss of forests in North Korea’s is related to the policy of increasing arable land in mountainous areas (UNEP 2003, Hayes 2009). The level of deforestation is suspected to have caused a loss in the area of occupancy (AOO) and had a negative impact on the extent and/or quality of any existing habitats and caused severe fragmentation. In South Korea the species is more secure but the underlying problem here and throughout the global population is the lack of recruitment due to the paucity of mature individuals. Even in the Changbaishan reserve where there is an estimated 2,500 individual plants, only 15 individuals are sexually mature. Some locations, for example, Mt. Taebaek (M.Gardner pers. obs. 2010) have no mature individuals. The total number of mature reproducing individuals is uncertain but is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000. The AOO is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km² with subpopulations severely fragmented. A recent survey could not locate plants on Mt. Hwaak due to disturbance from military buildings, indicating a decline in the number of locations and probably mature individuals (H. Lee pers. comm.


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2011). As a result Thuja koraiensis is assessed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 비록 북한지역에서 눈측백의 보존 상태에 대한 정보가 거의 없지만, 본 종이 위협에 처한 것으로 추정 할 수 있는 현지 산림의 치명적 상황에 관한 충분한 문서가 있다. 북한의 대부분의 산림 감소는 산악 경작지 증가 정책과 관련이 있다(UNEP 2003, Hayes 2009). 북한의 산림벌채 수준은 점유면적(AOO) 감소를 일으킨 것으로 의심되며 기존 생육지의 범위 또는 질에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 심각한 파편화를 야기했다. 한국에서는 종의 안전성이 더 높지만 근본적인 문제는 전체 집단에서 성숙 개체 부족으로 인한 개체군 보충이 안되는 점이다. 추정된 2,500개의 개체가 보고된 장백산 보호 구역에서도 15개체 만 생식이 가능한 성숙개체이다. 일부 지역 예를 들어 태백산(M.Gardner pers. obs. 2010)에는 성숙한 개체가 전혀 없다. 성숙한 번식 개체의 총 수는 불확실하지만 250 ~ 1,000으로 추정된다. 점유면적은 500 ~ 2,000km² 사이 인 것으로 추정되며 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어있다. 최근 조사에서 화악산은 군시설물로 인한 교란으로 더 이상 개체를 찾을 수 없었으며, 이는 많은 지역과 성숙 개체의 감소를 의미한다 (H. Lee. comm. 2011). 그 결과 눈측백은 적색목록 기준상 취약(VU)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Lee, H. & Gardner, M. 2011. Thuja koraiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T31245A9619180.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T31245A9619180.en

PINACEAE

Abies holophylla Maxim. / 젓(전)나무Pinus holophylla (Maxim.) Parl., Prodr. (DC.) 16: 424 (1868)Picea holophylla (Maxim.) Gordon, Pinetum, ed. 2 2: 206 (1875)Abies holophylla Maxim. var. aspericorticea Y.Y.Sun, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 25: 264 (2005)

Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1Assessor(s): Katsuki, T., Zhang, D & Rushforth, K.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P. & Farjon, A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Primoryi)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Unrestricted logging, especially but not only in the Russian Far East has led to a decline over the last three generations. However, the extent of the decline is estimated to be less than 30%. Consequently Abies holophylla is assessed as Near Threatened (it almost qualifies as threatened under criterion A2d). A continued decline could result in a change of category at the next assessment.

평가근거: 준위기(NT, 기준 A2d에 따라 위협범주에 거의 일치함). 지속되는 감소는 다음 평가시 범주 변경을 초래할 수 있다.

Citation: Katsuki, T., Zhang, D & Rushforth, K. 2013. Abies holophylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42287A2969916. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42287A2969916.en

Abies koreana E.H.Wilson / 구상나무Abies koreana E.H.Wilson f. nigrocarpa Hatus., Exp. Forest. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 5: 20 (1934)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Kim, C.-S. & Gardner, M.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P. & Farjon, A.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: The Korean Fir (Abies koreana) has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 12 km². It occurs in four fragmented locations; Mt. Gaya, Mt. Chiri and Mt. Togyu on the mainland and Mt. Halla on the remote Jeju Island. The distances between each location range from 40–250 km and are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in the AOO and quality of habitat

due to a number of factors which include the effects of climate change, pathogen attack and on Mt. Halla the invasion of pines and bamboo (Sasa). For these reasons A. koreana has been assessed as Endangered. The conservation status of this species needs to be carefully monitored as if there is a further reduction of the current AOO of 12 km² to 10 km² or below, then it will qualify as Critically Endangered.

평가근거 : 구상나무는 약 12km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 갖고 있다. 본 종은 내륙의 가야산, 지리산, 덕유산과 제주의 한라산 4지역에 분절화된 분포를 보인다. 각 지역 간의 거리는 40-250km로 유효한 유전자 교류를 하기에는 너무 멀다. 기후 변화, 병원균 영향과 한라산에서의 소나무와 조릿대의 침입 등 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 점유면적의 지속적인 감소에 대한 명확하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 구상나무는 위기(ER)로 평가된다. 이 종의 보전 상태는 현재 점유면적이 12km²에서 10km² 이하로 감소하는 지에 대해 신중하게 모니터링이 수행될 필요가 있다. 만약 이와 같이 줄어들게 된다면 위급으로 판정될 수 있다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Chang, C.-S., Kim, C.-S. & Gardner, M. 2011. Abies koreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T31244A9618913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T31244A9618913.en

Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim.분비나무

Abies sibirica Korsh. var. nephrolepis Trautv. ex Maxim., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-PétersbourgDivers Savans 9: 260 (1859)Abies veitchii Lindl. var. nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Mast., Gard. Chron. 12: 589 (1880)Abies sibirica Korsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 424 (1893)Pinus nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Voss, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 16: 94 (1907)Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim. f. chlorocarpa E.H.Wilson, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 189 (1920)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhang, D, Katsuki, T. & Rushforth, K.Reviewer(s): Farjon, A. & Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primoryi)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: In the absence of any evidence for significant decline, Abies nephrolepis is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 중요한 감소에 대한 증가가 없는 상황에서 젓나무는 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Zhang, D, Katsuki, T. & Rushforth, K. 2013. Abies nephrolepis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42292A76095986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42292A76095986.en

Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. / 잎갈나무Abies gmelinii Rupr., Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 2: 56 (1845)Abies kamtschatica Rupr., Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 2: 57 (1845)Larix dahurica Turcz. ex Trautv., Pl. Imag. Descr. Fl. Russ. 3: 48 (1846)Larix lubarskii Sukaczev, Trudy Issl. Lesn. Khoz. Lesn. Promysl. 10: 9 (1931)Larix komarovii Kolesn., Mater. Istorii Fl. Rastitel'n. SSSR 2: 356 (1946)Larix middendorfii Kolesn., Mater. Istorii Fl. Rastitel'n. SSSR 2: 358 (1946)Larix olgensis A.Henry var. komarovii (Kolesn.) Dylis, Larix Sib. Or. & Extrem. Or. 202 (1961)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Yakutiya)Current Population Trend: Stable


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Justification: The assessment of the species as a whole is driven by that of its most widespread nominate variety: Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종에 대한 평가는 대체적으로 가장 넓게 분포하는 기본 종의 결과로부터 얻어져 약관심(LC)이다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Larix gmelinii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42310A2971338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42310A2971338.en

Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carriére가문비나무

Abies jezoensis Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap. (Siebold) 2: 19 (1842)Picea ajanensis Fisch. ex Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif.259 (1855)Abies ajanensis (Fisch. ex Carrière) Rupr. & Maxim., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci.Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 382 (1857)Abies microsperma Lindl., Gard. Chron. 22 (1861)Veitchia japonica Lindl., Gard. Chron. 265 (1861)Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière var. hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder, Mitt. Deutsch.Dendrol. Ges. 24: 314 (1915)Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière f. rubrilepis Uyeki, Bull. Agric. Forest. Coll.Suigen (Suwon) 1: 4 (1925)Picea kamtchatkensis Lacass., Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 58: 637 (1929)Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière var. koreana Uyeki, Chosen Sanrin Kwaiho206: 12 (1942)Picea komarovii V.N.Vassil., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 35: 504 (1950)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Thomas, P., Zhang, D, Katsuki, T. & Rushforth, K.Reviewer(s): Farjon, A. & Christian, T.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Jilin); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Russian Federation (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: The vast range of this species, and the assessment as Least Concern for its most common and widespread subspecies/variety, determines the category of Least Concern for the species as a whole. This is despite the effects widespread logging and wildfires in many parts of its range.

평가근거: 본 종은 매우 넓은 분포범위를 보이며 많은 지역에서 벌채와 산불이 광범위하게 영향을 미치고 있음에도 불구하고 아종/변종이 흔하게 발견되어 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Thomas, P., Zhang, D, Katsuki, T. & Rushforth, K. 2013. Picea jezoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42325A2972665. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42325A2972665.en

Picea koraiensis Nakai / 종비나무Picea pungsanensis Uyeki, Corean Timber Trees 99 (1926)Picea tonaiensis Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 1 (1941)Picea intercedens Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 4 (1941)Picea koyamae Shiras. var. koraiensis (Nakai) Liou & Q.L.Wang, Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E.China 88 (1955)Picea koraiensis Nakai var. tonaiensis (Nakai) T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 234 (1966)Picea pungsanensis Uyeki var. intercedens (Nakai) T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 234 (1966)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Thomas, P., Zhang, D, Katsuki, T. & Rushforth, K.Reviewer(s): Luscombe, D & Farjon, A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Russian Federation (Primoryi)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Picea koraiensis forms extensive natural forests in NE China and in the Primorye district of Far East Russia, with much more restricted populations in North Korea. Despite some evidence of recent past decline in

China, ongoing exploitation in Russia and a likely decline in North Korea, under the IUCN Red List Criteria, the decline is insufficient for listing under any category of threat and is hence listed as Least Concern. It should be reassessed within ten years.

평가근거: 종비나무는 중국 북동부와 극동러시아의 Primorye 지역에 광범위한 자연림을 형성하며, 북한 집단은 훨씬 제한되어 있다. 중국의 최근 쇠퇴, 러시아의 계속되는 개발, 북한에서의 감소 가능성에도 불구하고 IUCN 적색 목록 기준에 따라서 전체적인 감소는 모든 위협 범주에 속하는 것에 불충분하며 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가한다. 본 종은 10 년 내에 재평가되어야 한다.

Citation: Thomas, P., Zhang, D, Katsuki, T. & Rushforth, K. 2013. Picea koraiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42326A2972747. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42326A2972747.en

Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. / 소나무Pinus scopifera Miq., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 82 (1855)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. pendula Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan Reich. 91 (1890)Pinus funebris Kom., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 20: 117 (1901)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. aggregata Nakai, Fl. Kor. 2: 380 (1911)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. vittata Uyeki, Bull. Agric. Forest. Coll. Suigen (Suwon) 1: 1 (1925)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. multicaulis Uyeki, Bull. Agric. Forest. Coll. Suigen (Suwon) 1: 4 (1925)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. aurescens Uyeki, Bull. Agric. Forest. Coll. Suigen(Suwon) 1: 4 (1925)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. erecta Uyeki, Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 66: 49 (1928)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. congesta Uyeki, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 17 (1938)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. sylvestriformis Taken., J. Jap. Forest. Soc. 24: 120 (1942)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. var. brevifolia Liou & Q.L.Wang, Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N.E. China 98 (1955)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. var. funebris (Kom.) Liou & Q.L.Wang, Ill. Fl. LigneousPl. N. E. China 98 (1955)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. var. liaotungensis Liou & Wang, Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E.China 548 (1955)Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. f. brevifolia (Liou & Q.L.Wang) Kitag., Neolin. Fl.Manshur. 97 (1979)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P. & Page, C.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Primoryi)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Pinus funebris Komarov has been described as a separate species from North Korea and the adjacent Russian border area; some later authors considered it to be a variety of P. densiflora. Quite a number of other forms or varieties (e.g. P. densiflora var. ussuriensis T.N.Liou & Q.L.Wang - a synonym of P. sylvestris; P. densiflora var. zhangwuensis S.J. Zhang) were subsequently described and named, all from NE China. None of these are recognized here.

평가근거: 광범위한 분포범위로 인하여 비록 일부 지역에서 지속되는 이용에도 불구하고 소나무는 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus densiflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42355A2974820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en

Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. / 잣나무Pinus madschurica Rupr., Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg1: 567 (1857)Pinus cembra Thunb. var. excelsa Maxim. ex Rupr., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser.6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 15: 141 (1857)Pinus cembra Thunb. var. mandschurica (Rupr.) Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2 390(1867)Strobus koraiensis Moldenke, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 30 (1939)Apinus koraienisis (Siebold & Zucc.) Moldenke, Phytologia 4: 125 (1952)Pinus prokoraiensis Y.T.Zhao, J.M.Lu & A.G.Gu, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10: 69 (1990)


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Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Thomas, P. & Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Katsuki, T. & Luscombe, DYear Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin); Japan (Honshu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea,Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primoryi)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Pinus koraiensis has a wide distribution in the Russian Far East, northeast China and North Korea. Smaller subpopulations also occur in South Korea and Japan. In the Russian Far East legal and illegal exploitation for its timber has resulted in a decline in its area of occupancy of up to 50% (CITES 2010). In China over-exploitation for its edible nuts and to a lesser extent, its timber is leading to forest degradation in some areas (Tang 2010). There is little species specific information about its status in North Korea although generalized reports into the state of the environment (UNEP 2003, Hayes 2009) and satellite based studies on deforestation in and around areas such as Changbaishan/ Baekdu-san Biosphere Reserves (Tang 2010) indicate that some decline is likely. In South Korea and Japan the small subpopulations are thought to be stable. Despite the continuing exploitation, this species' large distribution and (still) large overall population size means that it does not yet meet the requirements for any of the threatened categories or those for Near Threatened. This situation may change within the next decade should current trends continue

평가근거: 잣나무는 러시아 극동, 중국 북동부 및 북한에 광범위하게 분포한다. 소규모 집단은 남한과 일본에서도 발생한다. 러시아 극동 지역에서 목재에 대한 합법과 불법 벌채로 인하여 점유면적이 50%까지 감소했다(CITES 2010). 식용 견과류에 대한 중국의 과도한 개발과 그 정도가 덜한 목재는 일부 지역에서 산림 황폐화로 이어지고 있다(Tang 2010). 장백산/백두산 생물권 보호 구역(Tang 2010)과 같은 주변 지역의 삼림 벌채에 관한 위성 기반의 연구(UNEP 2003, Hayes 2009)와 환경 상태에 대한 일반보고는 약간의 쇠퇴 가능성이 있음을 알린다. 남한과 일본에서는 작은 모집단이 안정적이라고 생각된다. 계속되는 벌채에도 불구하고, 이 종의 대규모 분포 및 (여전히) 전체 집단 규모는 위협 범주 또는 준위기(NT)에 대한 임계치를 아직 충족시키지 못했다는 것을 의미한다. 현재의 추세가 지속된다면 향후 10년 이내에 이러한 상황이 바뀔 수 있다.

Citation: Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus koraiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42373A2975987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42373A2975987.en

Pinus parviflora Siebold & Zucc. / 섬잣나무Pinus cembra Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 274 (1784)Pinus cembra Thunb. var. japonica J.Nelson, Pinaceae [Nelson] 107 (1866)Pinus mayrii Zabel, Forstl. Bl. (Berlin) 15: 250 (1891)Pinus himekomatsu Miyabe & Kudô, Icon. Forest Trees Hokkaido 1: 29 (1921)Strobus parviflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Moldenke, Phytologia 4: 128 (1952)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This common and widespread species is not threatened with extinction and hence listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 흔히 발견되고 널리 분포하는 본 종은 멸종위협을 받고 있지 않아 약관심(LC) 으로 평가된다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus parviflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42388A2977007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42388A2977007.en

Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel / 눈잣나무Pinus cembra Thunb. var. pumila Pall., Fl. Ross. (Pallas) 1: 4 (1784)Pinus cembra Thunb. var. pygmaea Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2276 (1838)Pinus cembra Thunb. subsp. pumila (Pall.) Endl., Syn. Conif. 142 (1847)Pinus nana Lemee & H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 60 (1910)Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel f. auriamentata Y.N.Lee, Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 7: 14 (2007)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Yakutiya)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Pinus pumila has one of the most extensive ranges of all species, and has a habit (shrubby) and ecology that make it highly unlikely to go extinct in the foreseeable future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 눈잣나무는 가장 광범위한 분포범위를 보이는 종 중 하나로 가까운 장래에 멸종 될 가능성이 거의 없는 성상(관목)과 생태를 갖고 있다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus pumila. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42405A2977712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42405A2977712.en

Pinus tabuliformis Carrière / 만주곰솔Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. var. tabuliformis (Carrière) Mast., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 549 (1902)Pinus mukdensis Uyeki ex Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 195 (1919)Pinus tabuliformis Carrière var. mukdensis (Uyeki ex Nakai) Uyeki, J. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 45 (1925)Pinus tabuliformis Carrière var. rubescens Uyeki, J. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 45 (1925)Pinus tokunagae Nakai, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, Pt. 2, Contr. Cogn. Fl. Manshuricae164 (1935)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China; Korea, Democratic People's Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: Despite the rarity and possible threat to one of its varieties, the species as a whole is so widespread and common that there is no threat to it and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 변종 중 하나의 희귀성과 위협의 가능성에도 불구하고 기본종은 넓게 분포하며 흔히 발견되고 위협이 없어 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus tabuliformis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42419A2978916. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42419A2978916.en

Pinus thunbergii Parl. / 곰솔Pinus thunbergii Parl. f. multicaulis Uyeki, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 17 (1938)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Farjon, A.Reviewer(s): Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is widespread and very common in Japan and coastal


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parts of South Korea and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 곰솔은 넓게 분포하고 일본과 한국의 해안에서 흔히 발견되어 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus thunbergii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42423A2979140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42423A2979140.en

TAXACEAE

Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. / 주목Taxus baccata L. var. microcarpa Trautv., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 259 (1859)Taxus baccata L. var. latifolia Pilg., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 5: 122 (1903)Taxus baccata L. subsp. cuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Pilg., Pflanzenr. (Engler) 18 helf, 4: 112 (1903)Taxus baccata L. subsp. cuspidata var. latifolia Pilg., Pflanzenr. (Engler) 18 helf, 4: 112 (1903)Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. var. microcarpa (Trautv.) Kolesn., Vestn. Dal'nevost. Fil.Akad. Nauk SSSR 7: 43 (1935)Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. var. latifolia (Pilg.) Nakai, Chosen Sanrin Kwaiho 158: 39 (1938)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Katsuki, T. & Luscombe, DReviewer(s): Thomas, P. & Farjon, A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Kuril Is., Primoryi, Sakhalin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Exploitation of this species has only affected subpopulations in certain parts of its extensive range, hence it is assumed that population reduction has been limited and has not had sufficient impact to warrant any assessment other than Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종에 대한 채취는 넓은 분포의 특정 부분에서만 일부 집단에 영향을 주었고 집단 감소는 제한적이며 약관심(LC) 이외의 평가 범주를 보장하기에 충분한 영향은 아니라고 추측된다. Citation: Katsuki, T. & Luscombe, D. 2013. Taxus cuspidata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42549A2987373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42549A2987373.en

Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc. / 비자나무Taxus nucifera L., Sp. Pl. 1040 (1753)Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc. var. radicans (L.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33:194 (1919)Torreya macrosperma Miyoshi, Rep. Nat. Monum. Invest. Pl. 32: 2 (1922)Torreya fruticosa Nakai, Chosen Sanrin Kwaiho 158: 26 (1938)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Katsuki, T. & Luscombe, DReviewer(s): Thomas, P.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: This species has a wide range and most of the population reduction is thought to have taken place more than three generations ago. There is evidence of decline today, but it seems to be a fairly slow rate of decline and confined to the smaller subpopulations. If there were further information on the decline rates or of the area of occupancy, then it might be close enough to the threatened thresholds to qualify for Near Threatened. In the absence of this information it has to be assessed as Least Concern. Further research is required to determine the true status of this species.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓은 범위를 가지고 있으며, 집단 감소의 대부분은 3세대 전에 일어난 것으로 생각된다. 오늘날 쇠퇴의 증거가 있지만 상당히 느린 속도의 감소로 보이며 더

작은 집단에 한정된다. 감소율 또는 점유면적에 대한 추가 정보가 있다면 준위협(NT)에 도달할 만큼 임계 값에 충분히 근접 할 수 있다. 이 정보가 없으면 약관심(LC)으로 평가해야 된다. 본 종의 옳은 지위를 부여하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

Citation: Katsuki, T. & Luscombe, D. 2013. Torreya nucifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42552A2987599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42552A2987599.en

Tsuga sieboldii Carrière / 솔송나무

Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1Assessor(s): Katsuki, T. & Luscombe, DReviewer(s): Thomas, P. Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: CJapan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species has been exploited in the past 100 years, but the population reduction is not likely to exceed 30% over three generations (100 years), it is more likely to be in the range of 20-29%, hence this species is listed as Near Threatened. The reduction is based on direct exploitation, and there is a growing impact from browsing by deer in central Japan as many seedlings are eaten (i.e. it almost qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion A2de).

평가근거: 본 종은 지난 100년간 이용되어 왔지만 개체군의 감소는 100년(3세대)간 30%를 넘기 않고 20-29%에 머무를 것으로 생각되어 본 종은 근위협(NT)으로 평가된다. 감소는 실제 이용에 기초하여 산출되었으며 중부 일본에서는 많은 수의 유모에 대한 사슴의 섭식피해가 점차 증가하고 있다(A2de에 의해 거의 취약범주에 근접함). Citation: Katsuki, T. & Luscombe, D. 2013. Tsuga sieboldii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T191663A1991616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T191663A1991616.en. Downloaded on 01 October 2017.

Ⅲ. MONOCOTS

ACORACEAE

Acorus calamus L. / 창포Acorus flexuosus Raf., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck) 3: 299 (1779)Acorus odoratus Lam., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck) 3: 299 (1779)Acorus terrestris Spreng., Hort. Kew. (Hill) 1: 474 (1789)Orontium cochinchinense Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 208 (1790)Acorus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Schott, Melet. Bot. 22 (1832)Acorus commersonii Schott, Atlantic J. 1: 178 (1833)Acorus calamus L. var. angustatus Besser, Flora 17 (1 Beibl.): 30 (1834)Acorus tatarinowii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 9: 101 (1859)Acorus spurius Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 284 (1863)Acorus casia Bertol., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 284 (1864)Acorus asiaticus Nakai, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, Pt. 4, Index Fl. Jeholensis 105 (1936)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; Belarus; Cambodia; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I - Regionally Extinct, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan); China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Georgia; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak);


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Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Primoryi, Sakhalin, Tuva, West Siberia); Sri Lanka; Thailand; Turkey (Turkeyin- Europe); United States (Alabama - Introduced, Alaska, Arkansas - Introduced, California - Introduced, Colorado - Introduced, Connecticut, Delaware - Introduced, District of Columbia - Regionally Extinct, Georgia - Introduced, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois - Regionally Extinct, Indiana - Regionally Extinct, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky - Introduced, Louisiana - Introduced, Maine, Maryland - Introduced, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi - Introduced, Missouri - Introduced, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey - Regionally Extinct, New York, North Carolina - Introduced, North Dakota - Regionally Extinct, Ohio, Oklahoma - Introduced, Oregon - Introduced, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island - Introduced, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee - Introduced, Texas - Introduced, Vermont, Virginia - Regionally Extinct, Washington, West Virginia - Introduced, Wisconsin); Uzbekistan; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern because it is widespread and abundant throughout much of its native range and occurs as a non-native throughout much of Europe and southern North America.

평가근거: 창포는 자생지에서도 넓게 퍼져 있으며 풍부할 뿐 아니라 자생지가 아닌 유럽과 남북미에 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Acorus calamus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T168639A43116307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T168639A43116307.en

Acorus gramineus Sol. / 석창포Acorus gramineus Sol. var. japonica M.Hotta, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 263 (1796)Acorus humilis Salisb., Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 2 (1830)Acorus gramineus Sol. var. pusillus (Siebold) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 2: 217 (1879)Acorus pusillus Siebold, Guihaia 5: 179 (1985)Acorus macrospadiceus (Yamam.) F.N.Wei & Y.K.Li, Guihaia 5: 179 (1985)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Nguyen, T.H.T. & Thinh, D.V.Reviewer(s): Allen, D.J. & Lansdown, R.V.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Zhejiang); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Philippines; Russian Federation (Kamchatka, Sakhalin); Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and abundant throughout much of its known range and there are no known threats to its survival. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 석창포는 넓게 퍼져 있으며 풍부할 뿐 아니라 생존에 대한 알려진 위협이 없다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Nguyen, T.H.T. & Thinh, D.V. 2011. Acorus gramineus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T169076A6561091. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T169076A6561091.en

ALISMATACEAE

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. / 질경이택사Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Beentje, H.J.

Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.QYear Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Australia (South Australia); Austria; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Burundi; China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Gibraltar; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland), Kriti); Hungary; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jersey; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Rwanda; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sudan; Sweden; Switzerland; Thailand; Turkey; Uganda; Ukraine (Krym); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Arizona, California, Georgia, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Oregon, Wisconsin); Viet Nam; Zimbabwe Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 질경이택사는 안정된 집단이 널리 퍼져있고 어떠한 위협에도 직면하지 않아 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. & Beentje, H.J. 2017. Alisma plantago-aquatica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164129A84275593. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164129A84275593.en

Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. / 올미Sagittaria sagittifolia L. var. oligocarpa Micheli, Monogr. Phan. 3: 68 (1881)Sagittaria sagittifolia L. var. pygmaea (Miq.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 106 (1902)Hydrolirion coreanum H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 67 (1912)Blyxa coreana (H.Lév.) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 19: 247 (1943)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Homsombath, K. & Nophasead, L.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is locally common and has no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 지역적으로 흔히 발견되고 주요한 위협이 없다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Sagittaria pygmaea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168704A6527959. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168704A6527959.en

ALLIACEAE

Allium macrostemon Bunge / 산달래Allium nereidum Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 244 (1866)Allium grayi Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 125 (1875)Allium nipponicum Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 527 (1878)Allium uratense Franch., Pl. David. 1: 304 (1884)Allium chanetii H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 184 (1913)


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Allium ouensanense Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 215 (1913)Allium macrostemon Bunge var. uratense (Franch.) Airy Shaw, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.Edinburgh 16: 136 (1931)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Primoryi); Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is globally assessed as Least Concern as, despite being assessed as Critically Endangered in Mongolia, it is documented to be the most widespread and abundant Allium species in Korea and northeast China; it is also known to have reproducing populations in at least three protected areas in Russia. However, data regarding ex situ conservation is lacking and so research in this area and the gathering of wild material for germplasm collections is a priority for this species.

평가근거: 산달래는 몽골에서 멸종위기(CR)에 평가됨에도 불구하고, 전 세계적으로는 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 한국과 중국 북동부에서 가장 광범위하고 풍부한 Allium속 종으로 기록되어 있다. 또한 러시아에는 적어도 3개 보호 지역에서 번식하는 집단을 가진 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 현지외 보전에 관한 자료가 부족하고 관련 분야 연구와 생식질 수집을 위한 야생자원 수집이 본 종에 우선적으로 필요하다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Allium macrostemon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T201505A47600689. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T201505A47600689.en

Allium maximowiczii Regel / 산파Allium schoenoprasum L. var. orientale Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 30: 80 (1875)Allium schoenoprasum L. var. yezomonticola H.Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 458 (1938)Allium schoenoprasum L. var. shibutsuense Kitam., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 59: 35 (1946)Allium ledebourianum Schult. & Schult.f. var. maximowiczii (Regel) Q.S.Sun, Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 12: 130 (1998)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Yakutiya)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is globally assessed as Data Deficient because, although it appears to be a widespread species, information concerning distribution, population sizes and trends across the species' full range is lacking so it cannot be evaluated. Research into these areas is recommended as a priority, particularly as the one protected area which does have population information reports the species as uncommon. Establishment of population monitoring in current protected areas would be useful for this species. Gathering of wild material for germplasm collections and research into potential threats is also recommended.

평가근거: 본 종은 세계적으로 자료부족(DD)으로 평가되었다. 비록, 본 종이 넓게 분포하지만 전체 분포, 집단의 크기 및 추세에 관한 정보가 부족하여 평가할 수 없다. 해당 분야에 대한 연구가 우선시 되어야 하며, 특히 한 보호 지역은 개체군 정보 보고를 통해 희귀하다고 알려져 있다. 현재 보호 지역에서의 개체군 모니터링 설정은 본 종에 유용할 것이다. 생식질 수집을 위한 야생수집 및 잠재적인 위협에 대한 연구도 권장된다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Allium maximowiczii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18817184A47600715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18817184A47600715.en

Allium thunbergii G.Don / 산부추Allium odorum Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 132 (1784)Allium taqueti H.Lév. & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 283 (1908)Allium pseudojaponicum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 30 (1910)Allium morrisonense Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6, Suppl: 84 (1917)Allium amamianum Tawada, J. Geobot. 22: 56 (1975)Allium bakeri Regel var. morrisonense (Hayata) T.S.Liu & S.S.Ying, Fl. Taiwan 5: 45 (1978)Allium cyaneum Regel var. deltoides S.O.Yu & W.T.Lee & S.T.Lee, Korean J. Pl. Taxon.11: 29 (1981)Allium thunbergii G.Don var. deltoides (S.O.Yu & W.T.Lee & S.T.Lee) H.J.Choi &B.U.Oh, Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 33: 351 (2003)Allium linearifolium H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh, Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 34: 72 (2004)Allium thunbergii G.Don var. teretifolium H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh, Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 34: 79 (2004)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Allium thunbergii is gglobally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Research across the species' full range is required to understand its population distribution, size and trends. Although this species occurs in a protected area in China, further information regarding existing in situ conservation activities is needed and collection of germplasm material for ex situ conservation should also be a priority.

평가근거: 현재 산부추를 평가할 수 있는 정보가 부족하기 때문에 전 세계적으로 자료부족(DD)으로 평가된다. 집단 분포, 규모 및 추세를 이해하는데 종 전체 범위에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이 종은 중국의 보호 지역에서 발생하지만 기존의 현지내 보전 활동에 대한 추가 정보가 필요하며 현지외 보전을 위한 생식질 수집 또한 우선되어야 한다.

Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Allium thunbergii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T20666626A20694846. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20666626A20694846.en

ARACEAE

Arisaema heterophyllum Blume / 두루미천남성Arisaema thunbergii Blume var. heterophyllum (Blume) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 2: 546 (1879)Arisaema heterophyllum Blume var. nigropunctatum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 25: 228 (1910)Arisaema koreanum Engl. var. taquetii Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 73: 187 (1920)Arisaema koreanum Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4, 23F: 186 (1920)Arisaema manshuricum Nakai, Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 3: 199 (1939)Heteroarisaema heterophyllum (Blume) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 25: 6 (1950)Heteroarisaema koreanum (Engl.) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 25: 6 (1950)Heteroarisaema manshuricum Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 25: 6 (1950)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Crook, V.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China; Hong Kong; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Arisaema heterophyllum is a perennial herb found in central and southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan and the Republic of Korea. It has a large estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of more 2.5 million km2, This estimate is based on specimen data, some of which is old and some sub-populations may have been lost due to habitat conversion. However, the EOO is still inferred to exceed the threshold for a threatened category. It is often found in riparian forest and more open areas along watercourses and forest clearance, damming, pollution and conversion to rice and fish farming are all threats that


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are likely to directly affect this species. Its preference for riparian habitats may mean that the area of occupancy (AOO) is in decline due to the habitat changes currently occurring along many of the rivers in the region (although it was not possible to estimate actual values for present and future AOO). The species is considered threatened in Japan, where the majority of rivers have been stripped of their forest habitat (Oshima et al. 1997), and only a few patches remain. However, it is inferred that the area of occupancy (AOO) and population at present exceed the thresholds for a threatened category. In the Rare Plants Data Book of Korea it is listed as nationally Least Concern (Korea national Arboretum 2009). It is found within several protected areas and it is conserved ex situ in several botanical institutions around the world. It is assessed as Least Concern. Periodic monitoring is recommended to detect any declines as there are ongoing threats to habita.

평가근거: 두루미천남성은 중국 중부와 남부, 대만, 홍콩, 일본 및 한국에서 발견되는 다년생 초본이다. 추정 분포범위(EOO)는 2,500,000㎢ 이상이다. 이 추정은 표본 데이터 기반이며 일부는 오래되었거나 생육지 전환으로 인해 손실되었을 수 있다. 그러나 분포범위는 여전히 위협 범주에 대한 임계 값을 초과하는 것으로 추측된다. 하천변 산림에서 흔히 발견되며 수로와 산림 벌채, 댐, 오염 및 벼농사와 어류 양식으로의 전환은 이 종에 직접적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 모든 위협이다. 하천변 생육지에 대한 선호는 이 지역의 여러 강에서 현재 발생하고 있는 생육지 변화로 인하여 점유면적(AOO)이 감소하고 있음을 의미한다(현재 및 미래의 점유면적에 대한 실제 값을 추정 할 수 없지만). 이 종은 대다수의 강변이 벌채된 일본의 경우 위협받는 것으로 간주되며(Oshima et al., 1997), 일부 생육지 단편만 남아 있다. 그러나 현재 점유면적(AOO)과 집단은 위협 범주에 대한 임계 값을 초과된 것으로 추론한다. 남한의 희귀식물목록집(Korea national Arboretum 2009)은 국가기준으로 약관심으로 평가하였다. 여러 보호 지역에서 발견되며 전 세계 여러 식물 관련 기관에서 현지외에서 보존하고 있다. 따라서, 두루미천남성은 적색목록 평가기준으로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 생육지에 대한 지속적인 위협이 있기 때문에 감소 여부를 확인하기 위해 정기적인 모니터링이 권장된다.

Citation: Crook, V. 2013. Arisaema heterophyllum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T18796015A44480959. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T18796015A44480959.en

Calla palustris L. / 산부채Calla cordifolia Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 326 (1812)Provenzalia bispatha Raf., New Fl. (Rafinesque) 2: 90 (1837)Provenzalia heterophyla Raf., New Fl. (Rafinesque) 2: 90 (1837)Calla generalis E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2 1: 180 (1906)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, South European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Slovakia; Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkeyin-Asia); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain - Introduced, Northern Ireland -Introduced); United States (Alaska, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations throughout most of its range and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓게 분포하고 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지

않아 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Calla palustris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167822A42334121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167822A42334121.en

ASPARAGACEAE

Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.천문동

Melanthium cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 216 (1790)Asparagus lucidus Lindl., Edward's Bot. Reg. 30: 29 (1844)Asparagus gaudichaudianus Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 5: 71 (1850)Asparagopsis sinica Miq., J. Bot. Néerl. 1: 90 (1861)Asparagus insularis Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5, 5: 245 (1866)Asparagus sinicus (Miq.) C.H.Wright, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 103 (1903)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Nansei-shoto, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Philippines; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Asparagus cochinchinensis is globally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. There is a need for more population information including distribution, size and trends. It is suspected that the population in China may be in decline due to overharvesting, however research is recommended to confirm this. However, little is known of the population trend across the rest of this species' native range. It currently appears to be poorly represented in ex situ collection and there is no evidence of active in situ conservation for the species. A gap analysis is recommended to determine suitable sites for active management and monitoring of the species in existing protected areas and to identify sites for collection of germplasm.

평가근거: 천문동은 현재 평가할 수 있는 정보가 부족하기 때문에 세계적으로 자료부족(DD)로 평가된다. 분포, 규모 및 추세를 포함한 더 많은 집단에 대한 정보가 필요하다. 과도한 수확으로 인해 중국 집단이 감소한 것으로 의심되지만 조사를 통해 이를 확인하는 것이 필요하다. 하지만 본 종의 본래 범위의 나머지 지역에서의 집단 추세는 거의 알려져 있지 않다. 현재 현지외 수집이 제대로 대표하지 않은 것으로 보이며 종에 대한 현지내 보전이 활발하다는 증거가 없다. 현존하는 보호지역에서 능동적 관리와 모니터링을 위한 적절한 장소를 결정하고 생식질의 수집을 위한 장소를 결정하기 위해 갭분석이 권고된다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Asparagus cochinchinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T20680957A20694731. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20680957A20694731.en

Asparagus dauricus Fisch. ex Link / 망적천문동Asparagus gibbus Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 65 (1833)Asparagus officinalis L. var. gracilis Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 2: 43 (1841)Asparagus glycycarpus Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 5: 61 (1850)Asparagus tuberculatus Bunge ex Iljin, Fl. URSS 4: 747 (1935)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of;


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Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Chita, Primoryi)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Asparagus dauricus is globally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Although it appears to be widespread, there is a lack of information regarding its population distribution, size and trend. Research is recommended to determine this demographic information and also to determine the threats facing the species. It is not yet wellrepresented in gene banks so further germplasm collection from across the full species' native range is a priority.

평가근거: 현재 이 종을 평가할 수 있는 정보가 부족하기에 전 세계적으로 자료부족(DD)로 평가된다. 본 종이 넓게 분포함에도 불구하고 집단 분포, 규모 및 추세에 관한 정보가 부족하다. Demographic 정보를 축적하고 종에 직면 한 위협을 결정하기 위한 연구가 권장된다. 아직 유전자은행이 전체 집단을 대표하고 있지 않아서 종 전체의 원산지 범위에서 더 많은 생식질 수집이 우선 필요하다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Asparagus dauricus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T20680962A20694781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20680962A20694781.en

Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. / 방울비짜루Asparagus tamaboki Yatabe, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 7: 61 (1893)Asparagus stachyphyllus H.Lév. & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 282 (1908)Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. var. purpurascens X.J.Xue & H.Yao, Bull. Bot. Res.,Harbin 14: 242 (1994)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong); Japan (Kyushu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Chita, Primoryi)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Asparagus oligoclonos is globally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Although it appears to be a widespread species, it is listed as Endangered in Japan and Critically Endangered in East Asia. However, due to a lack of available information regarding its precise distribution, population size and trend and the threats it is currently facing, it is not currently possible to classify this species. Considering the regional and national assessments that suggest this species is threatened, the establishment of active in situ management and monitoring, possibly in existing protected areas, and the complementary collection of germplasm for ex situ storage are priorities.

평가근거: 방울비짜루는 현재 이 종을 평가할 수 있는 정보가 충분하지 않기 때문에 전 세계적으로 자료부족(DD)로 평가된다. 널리 분포하는 종인 것 같지만 일본에서는 위기(EN)이며 동아시아에서는 멸종위기(CR)로 평가되었다. 그러나 정확한 분포, 집단의 크기, 추세 및 현재 직면하고 있는 위협에 관한 정보가 부족하기 때문에 현재 평가할 수 없다. 본 종의 위협을 암시하는 지역 및 국가단위의 평가를 고려할 때, 현존 보호 지역에서의 능동적 현장 관리 및 모니터링의 확립과 현지외 보전을 위한 생식질의 보완적인 수집이 우선 필요하다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Asparagus oligoclonos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T20681222A20694726. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20681222A20694726.en

Asparagus schoberioides Kunth / 비짜루Asparagus parviflorus Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27: 130 (1854)Asparagus sieboldii Maxim., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 287 (1859)Asparagus wrightii A.Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts n.s. 6: 413 (1859)Asparagus micranthus Siebold & Zucc. ex Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 604 (1875)Asparagus schoberioides Kunth var. subsetaceus Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2, 7: 112 (1884)Asparagus sessiliflorus Oett., Trudy Bot. Sada Imp. Yur'evsk. Univ. 6: 83 (1905)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Chita, Primoryi, Sakhalin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Asparagus schoberioides is globally assessed as Least Concern as it is a widespread species whose population is suspected to be stable. It occurs in some protected areas within its native range and this presents a useful opportunity to incorporate active management and monitoring of populations into existing management plans. The collection of germplasm for ex situ storage is a priority for this species. Collections should be representative of the in situ range of geographic and genetic diversity of the species. Additional information regarding the threats facing this species would also be beneficial.

평가근거: 비짜루는 집단이 안정적이라고 여겨지며 넓게 분포하는 종이기에 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. 자연 분포지 내에서 일부 보호 지역에 발생하며 이는 적극적인 관리 및 집단 모니터링을 기존 관리 계획에 통합 할 수 있는 유용한 기회를 제공한다. 현지외 보전을 위한 생식질의 수집은 이 종 보전에 가장 필요하다. 생식질 수집은 본 종의 현지내 지리적 유전적 다양성을 대표하여야 한다. 이 종에 직면 한 위협에 관한 추가 정보 또한 도움이 될 수 있다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Asparagus schoberioides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T20681232A20694766. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20681232A20694766.en

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina diffusa Burm.f. / 왕닭의장풀Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kumar, B.Reviewer(s): Narasimhan, D., Ravikumar, K., Juffe Bignoli, D. & García, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan); Guyana; India (Andaman Is., Bihar, Chattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Nicobar Is., Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; New Caledonia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet Nam; Yemen (North Yemen)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is assessed as Least Concern as it has a wide distribution in the tropics and sub-tropics with no known threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 열대와 아열대에 모두 널리 분포하고 알려진 위협이 없어 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kumar, B. 2013. Commelina diffusa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T177028A17627935. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T177028A17627935.en.

CYPERACEAE

Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. / 감둥사초 Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria);


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Austria; Belarus; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia (Abkhaziya); Germany; Greenland; Iceland; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kuril Is., North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia, West Siberia); Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; United States (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하며 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex buxbaumii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64270410A67728729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64270410A67728729.en

Carex canescens L. / 산사초

Carex cinerea Pollich, Hist. pl. Palat. 2: 571 (1777)Carex richardii Thuill., Fl. Env. Paris 482 (1790)Carex curta Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 145 (1794)Carex compressa Hosé, Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 21: 33 (1797)Carex persoonii O.Lang, Flora 25: 748 (1842)Carex kanitzii Porcius, Magyar Novenyt. Lapok 9: 131 (1885)Carex subsabulosa Norman, Forh. Vidensk.-Selsk. Kristiania 16: 48 (1893)Carex hylaea V.I.Krecz., Fl. URSS 3: 594 (1935)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Argentina; Australia; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Chile; China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; India; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. 2013. Carex canescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T175302A44422250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T175302A44422250.en

Carex chordorrhiza L.f. / 대암사초Carex funiformis Clairv., Man. Herbor. Suisse 287 (1811)Carex fulvicoma Dewey, Amer. J. Sci. Arts 29: 249 (1836)Carex fischeriana J.Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. II, 10: 286 (1838)Carex chordorrhiza L.f. var. sphagnicola Laest. ex Th.Fr., Bot. Not. 1857: 208 (1857)Carex chordorrhiza L.f. var. aestivalis Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 23 (1902)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greenland; Iceland; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Magadan, North European Russia, South European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain); United States (Alaska, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex chordorrhiza. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T175279A69585870. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T175279A69585870.en

Carex echinata Murray / 함북사초 Carex leersii Willd., Fl. Berol. Prodr. 28 (1787)Carex stellulata Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 144 (1794)Carex fasciculata Link ex Schkuhr, Beschr. Riedgras. 1: 119 (1801)Carex grypos Schkuhr, Beschr. Riedgras. 2: 18 (1806)Carex hydrophila Dumort., Fl. Belg. (Dumortier) 146 (1827)Carex retusa Degl., Fl. Gall. (ed. 2) 2: 307 (1828)Carex soleirolii DC. & Duby, Bot. Gall. 1: 498 (1828)Carex convexa Kit., Linnaea 32: 317 (1863)Carex leptophylla Heuff., Linnaea 31: 728 (1863)Carex caflischii Brügger, Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubündens II, 23, 24: 119 (1880)Carex angustior Mack., Fl. Rocky Mts. 124: 1060 (1917)Carex ormantha (Fernald) Mack., Erythea 8: 35 (1922)Carex basilata Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 258 (1942)Carex svenonis Skottsb., Acta Horti Gothob. 15: 329 (1944)Carex perileia S.T.Blake, J. Arnold Arbor. 28: 102 (1947)Carex gajonum Nelmes, Kew Bull. 7: 84 (1952)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Albania; Australia (New South Wales, Victoria); Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Croatia; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Guatemala; Haiti; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia (Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sicilia); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lebanon; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mexico; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; New Zealand (North Is.); Norway; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Papua New Guinea; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-


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in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, Aleutian Is., Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaiian Is., Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex echinata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T163994A69586141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T163994A69586141.en

Carex japonica Thunb. / 개찌버리사초Carex japonica Thunb. var. minor Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 2: 88 (1860)Carex motoskei Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 248 (1866)Carex trichostyles Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 581 (1878)Carex tokioensis Boeckeler, Flora 65: 63 (1882)Carex japonica Thunb. var. gracilis Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. III, 10: 78 (1898)Carex doniana Spreng. var. minor Boott, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 292 (1903)Carex japonica Thunb. var. trichostyles Franch. & Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12: 600 (1903)Carex japoniciformis Nakai, Report. Veget. Kamikochi 34 (1928)Carex albidibasis T.Koyama, J. Jap. Bot. 30: 136 (1955)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China; India; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Myanmar; Russian Federation (Kuril Is., Sakhalin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Carex japonica is an Asiatic species with a widespread geographic distribution and the large extent of occurrence (EOO) suggests the taxon is not threatened. Carex japonica appears to be common and widespread throughout its range with a large number of occurrences reported and is therefore not threatened under criterion B. Although habitats where the taxon occur are mostly threatened, being highly converted and fragmented, C. japonica is resilient to man made and natural disturbance and possesses good regeneration capacities. The taxon is adapted to a wide range of habitats, substrates and climates. Habitats where the taxon occurs benefit from some protection in parts of the range. Given the size of the range, the lack of direct threats and the lack of evidence for a population decline or for severe fragmentation, Least Concern appears to be the most appropriate category for this taxon.

평가근거: 개찌버리사초는 광범위한 지리적 분포를 보이는 아시아 종으로 대규모의 분포범위(EOO)는 분류군이 위협받지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 개찌버리사초는 전체 분포에서 흔히 발견되고 널리 퍼져있어 적색목록 기준 B와 관련된 위협을 받고 있지 않다. 분류군이 나타나는 생육지는 대부분 위협 받고 변화되고 단편화됨에도 불구하고, 개찌버리사초는 자연, 인공 교란 모두에 잘 반응하고 갱신 능력이 뛰어나다. 본 종은 다양한 생육지, 기질 및 기후에 적응되었다. 본 종이 발생하는 생육지는 일부 범위의 보호를 받고 있다. 분포 범위의 크기, 직접적인 위협의 부재와 함께 집단 감소 또는 심각한 파편화에 대한 증거 부족으로, 본종은 약관심(LC)가 가장 적합한 범주로 보인다. Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. 2013. Carex japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44393691A44473872. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44393691A44473872.en

Carex lachenalii Schkuhr / 산타래사초Carex tripartita All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 265 (1785)Carex lagopina Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 1: 145 (1803)Carex cooptanda C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 707 (1894)Carex bipartita All. var. austromontana F.J.Herm., Leafl. W. Bot. 10: 16 (1963)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, Yukon); China; Czech Republic; Finland; France; Greenland; Iceland; Italy; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Washington, Wyoming); UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Carex lachenalii has a very wide and cosmopolitan circumpolar distribution suggesting it is not threatened but although the taxon is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere it seems to be locally rare or uncommon in many parts of its range e.g., UK, France, New Zealand, Romania, Poland, Slovakia, Newfoundland, Labrador, Switzerland, Utah, Wyoming, Alberta. Carex lachenalii was assessed as globally secure in North America in 1993 (NatureServe 2008). The taxon occurs in boreal and alpine habitats, some of which may be threatened and in need of protection however no direct threats to the species can be identified at a global level. Climate change may be a general threat to Arctic and alpine flora, but it is uncertain exactly how this species will respond. The large range, ability to regenerate and resilience to disturbance suggests Least Concern is the most appropriate category for this species. The taxon benefits from legal protection in some of the areas where it is considered threatened but more species based action may be needed e.g. in Scotland where an actual reduction in number of populations has been observed between 1990 and 1996.

평가근거: 산타래사초는 매우 넓고 극지 주변에 분포를 한다. 이는 본 종이 위협받지 않는다는 것을 보여 주지만 종이 북반구에 널리 퍼져 있음에도 불구하고 예를 들어 영국, 프랑스, 뉴질랜드, 루마니아, 폴란드, 슬로바키아, 뉴펀들랜드, 래브라도, 스위스, 유타, 와이오밍, 알버타 등의 분포지의 많은 일부 지역은 지역적으로 희귀하거나 자주 관찰되지 않는다. 산타래사초는 1993년 북미 지역에서 세계적으로 안전하다고 평가되었다(NatureServe 2008). 본 종은 아한대와 고산에서 발생하며 일부는 위협을 받을 수 있으며 보호가 필요하지만 종에 대한 직접적인 위협은 전 세계적 차원에서 확인할 수 없다. 기후 변화는 극지방과 고산식물에 대한 일반적인 위협이 될 수 있지만, 본 종의 반응에 대해서는 확실하지 않다. 넓은 분포 범위, 갱신 능력 및 교란에 대한 복원성은 본 종에 가장 적합한 범주로 약관심(LC)로 제시한다. 분류군은 위협받는 지역에서 일부 법적 보호를 통해 도움을 받지만 더 많은 종에 기반한 행동이 필요하다. 예를 들어, 스코틀랜드에서는 1990 년과 1996 년 사이에 아집단 수의 실제 감소가 관찰되었다. Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. 2013. Carex lachenalii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44393064A44467538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44393064A44467538.en

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. / 벌사초Carex splendida Willd., Fl. Berol. Prodr. 33 (1787)Carex filiformis L. var. australis L.H.Bailey, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 1: 56 (1889)Carex filiformis L. var. occultans Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. III, 10: 89 (1898)Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. occultans (Franch.) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 20(38): 747 (1909)Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. f. pachystylis (J.Gay) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 20(38): 121 (1909)Carex koidzumii Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 3 (1931)Carex occultans (Franch.) V.I.Krecz., Fl. URSS 3: 471 (1935)Carex koidzumii Honda var. fuscata (Ohwi) Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol.11(5): 506 (1936)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan); China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Mexico; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Amur, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad,


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Kamchatka, Kuril Is., North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, South European Russia, West Siberia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts,Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Carex lasiocarpa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167842A42342746. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167842A42342746.en

Carex laxa Wahlenb. / 실이삭사초 Carex macrochlamys Franch., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris ser.8, 7: 49 (1895)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada (Northwest Territories, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Finland; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Norway; Russian Federation (Kuril Is., North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, West Siberia); Sweden; United States (Alaska) Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The information available is not adequate to assess the conservation status of the species, but it appears to be threatened throughout much of its range, it is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

평가근거: 전체 분포범위에서 위협에 처해 있는 것으로 보이지만, 활용 가능한 정보가 본 종의 보전상 지위를 평가하기에는 부적절하다. 따라서 자료부족(DD)으로 평가한다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex laxa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64271725A67728875. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64271725A67728875.en

Carex limosa L. / 대택사초Carex elegans Willd., Fl. Berol. Prodr. 34 (1787)Carex limosa L. var. fuscocuprea Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 20(38): 505 (1909)Carex fuscocuprea (Kük.) V.I.Krecz., Fl. URSS 3: 244 (1935)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Magadan, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Sakhalin, South European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,

Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as, in spite of local declines and even extinction, globally it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 지역적으로 감소와 절멸에도 불구하고 전 세계적으로 안정된 집단을 이루며 널리 퍼져 있고 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않아 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Carex limosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167843A42343153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167843A42343153.en

Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. / 동백사초Carex limosa L. var. livida Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 1: 162 (1803)Carex grayana Dewey, Amer. J. Sci. Arts 25: 141 (1834)Carex fujitae Kudô, J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 11: 82 (1922Carex fujimakii M.Kikuchi, Rep. (Annual) Gakugei Fac. Iwate Univ. 13: 47 (1958)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada; Finland; Iceland; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Norway; Panama; Russian Federation; Sweden; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with some stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 일부 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex livida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64271818A67728890. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64271818A67728890.en

Carex loliacea L. / 호밀사초Carex quaternaria Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 3: 809 (1826)Vignea loliacea (L.) Rchb., Handb. Gewachsk., ed. 2 3: 1610 (1830)Carex sibirica Willd. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2: 406 (1837)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Belarus; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang); Finland; Germany; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Mongolia; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, North European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, South European Russia, West Siberia); Sweden; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United States (Alaska)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with some apparently stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 일부 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex loliacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64271826A67728895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64271826A67728895.en


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Carex pauciflora Lightf. / 산바늘사초Carex leucoglochin L.f., Suppl. Pl. 413 (1782)Trasus pauciflorus (Lightf.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 56 (1821)Leucgolchin pauciflorus (Lightf.) Heuff., Flora 27: 528 (1844)Caricinella pauciflora (Lightf.) St.-Lag., Etude Fl., ed. 8 2: 881 (1889)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Yukon); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kamchatka, Kuril Is., North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Sakhalin, South European Russia, West Siberia); Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with some stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 일부 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex pauciflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T19617721A19621161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19617721A19621161.en

Carex subspathacea Wormsk. ex Hornem.애기천일사초

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. nardifolia Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 165 (1803)Carex hoppneri Boott, Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 2: 219 (1839)Carex salina Wahlenb. var. minor Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 4: 160 (1867)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada (Labrador, Manitoba, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Yukon); Greenland; Iceland; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Norway; Russian Federation (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Sakhalin, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Svalbard and Jan Mayen; United States (Alaska)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with some stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 일부 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex subspathacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64273493A67729075. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64273493A67729075.en

Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. / 별사초Carex leucolepis Turcz. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2 (Steudel) 1: 292 (1840)Carex arrhyncha Franch., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris ser.8, 7: 30 (1895)Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. var. arrhyncha (Franch.) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 20(38):224 (1909)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada (Alberta, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Jilin, Nei Mongol); Estonia; Finland; Georgia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Mongolia; Norway; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Kuril Is., North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, South European Russia, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Sweden; United States (Alaska, Colorado, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New York, Ohio, Vermont, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with many stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 수 많은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex tenuiflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64273534A67729080.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64273534A67729080.en

Carex vaginata Tausch / 집사초Carex sparsiflora var. borealis Andersson, Pl. Scand. Cyper. 1: 34 (1849)Carex falcata Turcz., Fl. Baical.-dahur. n. 1254 (1855)Carex petersii C.A.Mey. ex F.Schmidt, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 7 12:194 (1868)Carex sparsiflora var. petersii (C.A.Mey. ex Schmidt) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV,20(38): 513 (1909)Carex sparsiflora var. falcata (Turcz.) Kük., Russk. Bot. Zhurn. 3-6: 146 (1911)Carex vaginata Tausch var. petersii (C.A.Mey. ex Schmidt) Akiyama, J. Jap. Bot. 11: 499 (1935)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Greenland; Iceland; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Mongolia; Norway; Poland; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain); United States (Alaska, Georgia, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Carex vaginata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64273612A67729110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64273612A67729110.en

Carex vesicaria L. / 새방울사초 Carex furcata Lapeyr., Hist. Pl. Pyrenees 568 (1813)Carex vesicaria L. var. calcifoenum Laest., Loca Parall. 88 (1831)Carex suilla J.Fellm., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 8: 285 (1835)


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Carex monile Tuck., Enum. Meth. Caric. 20 (1843)Carex raeana Boott, Arct. Search Exped. 2: 344 (1851)Carex vesicaria L. var. robusta Sond., Fl. Hamburg. [Sonder] 506 (1851)Carex bongardiana C.A.Mey., Fl. Ochot. Phaenog. 101 (1856)Carex vaseyi Dewey, Amer. J. Sci. Arts II 29: 347 (1860)Carex vesicaria L. var. monile (Tuck.) Boeckeler, Linnaea 41: 320 (1877)Carex vesicaria L. var. tenuistachya Kük., Bot. California 77: 58 (1899)Carex udensis Meinsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 366 (1901)Carex vesicata Meinsh., Trudy Glavn. Bot. Sada 18: 367 (1901)Carex vesicaria L. subsp. vesicata (Meinsh.) T.V.Egorova, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 103 (1973)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Algeria; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec); China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Guernsey; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sicilia); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia, West Siberia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; United States (California, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Carex vesicaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167846A42370710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167846A42370710.en

Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl / 층층고랭이

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Beentje, H.J.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Albania; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Argentina; Austria; Bahamas; Belarus; Belgium; Belize; Benin; Bermuda; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Brazil; Bulgaria; Burundi; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Cayman Islands; China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan); Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cuba; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Dominica; Egypt; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); French Polynesia (Society Is.); Georgia; Germany; Ghana; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Hungary; Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sumatera); Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Jamaica; Japan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi; Mauritius (Mauritius (main island)); Mexico; Mongolia; Morocco; Namibia; Nepal; Netherlands; New Caledonia; Nicaragua; Norway; Oman; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Puerto Rico; Romania; Russian Federation; Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Slovenia; Solomon Islands; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province, Western Cape); Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Suriname; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province

of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Uganda; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Georgia, Hawaiian Is., Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia); Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Yemen (Socotra); Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is widespread and whilst it is possibly declining in parts of its range it is not thought that global population decline is likely to meet the threshold for any threatened category.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓게 분포하고 일부 분포지에서 감소 할 가능성이 있으나 전체 집단 감소가 어떠한 위협 범주의 임계값에도 도달하지 못할 것으로 판단된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Beentje, H.J. 2017. Cladium mariscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164157A65910896. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164157A65910896.en

Cyperus difformis L. / 알방동사니Cyperus holoschoenoides Jan ex Schult., Mant. 2 (Schultes) 2: 111 (1824)Cyperus subrotundus Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. 14 (1851)Cyperus orizetourum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 24 (1854)Cyperus goeringii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 24 (1854)Cyperus difformis L. var. breviglobosus Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 20(101): 240 (1936)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K. & Beentje, H.J.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia); Azerbaijan; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Chad; China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Comoros; Cote d'Ivoire; Czech Republic; Ecuador; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; France; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Ghana; Greece; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jamaica; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Myanmar; Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Romania; Russian Federation (Primoryi); Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa (Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province); Sri Lanka; Swaziland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Turkey; Uganda; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; YemenCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is widespread and faces no significant threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓게 분포하고 어떠한 중요 위협에 직면해 있지 않다. Citation: Gupta, A.K. & Beentje, H.J. 2017. Cyperus difformis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164294A84281660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164294A84281660.en

Cyperus iria L. / 참방동사니Cyperus santonici Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. 41 (1773)Cyperus chrysomelinus Link, Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 305 (1833)Cyperus paniciformis Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 537 (1878)Cyperus iria L. var. paniciformis (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 607 (1893)


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Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K. & Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia); Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Botswana; British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago); Burkina Faso; Chad; China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Eritrea; Ethiopia; French Polynesia (Society Is. - Introduced); Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; India (Andaman Is. - Introduced, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Indonesia (Jawa,Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Japan (Nanseishoto, Ogasawara-shoto); Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Madagascar; Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak); Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Myanmar; Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Northern Mariana Islands; Oman; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Senegal; Somalia; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Swaziland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; ZambiaCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 알려진 주요 위협이 없으며 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 따라서 약관심 (LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Gupta, A.K. & Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Cyperus iria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T169017A49529257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T169017A49529257.en

Cyperus nipponicus Franch. & Sav.푸른방동사니

Scirpus stauntonii C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 253 (1903)Juncellus nipponicus (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Clarke, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 14: 202 (1904)Dichostylis nipponica (Franch. & Sav.) Palla, Monde Pl. 12: 40 (1910)Cyperus stauntonii (C.B.Clarke) Ohwi, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 43 (1934)Cyperus michelianus var. nipponicus (Franch. & Sav.) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 20(101): 314(1936)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian FederationCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Cyperus nipponicus is a common ruderal, segetal and riparian annual herb of temperate Asia. The taxon is widespread and abundant in Japan, Korea and China. Cyperus nipponicus is considered to be an agricultural weed throughout its range (Global Compendium of Weed 2009). In some crops e.g. rice, it may be difficult to control as it demonstrates some resistance to commonly used herbicides (Wang et al. 2006). Cyperus nipponicus occurs in a wide range of habitats and land uses. Threats to plant species within the range do not directly affect the taxon which is highly resilient to human disturbances and tolerates various environmental stresses (Arakawa et al. 2005). Some secondary metabolites produced by C. nipponicus as natural defense system inhibits the feeding of polyphagous insects and have been used as lead in the manufacture of novel insecticides (Morimoto et al. 1999). The wide geographic range, abundance, resilience and lack of direct threats suggest Least Concern is the most appropriate category for this taxon.

평가근거: 푸른방동사니는 아시아 온대의 흔한 야생잡초, 경작지잡초 및 강계에서 자라는 일년생 초본이다. 본 분류군은 일본, 한반도 및 중국에서 널리 퍼져 있다. 푸른방동사니는 전체 분포 범위에 걸쳐 농업 잡초로 간주된다(Global Compendium of Weed 2009). 예를 들어 벼와 같은 일부 작물에서 일반적으로 사용되는 제초제에 대한 저항성을 보여줌으로써 통제하기 어려울 수 있다(Wang et al., 2006). 푸른방동사니는 넓은 범위의 생육지와 이용 토지에서 발생한다. 이 범위 내에서 종에 대한 위협은 직접적으로 영향을 미치지 않는데 그 이유는 종자체가 인간의 교란에 매우 탄력적이며 다양한 환경 스트레스를 견딜 수 있기 때문이다(Arakawa et al., 2005). 천연 방어 체계로서 푸른방동사니에 의해 생산 된 일부 이차대사산물은 잡식성의 곤충의 초식을 억제하여 새로운 살충제로 개발되기도 하였다(Morimoto et al., 1999). 넓은 분포, 풍부도, 탄력성 및 직접적인 위협이 없는 점은 이 분류군에 가장 적합한 적색목록 범주는 약관심(LC)이라고 알려준다. Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. 2013. Cyperus nipponicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392921A44474137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392921A44474137.en

Cyperus rotundus L. / 향부자Cyperus bicolor Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2: 340 (1805)Cyperus agrestis Willd. ex Spreng. & Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk. 1: 86 (1820)Cyperus laevissimus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 32 (1854)Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 6: 61 (1900)Cyperus yoshinagae Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 332 (1937)Cyperus rotundus L. var. quimoyensis L.K.Dai, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 231 (1961)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Beentje, H.J.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Argentina; Armenia (Armenia); Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Belize; Benin; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago); Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Christmas Island; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica (Cocos I., Costa Rica (mainland)); Cote d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus; Djibouti; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt (Egypt (African part), Sinai); El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Ethiopia; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); French Guiana; French Polynesia (Society Is. - Introduced, Tuamotu- Introduced); French Southern Territories (Mozambique Channel Is.); Gabon; Gambia; Georgia (Abkhaziya, Adzhariya, Gruziya); Ghana; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guatemala; Guinea; Guyana; Honduras; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Indonesia (Bali, Jawa, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Papua, Sulawesi, Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan (Ogasawara-shoto); Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Lesotho; Libya; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah); Mali; Malta; Marshall Islands; Mauritania; Mauritius (Mauritius (main island), Rodrigues); Mexico; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Namibia (Caprivi Strip, Namibia (main part)); Nepal; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Northern Mariana Islands; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Portugal (Azores, Madeira, Portugal (mainland), Selvagens); Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico (main island)); Qatar; Reunion; Romania; Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Seychelles (Aldabra, Seychelles (main island group)); Sierra Leone; Slovenia; Somalia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province, Western Cape); South Sudan; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Sudan;


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Suriname; Swaziland; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; United States (Alaska, Arizona -Introduced, Arkansas, California - Introduced, Florida, Georgia, Georgia, Hawaiian Is., Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia); United States Minor Outlying Islands (US Line Is. - Introduced, Wake Is.); Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Wallis and Futuna; Western Sahara; Yemen (North Yemen, Socotra, South Yemen); Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This is a very widespread and common species with no major threats.

평가근거: 주요한 위협이 없는 매우 넓게 분포하고 흔한 종이다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Beentje, H.J. 2017. Cyperus rotundus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T158183A84284983. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T158183A84284983.en

Cyperus tenuispica Steud. / 우산방동사니Cyperus delicatulatus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 21 (1854)Cyperus fieldingii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 2 (1854)Cyperus pseudohaspan Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 47 (1892)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kumar, B.Reviewer(s): Sadasivaiah, B., Bhat, G.K., Dahanukar, N., Rao, M.L.V. & Molur, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia; Benin; Bhutan; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; China; Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Madagascar; Mali; Myanmar; Nepal; Nigeria; Philippines; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; ZambiaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Cyperus tenuispica is a widely distributed species with no threats, hence assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 우산방동사니는 넓게 분포하고 위협이 없이 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kumar, B. 2013. Cyperus tenuispica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T177271A7402521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T177271A7402521.en

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult.원산쇠털골Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Austria; Belgium; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bosnia and Herzegovina;Bulgaria; Cambodia; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan); Colombia; Costa Rica; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Ecuador; El Salvador; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Greenland;

Guatemala; Honduras; Hong Kong; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia (Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Macao; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malaysia; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guadalupe I., Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico Distrito Federal, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Revillagigedo Is., Rocas Alijos, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar; Netherlands; Panama; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (East European Russia, North European Russia); Serbia (Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; United States (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Eleocharis acicularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164247A1034194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164247A1034194.en

Eriophorum vaginatum L. / 황새풀Scirpus vaginatus (L.) Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 31 (1796)Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe, Bot. Taschenb. Anfanger Wiss. Apothekerkunst 11: 104 (1800)Eriophorum fauriei E.G.Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 249 (1910)Eriophorum scabridum Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 187 (1931)Scirpus faurie (E.G.Camus) T.Koyama, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 7: 358 (1958)Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp. fauriei (E.G.Camus) Love & Love, Univ. Colorado Stud. Ser. Biol. 17: 13 (1965)Eriophorum vaginatum L. var. fauriei (E.G.Camus) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 150 (1979)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Greenland; Hungary; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mongolia; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin); Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


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평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Eriophorum vaginatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T19618096A19621226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19618096A19621226.en

Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link 어른지기

Scirpus autumnalis L. var. complanata (Retz.) Kük., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 50 (1924)Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link f. exalata T.Koyama, Bull. Arts Sci. Div. RyukyuUniv. 3: 70 (1959)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Anitha, K.Reviewer(s): Bhat, G.K., Sadasivaiah, B., Karuppasamy, S., Rao, M.L.V., Dahanukar, N., Molur, S. & Garcia, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Angola (Angola); Argentina; Australia; Belize; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Botswana; Brazil; China; Colombia; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; French Guiana; Gabon; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Nicobar Is., Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Indonesia; Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Liberia; Malaysia; Mexico; Myanmar; Namibia; Nepal; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Rwanda; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; Uruguay; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Wallis and Futuna; Yemen (Socotra)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Fimbristylis complanata is a common species with a wide distribution and there are no known threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 어른지기는 알려진 위협이 없고 넓게 분포하며 흔히 발견되는 종이다. 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Anitha, K. 2013. Fimbristylis complanata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T177062A19056716. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T177062A19056716.en

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl / 하늘지기Scirpus dichotomus L., Sp. Pl. 50 (1753) Scirpus annuus All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 277 (1785) Scirpus diphyllus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 15 (1789) Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2: 289 (1805) Fimbristylis laxa Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2: 292 (1805) Fimbristylis tomentosa Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2: 290 (1805) Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 95 (1817)Fimbristylis communis Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2: 234 (1837) Fimbristylis goeringiana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 118 (1855) Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl var. tomentosa (Vahl) Benth., Fl. Hongk. 392 (1861)Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl var. floribunda Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 144 (1865) Fimbristylis polymorpha Boeckeler, Linnaea 37: 15 (1871) Scirpus ochotensis Meinsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 248 (1901) Fimbristylis tikushiensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 113 (1916) Fimbristylis ochotensis (Meinsh.) Kom., Fl. Kamtchatka 1: 212 (1927) Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult. var. diphylla (Retz.) Kük., Acta Horti Gothob. 5: 109 (1929)Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl f. annua (All.) Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 577 (1938) Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl f. depauperata Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 578 (1938) Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl f. floribunda (Miq.) Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 577 (1938) Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl f. tomentosa (Vahl) Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 577 (1938)Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl var. annua (All.) T.Koyama, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 8: 111 (1961) Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl var. floribunda (Miq.) T.Koyama, J. Jap. Bot. 63: 90 (1988)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1

Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K. & Thacker, H.Reviewer(s): Smith, K. & Garcia, N.Year Published: Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Armenia (Armenia); Australia; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Belize; Benin; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Botswana; Brazil; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Cayman Islands; Chad; China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Curacao; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Fiji; French Guiana; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Ghana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Jamaica; Japan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Martinique; Mexico; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Morocco; Namibia; Nepal; New Caledonia; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Norfolk Island; Pakistan; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Qatar; Reunion; Russian Federation; Rwanda; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French part); Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); South Africa; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Swaziland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Yemen (North Yemen, Socotra)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread with abundant and stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 풍부하고 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Gupta, A.K. & Thacker, H. 2013. Fimbristylis dichotoma. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T169008A68272468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T169008A68272468.en

Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke푸른하늘지기

Scirpus dipsaceus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. 56 (1773)Isolepis verrucifera Maxim., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 300 (1859) Fimbristylis nipponensis Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 47 (1892) Fimbristylis verrucifera (Maxim.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 9: 259 (1895) Scirpus verruciferus (Maxim.) Meinsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 246 (1901)Echiolytrum verruiferum (Maxim.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 20: 9 (1906) Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke var. verrucifera (Maxim.) T.Koyama, J. Fac. Sci.Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 8: 118 (1961)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kumar, B.Reviewer(s): Sadasivaiah, B., Bhat, G.K., Rao, M.L.V., Karuppasamy, S., Dahanukar, N. & Molur, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Angola (Angola); Australia; Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Brazil; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; China (Yunnan); Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Cote d'Ivoire; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; India (Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh); Indonesia; Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Madagascar; Malaysia; Mali; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Nigeria; Pakistan; Philippines; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Singapore; South Africa; South Sudan; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Togo; Uganda; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Fimbristylis dipsacea is a widely distributed common species with no known major threats. Thus it is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 푸른하늘지기는 알려진 위협이 없고 넓게 분포하는 흔히 발견되는 종이다.


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약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kumar, B. 2013. Fimbristylis dipsacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T176964A7341327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T176964A7341327.en

Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich. / 바람하늘지기Scirpus miliaceus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10 2: 868 (1759) Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2: 287 (1806) Fimbristylis emarginata Wight ex Wall., Numer. List 3500 (1831) Fimbristylis flaccida Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 113 (1855) Fimbristylis quadrangularis A.Dietr. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 114 (1855) Irith miliaceae (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 752 (1891) Fimbristylis hatsusimae Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 68 (1939)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kumar, B.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Angola (Angola); Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland); Bahamas; Bangladesh; Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Botswana; Brazil; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Central African Republic; China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Colombia; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Dominica; Ecuador; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; Fiji; French Guiana; French Polynesia (Society Is.); Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi, Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Jamaica;Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Madagascar; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Maldives; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mexico; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan; Panama; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Reunion; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaiian Is., Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas); Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Wallis and Futuna; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Fimbristylis littoralis is a common and widely distributed species with no known major threats. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 바람하늘지기는 알려진 위협이 없고 넓게 분포하는 흔히 발견되는 종이다. 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kumar, B. 2014. Fimbristylis littoralis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T177006A62754647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T177006A62754647.en

Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f.) J.Kern / 쇠하늘지기Carex ovata Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) 194 (1768) Cyperus monostachyos L., Mant. Pl. 2: 180 (1771) Abildgaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2: 296 (1805) Fimbristylis monostachyos (L.) Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. 61 (1848)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kumar, B.Reviewer(s): Sadasivaiah, B., Bhat, G.K., Rao, M.L.V., Karuppasamy, S., Dahanukar, N. & Molur, S.Year Published: 2013

Country Occurrence: Angola (Angola); Argentina; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia, PlurinationalStates of; Brazil; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Cayman Islands; Chad; China (Yunnan); Colombia; ongo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Ethiopia; Ghana; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nicobar Is., Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh); Indonesia; Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Madagascar; Malaysia; Mexico; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Pakistan; Panama; Paraguay; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Singapore; South Africa; South Sudan; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; Uruguay; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Yemen; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Fimbristylis ovata is a widely distributed species throughout the tropics. It is very common and there are no known major threats to the species. Thus it is Least Concern.

평가근거: 쇠하늘지기는 열대에 걸쳐 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 알려진 위협이 없고 흔히 발견되는 종이다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Kumar, B. 2013. Fimbristylis ovata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T176923A7331625. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T176923A7331625.en

Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl제주하늘지기

Scirpus schoenoides Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 14 (1789) Fimbristylis kagiensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 110 (1916)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kumar, B.Reviewer(s): Sadasivaiah, B., Bhat, G.K., Rao, M.L.V., Karuppasamy, S., Dahanukar, N. & Molur, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; Guinea-Bissau; Hong Kong; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nicobar Is., Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Japan; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Mali; Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines; Senegal; Singapore; Spain; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Fimbristylis schoenoides is a common and a widely distributed species with no known major threats. Hence it is Least Concern.

평가근거: 제주하늘지기는 알려진 위협이 없고 넓게 분포하는 흔히 발견되는 종이다. 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Kumar, B. 2013. Fimbristylis schoenoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T177155A7378813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T177155A7378813.en

Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. / 검정방동사니Scirpus ciliaris L., Mant. alt. 182 (1771) Fuirena glomerata Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 1: 150 (1791)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Garcia, N. & Defex, T.Year Published: 2013


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Country Occurrence: Angola (Angola); Australia; Bangladesh; Benin; Botswana; Cambodia; Cameroon; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Yunnan); Congo; Cote d'Ivoire; Egypt; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh); Indonesia; Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malawi; Malaysia; Myanmar; Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Senegal; Sierra Leone; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape Province); Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Uganda; Viet Nam; Yemen (Socotra); ZambiaCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread, capable of exploiting anthropogenic habitats and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 검정방동사니는 넓게 분포하고 인공적인 생육지에서 자라는 능력이 있으며 어떻한 위협에도 직면하고 있지 않아 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Fuirena ciliaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T158207A16584221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T158207A16584221.en

Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. / 파대가리Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hassk.) 1: 24 (1844) Kyllinga monocephala var. leiolepis Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 108 (1877) Kyllinga kamschatica Meinsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 229 (1901) Kyllinga intermedia R.Br. var. oligostachya C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 224 (1903)Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. var. gibbosa Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 296 (1933)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K. & Garcia, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Algeria; Argentina; Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia); Bangladesh; Belize; Bermuda; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Botswana; Brazil; Burundi; Cameroon; Canada; Cayman Islands; Chile (Easter Is.); China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Colombia; Comoros; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominica; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea (Equatorial Guinea (mainland)); Ethiopia; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Fiji; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Laccadive Is., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi, Sumatera); Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Mauritius (Mauritius (main island), Rodrigues); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guadalupe I., Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico Distrito Federal, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Revillagigedo Is., Rocas Alijos, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Morocco; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Namibia (Namibia (main part)); Nepal; New Zealand (Kermadec Is., North Is.); Nicaragua; Nigeria; Niue; Norfolk Island; Pakistan; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Pitcairn; Puerto Rico; Reunion; Rwanda; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Ascension, Saint Helena (main island), Tristan da Cunha); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Seychelles (Aldabra, Seychelles (main island group)); South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal); Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago;

Tunisia; Uganda; United States (Alabama, California - Introduced, Florida, Georgia, Hawaiian Is., Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas); Uruguay; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Wallis andFutuna; Western Sahara; Yemen (Socotra)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread with a stable population and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 주요한 위협이 없고 안정적인 집단을 유지하며 넓게 분포하는 종으로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Kyllinga brevifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168653A1197980. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T168653A1197980.en

Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) Koyama / 드렁방동사니Cyperus flavidus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 13 (1788) Cyperus globosus All., Auct. Fl. Pedem. 49 (1789) Pycreus globosus Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2: 140 (1830) Cyperus nilagiricus Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 2 (1854) Cyperus trachyrhachis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 3 (1854) Cyperus globosus All. var. nilagiricus (Steud.) C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 49 (1884)Cyperus fuscoater Meinsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 406 (1893) Pycreus capillaris (J.König ex Roxb.) Nees ex C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 591 (1893) Cyperus complanatus C.Presl, Isis (Oken) 21: 270 (1929)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kavak, S.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Algeria; Australia (Queensland, Victoria); Bangladesh; Bhutan; Bulgaria; Cape Verde; China (Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Cyprus; Egypt; France; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); India (Assam); Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Madagascar; Mauritius; Morocco; Nepal; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Portugal; Russian Federation (Amur, Primoryi); Seychelles; Spain; Sri Lanka; Syrian Arab Republic; Thailand; Tunisia; Turkey; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is widespread, locally common and has no known major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓게 퍼져 있고 지역적으로 흔히 관찰되며 주요한 위협이 없다.

Citation: Kavak, S. 2014. Pycreus flavidus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164348A1044991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164348A1044991.en

Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv.갯방동사니

Cyperus polystachyos Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. 39 (1773) Pycreus paniculatus (Rottb.) Nees, Linnaea 9: 283 (1834) Cyperus teretifructus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 3 (1854) Chlorocyperus polystachyus (Rottb.) Rikli, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 27: 563 (1895) Pycreus odoratus Urb., Symb. Antill. 2: 164 (1900)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rehel, S.Reviewer(s): Rao, M.L.V., Ravikumar, K., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Garcia, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Algeria; American Samoa (American Samoa, American Samoa); Angola (Angola); Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Aruba; Australia; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Benin; Bermuda; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Botswana; Brazil; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Canada;


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Cayman Islands; Chile; China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt (Egypt (African part)); El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; French Guiana; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; India (Assam, Kerala, Laccadive Is., Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Indonesia; Iraq; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Mauritius; Mexico; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nepal; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Reunion; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Suriname; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Tunisia; Uganda; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Pycreus polystachyos is very widely distributed across the globe. There are no known threats and it is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 갯방동사니는 전 세계에 걸쳐 넓게 분포하고 지역적으로 흔히 관찰된다. 알려진 위협이 없고 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Rehel, S. 2013. Pycreus polystachyos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164195A19089068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164195A19089068.en

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl / 흰고양이수염Schoenus albus L., Sp. Pl. 44 (1753) Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl var. kiushiana Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 198 (1903)Rhynchospora luquillensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 50: 56 (1923)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Matchutadze, I.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Georgia; Germany; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lithuania; Moldova; Norway; Poland; Puerto Rico; Russian Federation; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: The species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread and any habitat loss and degradation is not occurring at a scale to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.

평가근거: 본 종은 위협 또는 준위협에 충족할 규모로 생육지 손실과 파괴가 일어나지 않았고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Matchutadze, I. 2014. Rhynchospora alba. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T19618181A19620886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T19618181A19620886.en

Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla / 좀송이고랭이

Scirpus mucronatus L., Sp. Pl. 50 (1753) Scirpus triangulatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 1: 219 (1820) Scirpus cognatus Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 15: 228 (1861)

Scirpus mucronatus L. var. robustus Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 143 (1865) Scirpus mucronatus L. var. subleiocarpa Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 112 (1878) Scirpus preslii A.Dietr., Sp. Pl. 2: 175 (1883) Scirpus abactus Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 186 (1931) Scirpus mucronatus L. var. abactus (Ohwi) Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 18(1): 117 (1944) Schoenoplectus preslii (A.Dietr.) Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 18(1):116 (1944) Hymenochaeta preslii (A.Dietr.) Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 31: 133 (1952) Scirpus mucronatus L. subsp. robustus T.Koyama, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14: 194 (1961)Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla subsp. robustus (Miq.) T.Koyama, Fl. Taiwan 5: 214 (1978)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Defex, T. & Garcia, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia); Austria; Bangladesh; Bulgaria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo; Croatia; Egypt (Egypt (African part)); France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Gabon; Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Hungary; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi, Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sicilia); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Mauritius (Mauritius (main island)); Mongolia; Nepal; Nigeria; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Azores, Portugal (mainland)); Reunion; Romania; Russian Federation (Primoryi); Serbia (Serbia, Serbia); Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Uganda; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Yemen (North Yemen); Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 주요한 위협이 없고 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Schoenoplectus mucronatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164086A13553540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164086A13553540.en

Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla / 세모고랭이Scirpus triqueter L., Mant. Pl. 1: 29 (1767) Scirpus trigonus Roth, Neue Beytr. Bot. 1: 90 (1802) Scirpus pollichii Godr. & Gren., Fl. France (Grenier) 3: 374 (1856) Scirpus pollichii Godr. & Gren. var. coriacea Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 113 (1878)Hymenochaeta triqueter (L.) Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 31: 134 (1952)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Austria; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan); Croatia; Egypt (Egypt (African part)); France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Hungary; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan (Ogasawara-shoto); Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Pakistan; Portugal (Madeira, Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, East European Russia, Primoryi, South


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European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Limpopo Province); Spain (Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it appears to be widespread with stable populations, however the level of threat indicated in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain and France may indicate a more widespread trend.

평가근거: 스위스, 영국, 독일, 스페인, 프랑스에서 나타난 위협 수준은 보다 광범위한 경향을 나타낼 수 있지만, 본 종은 안정적인 집단으로 널리 퍼져 있기 때문에 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Schoenoplectus triqueter. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164040A42376572. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164040A42376572.en

GRAMINEAE

Agrostis canina L. / 검은겨이삭Trichodium caninum (L.) Schrad., Fl. Germ. (Schrader) 1: 198 (1806) Agraulus caninus P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 5 (1812) Agrostis canina L. var. mutica Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 1: 172 (1828) Agrostis wightii Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 168 (1854)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Andorra; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland)); Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; India (Jammu-Kashmir); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Jersey; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia); San Marino; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United KingdomCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 검은겨이삭은 안정된 집단이 널리 퍼져있고 어떠한 위협에도 직면하지 않아 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Agrostis canina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167861A42382326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167861A42382326.en

Agrostis clavata Trin. / 산겨이삭Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck., Amer. J. Sci. Arts 45: 44 (1843) Agrostis valvata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 171 (1854) Agrostis tenuiflora (Willd.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 163 (1855) Agrostis matsumurae Hack. ex Matsum., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 11: 445 (1897) Agrostis macrothyrsa Hack., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 318 (1909) Agrostis clavata Trin. var. nukabo Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55: 356 (1941) Agrostis formosana Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55: 354 (1941) Agrostis clavata Trin. subsp. matsumurae (Hack.) Tateoka ex Honda, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B. 11: 161 (1968)

Agrostis exarata subsp. clavata (Trin.) T.Koyama, Grasses Japan Neighb. Reg. 484 (1987)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; Canada (Yukon); China; Finland; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Nepal; Papua New Guinea; Russian Federation; Sweden; United States (Alaska)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 산겨이삭은 넓게 분포하며 분포범위의 일부는 감소할 가능성이 있음에도 불구하고 전체 집단의 감소가 취약범주의 임계점에 도달할 (가까워질) 가능성이 없다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Agrostis clavata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64262122A67728473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64262122A67728473.en

Agrostis stolonifera L. / 애기겨이삭Agrostis palustris Huds., Fl. Angl. (Hudson) 27 (1762) Vilfa stolonifera (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 16: 182 (1812) Agrostis alba L. var. stolonifera (L.) Sm., Engl. Fl. 1: 93 (1824)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Chad; China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan); Colombia; Costa Rica (Costa Rica (mainland)); Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt (Sinai); Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); French Polynesia (Marquesas); French Southern Territories (Amsterdam-St. Paul Is., Crozet Is., Kerguelen); Georgia (Abkhaziya, Adzhariya, Gruziya); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guernsey; Hungary; Iceland; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Jersey; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal (Azores - Introduced, Madeira, Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kamchatka - Introduced, Khabarovsk - Introduced, Krasnodar, Kuril Is. - Introduced, Magadan - Introduced, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi - Introduced, Sakhalin - Introduced, South European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is. - Introduced, Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Ukraine (mainpart)); United KingdomCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 애기겨이삭은 안정된 집단이 널리 퍼져 있고 어떠한 위협에도 직면하지 않아 약관심(LC)으로 분류된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Agrostis stolonifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164020A42383133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164020A42383133.en


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Arundo donax L. / 물대Arundo sativa Lam., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck) 3: 616 (1778) Arundo bifaria Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4: 21 (1786) Arundo bengalensis Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 20 (1789) Arundo latifolia Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 24 (1796) Donax arundinaceus P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 78: 152, 161 (1812) Cynodon donax (L.) Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 5: 302 (1825)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): García, N. & Defex, T.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Myanmar; Oman; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Turkmenistan; Yemen (North Yemen)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is assessed as Least Concern because it is widespread and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 물대는 집단이 널리 퍼져 있고 어떠한 위협에도 직면하지 않아 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Arundo donax. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164340A1043245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164340A1043245.en

Avena fatua L. / 메귀리Avena japonica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 231 (1854) Anelytrum avenaceum Hack., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 519 (1910) Avena sativa L. var. fatua (L.) Fiori, Nuov. Fl. Italia 1: 109 (1923) Avena cultiformis (Malzev) Malzev, Sornye Rast. S.S.S.R. 1: 208 (1934)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L., Bradley, I., Zair, W. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Ethiopia; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Montenegro; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal (Madeira - Present - Origin Uncertain, Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, East European Russia, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kaliningrad, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Severo-Osetiya, South European Russia, Stavropol); Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Avena fatua is assessed as Least Concern as it is very widespread throughout Europe, Asia and northern Africa with a stable population and no known threats. It is also able to grow in a wide range of disturbed habitats as a weed. In Europe it is also regionally assessed as Least Concern (Duarte et al. 2011).

평가근거: 메귀리는 유럽, 아시아 및 북부 아프리카 전역에 걸쳐 널리 분포하여 안정적인 집단을 유지하고, 알려진 위협이 없어 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. 또한 잡초처럼 다양한 교란된 생육지에서 자랄 수 있다. 유럽에서는 지역적으로 약관심(LC) 평가된다(Duarte et al. 2011).

Citation: Rhodes, L., Bradley, I., Zair, W. & Maxted, N. 2016. Avena fatua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T172049A19394581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T172049A19394581.en

Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. / 개피Panicum syzigachne Steud., Flora 29: 19 (1846) Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host var. uniflora Scribn. ex A.Gray, Manual (Gray), ed. 6 628 (1890) Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host var. baicalensis Kusn., Trudy Bjuro Prikl. Bot. 6: 584 (1913)Beckmannia baicalensis (Kusn.) Hultén, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 3, 5: 119 (1927) Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host subsp. syzigachne (Steud.) Breitung, Amer. Midl. Naturalist58: 10 (1957) Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald subsp. baicalensis (Kusn.) T.Koyama & Kawano,Canad. J. Bot. 42: 879 (1964) Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald var. uniflora (Scribn. ex A.Gray) B.Boivin, NaturalisteCanad. 94: 521 (1967)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Andorra; Armenia (Armenia); Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick - Introduced, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia - Introduced, Ontario, Prince Edward I. - Introduced, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Qinghai, Tibet [or Xizang]); Croatia; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Estonia; Georgia; Greece; Greenland; Guatemala; Guernsey; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Hong Kong; Hungary; India; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Malaysia; Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Moldova; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Samoa; Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tonga; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Turks and Caicos Islands; Ukraine; United States (Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Western Sahara; YemenCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 이 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 분포 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단이 취약 범주의 한계에 충죽되거나 (또는 근접할) 가능성이 없다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Beckmannia syzigachne. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T168748A1220938. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T168748A1220938.en

Calamagrostis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartm.라프랜드새풀Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F. & Lopez Poveda, L.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang); Finland; Greenland; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Mongolia; Norway; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is.,


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Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Sweden; United States (Alaska)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Calamagrostis lapponica is a widespread common species found in the north of the northern Hemisphere. It is abundant and the dominant grass species of several plant communities. The taxon is ruderal in habit and grows in a wide range of habitats. A rating of Least Concern is given to C. lapponica which occurs in more than 30 ecoregions and has been collected within numerous conservation units throughout its range.

평가근거: 라프랜드새풀은 북반구의 북쪽에서 흔히 발견되는 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 본 종은 풍부하고 여러 식물 군집의 우점종이다. 분류군은 다양한 범위의 생육지에서 터주식물로 자란다. 30개 이상의 생태 지역에서 발생하며 그 범위 전체에 걸쳐 수 많은 보전 단위에서 수집된 라프랜드새풀은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. & Lopez Poveda, L. 2013. Calamagrostis lapponica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44393654A44539931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44393654A44539931.en

Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hall.f.) Koel 갯조풀

Arundo pseudophragmites Haller f., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1: 11 (1796) Arundo littorea Schrad., Fl. Germ. (Schrader) 212 (1806) Calamagrostis littorea (Schrad.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 15: 157 (1812) Calamagrostis glauca (M.Bieb.) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 27 (1830) Calamagrostis dubia Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl. 348 (1852) Calamagrostis onaei Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 598 (1878) Arundo glauca Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 4: 303 (1901)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Akhani, H.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Austria; Belgium; Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China (Beijing, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Gibraltar; Guernsey; Holy See (Vatican City State); Hungary; India (Sikkim, West Bengal); Iraq; Ireland; Italy; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Jersey; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Netherlands; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation (Dagestan); San Marino; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: Justification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


Citation: Akhani, H. 2014. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T168800A1233453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T168800A1233453.en

Festuca parvigluma Steud. / 김의털아재비 Saccharum chinense Nees ex Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 241 (1838) Festuca parvigluma Steud. var. breviaristata Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 163 (1933)Festuca parvigluma Steud. var. breviseta Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 613 (1933) Festuca parvigluma Steud. var. hirtipes Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 53: 51 (1939) Saccharum arenicola Ohwi, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 26: 3 (1949) Saccharum spontaneum L. var. arenicola (Ohwi) Ohwi, Fl. Jap., revised ed., [Ohwi] 1440 (1965)Festuca ohwiana E.B.Alexeev, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol. n.s, 83: 94 (1978)


Assessor(s): Brummitt, N.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Nepal; Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is a very widespread Asian species with no specific threats, found in a variety of montane vegetation types including secondary and disturbed habitats; Least Concern is the most appropriate category for this species.

평가근거: 본 종은 이차림 및 교란된 생육지를 포함하여 다양한 산림 식생에서 발견되는 특별한 위협이 없는 매우 광범위한 아시아 종이다. 적색목록상 약관심(LC)이 본 종에 가장 적합한 범주입니다.

Citation: Brummitt, N. 2013. Festuca parvigluma. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392353A44444131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392353A44444131.en

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. / 좀겨풀Phalaris oryzoides L., Sp. Pl. 55 (1753) Asprella oryzoides (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 153 (1812) Oryza oryzoides (L.) Brand & W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3 3: 2704 (1905)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France (Corsica); Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Mexico; Morocco; Netherlands; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Azores); Romania; Russian Federation; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Leersia oryzoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T164118A1023200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T164118A1023200.en

Phalaris arundinacea L. / 갈풀Arundo colorata Aiton, Hort. Kew. (Hill) 1: 116 (1789) Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench, Methodus (Moench) 202 (1794) Calamagrostis variegata With., Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 3 2: 124 (1796) Digraphis arundinacea (L.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 127 (1820) Baldingera arundinacea (L.) Dumort., Observ. Gramin. Belg. 130 (1824) Phalaris caesia Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. 3: 6 (1841) Phalaris japonica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 11 (1853) Phalaroides rotgesii (Husn.) Holub, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12: 428 (1977)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Andorra; Austria; Belgium;


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Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Ethiopia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia (Abkhaziya, Adzhariya, Gruziya); Germany; Gibraltar; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guernsey; Holy See (Vatican City State); Hungary; Iceland; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Meghalaya, West Bengal); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jersey; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Malta; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Rwanda; San Marino; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province - Introduced, Free State - Introduced, Western Cape - Introduced); Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaiian Is. - Introduced, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Phalaris arundinacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164064A1021826. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164064A1021826.en

Phleum alpinum L. / 산조아재비Phleum pratense L. var. alpinum (L.) Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 1: 103 (1769) Phleum commutatum Gaudin, Alpina 3: 4 (1808) Plantinia alpina (L.) Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 4: 272 (1901)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Brummitt, N.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Argentina; Austria; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Yukon); China (Gansu, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Czech Republic; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Guatemala; Iceland; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Mexico; Mongolia; Nepal; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Georgia, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Phleum alpinum is a very widespread and common species found throughout the boreal regions of the northern hemisphere; Least Concern is the most appropriate category for this species.

평가근거: 산조아재비는 북반구의 아한대 전역에서 발견되는 매우 널리 퍼져있는 종이다. 약관심(LC)은 본 종에 가장 적합한 범주이다.

Citation: Brummitt, N. 2013. Phleum alpinum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44393234A44458929. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44393234A44458929.en

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. / 갈대Arundo phragmites L., Sp. Pl. 81 (1753) Arundo australis Cav., Anales Hist. Nat. 1: 100 (1799) Xenochloa arundinacea Licht., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 501 (1817)Phragmites communis Trin., Fund. Agrost. 134 (1820) Phragmites longivalvis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 196 (1854) Phragmites vulgaris Britton & Sterns & Poggenb., Prelim. Cat. 69 (1888) Phragmites nakaianus Honda, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3: 118 (1930)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): García, N. & Tognelli, M.Year Published: 2015Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Aland Islands; Albania; Algeria; American Samoa (American Samoa); Andorra; Angola (Angola); Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Armenia (Armenia); Aruba; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belarus; Belgium; Belize; Benin; Bermuda; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Bouvet Island; Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory; Brunei Darussalam; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Canada; Cape Verde; Cayman Islands; Central African Republic; Chad; Chile; China; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cote d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cuba; Curacao; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Disputed Territory; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Faroe Islands; Fiji; Finland; France; French Guiana; French Polynesia; French Southern Territories; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Germany; Ghana; Gibraltar; Greece; Greenland; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guernsey; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; Holy See (Vatican City State); Honduras; Hong Kong; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Isle of Man; Israel; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Jersey; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Latvia; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macao; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Maldives; Mali; Malta; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mayotte; Mexico; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Montserrat; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru; Nepal; Netherlands; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Pitcairn; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Qatar; Reunion; Romania; Russian Federation; Rwanda; Saint Barthelemy; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French part); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Samoa; San Marino; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia (Serbia); Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Slovakia; Slovenia; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Spain; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Togo; Tokelau; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States (Georgia, Hawaiian Is. - Introduced); United States Minor Outlying Islands; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Wallis and Futuna; Western Sahara; Yemen; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: Stable


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Justification: This species is extremely widespread and abundant almost throughout the world, it is capable of exploiting anthropogenic habitats and is not known to face any significant threats; it is therefore classed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 전 세계적으로 매우 광범위하고 풍부하며 인위적 생육지를 이용할 수 있으며 심각한 위협에 직면하지 않는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러므로 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2015. Phragmites australis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T164494A79857020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T164494A79857020.en

Poa annua L. / 새포아풀Poa hohenackeri Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1: 69 (1836) Poa meyenii Nees & Meyen, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 19: 31 (1841) Poa annua L. var. reptans Hausskn., Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Jena 9: 7 (1891) Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hausskn.) T.Koyama, Grasses Japan 523 (1987)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Brummitt, N.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Åland Islands; Albania; Algeria; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Burundi; Cameroon; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea (Bioko); Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hong Kong; Hungary; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Libya; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Mauritius (Rodrigues); Mexico; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal (Azores, Madeira, Portugal (mainland)); Qatar; Réunion; Romania; Russian Federation; Rwanda; San Marino; Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; YemenCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: Poa annua is an extremely common and widespread species with no known threats; it is an early colonizer of bare ground, is a common lawn grass and 'one of the world's worst weeds'; Least Concern is the most appropriate category for this species.

평가근거: 새포아풀은 알려진 위협이 없는 매우 일반적이며 널리 퍼진 종이다. 본 종은 비어 있는 토양의 초기 개척자이고 흔한 잔디용 초종이며, '세계 최악의 잡초'중 하나이다. 약관심(LC)은 본 종에 가장 적합한 범주이다.

Citation: Brummitt, N. 2013. Poa annua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168729A1217340. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T168729A1217340.en

Poa pratensis L. / 왕포아풀Poa glabra Ehrh., Beitr. Naturk. (Ehrhart) 6: 82 (1791) Poa angustifolia Wahlenb. var. anceps (Gaudin) K.Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 87 (1890) Poa angustiglumis Roshev., Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R 30: 773 (1932) Poa florida N.R.Cui, Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 7: 91 (1987)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Åland Islands; Albania; Andorra; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland;

France; Germany; Gibraltar; Greece; Greenland; Guernsey; Holy See (Vatican City State); Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy; Jersey; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lesotho; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norfolk Island; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; San Marino; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Hawaiian Is. - Introduced); Uzbekistan; Western SaharaCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.


Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Poa pratensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T176440A78457132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T176440A78457132.en

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. / 갯쇠돌피Alopecurus monspeliensis L., Sp. Pl. 61 (1753) Alopecurus aristatus Gouan, Hortus Monsp. 37 (1762) Phalaris crinita Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 19 (1775) Vilfa alopecuroides (Lam.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 16 (1812) Polypogon flavescens J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 235 (1830) Agrostis crinita (Trin. & Rupr.) Nees, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. 3: 550 (1845) Polypogon nepalensis Nees ex Trin., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math.,Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6: 225 (1845) Polypogon melillensis Sennen, Diagn. Nouv. 168 (1936)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Akhani, H.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Algeria; Armenia (Armenia); Azerbaijan; Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Chad; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang); Croatia; Cyprus; Egypt (Egypt (African part)); Eritrea; Ethiopia; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland), Kriti); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Libya; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mauritania; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Somalia; Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Yemen (Socotra) Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. It is also widely naturalised.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 본종은 넓인 지역에 외래종으로 퍼져있다. Citation: Akhani, H. 2014. Polypogon monspeliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164232A42575192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164232A42575192.en


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Pseudoraphis sordida (Thwaites)S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen / 물잔디

Andropogon squarrosus L.f., Suppl. Pl. 433 (1781) Panicum spinescens R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 193 (1810) Chamaeraphis squarrosa var. depauperata (Nees ex Hook.f.) Masamura, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.Taiwan 30: 18 (1940) Pseudoraphis depauperata (Nees ex Hook.f.) Keng, Sinensia 11: 413 (1940) Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10: 273 (1941) Pseudoraphis squarrosa var. depauperata (Nees ex Hook.f.) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 398 (1941)Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 62: 69 (1952)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Sri Lanka Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Pseudoraphis sordida is rated as Least Concern due to its very large geographic distribution, low habitat specificity and occurrence within several conservation units.

평가근거: 물잔디는 매우 넓은 지리적 분포와 낮은 생육지 특성, 일부 보전단위에 발생하는 것에 기인하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. 2013. Pseudoraphis sordida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392961A44435677. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392961A44435677.en

Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Buse / 쇠풀Andropogon brevifolius Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) 26 (1788) Pollinia brevifolia (Sw.) Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 13 (1815) Sorghum brevifolium (Sw.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 791 (1891)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Contu, S.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Angola (Angola); Bangladesh; Belize; Benin; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Dominica; Ecuador; El Salvador; Ethiopia; French Guiana; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India (Assam); Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Mali; Mauritania; Mexico; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Oman; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Sudan; Suriname; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Schizachyrium brevifolium is assessed as Least Concern. The species is found in moist hot places in tropical regions of both hemispheres.Schizachyrium brevifolium is known to be common and no real threats are known at present, therefore the species is rated as Least Concern.

평가근거: 쇠풀은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 본 종은 양쪽 반구의 열대의 습하고 더운 곳에서 발견된다. 쇠풀은 흔하게 발견되는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 현재 실제 위협은 알려지지 않았기 때문에 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Contu, S. 2013. Schizachyrium brevifolium. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392541A44396905. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392541A44396905.en

Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi / 잠자리피Bromus bifidus Thunb., Syst. Veg., ed. 14 (J. A. Murray) 119 (1784) Avena bifida (Thunb.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 153 (1812) Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. var. bifidum (Thunb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 215 (1912) Trisetum taquetii Hack., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 386 (1913) Trisetum biaristatum Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 35: 150 (1921)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Papua New Guinea; Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Trisetum bifidum is a widespread Asiatic weed and is therefore rated as Least Concern.

평가근거: 잠자리피는 넓게 분포하는 아시아의 잡초종으로 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. 2013. Trisetum bifidum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T44392984A44412245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392984A44412245.en

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Blyxa aubertii Rich. / 올챙이자리Blyxa oryzetorum (Decne.) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 661 (1888) Blyxa malayana Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 3: 358 (1893) Blyxa ecaudata Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 208, f. 77 c-d (1915) Blyxa muricata Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 258 (1917)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Beentje, H.J. & Gupta, A.K.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland); Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; India; Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Maluku, Sumatera); Japan; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Madagascar; Malaysia; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Widely distributed and fairly common in its area of occurrence, with no major threats having been reported.

평가근거: 주요 위협 요인이 보고되지 않은 상태에서 널리 분포하고 있으며 해당 영역에서 매우 흔하게 발견된다.

Citation: Beentje, H.J. & Gupta, A.K. 2017. Blyxa aubertii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T168967A84276761. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T168967A84276761.en

Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. ex Asch. & Gürke / 올챙이솔

Hydrilla japonica Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 271 (1866) Blyxa caulescens Maxim. ex Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 4: 173 (1890) Blyxa leiocarpa Maxim. ex Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 4: 416 (1890)



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Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Bounphanmy, S., Meng, M., Homsombath, K. & Nophasead, L.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; India (Assam); Indonesia (Kalimantan, Papua); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Papua New Guinea; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This is a widespread species which faces no major threats.It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓게 분포하는 종으로 주요 위협이 직면하고 있지 않아 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Blyxa japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168803A6539301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168803A6539301.en

Halophila nipponica J.Kuo / 해호말Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T., Carruthers, T.J.R., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Fourqurean, J.W., Callabine, A., Kenworthy, W.J. & Dennison, W.C.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: Japan; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Halophila nipponica is recently described and may be the same species as H. ovalis. It is only known from a small number of collections in Japan and Korea. The population is declining overall due to coastal development in a number of areas within the distribution. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is close to the threshold for the Vulnerable category of less than 2,000 km² and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality. Therefore this species is listed as Near Threatened.

평가근거: 해호말은 최근에 신종 기재되어 Halophila ovalis와 동일한 종일 수 있다. 본 종은 일본과 한국에서 수집된 아주 적은 수의 표본을 통해 알려졌다. 집단은 분포 내의 여러 지역에서 해안 개발로 인해 전반적으로 감소하고 있다. 본 종의 점유면적 (AOO)은 2,000km² 미만의 취약 범주 임계 값에 가깝고 생육지의 질이 계속 하락하고 있다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록 평가기준에 따라 준위기(NT)로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T., Carruthers, T.J.R., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Fourqurean, J.W., Callabine, A., Kenworthy, W.J. & Dennison, W.C. 2010. Halophila nipponica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173381A7004341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173381A7004341.en

Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle / 검정말Serpicula verticillta L.f., Suppl. Pl. 416 (1782) Udora verticillata (L.f.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1: 170 (1824) Vallisneria verticillata (L.f.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 (Roxburgh) 3: 751 (1832) Hydrilla dentata Casp., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 12: 56 (1854) Elodea verticillata (L.f.) F.Muell., Key Syst. Vict. Pl. 1: 423 (1888)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X. & Beentje, H.J.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Bhutan; Burundi; Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Estonia; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia (Jawa, Maluku, Sulawesi,

Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Japan (Nansei-shoto); Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Lithuania; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Primoryi, West Siberia); Rwanda; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Uganda; United Kingdom; Viet Nam; ZambiaCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: This species is widespread and still increasing its range. It can be locally common. It is considered invasive in many countries and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 검정말은 넓게 분포하고 여전히 그 분포를 넓혀 가고 있다. 본 종은 지역적으로도 흔히 발견되며 많은 국가에서 침입종으로 간주되며 심각한 위협에 직면하지 않는다. Citation: Zhuang, X. & Beentje, H.J. 2017. Hydrilla verticillata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T167871A65905991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T167871A65905991.en

Hydrocharis dubia (Blume) Backer / 자라풀Pontederia dubia Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 33 (1827) Hydrocharis asiatica Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 239 (1855) Monochoria dubia (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 549 (1859) Boottia renifolia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C. 4: 247 (1909) Hydrocharis parvula Hallier f., Nova Guinea 8: 916 (1913) Hydrocharis parnassiifolia Hallier f., Nova Guinea 8: 916 (1913) Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. var. asiatica (Miq.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 26 (1914)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Juffe Bignoli, D.Reviewer(s): Zhuang, X., Homsombath, K., Meng, M., Bounphanmy, S., Nophasead, L. & Allen, D.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland); Bangladesh; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India; Indonesia (Jawa, Sulawesi); Japan; Korea, Republic of; Myanmar; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This aquatic plant has been recorded across a wide geographic range and no major threats to its global population have been reported. Its is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 수생 식물은 넓은 지리적 범위에 걸쳐 기록되어 있으며 전체 집단에 대한 주요 위협은 보고되지 않았다. 따라서 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Juffe Bignoli, D. 2013. Hydrocharis dubia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T169011A6561474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T169011A6561474.en

Najas graminea Delile / 나자스말Najas serristipula Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 12: 70 (1868) Najas graminea Delile var. serristipula (Maxim.) Nakai, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 31: 275 (1911) Caulinia serristipula (Maxim.) Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 31: 123 (1952)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Algeria; Australia (Ashmore-Cartier Is., Northern Territory); Botswana; Cambodia; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo, The Democratic


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Republic of the; Egypt (Egypt (African part)); Eritrea; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; India; Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Japan (Nansei-shoto); Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Lebanon; Mali; Mauritania; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; New Caledonia; Oman; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Rwanda; Senegal; South Africa (North-West Province); South Sudan; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Turkey; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; YemenCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is widespread and it is not considered to be threatened by extinction as it does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가되고, 어떠한 위협에도 직면하지 않았기 때문에 멸종 위협을 받고 있다고 판단되지 않는다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2017. Najas graminea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164296A67788915. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164296A67788915.en

Najas marina L. / 민나자스말Najas major All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 221 (1785) Najas fluviatilis Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 4: 416 (1798)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Albania; Algeria; Argentina; Aruba; Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Benin; Bolivia,Plurinational States of; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Brazil; Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; China (Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Croatia; Cuba; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Dominica; Ecuador (Galapagos); Egypt (Egypt (African part), Sinai); El Salvador; Eritrea; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Ghana; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Hungary; India; Indonesia (Maluku); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Jamaica; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Liberia; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Malta; Mauritania; Mexico; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Netherlands; Niger; Nigeria; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Puerto Rico; Reunion; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Primoryi, South European Russia, West Siberia); Rwanda; San Marino; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia (Serbia); Sierra Leone; Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape Province); Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Turks and Caicos Islands; Uganda; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain); United States (Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin); Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Yemen (North Yemen, Socotra, South Yemen); Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern because although there are countries, particularly in northern regions, where it is scarce and two subspecies from the Mediterranean region require conservation action,

throughout most of its range it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any significant threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 특히 북부지역에서는 희귀하고 지중해지역 2개 아종의 보전 조치를 필요로하는 국가가 있지만 대부분의 범위에서 안정적인 집단과 함께 널리 퍼져 있으며 어떤 중요한 위협에 직면하지 않기 때문에 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2017. Najas marina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164322A97156351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164322A97156351.en

Najas minor All. / 톱니나자스말Caulinia fragilis Willd., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Hist. (Berlin) 1798: 87 (1801) Caulinia minor (All.) Coss. & Germ., Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris 575 (1845)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Algeria; Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Czech Republic; Egypt; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Hong Kong; Hungary; India (Assam); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Italy; Japan (Nansei-shoto); Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lebanon; Libya; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Nepal; Netherlands; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Khabarovsk, Primoryi); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Spain; Sri Lanka; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Thailand; Tunisia; Turkey; Uzbekistan; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가되고, 어떠한 위협에도 직면하지 않았기 때문에 멸종 위협을 받고 있다고 판단되지 않는다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Najas minor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164446A43123412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164446A43123412.en

Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. / 물질경이Stratiotes alismoides L., Sp. Pl. 535 (1753) Ottelia japonica Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 271 (1866) Ottelia condorensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 543 (1907) Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. f. oryzetorum Kom., Izv. Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 122 (1910) Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. var. oryzetorum (Kom.) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 63 (1979)Ottelia dioecia S.Z.Yan, J. Sci. Med. Jinan Univ. 6: 162 (1982)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X. & Beentje, H.J.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Australia (Coral Sea Is. Territory, Northern Territory); Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Egypt; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatera); Japan; Korea, Republic of; Libya; Malaysia; Nepal; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Viet Nam Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This aquatic plant is widely distributed in north-eastern Africa,


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eastern and southeast Asia and the tropical regions of Australia. It has a large distribution area and is considered invasive in some countries. While it is possibly declining in parts of its range it is not thought that global population decline is likely to qualify the species for any threatened category.

평가근거: 이 수생 식물은 북동부 아프리카, 동부 및 동남 아시아 및 호주의 열대 지방에 널리 분포한다. 본 종은 광범위한 분포를 보이며 일부 국가에서는 침입종으로 간주된다. 분포범위 일부분에서 감소할 수 있으나 전체 집단의 감소가 어떤 위협범주에 충족할 것으로 생각되지 않는다. Citation: Zhuang, X. & Beentje, H.J. 2017. Ottelia alismoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164482A83999434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164482A83999434.en

Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H.Hara / 나사말Physkium natans Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 663 (1790) Vallisneria spiraloides Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 (Roxburgh) 3: 750 (1832) Vallisneria asiatica Miki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 329 (1934) Vallisneria asiatica Miki var. higoensis Miki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 329 (1934) Vallisneria higoensis (Miki) Ohwi, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 26: 1 (1949)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Bounphanmy, S. & Meng, M.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India; Iraq; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Nepal; Russian Federation (Primoryi); Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is native to South East Asia. No information on its global population is available. However it is common throughout its range and no threats have been reported. It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 동남 아시아 원산이다. 전체 집단에 대한 정보는 없다. 그러나 분포 범위 내에서 흔히 발견되며 위협은 보고되지 않았다. 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Vallisneria natans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168709A6528459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168709A6528459.en

IRIDACEAE

Iris koreana Nakai / 노랑붓꽃Limniris koreana (Nakai) Rodion., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 553 (2007)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Iris koreana has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 228 km². It occurs in 14 locations, and the distances between each subpopulation range from 30-200 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the distance between subpopulations is likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons I. koreana has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 노랑붓꽃의 추정 점유면적은 약 228km²로 14개 장소에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 30-200km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 노랑붓꽃은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Iris koreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188476A13189484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188476A13189484.en

Iris odaesanensis Y.N.Lee / 노랑무늬붓꽃Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Iris odaesanensis has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 184 km². It occurs in 20 locations. The distances between each location range from 30–200 km and are severely fragmented, likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons I. odaesanensis has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 노랑무늬붓꽃의 추정 점유면적은 약 184km²로 20개 장소에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 30-200km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 노랑무늬붓꽃은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Iris odaesanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188481A13189489. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188481A13189489.en

JUNCACEAE

Juncus bufonius L. / 애기골풀Juncus divarcatus Gilib., Excerc. Phyt. 2: 506 (1792) Juncus prolifer Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. [Kunth] 1: 236 (1816) Juncus cespifolius Raf., Autik. Bot. 196 (1840) Juncus creticus Raf., Autik. Bot. 196 (1840)Juncus bilineatus Gand., Contr. Fl. Terr. Slav. Merid. 1: 29 (1883) Juncus fasciatus Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 3: 164 (1909) Juncus leptocladus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 100 (1916) Juncus aletaiensis K.F.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 450 (1994)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Beentje, H.J. & Gupta, A.K.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Argentina; Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia); Austria; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Belize; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bulgaria; Chad; Chile; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Colombia; Costa Rica (Costa Rica (mainland)); Cuba; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Ecuador (Ecuador (mainland)); Egypt (Egypt (African part)); Estonia; Ethiopia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Guatemala; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia (Kalimantan); Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Jamaica; Japan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania;


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Madagascar; Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak); Mauritius; Mexico; Mongolia; Morocco; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Azores, Madeira, Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation; Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province, Western Cape); Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sri Lanka; Sudan; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Thailand; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of (Venezuela (mainland)); Viet Nam; Yemen (North Yemen, Socotra)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is assessed as Least Concern, as it is widespread and common in many wetlands around the world and can withstand severe disturbance; it faces no major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓게 분포하고 전 세계 많은 습지에서 흔히 발견되고 심각한 교란을 견딜 수 있어 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Beentje, H.J. & Gupta, A.K. 2017. Juncus bufonius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164042A84287155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164042A84287155.en

Juncus decipiens (Buchenau) Nakai / 골풀Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens Buchenau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12: 229 (1890) Juncus effusus L. f. glomeratus Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 163 (1898) Juncus effusus L. f. gracilis Buchenau ex Matsum., Index Pl. Jap. 2 (1): 184 (1905) Juncus decipiens (Buchenau) Nakai var. gracilis Nakai, Rep. Veg. Daisetsu Mts. 60 (1930)Juncus effusus L. var. glomeratus (Makino) Satake, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 4: 178 (1933) Juncus effusus L. subsp. decipiens (Buchenau) Weim., Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 40: 143 (1946)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Maxwell, J. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: India (Assam); Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sumatera); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak); Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Russian Federation (Kuril Is., Primoryi, Sakhalin); Taiwan, Province of China; ThailandCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species has a broad distribution, from India and China south to Papua New Guinea, it is able to exploit anthropogenic habitats such as disturbed ground and ditches and is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the short term, it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 이 종은 인도와 중국 남부에서 파푸아 뉴기니까지 광범위한 분포를 가지고 있으며, 교란된 땅과 도랑과 같은 인위적 생육지에서 자랄 수 있으며 단기간에 멸종 위기에 처할 것으로 보이지 않으므로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2011. Juncus decipiens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T194031A8878460. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T194031A8878460.en

Juncus prismatocarpus R.Br. / 참비녀골풀

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Homsombath, K., Zhuang, X. & Bounphanmy, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria); Bangladesh; Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); India; Indonesia

(Jawa, Maluku, Sumatera); Japan; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; New Zealand (North Is., South Is.); Pakistan; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Russian Federation (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is.); Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The extent of occurrence of this plant is wide. Some threats have been recorded locally. For example, it has been considered as threatened in some areas of southern Australia such as Adelaide, Tasmania. However, in Indonesia it is considered as a weed in rice fields. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 식물의 분포 범위는 넓다. 일부 지역에 위협이 기록되었다. 예를 들어, 태즈메이니아, 애들레이드와 같은 호주 남부의 일부 지역에서는 위협 받는 것으로 간주되었다. 그러나 인도네시아에서는 논에서 잡초로 간주된다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Gupta, A.K. 2013. Juncus prismatocarpus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168978A6558056. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168978A6558056.en

Juncus stygius L. / 대택비녀골풀Juncus stygius L. subsp. grossii Abrom., Verbr. Pfl. Deutschl. ed. 10 136 (1938)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Belarus; Canada; Finland; Germany; Korea, Republic of; Norway; Poland; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, North European Russia, Primoryi, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Sweden; Switzerland; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.


Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Juncus stygius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64315778A67729892. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64315778A67729892.en

Juncus triglumis L. / 구름골풀

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Andorra; Canada; China; Czech Republic; Finland; France; Germany; Iceland; Italy; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Russian Federation; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; United Kingdom; United States; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체


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집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Juncus triglumis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64315811A67729912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64315811A67729912.en

Juncus wallichianus J.Gay ex Laharpe눈비녀골풀

Juncus indicus Royle ex D.Don, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 10 (1839) Juncus koidzumii Satake, J. Jap. Bot. 12: 89 (1936) Juncus pseudokrameri Satake, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV, Pt. 4, Index Fl. Jeholensis107 (1936) Juncus ohwianus M.T.Kao, Fl. Taiwan 5: 150 (1978)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Maxwell, J. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; Bhutan; China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Darjiling, Sikkim); Indonesia (Jawa, Sumatera); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Nepal; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Russian Federation (Primoryi, Sakhalin); Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species has a broad distribution, from India and China south to Papua New Guinea, it is able to exploit anthropogenic habitats such as disturbed ground and ditches and is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the short term, it is therefore classed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 인도와 중국 남부에서 파푸아 뉴기니까지 광범위한 분포를 가지고 있으며, 교란된 땅과 도랑과 같은 인위적 생육지에서도 자랄 수 있으며 단기간에 멸종 위기에 처할 것으로 보이지 않으므로 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2011. Juncus wallichianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T194030A8878143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T194030A8878143.en

LILIACEAE

Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker / 나도개감채Ornithogalum triflorum Ledeb., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg Hist. Acad. 5: 529 (1812)Gagea triflora (Ledeb.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Roemer & Schultes] 7(1): 542 (1829) Tulipa ornithogaloides Fisch. ex Besser, Flora 17 (1 Beibl.): 25 (1834) Stellaster triflorus (Ledeb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 715 (1891)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Romand-Monnier, F.Reviewer(s): Scott, J.A.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Tianjin);Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is., Primoryi, Sakhalin)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Lloydia triflora is rated as Least Concern due to its very large geographic range, reported as locally common, has low habitat specificity, the absence of known direct threats and its occurrence within some conservation units.

평가근거: 나도개감채는 매우 넓은 지리적 범위와 지역적으로 흔히 발견되고, 생육지 특이성이 낮고 알려진 직접적인 위협이 없으며 일부 보전지역에서 발생하기 때문에 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Romand-Monnier, F. 2013. Lloydia triflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T18817224A44432695. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T18817224A44432695.en

ORCHIDACEAE

Cypripedium calceolus L. / 노랑복주머니란Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rankou, H. & Bilz, M.Reviewer(s): Fay, M. & Sharma, J.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Austria; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Hungary; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan (Hokkaido); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Moldova; Montenegro; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United KingdomCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Cypripedium calceolus is widespread and the trend of the population is stable. Some of the subpopulations in parts of its range are declining due numerous threats especially collection by enthusiasts, but most of them are stable or even increasing in other parts due to conservation measures that have been implemented. Neither the geographic range of the species nor the size of the populations fall within the thresholds for any of the threatened categories and the existing threats for the species and habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Moreover, the halt in declines is due to the current conservation and protection measures in place and the rate of decline would be more severe should these measures be stopped. This orchid is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 노랑복주머니란은 넓게 분포하고 집단은 안정적인 경향을 보인다. 분포 범위내 일부 지역 및 집단은 특별히 수집광에 의한 위협으로 감소하고 있지만, 대부분은 보전 조치로 인해 안정적이거나 심지어 증가하고 있다. 본 종의 지리적 범위나 집단의 크기가 위협 범주에 대한 기준치를 벗어나지 않으며 종과 생육지에 대한 기존의 위협으로 인해 조만간 집단이 빠르게 감소하지는 않을 것이다. 더욱이 쇠퇴의 중단은 현재의 보전 및 보호 조치로 인한 것이며, 이러한 조치가 중단되면 쇠퇴 속도가 더 심해질 것이다. 따라서, 노랑복주머니난은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Rankou, H. & Bilz, M. 2014. Cypripedium calceolus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T162021A43316125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T162021A43316125.en

Cypripedium guttatum Sw. / 털복주머니란Cypripedium calceolus L. var. variegatum Falk, Beytr. Topogr. Russ. Reich. 2: 17 (1786)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rankou, H.Reviewer(s): Fay, M. & Sharma, J.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Bhutan; Canada (Northwest Territories, Yukon); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia); United States (Alaska)Current Population Trend: Decreasing


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Justification: Cypripedium guttatum is local with a very large distribution area and aggregations of various size and numbers. Population are declining in European Russia but stable in North America. From a global view and the wide distribution range (the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the species are well in excess of 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively) the species is at low risk of extinction as the existing threats to the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the species to decline rapidly in the near future, in particular if the conservation measures suggested are applied. The species is protected in 27 Zapovedniks and national parks in Russia, listed by the U.S. Federal Government in Alaska. C. guttatum is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 털복주머니란 매우 큰 분포 지역과 다양한 크기와 개체수로 형성된 지역 집단을 갖고 있다. 집단은 유럽과 러시아에서는 감소하지만 북아메리카에서는 안정적이다. 전지구적 관점과 넓은 분포범위(분포범위와 점유면적은 각각 20,000km²와 2,000km²를 훨씬 넘는다)를 고려하면 기존의 위협으로 인한 멸종 위험이 적다. 특히, 제안된 보전 조치가 적용될 경우 가까운 장래에 본 종의 생육지는 종의 급속한 감소를 초래하지 않을 것이다. 본 종은 27개 Zapovedniks(러시아 보전지구) 및 러시아 국립 공원에서 보호되고 있으며 알래스카 연방 연방 정부 (Federal Government of Alaska)에 의해 보호 목록에 올라있다. 따라서 털복주머니란은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Rankou, H. 2014. Cypripedium guttatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T203370A43315840. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203370A43315840.en

Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. / 광릉요강꽃Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. var. glabrum M.Suzuki, J. Jap. Bot. 55: 351 (1980)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rankou, H.Reviewer(s): Fay, M.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic of Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Cypripedium japonicum is rare to extremely rare in some areas with a scattered and restricted distribution. The trend of the population is decreasing and the abundance of the species has been significantly reduced in recent decades due to many threats especially exploitation for horticultural and medicinal purposes, ruthless collection, trampling, weak recovery, frequent fires, overgrazing pressure, ecological disturbance, deforestation, tourism and infrastructure development. The estimated area of occupancy of the species is below 500 km² with an estimated continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, the quality of habitats and the number of subpopulations. The estimated number of mature individuals is less than 2,000 in the wild and the number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is less than 250. Therefore, C. japonicum is assessed as Endangered (EN)

평가근거: 광릉요강꽃은 분포가 산발적이고 제한적이며, 일부 지역에서는 희귀하거나 극단적으로 희귀하다. 집단의 추세는 감소하고 있으며, 원예 및 약용 목적의 채취, 무자비한 수집, 답압, 약한 회복, 빈번한 화재, 과도한 방목, 생태적 교란, 산림벌채, 관광 및 사회간접자본 개발 등의 위협으로 인해 수십 년 동안 종이 현저하게 감소되었다. 본 종의 추정 점유면적은 500㎢ 미만으로 성숙한 개체의 수, 생육지의 질 및 아집단의 수의 계속적인 감소를 격고 있다. 성숙한 개체의 추정 수는 야생에서 2,000 미만이며 각 아집단의 성숙한 개체 수는 250 미만이다. 따라서 광릉요강꽃은 적색목록상 위기(EN)에 처한 것으로 평가된다.

Citation: Rankou, H. 2014. Cypripedium japonicum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T13188414A16672875. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T13188414A16672875.en

Cypripedium macranthos Sw. / 복주머니란Sacodon macranthum (Sw.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 45 (1836)

Cypripedium atsmori C.Morren, Belgique Hort. 1: 171 (1851) Cypripedium thunbergii Blume, Coll. Orchid. 1: 169 (1859) Cypripedium speciosum Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1911: 207 (1911) Cypripedium rebunense Kudô, J. Jap. Bot. 2: 251 (1925) Cypripedium macranthum var. speciosum (Rolfe) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 336 (1926)Cypripedium macranthos Sw. f. albiflorum (Makino) Ohwi, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 33: 69 (1953)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rankou, H.Reviewer(s): Fay, M.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Cypripedium macranthos is widespread and common in some places where it occurs. The trend of the population is decreasing and the abundance of C. macranthos has been significantly reduced in recent decades due to numerous threats especially exploitation for horticultural and medicinal purposes, ruthless collection, trampling, weak recovery, frequent fires, overgrazing pressure, ecological disturbance, deforestation, tourism and infrastructure development. The estimated extent of occurrence and the estimated area of occupancy of the species are well above 20,000 km² and 2,000 km², respectively. Because of its wide range the risk of extinction is low as the existing threats to the species and its habitats are unlikely to cause the population to decline quickly in the near future, especially if the conservation measures suggested are applied, raise public awareness and keep the existing conservations measures in place. Therefore, C. macranthos is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 복주머니란은 넓게 분포하고 나타나는 지역마다 흔하게 발견된다. 집단의 추세가 감소하고 복주머니란의 풍부도는 지난 수십년간 상당히 감소해 왔는데 그 원인은 다양한 위협요인 중 특히, 원예와 의약 목적을 위한 특히 착취, 무자비한 수집, 답압, 약한 회복, 빈번한 화재, 과도한 방목압, 생태적 교란, 산림벌채, 관광 및 인프라 개발 등이다. 추정 분포범위와 점유면적은 각각 20,000 km² 와 2,000 km²를 훨씬 상회한다. 넓은 분포로 인하여 종과 생육지에 대한 기존의 위협이 가까운 장래에 개체수 감소를 초래하지 않을 것이고, 특히 보전 조치의 유지와 대중 인식 향상으로 멸종 위험은 낮다. 따라서 복주머니란은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Rankou, H. 2014. Cypripedium macranthos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T43316741A43327679. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T43316741A43327679.en

Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames / 타래난초Aristotelea spiralis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 522 (1790) Neottia sinensis Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2: 511 (1807) Neottia australis R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 319 (1810) Neottia flexuosa Sm., Cycl. (Rees) 24: 9 (1813) Neottia amoena M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 606 (1819) Spiranthes pudica Lindl., Coll. Bot. (Lindley) 1: 30 (1821) Spiranthes australis Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10: sub. t. 823 (1824) Spiranthes congesta Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10: t. 823 (1824) Spiranthes amoena (M.Bieb.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 3: 708 (1826) Gyrostachys amoena (M.Bieb.) Blume, Coll. Orchid. 129 (1858) Gyrostachys australis var. amoena (M.Bieb.) Blume, Coll. Orchid. 129 (1859) Gyrostachys australis var. flexuosa (Sm.) Blume, Coll. Orchid. 130 (1859) Spiranthes australis Lindl. var. suishaensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 86 (1916) Spiranthes suishaensis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 4: 161 (1919) Spiranthes suishaensis (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 10: 33 (1921) Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames subsp. australis (R.Br.) Kitam., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 21: 23 (1964) Spiranthes lancea var. chinensis (Lindl.) Hatus., J. Geobot. 16: 80 (1968) Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames var. amoena (M.Bieb.) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 44: 59 (1969)Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames var. australis (R.Br.) H.Hara & Kitam., Acta Phytotax. Geobot.36: 93 (1985)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Australia (Queensland, Tasmania); Bangladesh; China (Hainan); Georgia (Gruziya); Hong Kong; India (Assam); Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatera); Iran, Islamic


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Republic of; Iraq; Japan (Hokkaido); Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Macao; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; New Caledonia; New Zealand (North Is.); Niue; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Russian Federation (East European Russia); Samoa; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Thailand; Tonga; Vanuatu; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is local but often abundant. The population size is unknown but the species forms large aggregations, except for the northern border of it distribution. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Spiranthes sinensis is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 타래난초는 지역적이지만 종종 풍부하다. 집단의 크기는 알려져 있지 않지만 종은 북부 경계를 제외하고는 큰 집단을 형성한다. 종과 생육지에 대한 기존의 위협으로 인해 가까운 미래에 집단이 빠르게 감소하지는 않을 것이다. 따라서 타래난초는 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Spiranthes sinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T176008A22523346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T176008A22523346.en

PONTEDERIACEAE

Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack물옥잠

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl var. korsakowii (Regel & Maack) Solms, Monogr. Phan.4: 524 (1883) Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack var. albiflora Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 6: 8 (1929)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Homsombath, K., Juffe Bignoli, D., Nophasead, L., Meng, M. & Bounphanmy, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Bhutan; China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Macao; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Russian Federation (West Siberia); Taiwan, Province of China; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: This species is common and widespread. It covers a wide geographic range with an extensive extent of occurrence. As no major threats have been reported it is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓게 분포하고 흔히 발견된다. 광범위한 분포범위(EOO)를 포함하여 넓은 지리적 범위를 갖고 있다. 주요 위협이 보고되지 않았으므로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Monochoria korsakowii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T167817A6388419. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T167817A6388419.en

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl / 물달개비

Pontederia pauciflora Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 32 (1827) Monochoria plantaginea Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 4: 135 (1834) Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl var. plantaginea (Roxb.) Solms, Monogr. Phan. 4: 524 (1883)


Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Kaplan, Z. & Bilz, M.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia (Coral Sea Is. Territory, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia); Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatera); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Russian Federation (Primoryi); Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This is a widespread species which faces no major threats. It is considered as an invasive plant in some countries and as a useful medicinal herb in Asia. It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않은 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 일부 국가에서는 침입식물로 간주되며 아시아에서는 유용한 약용식물이다. 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Monochoria vaginalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168872A6543959. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168872A6543959.en

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton crispus L. / 말즘Potamogeton serrulatus Opiz, Flora 5: 267 (1822) Potamogeton crenulatus D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 22 (1825) Potamogeton tuberosus Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 (Roxburgh) 1: 452 (1832) Potamogeton lactucaceum Montandon, Syn. Fl. Jura, ed. 2 305 (1868) Potamogeton macrorrhynchus Gand., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 31: 44 (1881)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Austria; Belgium; Bhutan; Botswana; Bulgaria; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Ethiopia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; India; Indonesia (Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Latvia; Lebanon; Lithuania; Malawi; Mozambique; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Dagestan, Primoryi, West Siberia); South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Free State, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province, Western Cape); Spain; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Thailand; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Potamogeton crispus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164434A43123989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164434A43123989.en

Potamogeton distinctus A.Benn. / 가래Potamogeton franchetii A.Benn., J. Bot. 45: 234 (1907) Potamogeton longipetiolatus E.G.Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 88 (1909) Potamogeton tonkinensis E.G.Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: 86 (1909)


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Potamogeton perversus A.Benn., Philipp. J. Sci., C. 9: 343 (1914) Potamogeton alatus Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 397 (1929)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Bounphanmy, S., Meng, M., Homsombath, K. & Juffe Bignoli, D.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Bhutan; China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong - Possibly Extinct, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Macao; Nepal; Philippines; Russian Federation (Amur); Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Vanuatu; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is covers a wide geographic range. Global population trends are not known although it has been recorded in many localities. It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓은 지리적 범위에 나타난다. 전체 집단의 추세는 많은 지역에서 기록되었지만 알려지지 않았다. 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Potamogeton distinctus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168728A6530255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168728A6530255.en

Potamogeton gramineus L. / 앉은가래Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 21 (1771) Potamogeton gramineus L. var. heterophyllus (Schreb.) Fr., Novit. Fl. Suec. Alt. ed. 2, 36 (1828)Potamogeton filiformis Pursh ex Tuck., Amer. J. Sci. Arts II 6: 230 (1848)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sicilia); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Potamogeton gramineus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167904A42401843. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167904A42401843.en

Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn. / 새우가래Potamogeton surrulatus Regel & Maack, Tent. Fl.-Ussur. 139 (1861) Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes var. japonicus A.Benn., Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 549 (1896)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Homsombath, K. & Bounphanmy, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Indonesia (Sumatera); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Philippines; Russian Federation (Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk); Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species covers a wide extent of occurrence but population trends are not known. No major threats have been reported. It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 광범위한 분포범위를 보이나 집단의 경향은 알려지지 않았다. 주요한 위협은 보고되지 않았으며 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Potamogeton maackianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168656A6525693. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168656A6525693.en

Potamogeton natans L. / 큰가래Potamogeton morongii A.Benn., J. Bot. 42: 145 (1904)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Nophasead, L., Bounphanmy, S., Zhuang, X., Meng, M. & Garcia, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Libya; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Oman; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States; Uzbekistan; YemenCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This is a widespread species which faces no major threats. It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 위협이 없이 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Gupta, A.K. 2013. Potamogeton natans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164479A19495876. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164479A19495876.en

Potamogeton octandrus Poir. / 애기가래Potamogeton javanicus Hassk., Acta Soc. Regiae Sci. Indo-Neerl. 1: 26 (1856) Potamogeton huillensis Welw. ex Schinz, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 1: 61 (1891)


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Potamogeton mizuhikimo Makino, Ill. Fl. Japan 1: 9 (1891) Potamogeton limosellifolius Maxim. ex Korsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 393 (1892) Potamogeton numasakianus A.Benn., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Geneve 4: 104 (1905)Potamogeton asiaticus A.Benn., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Geneve 9: 104 (1905)Potamogeton octandrus Poir. var. mizuhikimo (Makino) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 20: 331 (1944)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Angola (Angola, Angola); Australia; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Botswana; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Cote d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea (Equatorial Guinea (mainland)); Ethiopia; Ghana; Guinea; India; Indonesia (Jawa); Japan; Kenya; Korea, Republic of; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mozambique; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Namibia (Namibia (main part)); Nepal; Nigeria; Papua New Guinea; Russian Federation (Primoryi); Senegal; Sierra Leone; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, North-West Province); South Sudan; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Uganda; Viet Nam; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Although there is no detailed information about this species population, it covers a wide geographic range. No significant threats have been reported.

평가근거: 본 종의 집단에 대한 자세한 정보는 없지만 광범위한 지리적 분포를 보인다. 심각한 위협은 보고되지 않았다.

Citation: Zhuang, X. 2017. Potamogeton octandrus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T168788A84295791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T168788A84295791.en

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. / 넓은잎말Potamogeton loeselii Honck., Verz. Gew. Teutschl. 487 (1782) Peltopsis perfoliata (L.) Raf., J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 89: 103 (1819) Potamogeton amplexicaulis Kar., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 173 (1839) Buccaferrea amplexicaulis (Kar.) Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 4: 13 (1901) Potamogeton perfoliatus L. var. mandschuriensis A.Benn., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Geneve9: 100 (1905) Potamogeton bupleuroides Fernald, Manual (Gray), ed. 7 15 (1908)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K. & Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): García, N. & Tognelli, M.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Cameroon; Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec); China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Congo; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Ethiopia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia (Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sicilia); Japan (Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku); Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Madagascar; Moldova; Mongolia; Mozambique; Nepal; Netherlands; Nigeria; Norway; Pakistan; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia); Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Spain; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia); Uzbekistan

Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This is a widespread species which faces no major threats and is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 위협이 없이 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 따라서, 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Gupta, A.K. & Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Potamogeton perfoliatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164189A1029195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164189A1029195.en

Potamogeton pusillus L. / 실말Potamogeton tenuissimus (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 7: 14 (1845) Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. var. major Fisch., Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 11: 109 (1907) Spirillus pusillus (L.) Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 18 (1913)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X. & Beentje, H.J.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Algeria; Argentina; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Cape Verde; Chad; Chile; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica (Costa Rica (mainland)); Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Ecuador (Ecuador (mainland)); Egypt; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras (Honduras (mainland)); Hong Kong; Hungary; Iceland; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jersey; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Libya; Lithuania; Macao; Malawi; Mauritania; Mexico; Mongolia; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Namibia (Caprivi Strip, Namibia (main part)); Nepal; Netherlands; Nicaragua (Nicaragua (mainland)); Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Azores, Madeira, Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sudan; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Yemen; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any significant threats.


Citation: Zhuang, X. & Beentje, H.J. 2017. Potamogeton pusillus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T163982A84296243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T163982A84296243.en


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Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner / 솔잎가래Potamogeton pectinatus L., Sp. Pl. 127 (1753) Potamogeton marinus L., Sp. Pl. 127 (1753) Potamogeton pectinatus L. var. scoparius Wallr., Sched. Crit. 1: 68 (1822)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Albania; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland); Austria; Bangladesh; Belgium; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Botswana; Bulgaria; Burundi; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Chile; China (Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Croatia; Cuba; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Ecuador (Ecuador (mainland)); Egypt; Eritrea; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece; Guatemala; Haiti; Hungary; India; Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Sulawesi, Sumatera); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Malawi; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mexico; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia (Caprivi Strip, Namibia (main part)); Nepal; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Reunion; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Rwanda; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape Province, Western Cape); South Sudan; Spain (Spain(mainland)); Sri Lanka; Sudan; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaiian Is., Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico); Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is found in many countries across the world, from Europe to Africa, Asia, North and South America and covers an extensive extent of occurrence. No significant threats have been recorded so the species is therefore classified as Least Concern.

평가근거: 솔잎가래는 유럽에서 아프리카, 아시아, 북미 및 남미에 이르기까지 전 세계 여러 나라에서 발견되며 광범위한 분포범위를 보이고 있다. 심각한 위협은 기록되지 않았으므로 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 분류된다.

Citation: Gupta, A.K. 2017. Stuckenia pectinata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T168962A65909810. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T168962A65909810.en

Zannichellia palustris L. / 뿔말Zannichellia repens Boenn., Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal. 272 (1824) Zannichellia pedicellata Franch., Mant. Pl. Fl. Apuan. 1: 18 (1832) Zannichellia pedunculata Rchb., Handb. Gewachsk., ed. 2 3: 1591 (1835) Zannichellia palustris L. var. pedunculata (Rchb.f.) A.Gray, Manual (Gray), ed. 2 432 (1856)Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. pedicellata (Wahlenb. & Rosén) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 568 (1892) Zannichellia palustris L. var. indica (Morong) Graebn., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 11: 157 (1907)Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. pedicellata var. japonica Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 55 (1910) Zannichellia komarovii Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 15: 10 (1979)


Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K., Allen, D. & Garcia, N.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Åland Islands; Albania; Algeria; Argentina; Australia; Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; Chile; Colombia; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Ecuador; Egypt (Egypt (African part), Sinai); Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); French Guiana; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guernsey; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Papua, Sulawesi); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jersey; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Moldova; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Namibia; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Paraguay; Peru; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain (Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Suriname; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Yemen (North Yemen)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Zannichellia palustris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T164133A96575438. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T164133A96575438.en

TYPHACEAE

Sparganium erectum L. / 흑삼릉Sparganium greenei Morong, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 77 (1888) Sparganium asiaticum Graebn., Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 4: 32 (1898) Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. var. greenei (Morong) Graebn., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 10: 13(1900) Sparganium ramosum subsp. stoloniferum Buch.-Ham. ex Graebn., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 10: 14 (1900) Sparganium coreanum H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 441 (1912) Sparganium stoloniferum (Buch.-Ham. ex Graebn.) Buch.-Ham. ex Juz., Fl. URSS 1: 219 (1934) Sparganium erectum L. subsp. mazanderanicum Ponert, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 7: 309 (1972)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Akhani, H.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guernsey; Hungary; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jersey; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States


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Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 주요한 위협이 없고 안정적인 집단을 유지하며 넓게 분포하는 종으로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Akhani, H. 2014. Sparganium erectum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164140A42413426. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164140A42413426.en

Typha latifolia L. / 큰잎부들Typha crassa Raf., Atlantic J. 148 (1833) Typha intermedia Schur, Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 2: 206(1851) Massula latifolia (L.) Dulac, Fl. Hautes- Pyrénées 47 (1867) Typha ambigua Schur ex Rohrb., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 11: 76 (1869) Typha latifolia L. var. elongata Dudley, Cornell Univ. Sci. Bull. 2: 102 (1886) Typha latifolia L. var. angustifolia Hausskn., Italia Ortic. 3566 (1890)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Algeria; Argentina; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; China (Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sicilia); Japan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mexico; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Nigeria; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Paraguay; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, South European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Rwanda; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species has a very large distribution, has been widely introduced and is tolerant of polluted waters.

평가근거: 본 종은 매운 넓은 분포를 보이며 광범위한 새로운 지역에 침입하였으며 오염된 수질환경에 잘 견딘다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2017. Typha latifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164165A84300723. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164165A84300723.en

Typha orientalis C.Presl. / 부들Typha japonica Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 160 (1866) Typha latifolia L. var. orientalis (C.Presl) Rohrb., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 11: 80 (1869) Typha muelleri Rohrb., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 11: 95 (1869) Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C.Presl) Graebn., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4: 10 (1900)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia); Bangladesh; Bhutan; China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; India (Sikkim); Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic

of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Macao; Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; New Zealand (Chatham Is., Kermadec Is., North Is., South Is.); Philippines; Russian Federation (Primoryi, Sakhalin); Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Widespread and abundant in suitable habitat throughout its known range with no known threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 넓게 분포하며 알려진 위협이 없고 모든 알려진 범위의 적절한 생육지에서 풍부하다. 따라서, 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Zhuang, X. 2011. Typha orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168629A6524306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168629A6524306.en

ZOSTERACEAE

Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino / 새우말Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B1ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian FederationCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Phyllospadix iwatensis has a limited distribution in Korea, China and Japan. This species is naturally fragmented due to a lack of suitable substrate. There have been declines recorded in Korea and Japan. Losses of unknown magnitude have occurred since the start of extensive kelp aquaculture in Northern China. Major threats to this species are coastal development and shoreline hardening, pollution, eutrophication and aquaculture. The recruitment rate of this species is low as it inhabits a high energy environment, where conditions need to be right for seeds to be successful. The extent of occurrence of P. iwatensis is less than 20,000 km². This species meets the threshold for criterion B1, with a continuing decline in area and quality of habitat, and with less than 10 known locations and a fragmented population. This species is listed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 새우말은 한국, 중국, 일본에 분포가 제한적이다. 본 종은 적절한 기질이 없기 때문에 자연적으로 파편화된다. 한국과 일본에서 기록적인 감소가 있었고, 중국 북부의 광대 한 다시마 양식이 시작된 이래로 알려지지 않은 크기의 감소가 발생했다. 이 종에 대한 주요 위협은 해안 개발과 해안선의 구조물화, 오염, 부영양화 및 양식이다. 본 종의 재활착 비율은 낮은데, 종자의 활착에 필요한 조건이 높은 에너지 환경이기 때문이다. 새우말의 분포범위는 20,000km² 미만이다. 본 종은 생육지의 면적과 질이 지속적으로 감소하고, 10개 미만의 알려진 분포지역과 파편화된 아집단은 적색목록 평가 기준 B1을 충족시킨다. 따라서, 본 종은 취약(VU)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Phyllospadix iwatensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173344A6995596. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173344A6995596.en

Phyllospadix japonicus Makino / 게바다말Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Phyllospadix japonicus has a small distribution in Korea and a very limited range in Japan. There have been declines recorded in Korea. Major threats to this species are localized coastal development and shoreline hardening.


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In northern China this species was previously widespread over vast rocky shallow subtidal areas, but since the establishment of extensive kelp (algal) aquaculture nearly all the P. japonicus has been eliminated. The recruitment rate of this species is low as it inhabits a high energy environment, where conditions need to be right for seeds to be successful. The population of P. japonicus is naturally fragmented due to a lack of suitable substrate. Overall declines are estimated to be in the region of between 30 and 50 % over the three generation lengths (18 years) which meets the threshold for Vulnerable under criterion A. However, given the shallow depth range and patchy occurrence, the current area of occupancy of this species is estimated to be less than 500 km² and therefore this species also meets the threshold for Endangered under criterion B2, with a continuing decline in area and a fragmented population.

평가근거: 게바다말은 한국에서는 작은 규모의 분포, 일본에서는 매우 제한된 범위의 분포를 보인다. 한국에서는 종의 감소가 기록되었다. 본 종에 대한 주요 위협은 지역적인 해안 개발과 해안선 구조물화이다. 중국 북부에서 본 종은 이전에 바위가 많은 얕은 조하대에 넓게 분포 했었지만 광범위한 해초 양식을 시작한 이래 거의 모든 게바다말이 제거되었다. 본 종의 재활착 비율은 낮은데, 종자의 활착에 필요한 조건이 높은 에너지 환경이기 때문이다. 게바다말의 집단은 적절한 기질이 없기 때문에 자연적으로 파편화되어있다. 전반적인 감소는 기준 A에서 취약성에 대한 임계 값을 충족시키는 3개 세대 동안(18년) 30-50%로 추정된다. 그러나 얕은 수심 범위와 파편화된 종 발생으로 인하여, 현재의 점유면적은 500km² 미만으로 추정되며 지속적인 감소와 파편화된 집단의 특성과 함께 본 종은 기준 B2에 따라 적색목록기준의 위기(EN)에 처한 한계점을 충족한다. Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Phyllospadix japonicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173341A6994909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173341A6994909.en

Zostera asiatica Miki / 왕거머리말Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Zostera asiatica is found in Korea and Japan, and possibly China. The population is likely declining. This species inhabits relatively deeper waters in sandy bays. This species is sensitive to pollution and reduced water quality. The species almost reaches the threshold for Vulnerable as it has an extent of occurrence of near to 20,000 km², and is known from around 10 locations with a continuing decline in population and quality of habitat. This species is listed as Near Threatened. Further research is recommended for this species, as it may fall into a threatened category if more detailed information were available.

평가근거: 왕거머리말은 남북한과 일본에 분포하고 중국에서도 발견될 수 있다. 집단은 감소할 가능성이 있다. 본 종은 모래 만(灣)의 상대적으로 더 깊은 물에 산다. 본 종은 오염과 수질 저하에 민감하다. 본 종은 약 20,000km²에 가까운 분포범위를 보이고 생육지의 질 저하와 집단의 지속적 감소와 함께 약 10 개 지역에서 알려지기 때문에 취약(VU) 범주의 임계치에 도달했다. 본 종은 준위기(NT)로 평가되며, 더 상세한 정보가 있다면 위협 범주에 빠질 수 있으므로 더 많은 연구가 권장된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Zostera asiatica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173339A6994461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173339A6994461.en

Zostera caespitosa Miki / 포기거머리말Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: Decreasing

Justification: Zostera caespitosa is found on the Korean Peninsula, northern China, and northern Japan and has a very limited distribution. Zostera caespitosa is sensitive to pollution and reduced water quality is a particular threat. Habitat loss is also a major threat to this species. Zostera caespitosa is naturally restricted to a narrow depth range. The area of occupancy for this species is less than 2,000 km². This species meets criterion B2 with a continuing decline in area and habitat quality and a restricted and fragmented population. This species is listed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 포기거머리말은 한반도, 중국 북부, 일본 북부에서 발견되며 분포가 매우 제한적이다. 포기거머리말은 오염에 민감하고 수질의 저하는 특별한 위협이다. 생육지의 손실 또한 본 종에 대한 주요한 위협이다. 포기거머리말은 자연적으로 수심 범위가 좁고 제한된다. 본 종의 점유면적은 2,000km² 미만이다. 본 종은 면적과 생육지 질이 지속적으로 떨어지고, 집단은 제한되고 파편화되어 평가 기준 B2를 충족시킨다. 따라서, 본 종은 적색목록 평가기준으로 취약(VU)로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Zostera caespitosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173357A6998463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173357A6998463.en

Zostera caulescens Miki / 수거머리말Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Zostera caulescens is found in North Korea and Japan, and possibly China. It has a very restricted range and the population is thought to be declining due to reduced water quality. This species is particularly sensitive to pollution. Habitat loss from coastal development and dredging is also a major threat. It prefers deeper waters due to its tall growth. The species almost reaches the threshold for Vulnerable as it has an extent of occurrence of near to 20,000 km², and is known from around 10 locations with a continuing decline in population and quality of habitat. This species is listed as Near Threatened. Further research is recommended for this species, as it may fall into a threatened category if more detailed information were available.

평가근거: 수거머리말은 북한과 일본에 분포하고 중국에서도 발견될 수 있다. 매우 제한된 분포 범위를 보이며, 집단은 수질 저하로 감소하는 것으로 생각된다. 본 종은 공해에 특히 민감하다. 해안개발과 준설로 인한 생육지 감소가 주요한 위협이다. 본 종은 약 20,000km²에 가까운 분포범위를 보이고 생육지의 질 저하와 집단의 지속적 감소와 함께 약 10개 지역에서 알려지기 때문에 취약(VU) 범주의 임계치에 도달했다. 본 종은 준위기(NT)로 평가되며, 더 상세한 정보가 있다면 위협 범주에 빠질 수 있으므로 더 많은 연구가 권장된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Zostera caulescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173335A6993689. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173335A6993689.en

Zostera geojeensis Shin / 좀마디거머리말Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T. & Waycott, M.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Zostera geojeensis is known only from two locations on the west coast and south coast of South Korea and has an extremely limited distribution. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km². The population is in decline and this species is threatened by habitat loss from hardening of shorelines. This species meets Criterion B2, with less than five known locations, and a continuing decline in AOO and quality of habitat. This species is listed as Endangered.

평가근거: 좀마디거머리말은 한국의 서해안과 남해안의 2개 지역에서만 알려져 있으며


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분포가 극히 제한적입니다. 점유면적(AOO)은 500km² 미만으로 집단은 감소하고 있으며 해안선의 구조물화 인한 생육지 감소로 위협 받고 있습니다. 본 종은 5개 미만의 알려진 지역와 점유면적 및 생육지의 질이 지속적으로 하락하여 평가기준 B2를 충족한다. 따라서, 이 종은 적색평가 기준의 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T. & Waycott, M. 2010. Zostera geojeensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173345A6995781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173345A6995781.en

Zostera japonica Asch. & Graebn.애기거머리말

Zostera americana Hartog, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 2,59: 74 (1970) Nanozostera americana (Hartog) Toml. & Posl., Taxon 50: 432 (2001) Nanozostera japonica (Asch. & Graebn.) Toml. & Posl., Taxon 50: 432 (2001)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T., Carruthers, T.J.R., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Fourqurean, J.W., Callabine, A., Kenworthy, W.J. & Dennison, W.C.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation;Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: This species is widespread and common in intertidal areas. It is threatened a local level in some areas by human activities. It has increased its range and now is an invasive on the west coast of Northern America. This species is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본본 종은 조간대에서 널리 분포하고 흔하게 발견된다. 인간 활동으로 인해 일부 지역에서는 지역 수준으로 위협 받고 있다. 분포범위가 증가되었으며 지금은 북미서해안에서 침입종으로 간주된다. 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T., Carruthers, T.J.R., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Fourqurean, J.W., Callabine, A., Kenworthy, W.J. & Dennison, W.C. 2010. Zostera japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T173348A6996472. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173348A6996472.en

Zostera marina L. / 거머리말Zostera maritima Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 76 (1788) Zostera marina L. var. latifolia Morong, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 160 (1886) Zostera oregana S.Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 131 (1891) Zostera pacifica S.Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 131 (1891) Zostera latifolia (Morong) Morong, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 63 (1893)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Short, F.T., Carruthers, T.J.R., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Fourqurean, J.W., Callabine, A., Kenworthy, W.J. & Dennison, W.C.Reviewer(s): Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.Year Published: 2010Country Occurrence: Algeria; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Libya; Lithuania; Mexico; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Spain; Sweden; Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: This species is widespread, circumglobal in the Northern hemisphere. There have been documented localized declines in parts of the range, but not sufficient to warrant placement in a threatened category. Zostera marina is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 북반구 전체에 광범위하게 분포한다. 분포범위 일부 지역에서 감소가 기록되었지만 위협 범주에 배치 될만큼 충분하지는 않다. 거머리말은 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Short, F.T., Carruthers, T.J.R., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Fourqurean, J.W., Callabine, A., Kenworthy, W.J. & Dennison, W.C. 2010. Zostera marina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T153538A4516675. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153538A4516675.en

Ⅳ. DICOTS

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis koreana Palib / 매자나무Berberis koreana Palib. var. angustifolia Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 21: 73 (1936) Berberis koreana Palib. var. ellipsoides Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 21: 72 (1936) Berberis koreana Palib. f. angustifolia (Nakai) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae 351 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, B. koreana is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도에만 분포하는 특산식물이다. 비록 분포 범위의 다양한 지역에 위협요인이 있지만 감소에 대한 명확한 근거가 없어 위협범주에 속할 충분한 영향이 있는지는 확실하지 않다. 따라서 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Berberis koreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97529851A104406703.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T97529851A104406703.en

Gymnospermium microrrhynchum(S.Moore) Takht. / 한계령풀

Leontice microrrhyncha S.Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 377 (1879)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Jilin, Liaoning); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Gymnospermium microrrhychum has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 148 km². It occurs in 15 locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 60–600 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons G. microrrhychum has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 한계령풀은 약 148km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고 15개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 간의 거리는 60-600km로 아집단이 심각하게 파편화되어 있다(즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 한계령풀은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.


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Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Gymnospermium microrrhynchum. The IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies 2016: e.T13188457A13189469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188457A13189469.en

BETULACEAE

Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. / 물오리나무Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Yakutiya)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a wide distribution. There are no reported major threats to survival of this species. It has therefore been evaluated as Least Concern. In the Chinese Red List this species is also assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 물오리나무는 넓은 분포를 가지고 있다. 본 종의 생존에 대한 주요 위협은 보고된 바 없다. 따라서, 본종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. 중국 적색목록에서도 본 종은 약관심(LC)로 평가된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Alnus hirsuta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194610A2352509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194610A2352509.en

Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. / 오리나무Alnus martima Kunth var. arguta Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 428 (1865)Alnus martima var. japonica Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38: 428 (1865) Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. var. arguta (Regel) Callier, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 299 (1911) Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. var. genuina Callier, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 299 (1911) Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. var. latifolia Callier, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 299 (1911) Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. var. koreana Callier, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 299 (1911) Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. var. reginosa Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 46 (1915) Alnus borealis var. koreana (Callier) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 44 (1919) Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. var. rufa Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 45 (1919)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S. & Rivers, M.C.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Primoryi, Sakhalin); Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species has a fairly wide distribution. There are no known threats impacting the survival of this species. The Chinese Red List assesses this species as Least Concern. It is assessed here as Least Concern on the basis of its distribution and lack of known threats.

평가근거: 오리나무는 상당히 넓은 분포를 보인다. 본 종의 생존에 영향을 미치는 알려진 위협은 없다. 중국 적색목록은 본 종을 약관심으로 평가하였다. 본종의 분포와 알려진 위협의 부족을 근거로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Alnus japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194581A2350700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194581A2350700.en

Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Raus덤불오리나무

Alnus mandshurica (Callier) Hand.-Mazz.

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Khabarovsk, Primoryi) Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a fairly wide distribution. In the Chinese Red List (2014) this species is assessed as Least Concern and it is therefore assumed to not be threatened. It is assessed here as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 상당히 넓은 분포를 보인다. 본 종의 생존에 영향을 미치는 알려진 위협은 없다. 중국 적색목록은 본 종을 약관심으로 평가하였다. 본종의 분포와 알려진 위협의 부족을 근거로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Alnus mandshurica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194595A2351607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194595A2351607.en

Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Raus 두메오리나무

Alnus maximowiczii Callier

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Khabarovsk, Primoryi, Sakhalin)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Despite a fairly wide range, this species is reported to be scarce and seldom seen. Very limited information exists to verify distribution or population status. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Further field research is required to gather information to carry out a full conservation assessment.

평가근거: 상당히 넓은 분포범위에도 불구하고, 본 종은 드물거나 거의 보이지 않는 것으로 보고되었다. 분포나 집단의 상태를 확인하기 위한 매우 제한된 정보만 존재한다. 따라서 본 종은 자료부족(DD)로 평가된다. 완전한 보전 평가를 수행하기 위한 정보를 수집하기 위해서는 더 많은 현장 조사가 필요하다. Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Alnus maximowiczii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194633A2354302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194633A2354302.en

Alnus pendula Matsum. / 좀사방오리Alnus firma Siebold & Zucc. var. multinervis Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 2: 423 (1865) Alnus multinervis (Regel) Callier, Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 123 (1904) Alnaster pendulus (Matsum.) Czerep., Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad.Nauk SSSR 17: 94 (1955)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of


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Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Despite a fairly restricted natural distribution, occurring only in Japan and North and South Korea, there are no known threats impacting upon this species and it is reported to be very common in parts of its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 좀사방오리나무는 상당히 넓은 분포를 보임에도 불구하고, 일본과 남북한에서만 발견된다. 본 종의 생존에 영향을 미치는 알려진 위협은 없고, 분포의 일부 지역에서는 매우 흔하게 발견된다. 따라서, 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Alnus pendula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194658A2356402.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194658A2356402.en

Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Raus 설령오리나무

Alnus vermicularis Nakai

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Roy, S., Shaw, K. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: Justification: Alnus vermicularis is a shrub endemic to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. No further information is currently available for this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is required to determine the current distribution, population and conservation status of this species.

평가근거: 본 종은 북한과 남한에 고유종인 관목이다. 현재 본 종에 대한 추가 정보는 없다. 따라서 자료부족(DD)으로 평가된다. 본 종의 현재 분포, 집단 및 보전 상태를 결정하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

Citation: Roy, S., Shaw, K. & Wilson, B. 2016. Alnus vermicularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T194673A2357321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T194673A2357321.en

Betula chinensis Maxim. / 개박달나무Betula exalata S.Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17(102): 386 (1879) Betula chinensis Maxim. var. angusticarpa H.J.P.Winkl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 61: 67 (1904) Betula collina Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 44 (1915) Betula chinensis Maxim. f. linearisquama Hatus., Exp. Forest. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 5: 45 (1934)Betula chinensis Maxim. var. collina (Nakai) Uyeki, Woody Pl. Distr. Chosen 13 (1940) Betula liaotungensis A.I.Baranov, Ill. Fl. Ligneous Pl. N. E. China 559 (1958)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: Stable Justification: This species is common across its distribution and there are no known threats that are or will adversely effect the species in the foreseeable future. In the Chinese Red List this species is assessed as Least Concern. This species is assessed here as Least Concern.

평가근거: 개박달나무는 그 분포 전반에 걸쳐 흔하게 발견되며 당분간 종에 악영향을 줄 수 있는 알려진 위협이 없다. 중국 적색목록에서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Betula chinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194283A2309533.

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194283A2309533.en

Betula costata Trautv. / 거제수나무Betula ermanii Cham. var. costata (Trautv.) Regel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou13: 123 (1861) Betula ulmifolia Siebold & Zucc. var. costata (Trautv.) Regel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. NaturalistesMoscou 38: 414 (1865) Betula costata Trautv. var. pubescens S.L.Liou, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 129 (1981)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Primoryi, West Siberia)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is listed as Least Concern in the Chinese Red List it is therefore not assumed to be threatened. There are no major threats reported for this species. It is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 거제수나무는 위협받지 않는 것으로 생각되어 중국적색목록에서는 약관심(LC)으로 평가되었다. 본종에 보고된 주요한 위협이 없다. 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Betula costata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194563A2349602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194563A2349602.en

Betula dahurica Pall. / 물박달나무Betula dioica Pall., Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 321 (1776) Betula maximowiczii Rupr., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 139 (1856) Betula maackii Rupr., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 137 (1857) Betula dahurica Pall. var. maximowicziana Trautv., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-PétersbourgDivers Savans 9: 250 (1859) Betula rosae H.J.P.Winkl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 61: 135 (1904) Betula wutaica Mayr, Fremdländ. Wald- Parkbäume 450 (1906)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Chita, Khabarovsk, Kuril Is., Primoryi)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a wide distribution and no known major threats. It is listed as Least Concern in the Chinese Red List and is therefore assumed not to be threatened. Betula dahurica is assessed as Vulnerable in Japan, but due to its wide global distribution it is considered to be locally threatened in Japan, but not globally threatened. It is assessed here as Least Concern.

평가근거: 물박달나무는 널리 분포하고 있으며 알려진 주요 위협은 없다. 본 종은 위협받지 않는 것으로 생각되어 중국적색목록에서는 약관심(LC)으로 평가되었다. 물박달나무는 일본에서 취약으로 평가되고 있지만, 광범위한 세계 분포로 전 세계적으로 위협받지는 않는다. 적색목록상 평가범주는 약관심(LC)이다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Betula dahurica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194640A2354958. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194640A2354958.en

Betula ermanii Cham. / 사스래나무Betula ermanii Cham. var. genuina Regel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 122 (1861)


97

Betula ermanii Cham. var. lanata Regel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 122 (1861) Betula ermanii Cham. var. nipponica Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 622 (1888) Betula ermanii Cham. var. acutifolia H.J.P.Winkl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 61: 66 (1904) Betula ulmifolia Siebold & Zucc. var. glandulosa H.J.P.Winkl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 61: 64 (1904) Betula bhojpattra var. japonica Shirai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 165 (1905) Betula vulcani H.Lév., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 423 (1907) Betula ermanii Cham. var. communis Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 149 (1913) Betula ermanii Cham. var. incisa Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 148 (1913) Betula ermanii Cham. var. japonica Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 149 (1913) Betula ermanii Cham. var. parvifolia Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 148 (1913) Betula saitoana Nakai, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 249 (1914) Betula ermanii Cham. var. ganjuensis (Koidz.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 163 (1926) Betula ermanii Cham. var. saitoana (Nakai) Hatus., Exp. Forest. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 5: 46 (1934)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Yakutiya)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species has a wide range and is reported to be very common across its range. There are no known major threats to the survival of this species at present. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 사스래나무는 그 분포 전반에 걸쳐 흔하게 발견된다. 현재 종의 생존에 영향을 줄 알려진 주요한 위협이 없다. 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Betula ermanii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194452A2336921. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194452A2336921.en

Betula fruticosa Pall. / 좀자작나무Betula ovalifolia Rupr., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 378 (1857)Betula reticulata Rupr., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 378 (1857)Betula fruticosa Pall. var. ruprechtiana Trautv., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg DiversSavans 9: 254 (1859) Betula humilis (C.A.Mey.) O.E.Schulz var. ovalifolia (Rupr.) Regel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp.Naturalistes Moscou 13: 110 (1861) Betula humilis (C.A.Mey.) O.E.Schulz var. reticulata (Rupr.) Regel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp.Naturalistes Moscou 13: 109 (1861) Betula paishanensis Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 5 (1919) Betula microphylla Bunge var. coreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 5 (1919) Betula fusenensis Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 743 (1938) Betula cyclophylla Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 4 (1941) Betula fruticosa Pall. var. paishanensis (Nakai) S.L.Tung, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 132 (1981)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol); Japan (Hokkaido); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Yakutiya)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: In the Chinese Red List this species is assessed as Least Concern. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Japan under the synonym Betula ovalifolia. This species is therefore considered locally threatened in Japan, but due to its wider distribution outside of Japan, where it is reported to be common with no major threats, it is not considered to be globally threatened. It is therefore assessed here as Least Concern.

평가근거: 중국적색목록에서는 약관심(LC)으로 평가되었다. 본 종은 Betula ovalifolia라는 이명으로 일본에서 취약으로 평가되었다. 따라서 일본에서 국지적으로 위협 받고있는 것으로 간주되지만, 일본를 제외하고는 광범위한 분포를 보이며 주요 위협이 없는 것으로 기록되어 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Betula fruticosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194672A2357218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194672A2357218.en

Betula schmidtii Regel / 박달나무Betula punctata H.Lév. ex Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 2: 34 (1915) Betula schmidtii Regel var. lancea Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 46 (1919) Betula schmidtii Regel var. angustifolia Makino & Nemoto, Fl. Japan., ed. 2 (Makino & Nemoto) 185 (1931)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Beech, E.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: China (Jilin, Liaoning); Japan (Honshu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Central Asian Russia, Primoryi)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is a large tree found in Korea, China, Japan and Russia. It is assessed here as Least Concern as it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO). Although on the edges of it range in China and Russia the species is considered Near Threatened and Vulnerable respectively, these locations represent the edge of the species' range. There are no significant threats to this species across its range.

평가근거: 본 종은 남북한, 중국, 일본, 러시아에서 발견되는 교목성 수종이다. 매우 넓은 분포범위(EOO)에 의해 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 중국과 러시아에 있는 분포 경계선에서 본 종은 준위협(NT)과 취약(VU)으로 취급됨에도 불구하고 이들 지역은 단지 종의 가장자리에 있다. 본 종 전체 분포범위에 걸쳐 중대한 위협은 없다.

Citation: Beech, E. 2017. Betula schmidtii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T194585A2350947. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T194585A2350947.en

Carpinus cordata Blume / 까치박달Carpinus erosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 308 (1851) Distegocarpus cordata (Blume) A.DC., Prodr. (DC.) 16: 128 (1864) Distegocarpus erosa (Blume) A.DC., Prodr. (DC.) 16: 128 (1864) Ostrya mandshurica Budischtschew ex Trautv., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 9: 166 (1884)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Primoryi)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species has a wide distribution. There are no reported major threats to this species. It is therefore not considered to be globally threatened and is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 넓은 분포를 가지고 있다. 본 종에 대한 주요 위협은 보고 된 바 없다. 따라서 전 세계적으로 위협받는 것으로 간주되지 않으며 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Carpinus cordata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194444A2335787. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194444A2335787.en

Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume서어나무


98

Distegocarpus laxiflora Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4,3: 228 (1846) Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume var. chartacea H.Lév., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 424 (1904) Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume var. macrophylla Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 112 (1931) Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume f. macrophylla (Nakai) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae165 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: There is very little information available about this species. The fragmented population of this species means it is more likely to be threatened. Further study is needed to determine the distribution and population size, so a full conservation assessment can be carried out. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

평가근거: 이 종에 관한 정보는 거의 없다. 본 종의 조각난 집단은 더 많이 위협에 처할 가능성이 있음을 의미한다. 분포와 집단의 크기를 결정하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하며 이후 완전한 보전 평가가 가능하다. 따라서 자료부족(DD)으로 평가된다. Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Carpinus laxiflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194624A2353470. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194624A2353470.en

Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. / 개서어나무Carpinus yedoensis Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 535 (1882) Carpinus fauriei Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 325 (1912) Carpinus eximia Nakai, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 249 (1914) Carpinus tschonoskii (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. var. subintegra H.J.P.Winkl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.50(Suppl.): 501 (1914) Carpinus yedoensis Maxim. var. jablonszkyi H.J.P.Winkl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50(Suppl.): 500 (1914) Carpinus yedoensis Maxim. var. serratiauriculata H.J.P.Winkl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50(Suppl.): 500 (1914) Carpinus paoshingensis K.C.Hsia, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 2: 179 (1934) Carpinus tschonoskii (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. var. eximia (Nakai) Hatus., Exp. Forest.Kyushu Imp. Univ. 5: 48 (1934) Carpinus coreensis Koidz., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 9: 73 (1940) Carpinus obovatifolia Hu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 289 (1964)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan (Honshu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a fairly wide distribution. In the Chinese Red List (2014) this species is assessed as Least Concern. Much of the distributional range of this species is within China and it is therefore not considered to be threatened.

평가근거: 본 종은 상당히 넓은 분포를 보인다. 중국 적색목록은 본 종을 약관심으로 평가하였다. 본종의 대부분 분포가 중국내에 있어 위협받지 않고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Carpinus tschonoskii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194653A2356037. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194653A2356037.en

Carpinus turczaninowii Hance / 소사나무Carpinus paxii H.J.P.Winkl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 61: 35 (1904) Carpinus stipulata H.J.P.Winkl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV. 61: 35 (1904) Carpinus tanakaena Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 32 (1914) Carpinus turczaninowii Hance var. stipulata H.J.P.Winkl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50(Suppl.): 505 (1914) Carpinus coreana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 162 (1926) Carpinus coreana Nakai var. major Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 163 (1926) Carpinus chowii Hu, J. Arnold Arbor. 13: 334 (1932)

Carpinus turczaninowii Hance var. chungnanensis P.C.Kuo, Fl. Tsinling. 1: 66 (1974) Carpinus turczaninowii Hance var. coreana (Nakai) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae 166 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Beijing, Gansu, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is fairly widespread. In the Chinese Red List (2014) this species is assessed as Least Concern. Much of the distributional range of this species is within China and it is therefore assumed not to be threatened.

평가근거: 본 종은 상당히 넓은 분포를 보인다. 중국 적색목록은 본 종을 약관심으로 평가하였다. 본종의 대부분 분포가 중국내에 있어 위협받지 않고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Carpinus turczaninowii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194630A2354078. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194630A2354078.en

Corylus sieboldiana Blume / 참개암나무including Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.

Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv. var. sieboldiana A.DC., Prodr. (DC.) 16, 2: 113 (1864) Corylus rostrata var. mitis Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 538 (1882)Corylus rostrata var. sieboldiana (Blume) Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27: 538 (1882) Corylus hallaisanensis Nakai, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 250 (1914) Corylus sieboldiana Blume var. mitis (Maxim.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 37 (1915) Corylus sieboldiana Blume var. brevirostris C.K.Schneid., Pl. Wilson. 2: 453 (1916) Corylus brevirostris (C.K.Schneid.) Miyabe, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 26 (4): 458 (1934)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S., Wilson, B. & Rivers, M.C.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Sichuan); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Amur, Chita, Khabarovsk, Primoryi)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Corylus sieboldiana is a shrub found from Russia, across northern China, Korea and Japan. This species has a wide distribution and is described as common. There are no reported major threats facing this species across its range. It is therefore not considered to be threatened and listed here as Least Concern.

평가근거: 참개암나무는 중국 북부, 한국, 일본에 걸쳐 러시아에 분포하는 관목이다. 본 종은 넓은 분포를 가지며 흔한 종이다. 전체 분포지에서 종이 직면한 주요 위협은 알려진 바 없다. 따라서, 본 종은 위협받고 있지 않으며 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy, S., Wilson, B. & Rivers, M.C. 2016. Corylus sieboldiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T194529A2345348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T194529A2345348.en

Ostrya japonica Sarg. / 새우나무Ostrya virginiana var. japonica Maxim. ex Sarg., Gard. & Forest 5: 383 (1893) Ostrya ostrya MacMill. var. japonica C.K.Schneid., Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 142 (1904) Ostrya liana Hu, J. Arnold Arbor. 11: 49 (1930) Ostrya japonica Sarg. var. homochaeta Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 433 (1933)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Shaw, K., Roy, S. & Wilson, B.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan);


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Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a fairly wide distribution with no reported major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 주요한 위협이 보고되지 않았고 상당히 넓은 분포를 보인다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다

Citation: Shaw, K., Roy , S. & Wilson, B. 2014. Ostrya japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194644A2355305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194644A2355305.en

CALLITRICHACEAE

Callitriche palustris L. / 물별이끼Callitriche verna L., Fl. Suec. (ed. 2) 3 (1755) Callitriche dubia Hoffm. ex Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 389 (1788) Callitriche tenuifolia Thuill. ex Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 6 (1805) Callitriche pallens Goldb., Mem. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 118 (1817) Callitriche vernalis Kütz., Linnaea 7: 175 (1832) Callitriche fallax Petrov, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR 27: 360 (1928) Callitriche verna L. var. fallax (Petrov) H.Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 866 (1935)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Bulgaria; Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greenland; Hong Kong; Hungary; Iceland; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Sikkim); Indonesia (Sumatera); Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Nansei-shoto); Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Malaysia (Sabah); Moldova; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, Kamchatka, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, South European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2016. Callitriche palustris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T164452A69585303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T164452A69585303.en

CAMPANULACEAE

Adenophora taquetii H.Lév. / 섬잔대Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1

Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: This species is endemic to Jeju Island, where it has a narrow distribution, growing in only one location. Currently there is no evidence of population decline, but there is a future potential threat from invasive species and habitat loss, both of which are occurring on Jeju but it currently is unclear what effects these threats may be having on A. taquetii. The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) based on its restricted range and plausible threats that potentially could push this species into CR or EX within a short time period.

평가근거: 섬잔대는 제주도 고유종으로 국소 분포하며 한 지역에만 생육하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재 집단 감소의 증거는 없지만 제주도에서 발생하고 있는 침입종과 생육지의 감소가 위협이 될 가능성이 있으며, 해당 위협이 섬잔대에 미칠 수있는 영향은 현재 명확하지 않다. 본 종은 제한된 분포와 짧은 기간 내에 이 종을 위급 또는 멸종으로 이끌 수 있는 가능성 있는 위협에 근거하여 취약(VU)으로 평가한다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Adenophora taquetii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188370A13189414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188370A13189414.en

Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai금강초롱꽃

Symphyandra asiatica Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 188 (1909) Hanabusaya latisepala Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 35: 147 (1921) Keumkangsania asiatica (Nakai) H.S.Kim, Fl. Coreana (Kim) 6: 94 (1976) Keumkangsania latisepala (Nakai) H.S.Kim, Fl. Coreana (Kim) 6: 95 (1976) Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai var. latisepala (Nakai) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae1071 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Hanabusaya asiatica has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 72 km². It occurs in 20 locations, but the distances between each subpopulation range from 20–200 km; the population is considered to be severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons H. asiatica has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 금강초롱의 추정 점유면적은 약 72km²로 20개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 20-200km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 금강초롱은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Hanabusaya asiatica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188466A13189474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188466A13189474.en

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Lonicera subsessilis Rehder / 청괴불나무Lonicera diamantica Nakai, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 42 (1): 100 (1921)



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Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-WReviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, L. subsessilis is assessed as Least Concern

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 비록 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 청괴불나무는 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Lonicera subsessilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97530794A104406729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T97530794A104406729.en

Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey병꽃나무

Diervilla subsessilis Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32: 229 (1918) Diervilla subsessilis Nakai var. mollis Uyeki, J. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 54 (1934) Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey var. mollis (Uyeki) Uyeki, Woody Pl. Distr. Chosen 100 (1940)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, W. subsessilis is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 병꽃나무는 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Weigela subsessilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97530634A104407543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T97530634A104407543.en

CARYOPHYLLACEA

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. / 갯개미자리Arenaria rubra L. var. marina L., Sp. Pl. 423 (1753) Arenaria marina (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 114 (1785) Spergularia salina J.Presl & C.Presl, Fl. Cech. 95 (1819) Arenaria salina (J.Presl & C.Presl) Ser., Prodr. (DC.) 1: 401 (1824) Spergula marina (L.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl., Beitr. Bot. 2: 64 (1825) Spergula salina (J.Presl & C.Presl) D.Dietr., Sp. Pl. (ed. 6) 2: 1598 (1831) Tissa salina Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 127 (1889) Spergula coreana H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 495 (1913) Tissa fauriei Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 129 (1913) Tissa coreana (H.Lév.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 775 (1934) Spergularia salina J.Presl & C.Presl var. asiatica H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 171 (1937) Spergularia marina (L.) Besser var. asiatica (H.Hara) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 24 (1941)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kavak, S.

Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Argentina; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Bosniaand Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; Chile; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Denmark; Egypt (Egypt (African part), Sinai); Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland), Kriti); Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jordan; Korea, Republic of; Lebanon; Libya; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Mexico; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; New Zealand; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym); United Kingdom; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is widespread with no known major threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 주요한 위협이 없고 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Kavak, S. 2014. Spergularia marina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164334A13538043. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164334A13538043.en

COMPOSITAE

Bidens tripartita L. / 가막사리Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. var. comosa A.Gray, Manual (Gray), ed. 5 261 (1867) Bidens orientalis Velen., Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1888: 48 (1888) Bidens acuta (Wiegand) Britton, Man. Fl. N. States (Britton) 1001 (1901) Bidens tripartita L. var. hebecarpa Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 15: 3 (1939)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan); Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec); China (Gansu, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan); Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Gibraltar; Guernsey; Hungary; India; Indonesia (Jawa); Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Isle of Man; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Jersey; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Latvia; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Myanmar; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Madeira, Portugal (mainland), Selvagens); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, South European Russia, West Siberia); San Marino; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alabama, Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin); Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: Stable


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Justification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Bidens tripartita. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T168750A42337582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T168750A42337582.en

Cirsium rhinoceros (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai바늘엉겅퀴

Cnicus rhinoceros H.Lév. & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 168 (1910) Cirsium rhinoceros (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai f. albiflorum Sakata, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo31: 116 (1952)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a reasonably large population compared to other endemic plants on Jeju Island. It is also widespread, growing in a number of localities across the island. There is no current evidence of decline, and although there is a potential future threat from invasive species and habitat loss, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorize this species as threatened. For these reasons C. rhinoceros has been assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 바늘엉겅퀴는 제주도의 다른 고유 식물에 비해 상당히 큰 집단을 갖고 있다. 또한 널리 퍼져 있으며 섬 전체에 걸쳐 많은 지역에서 자라고 있다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 침입 종과 생육지 손실로 인한 잠재적 미래 위협이 있지만 본 종을 위협으로 분류하는 것이 정당화 될만큼 충분한 영향력을 가지는지 불분명하다. 이러한 이유로 바늘엉겅퀴는 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Cirsium rhinoceros. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188394A13189434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188394A13189434.en

Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai / 고려엉겅퀴Cirsium yoshinoi Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 14: 111 (1923) Saussurea setidens Dunn, J. Bot. 45: 403 (1937) Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai var. niveoaraneum Kitam., Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ.,Ser. B, Biol. 13: 109 (1937) Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai var. pinnatifolium Y.N.Lee, Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 4: 8 (2004)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, C. setidens is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 고려엉겅퀴는 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Cirsium setidens.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97581301A104407392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T97581301A104407392.en

Hemisteptia lyrata (Bunge) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. / 지칭개

Serratula carthamoides Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 60 (1814) Cirsium lyratum Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 36 (1833) Saussurea affinis Spreng. ex DC., Prodr. (DC.) 6: 539 (1838) Aplotaxis bungei DC., Prodr. (DC.) 6: 539 (1838) Aplotaxis carthamoides Ham. ex DC., Prodr. (DC.) 6: 539 (1838) Cnicus multicaulis Wall. ex DC., Prodr. (DC.) 6: 540 (1838) Saussurea carthamoides Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Prodr. (DC.) 6: 540 (1838) Saussurea stricta Spreng. ex DC., Prodr. (DC.) 6: 540 (1838) Aplotaxis multicaulis DC., Icon. Select. Pl. vol. 4, 4. t. 68 (1840) Haplotaxis australasica F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 1: 36 (1858) Haplotaxis bungei (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 255 (1875) Saussurea bungei (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 255 (1875) Hemistepta carthamoides (DC.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 344 (1891)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland); Bangladesh; Bhutan; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan); Hong Kong; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Manipur, West Bengal); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and abundant through much of its range which is extensive, there are no known threats, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본종은 넓게 분포하고 풍부하며, 알려진 위협이 없으므로 최소한의 우려로 평가됩니다. Citation: Gupta, A.K. 2011. Hemisteptia lyrata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168813A6540546. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168813A6540546.en

Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa

(Nakai) H.Rob. & Brettell / 어리병풍Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa is an endemic species in South Korea. Its estimated extent of occurrence(EOO) and area of occupancy(AOO) are 4,867km² and 56km², respectively. Because of its narrow range the risk of extinction is high as the existing threats to the species and its habitats are likely to cause the population to decline quickly in the near future. Since 1940, its EOO has declined from 5,600 km² to 4,867 km², which is an 13% decline in its distribution area.

평가근거: 병풍쌈은 한국의 고유종이다. 추정 분포범위(EOO)와 점유면적(AOO)은 각각 4,867km²와 56km²이다. 그 범위가 좁기 때문에 종과 생육지에 대한 기존 위협이 조만간 집단 감소를 초래할 가능성이 높기 때문에 멸종 위험이 높다. 1940년 이래로 분포범위는 5,600 km²에서 4,867 km²로 감소하여 분포 지역이 13% 감소되었다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Koyamacalia pseudotaimingasa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188960A13189549. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188960A13189549.en


102

Leontopodium coreanum Nakai / 솜다리Leontopodium leiolepis Nakai, Icon. Pl. Koisikav 4: 75, t. 250 (1920) Leontopodium hallaisanense Hand.-Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 72 (1928) Leontopodium leiolepis Nakai var. curvicollum H.S.Pak, Fl. Coreana (H.S.Park) 7: 382 (1999)Leontopodium leiolepis Nakai var. crinulosum H.S.Pak, Fl. Coreana (H.S.Park) 7: 382 (1999)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is endemic to North Korea, where it is reported from a small area in the Keumkang mountain area (extent of occurrence is 74 km² and area of occupancy is 16 km²). There is very little additional information available for this species at present. Therefore it is currently assessed as Data Deficient.

평가근거: 본 종은 북한의 고유종으로 금강산의 좁은 지역에 분포한다(분포범위는 74km², 점유면적은 16km²). 현재 본 종에 대한 추가 정보는 거의 없다. 따라서 현재 자료부족(DD)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Leontopodium coreanum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188500A13189504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188500A13189504.en

Miyamayomena koraiensis (Nakai) Kitam벌개미취Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, C. setidens is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 벌개미취는 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Miyamayomena koraiensis.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97844703A104406909.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T97844703A104406909.en

Saussurea seoulensis Nakai / 분취Saussurea triangulata Trautv. & C.A.Mey. var. elatior Nakai, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 31: 44 (1911) Saussurea uchiyamana Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 167 (1915) Saussurea conandrifolia Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 196 (1915) Saussurea rectinervis Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 618 (1932)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-WReviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts

of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, S. seoulensis is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 분취는 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Saussurea seoulensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97582040A104407410.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T97582040A104407410.en

DROSERACEAE

Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. / 벌레먹이말Aldrovanda verticillata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2: 113 (1824) Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. var. duriaei Casp., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 17: 142 (1859) Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. var. australis Darwin, Insectiv. Pl. 328 (1876) Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. var. verticillata (Roxb.) Darwin, Insectiv. Pl. 329 (1876) Aldrovanda generalis E.H.L.Krause, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2 4: 176 (1902)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Cross, A.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Bilz, M.Year Published: 2012Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia); Botswana; Bulgaria; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Lithuania; Poland; Romania; Serbia (Serbia, Serbia); South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part))Regionally extinct: Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Burundi; Cameroon; Chad; China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Ghana; India (Manipur, West Bengal); Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan (Honshu); Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Malawi; Montenegro; Mozambique; Rwanda; Slovakia; Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Timor-Leste; Togo; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Uganda; Uzbekistan; ZambiaCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: From 379 natural historical populations distributed throughout 124 regions in 43 countries, this species has declined over the last century to only 50 confirmed extant locations. Two thirds of these are however found in one region within Poland and the Ukraine, with the remaining 18 sites thinly spread across four continents. The species has been confirmed extinct in Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Bangladesh, India, Japan, Uzbekistan and East Timor, and remains unverified in another 21 countries. The likelihood of persistence in many of these areas is slim due to extensive wetland degradation, and it is undeniable that this species faces a potentially severe outlook if attempts to mediate the species decline are not swiftly made.

평가근거: 43개국 124개 지역에 분포 한 379개 자연 집단으로부터 벌레먹이말은 지난 세기 동안 현존하는 50개의 확인된 지역으로 감소했다. 그러나 이들 중 3분의 2는 폴란드와 우크라이나의 한 지역에서 발견되며 나머지 18개 지역은 4개 대륙에 걸쳐 얇게 펼쳐진다. 본 종은 오스트리아, 슬로바키아, 체코, 프랑스, 독일, 이탈리아, 방글라데시, 인도, 일본, 우즈베키스탄 및 동 티모르에서 멸종 된 것으로 확인되었으며 다른 21개국에서 확인되지 않고 있다. 이 많은 지역에서 생존 확률은 습지가 광범위하게 감소함에 따라 희박해 지고 있고 종의 쇠퇴를 조정하려는 시도가 신속하게 이루어지지 않으면 잠재적으로 심각한 전망에 직면한다는 것은 부인할 수 없다. Citation: Cross, A. 2012. Aldrovanda vesiculosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T162346A901031. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T162346A901031.en

Drosera peltata Thunb. / 끈끈이귀개Drosera nipponica Masam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 23: 207 (1933)


103

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Meng, M., Nophasead, L., Khampheng, H. & Homsombath, K.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia); Bangladesh; Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; India (Assam); Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi); Japan (Nansei-shoto); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This plant is found throughout a wide geographic range. There is no information on its major threats. Research is recommended to learn more about its uses, population trends and threats. It is listed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and the lack of major widespread threats.

평가근거: 이 식물은 넓은 지리적 범위에서 발견된다. 주요 위협에 대한 정보는 없다. 본 종의 이용, 집단의 증감과 위협에 대해 더 많은 연구가 필요하다. 광범위한 분포와 주요 위협 요소가 없어 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Drosera peltata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168809A6539809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168809A6539809.en

ERICACEAE

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. / 월귤Vaccinium punctatum Lam., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck) 3: 396 (1779) Vaccinium rubrum Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 4 (1782) Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd. & G.Lodd. & W.Lodd., Bot. Cab. 11: pl. 1023 (1825) Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. pumilum Hornem., Fors. Oecon. Plantel., ed. 3 2: 177 (1835)Vaccinium jesoense Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 28 (1863) Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. genuinum Herder, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 1: 312 (1872) Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. microphyllum Herder, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 1: 313 (1872) Myrtillus exigua Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 2: 16 (1899) Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. subsp. minus (Lodd.) Hultén, Fl. Aleutian Isl. 268 (1937) Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. f. minus (Lodd.) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 11 (1941)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Canada; China; Czech Republic; Finland; France; Germany; Greenland; Iceland; Ireland; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Russian Federation; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18748884A78457217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18748884A78457217.en

EUPHORBIACEAE

Glochidion chodoense C.S.Lee & H.T.Im 조도만두나무Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Glochidion chodoense has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 8 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is also estimated as being around 8 km². It occurs in three, fragmented locations. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of threatening factors, including the effects of deforestation (Bae 2009, Chang and Seok 1997). For these reasons G. chodoense is assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 조도만두나무는 약 8km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)에 위치하며, 분포범위(EOO)는 약 8km²로 추정된다. 본 종은 3개 지역에 분절화 되어 있다. 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 가지 위협 요인으로 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 조도만두나무는 위급(CR)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Glochidion chodoense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188452A13189464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188452A13189464.en

FAGACEAE

Quercus dentata Thunb. / 떡갈나무Quercus obovata Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 62 (1833) Quercus dentata Thunb. var. wrightii A.DC., Prodr. (DC.) 16: 13 (1864) Quercus daimio Hoerold ex K.Koch, Dendrologie 2, 2: 45 (1873) Quercus dentata Thunb. var. pinnatifida Matsum., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 5: 9 (1891) Quercus dentata Thunb. var. grandifolia Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 161 (1912) Quercus dentata Thunb. var. fallax Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 3 (1917)

Red List Category & Criteria: Lower Risk/least concern ver 2.3Year Published: 1998Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation; Taiwan, Province of China

평가근거: 본종은 ver. 2.3으로 평가되어 평가근거에 대한 기록이 없다. Citation: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Quercus dentata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T31294A9617239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31294A9617239.en

HALORAGACEAE

Myriophyllum spicatum L. / 이삭물수세미Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Luke, W.R.Q.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Albania; Algeria; Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Botswana; Bulgaria; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi,


104

Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt (Egypt (African part)); Eritrea; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland), Kriti); Guernsey; Hungary; Iceland; India (Jammu-Kashmir); Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Isle of Man; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jersey; Jordan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Namibia; Netherlands; Nigeria; Norway; Pakistan; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Saudi Arabia; Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province, Marion-Prince Edward Is., Northern Cape Province, North-West Province, Western Cape); Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)); Sudan; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Togo; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); UnitedKingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); Viet Nam; Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: Unknown Justification: This species does not face any major threats and is widespread, occupying an extensive non-native range.

평가근거: 본 종은 어떠한 위협에도 직면하지 않고 넓게 퍼져 있으며 광범위한 비자생지 범위를 차지한다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2017. Myriophyllum spicatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T164481A84291750. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164481A84291750.en

Myriophyllum ussuriense (Regel) Maxim. 선물수세미

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. var. ussuriense Regel, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser.7 4: 60, pl. 4, f. 2-5 (1861) Myriophyllum isoetophilum Kom., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 168 (1914)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Smith, K.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada (British Columbia); China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation; United States (Oregon, Washington)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable (30%). Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치(30%)를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Smith, K. 2016. Myriophyllum ussuriense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64318582A67730207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64318582A67730207.en

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Corylopsis coreana Uyeki / 히어리Corylopsis coreana Uyeki var. pubescens Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 15: 736 (1939) Corylopsis glabrescens Franch. & Sav. var. gotoana (Makino) T.Yamanaka, Acta Phytotax.Geobot. 37: 104 (1986) Corylopsis gotoana Makino var. coreana (Uyeki) T.Yamaz., J. Jap. Bot. 63: 29 (1988)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Son, S.-W., Kim, H. & Kim, Y.-S.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Corylopsis coreana has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 412 km². It occurs in 37 locations. The distances between each location range from 50-200 km and are severely fragmented, likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons C. coreana has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 히어리의 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 412km²이다. 현재까지 37개 지역에서 발생한다. 각 지역 사이의 거리는 50~200km로 심각하게 파편화 되어 있어 유효한 유전자 교류를 하기에는 너무 멀다. 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 히어리는 적색목록의 평가기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다. Citation: Son, S.-W., Kim, H. & Kim, Y.-S. 2016. Corylopsis coreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72136190A72136238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72136190A72136238.en

HYDRANGEACEAE

Deutzia paniculata Nakai / 꼬리말발도리Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(i,iii,iv) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Deutzia paniculata has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 17,555km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 116km². It occurs in six locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 10-100 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons D. paniculata has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 꼬리말발도리는 약 17,555 km²의 분포범위(EOO)와 약 116 km²의 점유면적(AOO)을 보이며 6개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 10-100km로 심하게 파편화되었다(아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 꼬리말발도리는 적색목록 기준에 따라 위기(EN)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Deutzia paniculata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188425A13189444. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188425A13189444.en

Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe / 나도승마Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 11: 152 (1935)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: Decreasing


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Justification: This species occurs in forest habitats in China, Japan and South Korea. These habitats are declining due to human disturbance, herbivore damage, and soil erosion. The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO); far larger than the criterion B1 thresholds. However its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 64km². Given its small AOO, continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat, a severely fragmented population, and the very small population size, this species is listed as Endangered.

평가근거: 나도승마는 한국, 중국, 일본의 산림에 분포한다. 해당 산림 생육지는 인간의 교란, 초식 동물의 피해 및 토양 침식으로 인해 감소하고 있다. 본 종은 분포범위(EOO)는 높은 값을 보여 평가 기준 B1 임계 값보다 훨씬 크다. 그러나 점유면적(AOO)은 약 64km²이다. 낮은 AOO를 감안할 때 생육지의 범위와 질의 지속적인 감소, 개체군의 파편화, 그리고 매우 작은 개체군 크기를 감안하여 이 종은 위기(ER)로 판정된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Kirengeshoma palmata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188492A13189494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188492A13189494.en

LABIATAE

Lycopus uniflorus Michx. / 털쉽싸리Euhemus uniflorus (Michx.) Raf., Autik. Bot. 115 (1840) Lycopus parviflorus Maxim., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 216 (1859) Lycopus uniflorus Michx. var. parviflorus (Maxim.) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 547 (1979)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada; China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Lycopus uniflorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64317541A67730042. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64317541A67730042.en

Prunella vulgaris L. / 꿀풀Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Argentina; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Bulgaria; Canada; Chile; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: Unknown Justification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species

is assessed as Least Concern.


Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Prunella vulgaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T203256A78457152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T203256A78457152.en

※국내에 분포하는 Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. asiatica (Nakai) H.Hara 기본종

Salvia maximowicziana Hemsl. / 참배암차즈기Salvia chanryoenica Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 190 (1909)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a relatively wide distribution in South Korea and China. There sis no information available on threats to this species, however it has a wide distribution and the population size is assumed to be very large. The species is currently assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 참배암차즈기는 남한과 중국에 분포가 비교적 넓다. 본 종에 대한 위협에 관한 정보는 없지만 분포가 넓고 집단 규모가 매우 큰 것으로 추측된다. 본 종은 현재 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Salvia maximowicziana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72125595A13189519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72125595A13189519.en

Scutellaria insignis Nakai / 광릉골무꽃Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: Justification: Scutellaria insignis has a wide distribution in South Korea. Currently there is no evidence of population decline for this species, and although there may be potential threats in pars of its range (e.g., from invasive species and habitat loss), it is unlikely that these will drastically affect the global population at this time. Therefore, S. insignis has been assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 광릉골무꽃은 한국에 널리 분포한다. 현재 본 종에 대한 집단 감소의 증거는 없으며 침입 종 및 생육지 손실과 같은 범위에서 잠재적인 위협이 있을 수 있지만 현재 이들이 종전체 집단에 크게 영향을 미치지는 않는다. 분포와 집단의 크기를 결정하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하며 완전한 보전 평가가 가능하다. 따라서 자료부족(DD)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Scutellaria insignis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188522A13189524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188522A13189524.en


106

LAURACEAE

Cinnamomum yabunikkei H.Ohba 생달나무

Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 123 (1830)Cinnamomum pedunculatum Nees, Syst. Laur. 79 (1836) Cinnamomum acuminatifolium Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 152 (1915) Cinnamomum chekiangense Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 22: 23 (1939) Cinnamomum chenii Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 22: 23 (1939) Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold var. chekiangense (Nakai) M.B.Deng & G.Yao, Fl. Jiangsu. 2: 205 (1982)

Red List Category & Criteria: Lower Risk/near threatened ver 2.3Assessor(s): World Conservation Monitoring CentreYear Published: 1998Country Occurrence: China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Taiwan, Province of China

평가근거: 본종은 ver. 2.3으로 평가되어 평가근거에 대한 기록이 없다. Citation: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Cinnamomum japonicum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T32390A9696302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32390A9696302.en

LEGUMINOSAE

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.Cours.) G.Don비수리

Hedysarum sericeum Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 287 (1784) Anthyllis cuneata Dum.Cours., Bot. Cult. (ed. 2) 6: 100 (1811) Lespedeza sericea (Thunb.) Miq., Ann. Acad. (The Hague & Leiden) 3 (1867)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lopez Poveda, L.Reviewer(s): Hilton-Taylor, C.Year Published: 2012Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Bhutan; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India; Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Nepal; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Lespedeza cuneata is listed as Least Concern. It has a wide distribution range and it is reported as weedy and invasive in United States.

평가근거: 비수리는 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 본 종은 넓은 분포를 보이고 미국에서는 잡초이며 침입종으로 보고 되었다. Citation: Lopez Poveda, L. 2012. Lespedeza cuneata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T19892702A20093791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T19892702A20093791.en

Lespedeza maritima Nakai / 해변싸리Lespedeza uekii Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 457 (1928)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: Unknown

Justification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorize this species as threatened at present. Therefore, L. maritima is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 해변싸리는 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Lespedeza maritima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97582627A104407695.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T97582627A104407695.en

Medicago sativa L. / 자주개자리Medicago ladak Vassilcz., Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 31: 27 (1946) Medicago mesopotamica Vassilcz., Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 31: 27 (1946) Medicago alaschanica Vassilcz., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.12: 113 (1950) Medicago beipinensis Vassilcz., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 141 (1950)Medicago tibetana (Alef.) Vassilcz., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 141 (1950) Medicago roborovskii Vassilcz., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 113 (1950)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H. & Maxted, N.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (East Aegean Is., Greece (mainland), Kriti); Hungary; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain); UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is globally assessed as Least Concern as its wild subspecies are widespread across Eurasia with no major threats and stable populations. They are also well conserved in ex situ gene bank collections. This species would benefit from a gap analysis to ensure that the likely range of in situ genetic diversity is fully represented in gene bank collections.

평가근거: 이 종은 주요 위협 요소가 없고 안정적 집단을 유지하면서 유라시아 전역에 야생 아종들이 널리 퍼져 있기 때문에 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 세계적으로 평가된다. 현지외 유전자은행 수집을 통해 잘 보전 되고 있다. 유전자 은행 수집이 현지내 유전다양성의 분포를 충분히 대표하는지에 대한 갭분석(gap analsys)은 종 보전에 도움을 받을 수 있다. Citation: Rhodes, L. 2016. Medicago sativa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T174725A19402449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T174725A19402449.en

Sophora flavescens Aiton / 고삼Sophora macrosperma DC., Prodr. (DC.) 2: 96 (1825) Sophora angustifolia Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4 (2): 118 (1845) Sophora tetragonocarpa Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 83 (1913) Sophora flavescens Aiton var. angustifolia Kitag., Lin. Fl. Manshur. 293 (1939)


107

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lopez Poveda, L.Reviewer(s): Hilton-Taylor, C.Year Published: 2012Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Fujian, Gansu, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Guizhou, Hebei, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Heilongjiang, Henan, Henan, Hubei, Hubei, Hunan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jiangxi, Jilin, Jilin, Liaoning, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shandong, Shanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Chita, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk); Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Sophora flavescens is listed as Least Concern. It is a species widely distributed in temperate Asia, it is known to occur in protected areas and the population is believed to be stable at present.

평가근거: 고삼은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 분류된다. 온대 아시아에 널리 분포하는 종으로서 보호 지역에서 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있으며 집단은 현재 안정적이라고 생각된다. Citation: Lopez Poveda, L. 2012. Sophora flavescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T201582A20142609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T201582A20142609.en

Sophora koreensis Nakai / 개느삼Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 37: 34 (1923)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Sophora koreensis has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 44 km². It occurs in nine locations. The distances between each location range from 50–320 km, making the populstion severely fragmented (i.e. subpopulations are likely too distant to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons S. koreensis has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 개느삼의 추정 점유면적은 약 44km²로 9개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 50-320 km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 개느삼은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Sophora koreensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188557A13189529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188557A13189529.en

Vicia amoena Fisch. ex Ser. / 갈퀴나물Vicia rapunculus Debeaux, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 31: 144 (1877)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lopez Poveda, L.Reviewer(s): Hilton-Taylor, C.Year Published: 2012Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Heilongjiang, Henan, Henan, Hubei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Jilin, Liaoning, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shandong, Shanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang,

Yunnan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian FederationCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Vicia amoena is listed as Least Concern. It has a wide distribution range, it is known to occur in protected areas and the population is believed to be stable at present.

평가근거: 갈퀴나물은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 본 종은 넓은 분포역을 갖고 있고 보호지역에 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있으며 현재 집단은 안정적이다. Citation: Lopez Poveda, L. 2012. Vicia amoena. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T19892871A20160451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T19892871A20160451.en

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Utricularia bifida L. / 땅귀개Utricularia recurva Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 26 (1790) Utricularia humilis Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 1: 203 (1804) Utricularia antirrhinoides Wall., Numer. List. 1498 (1829) Utricularia alata Benj., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 212 (1845) Utricularia brevicaulis Benj., Linnaea 2: 303 (1847) Utricularia sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 998 (1859)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Homsombath, K. & Bounphanmy, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia; Bangladesh; Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Guam; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia (Maluku); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This carnivorous aquatic plant is common species in southeast Asia, Pacific Islands and Australia. It grows in paddy fields, marshes and wet grassland at high altitudes. No major threats to the global population have been identified and is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 이 식충수생식물은 동남아시아, 태평양 제도 및 호주에서 흔히 볼 수 있으며 높은 고도의 논, 습지 및 습지형 초원에서 자란다. 전체 집단에 대한 주요 위협은 확인되지 않아 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Utricularia bifida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168795A6538949. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168795A6538949.en

Utricularia intermedia Hayne / 개통발Utricularia alpina Georgi, Beschr. Nation. Russ. Reich 4: 655 (1800) Utricularia media Schumach., Enum. Pl. (Schumacher) 1: 9 (1801) Utricularia millefolium Nutt. ex Tuck., Amer. J. Sci. Arts 14: 28 (1843) Utricularia grafiana Koch, Flora 30: 265 (1847) Lentibularia intermedia (Hayne) Nieuwl. & Lunell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 9 (1917)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Clarke, C.M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Belgium; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Tibet [or Xizang]); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greenland; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic


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of; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.


Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Utricularia intermedia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T167883A19635751. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T167883A19635751.en

LINDERNIACEAE

Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. / 외풀Capraria crustacea L., Mant. Pl. 1: 87 (1767) Hornemannia ovata Link & Otto, Icon. Pl. Select. 1 (1820) Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 2: 570 (1827) Vandellia crustacea (L.) Benth., Scroph. Ind. 35 (1835)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Regalado, J. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Australia (Queensland); Bangladesh; Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species has a very wide distribution. It occurs in a wide range of wetland and some non-wetland habitats and is able to exploit anthropogenic habitats such as rice fields. It is therefore unlikely to become extinct in the short term and so is classed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 매우 넓게 분포한다. 광범위한 습지와 일부 비습지형 생육지에 발생하고 논과 같은 인위적 생육지를 활용하기도 한다. 단기적으로 멸종 위기에 처할 가능성은 거의 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2011. Lindernia crustacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168747A6532301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168747A6532301.en

Lindernia micrantha D.Don / 논뚝외풀Tittmannia angustifolia Benth., Numer. List 3951 (1831) Vandellia angustifolia (Benth.) Benth., Scroph. Ind. 37 (1835) Vandellia cymulosa Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 117 (1865) Lindernia angustifolia (Benth.) Wettst., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 79 (1891) Pyxidaria cymulosa (Miq.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 464 (1891) Lindernia cymulosa (Miq.) Matsum., Index Pl. Jap. 2 (2): 562 (1912)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.

Reviewer(s): Regalado, J., Maxwell, J. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Cambodia; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; India (Kerala, Rajasthan); Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Nepal; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: In spite of its apparent extinction in Bangladesh, the species has a very wide distribution through much of southeast Asia, it is also capable of exploiting anthropogenic habitats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 방글라데시에서의 분명한 멸절에도 불구하고 본 종은 서남아시아의 대부분 지역에 매우 넓게 분포하고 인위적인 생육지를 이용할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 종은 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2011. Lindernia micrantha. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168811A6540212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168811A6540212.en

LYTHRACEAE

Lythrum salicaria L. / 털부처꽃Salicaria spicata Lam., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck) 3: 103 (1779) Salicaria vulgaris Moench, Methodus (Moench) 665 (1794) Lythrum salicaria L. var. tomentosum DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 1: 123 (1813) Lythrum tomentosum DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 1: 123 (1813) Lythrum quadrifolium Mart., Prodr. fl. Mosq. 83 (1817) Lythrum salicaria L. var. vulgare DC., Prodr. (DC.) 3: 82 (1828) Lythrum intermedium Ledeb. ex Colla, Herb. Pedem. 2: 399 (1834) Lythrum salicaria L. var. glabrum Ledeb., Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 2: 127 (1844) Lythrum propinquum Weinm., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 23: 544 (1850) Lythrum virgatum L., Prolus. Fl. Jap. 149 (1866) Lythrum salicaria L. var. intermedium subvar. gracilius f. angustius su, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 327 (1881) Lythrum salicaria L. var. intermedium (Ledeb. ex Colla) Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 327 (1881) Lythrum salicaria L. var. vulgare subvar. glabricaule Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 328 (1881)Lythrum salicaria L. var. anceps Koehne, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 216: 76 (1903) Lythrum argyi H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 330 (1907) Lythrum anceps (Koehne) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 169 (1908) Lythrum salicaria L. var. mairei H.Lév., Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan 172 (1916) Lythrum salicaria L. subsp. anceps (Koehne) H.Hara, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 86 (1952) Lythrum salicaria L. subsp. intermedium (Ledeb. ex Colla) H.Hara, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo,Sect. 3, Bot. 6-7: 390 (1956) Lythrum salicaria L. var. glabricaule (Koehne) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 463 (1979)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kavak, S.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Jordan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Latvia; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, Province of China; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-


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in-Europe); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kavak, S. 2014. Lythrum salicaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164323A42329075. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164323A42329075.en

MAGNOLIACEAE

Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch / 함박꽃나무Magnolia parviflora Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4,2: 187 (1845) Magnolia oyama Kort, Rev. Hort. Belge Étrangère 31: 258 (1905) Magnolia verecunda Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 339 (1926) Magnolia parviflora Siebold & Zucc. f. variegata Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 20: 120 (1933) Oyama sieboldii (K.Koch) N.H.Xia & C.Y.Wu, Fl. China 7: 67 (2008)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Khela, S.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Magnolia sieboldii has been listed as Vulnerable in the China Species Red List. It appears to have a wide distribution across China and also occurs in other countries. There is no information on the number of individuals or threats and further research is required.

평가근거: 함박꽃나무는 중국 적색목록에 취약으로 등록되었다. 중국 전역에 걸쳐 넓게 분포하며 다른 국가에서도 많이 발생한다. 개체 숫자 또는 위협에 대한 정보가 없어 추가 연구가 필요하다. Citation: Khela, S. 2014. Magnolia sieboldii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194003A2293976.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T194003A2293976.en

MENYANTHACEAE

Menyanthes trifoliata L. / 조름나물Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Akhani, H.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; India; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia;

Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United StatesCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Akhani, H. 2014. Menyanthes trifoliata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T163993A42397943. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163993A42397943.en

Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze노랑어리연꽃

Limnanthemum nymphoides Hoffmanns. & Link, Fl. Portug. 1: 314 (1809)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Ontario, Quebec); China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hong Kong; Hungary; India (Jammu-Kashmir); Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United KingdomCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in most of its range and does not face any major threats. There have been local declines and those areas should be monitored.

평가근거: 본 종은 대부분의 분포 범위에서 안정적인 집단으로 널리 퍼져 있으며 주요 위협에 직면하지 않으므로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 지역적 감소가 있었고 해당 지역에 대한 모니터링을 실시 해야된다.


NYMPHAEACEAE

Euryale ferox Salisb. / 가시연꽃Anneslea spinosa Andrews, Bot. Repos. 10: t. 618 (1811) Euryale indica Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. III, 19: 29 (1853)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Homsombath, K., Meng, M., Bounphanmy, S. & Juffe Bignoli, D.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Assam, Bihar, Jammu-Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu); Korea, Republic of; Myanmar (Myanmar


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(mainland)); Russian Federation (Primoryi); Taiwan, Province of ChinaCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: This species covers a wide geographic range. It is mostly a cultivated plant and is extensively used in China for several purposes such as food or medicine. No major threats to this species have been reported. It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 가시연 넓은 지리적 분포를 보인다. 본 종은 주로 재배 식물이며 식품이나 의약품과 같은 여러 목적을 위해 중국에서 광범위하게 사용된다. 본 종에 대한 주요 위협은 보고 된 바 없다. 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Zhuang, X. 2011. Euryale ferox. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168756A6535154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168756A6535154.en

Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. / 왜개연꽃Nymphaea lutea L. var. minima Willd., Sp. Pl. (ed. 5; Willdenow) 2: 1151 (1799) Nymphaea pumila (Timm) Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., Jahrgang 3 (Hoffm.) 1: 241 (1800) Nuphar minima (Willd.) Sm., Engl. Bot. 32: pl. 2292 (1811) Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. var. pumila (Timm) A.Gray, Manual (Gray), ed. 5 57 (1867) Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. var. timmii Harz, Bot. California 53: 228 (1893) Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. var. hookerii Harz, Bot. California 53: 228 (1893) Nuphar subintegerrima Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 141 (1910) Nuphar shimadae Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 2, pl. 1 (1916) Nymphozanthus pumilus (Timm) Fernald, Rhodora 21: 186 (1919) Nymphozanthus subintegerrimus Fernald, Rhodora 21: 187 (1919) Nuphar subpumila Miki, Stud. Hist. Nat. Monuments Kyohotu 18 (1937) Nuphar ozeensis Miki, Stud. Hist. Nat. Monuments Kyohotu 18 (1937) Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. var. ozeensis (Miki) H.Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 64: 78 (1951)Nymphaea lutea L. subsp. pumila (Timm) Beal, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 72: 325 (1956)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; Germany; Hong Kong; Iceland; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Macao; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mexico; Mongolia; Norway; Poland; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; United Kingdom; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Nuphar pumila. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T167888A1179645. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T167888A1179645.en

Nymphaea tetragona Georgi / 수련Castalia pygmaea Salisb., Parad. Lond. 1: t. 14 (1806) Nymphaea pygmaea (Salisb.) W.T.Aiton, Hortus Kew. (ed. 2) 3: 293 (1811) Nymphaea minima (Willd.) Willd., Enum. Pl. (Willdenow) 0: Suppl. 38 (1813) Nymphaea acutilboa DC., Prodr. (DC.) 1: 116 (1824) Castalia tetragona (Georgi) G.Lawson, Proc. & Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada 6 (4): 112 (1888)Nymphaea alba L. subsp. tetragon (Georgi) Korsh., Fl. Eur. Ross. 133 (1892) Nymphaea fennica Mela, Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 0: 14 (1897) Nymphaea tetragona Georgi var. angusta Casp. ex Nakai, Chosen Shokubutsu 93 (1914)Castalia crassifolia Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 333 (1931) Nymphaea pygmaea (Salisb.) W.T.Aiton var. mimima Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 746 (1938)Nymphaea crassifolia (Hand.-Mazz.) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 751 (1938) Nymphaea japono-koreana Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 749 (1938) Nymphaea tetragona Georgi var. minima (Nakai) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae 360 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Nguyen, T.H.T.Reviewer(s): Gupta, A.K. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Canada; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Finland; India; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Myanmar; Russian Federation; Taiwan, Province of China; United States; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This floating aquatic plant is found in lakes, ponds and slow flowing rivers from North America, Europe and Asia. It is an ornamental species but it is also used as a medicine and food in South East Asia. No major threats to this species have been reported and is therefore listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 이 부생하는 수생식물은 북아메리카, 유럽 및 아시아의 호수, 연못 및 천천히 흐르는 강에서 발견된다. 본 종은 관상용으로 많이 활용되며 남아시아와 동아시아에서 의약품 및 식품으로 사용되기도 한다. 본 종에 대한 주요 위협은 보고 된 바가 없으므로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Nguyen, T.H.T. 2013. Nymphaea tetragona. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T167890A6407237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T167890A6407237.en

OLEACEAE

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai / 미선나무Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai f. lilacinum Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 26 (1922)Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai f. albiflorum Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36: 26 (1922)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Abeliophyllum distichum has aan estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 72 km². It is known to occur in nine locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 20–220 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the distance between subpopulations is likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons A. distichum has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 미선나무의 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 72km²입니다. 본 종은 9개 지역에서 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 20-220km로 각 아집단이 심각하게 단편화 된다(즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 되지 않음). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 미선나무는 위기(EN)로 평가된다. Citation: Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. 2016. Abeliophyllum distichum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188339A13189399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188339A13189399.en

Forsythia ovata Nakai / 만리화Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of


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Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Forsythia ovata has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 80 km². It occurs in five locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 30–200 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors, including the effects of deforestation. For these reasons F. ovata has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 만리화는 약 80km²의 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고 5개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 30-200km로 집단이 심각하게 파편화되었다(즉, 아집단 사이의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능함). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 지속적으로 감소하고 있다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 만리화는 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Forsythia ovata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188438A13189454. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188438A13189454.en

Fraxinus chiisanensis Nakai / 물들메나무Fraxinus chiisanensis Nakai var. stenophylla Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 631 (1938)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(ii,iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Fraxinus chiisanensis has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 84 km². It occurs in nine locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 5-100 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons F. chiisanensis has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 물들메나무는 약 84km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고 9개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단 간의 거리는 5-100km 범위이며 아집단이 심각하게 파편화되어 있다(즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 물들메나무는 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Fraxinus chiisanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188447A13189459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T13188447A13189459.en

Fraxinus chinensis Roxb. / 물푸레나무including Fraxinus chinensis var. rhynchophylla (Hance) Hemsl.

Fraxinus japonica Blume ex K.Koch, Dendrologie 2(1): 239 (1872) Fraxinus ornus L. var. bungeana Hance, J. Bot. 13: 133 (1875) Fraxinus chinensis Roxb. var. tomentosa Lingelsh., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 243(1): 30 (1920)Fraxinus densata Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 130 (1931) Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance var. mollis Uyeki, Bull. Forest. Soc. Korea (Chosen Sanrin Kwaiho) 208: 5 (1942)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Oldfield, S.Reviewer(s): Rivers, M.C.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: China (Qinghai, Tibet [or Xizang]); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Russian Federation (Central Asian Russia, Primoryi); Thailand; Viet Nam

Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Fraxinus chinensis is very widespread, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of over 5,000,000 km². It is utilised for timber and medicinally. Both subspecies of F. chinensis are cultivated in China for the production of leaves which are used to feed a scale insect that produces candle wax. It is not thought that this species of ash is subject to major threats or population decline throughout its range and it is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 물푸레나무는 넓게 분포하며 분포범위는 5,000,00km² 이상이다. 본 종은 목재와 의약품으로 이용된다. 두 변종이 모두 양초를 생산하는 깍지벌레 먹이용 잎 생산을 위해 중국에서 재배되고 있다. 이 물푸레나무종이 전체 분포 범위 내에서 주요 위협이나 집단 감소의 대상은 아니라 생각되며 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Oldfield, S. 2017. Fraxinus chinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T35953A96445276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T35953A96445276.en

Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara / 개회나무Ligustrum reticulatum Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 313 (1851) Syringa amurensis Rupr., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 371 (1857) Ligustrina amurensis (Rupr.) Rupr., Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 11: 72 (1859) Ligustrina amurensis (Rupr.) Rupr. var. mandshurica Maxim., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 432 (1859) Syringa amurensis Rupr. var. genuina Maxim., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 193 (1859) Syringa ligustrina Leroy, Cat. [Leroy] 1: 99 (1868) Ligustrina amurensis (Rupr.) Rupr. var. japonica Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 20: 432 (1875) Syringa amurensis Rupr. var. japonica (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 435 (1877)Syringa rotundifolia Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ser. 2, 2: 44 (1878) Syringa japonica (Maxim.) Decne., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2, 2: 44 (1879) Syringa amurensis Rupr. var. mandshurica (Maxim.) Maxim. ex Korsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.Bot. Sada 12: 369 (1893) Ligustrina japonica (Maxim.) L.Henry, Jardin 8: 102 (1894) Syringa amurensis Rupr. var. genuina f. bracteata Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 105 (1917)Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara var. mandshurica (Maxim.) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 17: 22 (1941) Ligustrina reticulata (Blume) Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 31: 91 (1952) Ligustrina reticulata (Blume) Nakai var. mandshurica f. bracteata Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus.,Tokyo 31: 91 (1952) Ligustrina reticulata (Blume) Nakai var. mandshurica (Maxim.) Nakai, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus.,Tokyo 31: 91 (1952) Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara f. bracteata (Nakai) T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 333 (1966)Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara f. koreana T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 333 (1966) Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara f. longifolia (Nakai) T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 333 (1966) Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara var. mandshurica f. koreana T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 333 (1966) Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara var. mandshurica f. longifolia T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 333 (1966) Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara var. amurensis (Rupr.) J.S.Pringle, Phytologia 52: 67 (1983)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Primoryi)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: It is assumed that this species has a large population size given its widespread distribution along with its abundance throughout. Mapped occurrences reveal an extent large enough to surpass IUCN's criteria for a threatened category. Additionally, this species does not face any imminent threat that is known of. These reasons justify an assessment of Least Concern for this species.

평가근거: 개회나무는 전체적으로 광범위한 분포를 가지면서 큰 집단을 유지하는 것으로 추측된다. 위치를 기록한 분포 정보는 위협 범주에 해당하는 IUCN의 기준을 초과할 정도의 범위를 보인다. 또한, 본 종은 알려지지 않은 임박한 위협에 직면하지 않는다. 이러한 이유는 본 종에 대한 약관심(LC) 범주를 정당화한다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Syringa reticulata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72131428A13189534. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72131428A13189534.en


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ONAGRACEAE

Epilobium hirsutum L. / 큰바늘꽃Chamaenerion hirsutum (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2 270 (1772) Chamaenerion grandiflorum (Weber) Moench, Methodus (Moench) 677 (1794) Epilobium villosum Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 75 (1794) Epilobium tomentosum Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv. 90 (1802) Epilobium hirsutum L. var. tomentosum (Vent.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 2: 746 (1872) Epilobium hirsutum L. var. laetum Wall. ex C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 584 (1879) Epilobium hirsutum L. var. villosum Hausskn., Monogr. Epilobium 53 (1884) Epilobium velutinum Nevski, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast.1: 312 (1937)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Tognelli, M. & Garcia, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Burundi; Chad; China (Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Hungary; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Lesotho; Libya; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Dagestan, West Siberia); Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; South Africa (Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, North-West Province); Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sudan; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; United Kingdom; Western Sahara; Yemen (North Yemen); ZambiaCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Epilobium hirsutum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164347A1044291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164347A1044291.en

Epilobium palustre L. / 버들바늘꽃Epilobium rhynchocarpum Boissieu, Diagn. Pl. Orient. II, 2: 53 (1856) Epilobium palustre L. var. majus C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 585 (1879) Epilobium palustre L. var. minimum C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 585 (1879) Epilobium palustre L. var. lavandulifolium Lecoq & Lamotte ex Hausskn., Monogr. Epilobium 133 (1884) Epilobium palustre L. var. fischerianum Hausskn., Monogr. Epilobium 132 (1884) Epilobium fischerianum Pavlov, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou n.s. 38: 105 (1929)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Austria; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet [or Xizang],

Xinjiang, Yunnan); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Greenland; Hungary; India; Ireland; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mongolia; Montenegro; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Russian Federation (Amur, Kamchatka, Primoryi, Sakhalin); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Switzerland; Tajikistan; United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.


Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Epilobium palustre. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T168737A1219085. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T168737A1219085.en

PAPAVERACEAE

Chelidonium hylomeconoides (Nakai) Ohwi / 매미꽃

Coreanomecon hylomeconoides Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 11: 151 (1935) Hylomecon hylomeconoides (Nakai) Y.N.Lee, J. Korean Res. Inst. Better Living 11: 134 (1973)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, C. hylomeconoides is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 비록 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 매미꽃은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Chelidonium hylomeconoides.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97843944A104406787.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T97843944A104406787.en

Corydalis filistipes Nakai / 섬현호색Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is endemic to Ulleung Island, Korea, where it has a narrow distribution. Currently there is no evidence of population decline, and although there is a future potential threat from invasive species and habitat loss, the impact of these threats is unclear. Corydalis filistipes has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 16 km². The species has a very restricted AOO and occurrence in only one location, with


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potential threats from human activities or stochastic events that could push the species into CR or EX rapidly. Therefore it has been assessed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 섬현호색은 울릉도 고유종으로 협소한 분포를 보인다. 현재 집단 감소의 증거는 없으며 침입종과 생육지 감소라는 잠재적인 위협이 있지만 이러한 위협의 영향은 분명하지 않다. 섬현호색에는 16km²보다 작은 점유면적(AOO)과 분포범위(EOO)를 보인다. 이 종은 매우 제한된 점유면적과 한 지역에서만 발생하여 인간 활동이나 우연적 사건으로 본종을 멸종위기나 멸종으로 빠르게 이끌수 있는 잠재적 위협이 있다. 따라서 본종은 적색목록 평가기준에 따라 취약(VU)으로 평가한다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Corydalis filistipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188401A13189439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188401A13189439.en

PARNASSIACEAE

Parnassia palustris L. / 물매화Parnassia palustris L. var. multiseta Ledeb., Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 1: 263 (1842) Parnassia mucronata Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4: 169 (1843) Parnassia palustris L. var. vulgaris Drude, Linnaea 2: 308 (1875) Parnassia palustris L. f. ussuriensis Kom. ex Nekr., Fl. Aziat. Ross. 11: 28 (1917) Parnassia multiseta (Ledeb.) Fernald, Rhodora 28: 211 (1926) Parnassia palustris L. var. syukorankeiensis Yamam., J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4: 306 (1932)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Andorra; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi, Xinjiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is of concern that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and local conservation measures are required.

평가근거: 본 종은 분포범위 일부에서 안정된 집단으로 널리 퍼져 있기 약관심(LC)으로 평가되며 유럽에서 멸종 될 위험이 매우 낮다. 그러나 본 종은 여러 국가의 적색 목록에 위협을 받는 것으로 분류되어 있으며 지역 보전 조치가 필요하다.

Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Parnassia palustris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164421A42399385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164421A42399385.en

POLYGONACEAE

Fallopia koreana B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim삼도하수오Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Fallopia korana has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 7,081km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 60 km². It occurs in nine locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 20-100 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons F. korana has been assessed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 삼도하수오의 추정 분포범위(EOO)는 7,081km²이고, 추정 점유면적은 약 60km²로 9 개 지역에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 20-100km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 삼도하수오는 적색목록 기준으로 취약(VU)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Fallopia koreana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188430A13189449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188430A13189449.en

Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre / 물여뀌Polygonum amphibium L., Sp. Pl. 361 (1753) Polygonum pusporium Gilib., Excerc. Phyt. 2: 433 (1792) Polygonum amphibium L. var. terestre Leers ex Willd., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 443 (1799) Polygonum coccineum Muhl., Enum. Pl. (Willdenow) 1: 428 (1809) Polygonum natans (Michx.) Eaton, Manual (Gray), ed. 3 40 (1822) Chulusium fluitans Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 14 (1837) Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) S.Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 295 (1879) Polygonum amphibium L. var. vestitum Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 333 (1891) Polygonum amphibium L. var. amurense Korsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 382 (1893) Polygonum rigidulum E.Sheld., Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 9: 14, pl. 1 14 (1894) Polygonum amphibium L. f. terrestris (Leers) Kitag., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 4: 10 (1936) Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre var. amurensis (Korsh.) H.Hara, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo,Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 36 (1952) Polygonum amurense (Korsh.) Vorosch., Fl. Sovetsk. DaI'n. Vost. 167 (1966)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Garcia, N. & Tognelli, M.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Guernsey; Hungary; Iceland; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Jersey; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal (Portugal


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(mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia, West Siberia); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saudi Arabia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Uzbekistan; YemenCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Persicaria amphibia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T184425A13566131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T184425A13566131.en

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach / 여뀌Polygonum hydropiper L., Sp. Pl. 361 (1753) Polygonum hydropiper L. var. vulgare Meisn., Prodr. (DC.) 14: 109 (1857) Polygonum koreense Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 6 (1919) Persicaria koreensis (Nakai) Nakai, Rigakkwai 24: 300 (1926) Polygonum hydropiper L. subsp. megalocarpum Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 8: 188 (1927) Persicaria vernaris Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 455 (1929) Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre var. fastigiata (Makino) Araki, Amatores Herb. 8: 31 (1939) Persicaria erectominor (Makino) Nakai var. koreensis (Nakai) I.Ito, J. Jap. Bot. 31: 178 (1956)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Albania; Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Bulgaria; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Indonesia; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malaysia; Malta; Moldova; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Azores, Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Persicaria hydropiper. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T163977A42399743.

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163977A42399743.en

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre / 흰여뀌Polygonum lapathifolium L., Sp. Pl. 360 (1753) Polygonum tomentosum Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 669 (1789) Polygonum persicaria L. var. incanum Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 53 (1789) Polygonum scabrum Moench, Methodus (Moench) 629 (1794) Polygonum nodosum Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 440 (1805) Polygonum tenuifolium C.Presl, Delic. Prag. 67 (1832) Polygonum lanatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2: 285 (1832) Persicaria nodosa (Pers.) Opiz, Seznam 72 (1852) Polygonum glandulosum Kit., Linnaea 34: 363 (1863) Persicaria vaniotiana H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 496 (1913) Polygonum bioritsuense Ohki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 259 (1925) Persicaria glandulosa (R.Br.) Nakai, Rigakkwai 24: 300 (1926) Persicaria pseudonodosa (Ohki) Sasaki, List Pl. Formosa (Sasaki) 170 (1928) Persicaria tenuifolia (C.Presl) H.Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 893 (1934) Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre var. salicifolia Miyabe, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 26 (4): 522 (1934) Polygonum lapathifolium L. subsp. nodosum (Pers.) Fr., Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 25 (1939)Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre var. incana (Roth) S.Ekman & T.Knutsson, Nord. J. Bot.14: 24 (1994) Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre f. alba Y.N.Lee, Fl. Korea (Lee) 1156 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): García, N. & Tognelli, M.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Andorra; Argentina; Armenia (Armenia, Armenia); Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Chile; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt (Egypt (African part)); Estonia; Ethiopia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Germany; Gibraltar; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Greenland; Honduras; Hungary; Iceland; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh); Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Isle of Man; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Japan; Jersey; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Mexico; Monaco; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar; Nepal; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Poland; Portugal (Azores); Romania; Russian Federation; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; San Marino; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan, Province of China; Tajikistan; Thailand; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; United Kingdom; United States (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; YemenCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread, able to exploit a range of anthropogenic situations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 인공적인 생육지를 이용할 수 있으며 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Persicaria lapathifolia.


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Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross / 미꾸리낚시Polygonum sagittatum L., Sp. Pl. 363 (1753) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. boreale Meisn., Monogr. Polyg. 65 (1826) Helxine sagittatum (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 10 (1837) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. americanum Meisn., Prodr. (DC.) 14: 132 (1856) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. sibiricum Meisn., Prodr. (DC.) 14: 132 (1856) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. aestivum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 49 (1892) Polygonum sieboldii de Vriese, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 3: 1393 (1901) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. sieboldii (Meisn.) Maxim. ex Kom., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.Bot. Sada 22: 132 (1904) Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small]. 381 (1903) Tracaulon sibiricum (Meisn.) Greene, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 22 (1904) Tracaulon sieboldii (Meisn.) Greene, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 22 (1904) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. paludosum Kom., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 22: 133 (1904) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. sericeum Nakai, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 11: 16 (1908)Polygonum sagittatum L. var. hallaisanense H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 171 (1910) Persicaria sericea H.Gross, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 23: 31 (1913) Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross var. sieboldii (Meisn.) Nakai, Saishu-to Kuan-to ShokubutsuHokoku-sho [Fl. Quelpaert Isl.] 41 (1914) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. ovalifolium Farw., Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 3: 95 (1924)Persicaria aestiva Ohki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 55 (1926) Persicaria sieboldii (Meisn.) Ohki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 54 (1926) Polygonum awstiva Ohki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 55 (1926) Polygonum belophyllum Litv., Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. SSSR Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 9: 25 (1932) Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross var. sibirica (Meisn.) Miyabe f. sericea (Nakai) H.Hara, J. Fac.Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 2 (4): 520 (1934) Polygonum paludosum (Kom.) Kom., Fl. URSS 5: 689, 726 t. 48, f. 4 (1936) Persicaria anguillana (Koidz.) Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 53: 383 (1939) Polygonum anguillanum Koidz., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 51 (1939) Persicaria sieboldii (Meisn.) Ohki var. paludosa (Kom.) Nakai ex Kitag., Lin. Fl. Manshur. 180 (1939) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. gracilentum Fernald, Rhodora 44: 393 (1942) Polygonum sieboldii Meisn. var. aestivum (Ohki) Ohwi, Fl. Jap. (Ohwi) 465 (1953) Truellum sagittatum (L.) Soják, Preslia 46: 149 (1974) Truellum sibiricum (Meisn.) Soják, Preslia 46: 149 (1974) Truellum sieboldii (Meisn.) Soják, Preslia 46: 149 (1974) Persicaria sieboldii (Meisn.) Ohki var. sericea Nakai ex T.B.Lee, Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 585 (1979) Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross var. sibirica f. aestiva (Ohki) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 55: 212 (1980) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. sibiricum f. aestivum (Ohki) Murata, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 42: 48 (1981) Polygonum sagittatum L. var. sibiricm f. aestivum (Ohki) Murata, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 32: 48 (1981)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada; China; India; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Persicaria sagittata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64320302A67730342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64320302A67730342.en

Polygonum pubescens Blume / 바보여뀌Polygonum flaccidum Meisn., Prodr. (DC.) 14: 107 (1856) Polygonum hydropiper L. var. acuminatum Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 474 (1878)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Mani, S.Reviewer(s): Lakshminarasimhan, P., Gunaga, S., Rasingam, L. & Raghavan, R.

Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Bangladesh; Bhutan; China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Nepal; Pakistan; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island))Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Polygonum pubescens is assessed as Least Concern as the species is widely distributed, common and without any threats.

평가근거: 바보여뀌는 넓게 분포하고 흔히 발견되며 위협이 없어 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Mani, S. 2013. Polygonum pubescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T176997A7346947. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T176997A7346947.en

PRIMULACEAE

Lysimachia maritima (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano / 갯봄맞이

Glaux maritima L., Sp. Pl. 207 (1753) Glaux maritima L. var. obtusifolia Fernald, Rhodora 4: 215 (1902) Glaucoides maritima L. var. obtusifolia Lunell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 97 (1917)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belgium; Canada; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Hungary; Iceland; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; United Kingdom; United States; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Lysimachia maritima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64317602A67730067. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64317602A67730067.en

RANUNCULACEAE

Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. / 세뿔투구꽃Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Aconitum austrokoreense is endemic to South Korea, where it


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has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 148 km². The species occurs in well over 10 locations. The population is fragmented, but currently it is unclear whether it fully meets the IUCN conditions for being 'severely fragmented'. There are various threats across its range (e.g., there is continuing decline in habitat in many areas). Currently this species doesn't quite meet all of the conditions to qualify for a threatened category under criterion B. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as it nearly meets criterion B2. Geographic

평가근거: 세뿔투구꽃은 한국의 고유종으로 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 148km²이다. 본 종은 10개 이상의 지역에서 발생하고 집단은 파변화되어 있지만 현재 '심각하게 파편화됨'이라는 IUCN 조건을 완전히 충족시키는지는 불분명하다. 전체 분포지역에서 다양한 위협이 존재한다(예: 많은 지역에서 생육지가 계속 감소하고 있음). 현재 본 종은 기준 B의 위협 범주에 대한 자격 조건을 완벽히 충족하지 못한다. 따라서 기준 B2에 거의 부합하므로 준위기(NT)으로 평가한다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Aconitum austrokoreense.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188360A13189404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T13188360A13189404.en

Aconitum coreanum (H.Lév.) Rapaics / 백부자Aconitum delavayi Franch. var. coreanum H.Lév., Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 11: 300 (1902)Aconitum komarovii Steinb., Fl. URSS 7: 191 (1937)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian FederationCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Aconitum coreanum is distributed in China, North and South Korea, Mongolia, and Russian Primosky; it is known from 21 localities across these countries. Currently there is no evidence of population decline, and although there are potential future threats from invasive species and habitat loss, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact across its global range to justify listing this species as threatened. For these reasons A. coreanum has been assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 백부자는 한반도, 중국, 몽골, 러시아 연해주에 분포한다. 이들 국가 21개 지역에서 알려져 있다. 현재 집단 감소의 증거는 없으며 침입종과 생육지 감소의 잠재적 위협이 있지만 위협 범주에 해당될 정도로 전체 범위에 충분한 영향을 미칠 지 여부는 불분명하다. 이러한 이유로 백부자는 적색목록 평가기준으로 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Aconitum coreanum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188365A13189409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188365A13189409.en

Anemone koraiensis Nakai / 홀아비바람꽃Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is subendemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorize this species as threatened at present. Therefore, A. koraiensis is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 홀아비바람꽃은은 한반도의 아고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 분포지역에서 위협이 존재하지만, 현재 본 종을 위협범주로 평가할 만큼 영향력이

있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 홀아비바람꽃은 적색목록 평가가준의 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Anemone koraiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188375A13189419. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188375A13189419.en

Anemone maxima Nakai / 섬노루귀Hepatica maxima (Nakai) Nakai, Rep. Veg. Ooryongto 19 (1919)

Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Anemone maxima is endemic to Ulleung Island, South Korea, where it is narrowly distributed, growing on only one locality on the island. Currently there is no evidence of population decline, and although there is a future threat from invasive species and habitat loss, it is unclear what impact this may have on the species. Qualitative decline of the species' habitat can be inferred from increasing road construction and increasing human habitats (H. Kim pers. comm.) Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both around 48 km². The population has a very restricted area of occupancy and occurs in only one location that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events. For these reasons A. maxima has been assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 섬노루귀는 울릉도 고유종으로, 섬의 한 지역에서만 자라는 좁은 분포를 보인다. 현재 개체군 감소의 증거는 없으며, 침입 종과 생육지 손실로 인한 미래의 위협이 있더라도 이것이 종에 어떤 영향을 미칠지는 분명하지 않다. 생육지의 질적 감소는 도로 건설 증가와 인간 서식지의 증가로 추측 할 수 있다. 추정된 분포범위(EOO)와 점유면적(AOO)은 약 48km²이다. 섬노루귀 집단은 매우 제한된 점유 면적을 갖고 있고 인간 활동이나 우연적인 사건의 영향에 취약한 한 지역에서만 존재한다. 이러한 이유로 섬노루귀는 위급(CR)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Anemone maxima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188471A13189479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188471A13189479.en

Clematis trichotoma Nakai / 할미밀망Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, C. trichotoma is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 할미밀망은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2017. Clematis trichotoma. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97537687A104407859. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T97537687A104407859.en


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Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi / 모데미풀Trollius chosenensis Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6: 151 (1937)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Megaleranthis saniculifolia has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 272 km². It occurs in >10 locations, but the distances between each subpopulation range from 60–600 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopualtions are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons M. saniculifolia has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 모데미풀의 추정 점유면적은 약 272km²로 14개 이상의 장소에서 나타난다. 각 아집단간의 거리는 60-600km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 파편화 되어 있다(즉, 아집단간 거리카 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 모데미풀은 적색목록 기준으로 위기(EN)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Megaleranthis saniculifolia.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72136660A72136663. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72136660A72136663.en

Ranunculus sceleratus L. / 개구리자리Hecatonia palustris Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 303 (1790) Ranunculus oryzetorum Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 2 (1833) Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sinensis H.Lév. & Vaniot, Bull. Herb. Boissier ser.2, 6: 505 (1906)Ranunculus tachiroei Franch. & Sav. f. glabrescens (Sakata) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta FloraeKoreae 341 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Algeria; Armenia (Armenia); Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belgium; Bhutan; Canada; China; Denmark; Egypt; Finland; Germany; Greece; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Pakistan; Russian Federation; Spain; Sweden; Thailand; Tunisia; United Kingdom; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Ranunculus sceleratus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T164175A1027583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T164175A1027583.en

ROSACEAE

Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) Koehne개살구나무

Armeniaca mandshurica (Maxim.) Skvortsov

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L., Pollard, R.P. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Russian Federation (Primoryi)Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Armeniaca mandshurica is globally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. It is thought to be rare with population decline in Russia, but population distribution and trends across the rest of the species' range is lacking. Establishment of ex situ collections for this species are recommended. Research is also required across much of its range to determine population size and trend.

평가근거: 개살구나무는 현재 이 종을 평가할 수 있는 정보가 충분하지 않기 때문에 전 세계적으로 자료부족(DD)으로 평가된다. 러시아에서는 집단의 감소로 희귀종으로 여겨지지만 나머지 다른 지역의 집단 분포와 경향은 정보가 부족하다. 본 종에 대한 현지외 보전을 위한 수집이 권장된다. 전체 분포범위 전체에서 집단 규모와 추세를 확인하기 위해 연구가 필요하다. Citation: Rhodes, L., Pollard, R.P. & Maxted, N. 2016. Armeniaca mandshurica.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T50026487A50670248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T50026487A50670248.en

Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. / 야광나무Pyrus baccata L., Mant. Pl. 1: 75 (1767) Malus rossica Medik., Gesch. Bot. 78 (1793) Malus sibirica Borkh., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1: 89 (1798) Malus cerasifera Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. (Spach) 2: 152 (1834) Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. var. leiostyla Rupr. & Maxim., Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci.Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 132 (1857) Pyrus prunifolia Maxim., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt.Sci. Nat. 9: 471 (1859) Pyrus baccata L. var. genuina Regel, Gartenflora 11: 202 (1862) Pyrus microcarpa H.Wendl. ex K.Koch, Dendrologie 1: 211 (1869) Pyrus baccata L. var. mandshurica Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 170 (1873)Malus microcarpa Carrière var. baccata (L.) Carrière, Éttud. Gén. Pommier. 68 (1883) Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. var. sibirica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 720 (1906) Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 721 (1906) Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. var. mandshurica f. latifolia Matsum., Index Pl. Jap. 2 (2): 202 (1912) Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. f. jackii Rehder, Pl. Wilson. 2: 291 (1915) Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 1: 146 (1925)Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov var. genuina (Regel) Skvortsov, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 1: 146 (1925) Malus pallasiana Juz., Fl. URSS 9: 370 (1939) Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. var. mandshurica f. jackii (Rehder) Uyeki, Woody Pl. Distr. Chosen 1: 44 (1940) Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. f. minor (Nakai) T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 274 (1966) Pyrus baccata L. var. sibirica Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 170 (1973)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H. & Potter, D.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Bhutan; China (Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Tianjin, Tibet [or Xizang], Xinjiang); India; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Nepal; Russian Federation (Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Primoryi, Tuva, Yakutiya)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Malus baccata is globally assessed as Least Concern as it known to be a widespread species. For this reason, and because it occurs in a number of protected areas in the Russian Federation, it is suspected to have a stable


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population. Research is required to validate the wild status of populations, particularly those associated with disturbed and cultivated land, and to determine population size, distribution and any threats which pose a risk to the species. Additionally ex situ collections of M. baccata are conserved in genebanks but gap analysis is recommended to ensure the stored accessions are representative of its in situ geographic and genetic distribution. It is also recommended that active management and monitoring of in situ populations is established.

평가근거: 야광나무는 널리 퍼져 있는 것으로 알려져 세계적으로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 넓은 분포범위와 더불어 일부 집단이 러시아 연방의 여러 보호 지역에서 발생하기 때문에 안정적인 집단을 유지하는 것으로 추정된다. 집단의 야생 상태, 특히 교란되고 경작지와 관련된 집단의 유효성을 확인하고 집단의 크기, 분포 및 해당 종에 대한 위협을 확인하기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 또한 야광나무의 현지외 보전이 유전자은행을 통해 이루어지고 있으나 보전된 도입 유전자원이 현지내 지리적 유전적 분포의 대표성을 확보하기 위한 gap 분석이 필요하다. 또한 현지내 집단을 적극적으로 관리하고 모니터링하는 것이 필요하다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Malus baccata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T50030498A50030538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T50030498A50030538.en

Malus komarovii (Sarg.) Rehder / 이노리나무Crataegus tenuifolia Kom., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 435 (1901) Crataegus komarovii Sarg., Pl. Wilson. 1: 183 (1912) Sinomalus tenuifolia (Kom.) Koidz., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 1: 12 (1932) Sinomalus komarovii (Sarg.) Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 287 (1933)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii,iv,v) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L., Maxted, N., Kim, H., Son, S.-W. & Kim, Y.-S.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Jilin); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Malus komarovii has a small distribution in South Korea and a very limited range in northern China. The majority of its distribution is within North Korea. Previous this species was assessed as Vulnerable (World Conservation Monitoring Centre 2013). There is no evidence that the threats documented in previous assessments have ceased, and fragmentation and habitat degradation are documented both in the Korean DMZ and the Changbai Shan Nature Reserve. Furthermore minimal ex-situ conservation is in place for this species, with no evidence found for active in-situ conservation (e.g., management and monitoring). Taking this into account, this species is globally assessed as Endangered as it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 84 km², and an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) around 52,000 km², a severely fragmented population, and there is continuing decline in quality of habitat. Recommendations for this species include management and monitoring of subpopulations in where applicable, and collection of germ plasm material for ex-situ conservation.

평가근거: 이노리나무는 한국과 중국 북부에서는 매우 제한된 분포를 보이며 북한에서 종의 대부분 이 분포한다. 이전 연구에서 본 종은 취약(VU)으로 평가되었으며 위협이 중지되었다는 문서화된 증거는 없으며 한반도의 비무장지대와 장백산 자연 보호 구역에서 생육지 악화와 분절화가 문서화 되어 있다. 또한 이 종에 대한 최소한의 현지 외 보전이 이루어지거나 현지내 보전 (예, 관리 및 모니터링)관리가 시행되었다는 증거는 없었다. 이를 고려하여 이노리나무의 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 84km²이고 추정 분포범위(EOO)는 약 52,000km²이며, 집단이 심하게 분절화되어 있고 생육지의 질이 지속적으로 저하되어 적색목록상 세계적 규모의 멸종위기(ER)로 판정된다. 이 종에 대한 보전 권장 사항에는 적용 가능한 경우 아집단의 관리 및 모니터링과 현지 외 보전을위한 유전자원 수집 등이다. Citation: Rhodes, L., Maxted, N., Kim, H., Son, S.-W. & Kim, Y.-S. 2016. Malus komarovii.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T32362A13189514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 1.RLTS.T32362A13189514.en

Malus toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese아그배나무

Sorbus toringo Siebold, Jaarb. Kon. Ned. Maatsch. Tuinb. 1848: 47 (1848) Pyrus rivularis Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 388 (1857) Pyrus sieboldii Regel, Index Seminum [St.Petersburg (Petropolitanus)] 1858: 51 (1859) Pyrus spectabilis Aiton var. kaido G.Kirchn., Arbor. Muscav. 326 (1864) Pyrus toringo (Siebold) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 41 (1867) Pyrus mengo Siebold ex K.Koch, Dendrologie 1: 213 (1869) Pyrus rivularis Gray var. toringo (Siebold) Wenz., Linnaea 38: 39 (1874) Pyrus ringo Wenz. var. kaido (G.Kirchn.) Wenz., Linnaea 39: 37 (1874) Malus microcarpa Carrière, Éttud. Gén. Pommier. 61 (1883) Malus microcarpa Carrière var. kaido (G.Kirchn.) Carr, Éttud. Gén. Pommier. 70 (1883) Pyrus kaido Mouill., Traite Arbr. Arbriss. 1: 524 (1893) Malus sargentii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs 1: 71 (1905) Malus toringo (Siebold) de Vriese var. sargentii C.K.Schneid., Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 723 (1906) Malus kaido (Carrière) Pardé, Arb. Nat. Barres 1: 189 (1906) Crataegus cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 58 (1908)

Red List Category & Criteria: Data Deficient ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H. & Potter, D.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Malus toringo is globally assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Research is required to determine population distribution, size and trends as well as threats to the species across its full range. In situ conservation should be established where appropriate with complementary ex situ collection of accessions to expand existing gene bank collections, ensuring that the overall collection is representative of the range of geographic and genetic diversity of the species.

평가근거: 아그배나무는 현재 평가할 수있는 정보가 부족하기 때문에 자료부족(DD)으로 평가된다. 집단 분포, 크기 및 추세 뿐만 아니라 종 전체 분포에 걸쳐진 위협을 확인하는 연구가 필요하다. 기존 유전자은행 수집을 확장하고 전체 수집이 종의 지리적, 유전적 범위를 대표할 수 있도록 적절할 지역에 대한 현지외 수집이 실시되어야 한다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Malus toringo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T61855279A61855300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61855279A61855300.en

Pentactina rupicola Nakai / 금강인가목Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Pentactina rupicola is endemic to Mt. Geumgang in North Korea, where it is distributed narrowly and is known from only one locality in the mountains. This species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 24 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 57 km². There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors, including the effects of deforestation. The species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 금강인가목은 북한의 금강산 지역의 고유종으로 좁은 곳에 분포하며 해당 지역에서만 알려져있다. 본 종은 24km²의 점유면적(AOO)과 57km²의 분포범위(EOO)를 보인다. 산림벌채의 영향을 포함한 여러 요인으로 인해 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소하고 있다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 따라, 본 종은 멸종위급(CR)로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Pentactina rupicola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72137308A72137585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72137308A72137585.en


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Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. / 검은낭아초Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine (Krym, Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland); United States (Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 주요한 위협이 없고 안정적인 집단을 유지하면서 넓게 분포하는 종이다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Potentilla palustris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T19620186A19620851. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T19620186A19620851.en

Potentilla supina L. / 개소시랑개비Comarum flavum Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 39 (1814) Potentilla paradoxa Nutt., Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 437 (1840) Potentilla nicolletii E.Sheld., Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 7: 16 (1884) Tridophyllum paradoxum (Nutt.) Greene, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1(14): 189 (1906) Potentilla supina L. var. egibbosa Th.Wolf, Biblioth. Bot. 71 (3): 392 (1908) Potentilla supina L. var. paradoxa (Nutt.) Th.Wolf, Biblioth. Bot. 71 (3): 393 (1908) Potentilla fauriei H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 198 (1909) Potentilla supina L. subsp. paradoxa (Nutt.) Soják, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 4: 207 (1969)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kavak, S.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Armenia (Armenia); Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belgium; Bhutan; Bulgaria; Canada; China (Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Egypt; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Hungary; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lebanon; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Myanmar; Namibia; Nepal; Netherlands; Norway; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; United Kingdom; United States; UzbekistanCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species has a very broad geographical range and is certainly locally abundant. It is therefore classed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 매우 넓은 지리적 범위를 보이며 지역적으로 풍부하다. 따라서 적색 목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Kavak, S. 2014. Potentilla supina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T164521A1057132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T164521A1057132.en

Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im / 복사앵도Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Prunus choreiana is endemic to the Korean peninsula. This species is naturally fragmented due to a lack of suitable habitat. Major threats to this species are local development and agricultural activities. It has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 72 km² and it is known from 10 locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 20-500 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., distances between subpopulations are likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow). This species meets the threshold for criterion B2, with a restricted AOO, continuing decline in area and quality of habitat, and with less than 10 known locations and a fragmented population. This species is therefore listed as Vulnerable.

평가근거: 복사앵도는 한반도의 고유종이다. 본 종은 적절한 생육지가 없어 자연적으로 파편화되어 있다. 본 종에 대한 주요 위협은 지역 개발과 농업 활동입니다. 본 종의 추정 점유면적(AOO)이 72km²이고 10 개 지역에서 분포한다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 20-500km로 심각하게 파편화되어 있다 (즉, 아집단 간의 거리가 너무 커서 유효한 유전자 교류가 불가능함). 생육지의 질과 점유면적의 지속적으로 감소와 알려진 지역이 4곳 이하이고 평가기준 B2에 대한 기준을 충족하고 있다. 그러므로 이 종은 취약(VU)로 평가된다.

Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Prunus choreiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64121110A64121118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64121110A64121118.en

Prunus padus L. / 귀룽나무Padus avium Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8, P. no., 0 (1768) Prunus racemosa Lam., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck) 3: 107 (1778) Padus racemosa (Lam.) Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 231 (1782) Padus germanica Borkh., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1,2 : 38 (1797) Padus vulgaris Borkh., Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1426 (1803) Cerasus padus (L.) DC., Fl. Franc. (DC. & Lamarck), ed. 3 4: 580 (1805) Druparia padus (L.) Clairv., Man. Herbor. Suisse 159 (1811) Cerasus padus (L.) DC. var. vulgaris Ser., Prodr. (DC.) 2: 539 (1825) Prunus padus L. var. pubescens Regel & Tiling, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou11: 79 (1858) Prunus padus L. var. genuina Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6, 2: 160 (1906) Padus racemosa (Lam.) Gilib. var. pubescens (Regel & Tiling) C.K.Schneid., Ill. Handb.Laubholzk. 1: 640 (1906) Prunus diversifolia Koehne, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 198 (1909) Prunus seoulensis H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 198 (1909) Prunus padus L. var. pubescens f. purdomii Koehne, Pl. Wilson. 1: 196 (1912) Prunus padus L. var. seoulensis (H.Lév.) Nakai, Chosen Shokubutsu 324 (1914) Prunus padus L. var. glauca Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 98 (1917) Padus asiatica Kom., Fl. URSS 10: 578 (1941) Prunus padus L. f. glauca (Nakai) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 378 (1979) Prunus padus L. f. pubescens (Regel & Tiling) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 379 (1979) Prunus padus L. f. seoulensis (H.Lév.) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae 505 (1996)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N.Reviewer(s): Fielder, H. & Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Albania; Andorra; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan (Hokkaido); Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea,


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Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, Central European Russia, Chita, East European Russia, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Magadan, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Primoryi, Sakhalin, South European Russia, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya); Serbia (Kosovo, Serbia, Serbia); Slovakia; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: Prunus padus is globally assessed as Least Concern as it is a widely distributed species across Eurasia that has no known major threats and is also assessed as Least Concern in Europe. As identified in the European Red List assessment for this species, national level monitoring is required for the subspecies borealis as it is rare and locally threatened in some countries (Duarte et al. 2011). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species, alongside incorporation of targeted monitoring and management of this species into existing management plans of protected areas where this species is present.

평가근거: 귀룽나무는 유라시아 전역에 널리 분포하는 종으로서 주요 위협은 알려지지 않았으며 유럽에서 약관심(LC)으로 평가되기 때문에 세계적으로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. 이 종에 대한 유럽 적색목록 평가에서 확인 된 바와 같이 일부 국가에서는 희귀하고 국지적으로 위협을 받기 때문에 아종 subsp. borealis 대한 국가 수준의 모니터링이 필요하다(Duarte et al. 2011). 생식질 수집 및 현지외 중복 저장은 우선 수행되어야 하며 동시에 본 종이 존재하는 보호 지역의 기존 관리 계획에 본 종의 모니터링 및 관리를 통합해야 한다. Citation: Rhodes, L. & Maxted, N. 2016. Prunus padus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T172090A61616618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T172090A61616618.en

Rosa acicularis Lindl. / 민둥인가목Rosa sayi Schwein., Narrat. Exped. St. Peter's River [Keating] 2: 388 (1824) Rosa gmelini Bunge, Fl. Altaic. 2: 228 (1829) Rosa carelica Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. (Fries) 1: 171 (1846) Rosa acicularis Lindl. var. gmelini C.A.Mey., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci.Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 6: 17 (1849) Rosa stricta Macoun & Gibson, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 324 (1875) Rosa acicularis Lindl. var. carelica Matsson, Sver. Fl. 372 (1901) Rosa fauriei H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 199 (1909) Rosa taquetii H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 199 (1909) Rosa granulosa R.Keller, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44: 46 (1910) Rosa korsakoviensis H.Lév., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 378 (1912) Rosa acicularis Lindl. var. taquetii (H.Lév.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 241 (1916) Rosa suavis var. taquetii (Nakai) Uyeki, Woody Pl. Distr. Chosen 51 (1940) Rosa suavis var. gmelini (Bunge) H.Hara, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 72 (1952)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada; China; Finland; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Russian Federation; Sweden; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that anyglobal population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Rosa acicularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64323755A67730697. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64323755A67730697.en

Rubus arcticus L. / 함경딸기Rubus arcticus L. f. dentipetala Uyeki & Sakata, Woody Pl. Distr. Chosen 47 (1940)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada; Estonia; Finland; Korea, Republic of; Lithuania; Mongolia; Norway; Russian Federation; Sweden; United Kingdom; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Rubus arcticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64323866A67730712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64323866A67730712.en

Rubus chamaemorus L. / 진들딸기Chamaemorus morwegica Greene, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 245 (1905) Rubus pseudochamaemorus Tolm., Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad.Nauk SSSR 16: 105 (1954)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Canada; China; Finland; Greenland; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Sweden; United Kingdom; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: Justification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Rubus chamaemorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64323876A67730717.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64323876A67730717.en

RUBIACEAE

Galium trifidum L. / 가는네잎갈퀴Galium trifidum L. var. europaeum Rupr., Fl. Samejed. Cisural. 38 (1846) Galium triflorum Michx. f. europaeum F.Schmidt, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 7 12: 144 (1868) Rubia linnaeana Baill., Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 7: 374 (1880) Galium baicalense Pobed., Fl. URSS 23: 714 (1958) Galium ruprechtii Pobed., Fl. URSS 23: 713 (1958)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Maiz-Tome, L.Reviewer(s): Bilz, M.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Austria; Canada; China; Denmark; Dominican Republic;


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Estonia; Finland; France; Greenland; Haiti; Iceland; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Lithuania; Mexico; Norway; Poland; Russian Federation (Kamchatka); Sweden; Taiwan, Province of China; Ukraine; United StatesCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not thought that any global population decline is likely to meet (or be close to meeting) the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 널리 퍼져 있으며 그 범위의 일부에서 감소 할 가능성이 있지만 전체 집단의 감소가 취약 범주의 임계치를 충족(또는 근접)할 가능성이 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Maiz-Tome, L. 2016. Galium trifidum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T64313534A67729536. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64313534A67729536.en

SALICACEAE

Chosenia arbutifolia A. Skvortsov / 채양버들Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A1c ver 2.3Assessor(s): World Conservation Monitoring CentreYear Published: 1998Country Occurrence: China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Russian Federation (North European Russia, Sakhalin)

평가근거: 본종은 ver. 2.3으로 평가되어 평가근거에 대한 기록이 없다. Citation: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Chosenia arbutifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T32389A9696100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32389A9696100.en

Salix blinii H. Lév. / 제주산버들Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species is endemic to Jeju Island, South Korea, where it has a restricted distribution on Mt. Halla. It is known from just one location, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) around 12 km². Currently there is no current evidence of decline, and but there is a future potential threat from invasive species and habitat loss, both of which are occurring on Jeju but it currently is unclear what effects these threats may be having on this species. The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) based on its restricted range and plausible threats that potentially could push this species into CR or EX within a short time period.

평가근거: 제주산버들은 제주도의 고유종으로 한라산의 매우 제한된 지역에 분포하고 추정 분포범위 (EOO)와 점유면적 (AOO)은 모두 12 km²이다. 현재 감소 증거는 없지만 침입종과 생육지의 감소 가능성이 있으며, 두가지 위협 모두 현재 제주도에서 발생하고 있으나 현재 본 종에 어떤 영향이 미칠 수 있는지는 분명하지 않다. 본 종은 제한된 분포 범위와 짧은 기간 내에 본 종을 멸종위기 또는 멸종으로 이끌 수 있는 가능한 위협에 근거하여 적색목록 기준으로 취약(VU)로 평가한다. Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Salix blinii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T72138023A72138069.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72138023A72138069.en

SAPINDACEAE

Acer palmatum Thunb. / 단풍나무Acer polymorphum Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4-2: 158 (1845) Acer polymorphum Siebold & Zucc. var. palmatum K.Koch, Hort. Dendrol. 89 (1853) Acer palmatum Thunb. var. quinquelobum K.Koch, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 251 (1864) Acer formosum Carrière, Rev. Hort. 39: 300 (1867) Acer palmatum Thunb. f. genuina Miq., Fl. Jap. (Siebold) 2: 84 (1870) Acer palmatum Thunb. var. thunbergii Pax, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 202 (1886) Acer palmatum Thunb. var. thunbergii subvar. eupalmatum Schwer., Gartenflora 42: 652 (1893) Acer palmatum Thunb. var. genuinum (Siebold & Zucc.) Koidz., J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo32: 44 (1911) Acer eupalmatum (Schwer.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 316 (1925) Acer roseomarginatum (Van Houtte) Koidz. var. eupalmatum (Schwer.) Koidz., Bot. Mag.(Tokyo) 43: 382 (1929)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Barstow, M. & Crowley, D.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic of; Current Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Acer palmatum is a large shrub or tree. It is found in Japan and South Korea. The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and no known threats. It is also widely cultivated and held in many ex situ collections. The species is globally assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 단풍나무는 관목 또는 교목이다. 일본, 한국에서 발견된다. 본 종은 넓은 분포범위(EOO)를 보이며 알려진 위협이 없다. 또한 본 종은 수 많은 현지외 수집을 통해 널리 재배되고 있다. 본 종은 전 세계적으로 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Barstow, M. & Crowley, D. 2017. Acer palmatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T193845A2285627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T193845A2285627.en

Acer pictum Thunb. / 고로쇠나무Acer pictum Thunb. var. marmoratum G.Nicholson, Gard. Chron. ser.2, 16: 375 (1881) Acer pictum Thunb. var. savatieri Pax, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 236 (1886) Acer ambiguum Dippel, Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 457 (1892) Acer pictum Thunb. f. albomaculatum Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 455 (1892) Acer pictum Thunb. var. ambiguum (Dippel) Pax, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 401 (1892) Acer pictum Thunb. var. paxii Schwer., Gartenflora 42: 458 (1893) Acer lobelii Ten. var. platanoides Miyabe, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 9: 349 (1895) Acer platanoides L. subsp. pictum Gams, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5, 1: 282 (1924) Acer platanoides L. subsp. truncatum Gams, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5, 1: 282 (1924) Acer mono Maxim. var. savatieri (Pax) Nakai, Koryo Shikenrin Ippan 45 (1932)Acer mono Maxim. f. connivens Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 81 (1938) Acer mono Maxim. f. marmoratum (Nichols) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 81 (1938) Acer mono Maxim. f. albomaculatum (Dippel) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 417 (1939) Acer mono Maxim. var. ambiguum (Pax) Rehder, Man. Cult. Trees, ed. 2 570 (1940) Acer mono Maxim. var. trichobasis Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 18: 611 (1942) Acer mono Maxim. var. horizontale (Nakai) Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 18: 613 (1942) Acer lobulatum Nakai var. rubripes Nakai, J. Jap. Bot. 18: 609 (1942) Acer mono Maxim. f. dissectum Rehder, Bibliogr. Cult. Trees 414 (1949) Acer mono Maxim. f. rubripes (Nakai) T.B.Lee, Ill. Woody Pl. Korea 306 (1966) Acer truncatum Bunge var. paxii (Schwer.) A.E.Murray, Kalmia 1: 17 (1969) Acer mono Maxim. subsp. savatieri (Pax) Kitam., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 25: 41 (1972) Acer mono Maxim. subsp. ambiguum (Pax) Kitam. ex Kitam. & Murata, Acta Phytotax.Geobot. 25: 41 (1972)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Crowley, D., Barstow, M. & Rivers, M.C.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Mongolia; Russian Federation (Eastern Asian Russia); Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: Acer pictum is a tree found across China and in surrounding East


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Asian countries. The species is not seriously threatened and has a wide range so the population is assumed to be large. There are no known major threats to the species as whole, though subspecies may face some threats. The species is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거 고로쇠나무은 중국과 주변의 동아시아 국가에서 발견되는 교목종이다. 본 종은 심각하게 위협받지 않고 있으며 넓게 분포하여 집단은 크다고 추정된다. 아종이 일부 위협에 직면 할 수는 있지만 종 전체에 대한 주요 위협은 알려져 있지 않다. 본 종은 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Crowley, D., Barstow, M. & Rivers, M.C. 2017. Acer pictum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T194704A2359246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T194704A2359246.en

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. / 소엽풀Ambuli aromatica Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 1: 128 (1783) Antirrhinum aquaticum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 384 (1790) Gratiola aromatica Pers., Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 14 (1805) Limnophila gratissima Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 14: 750 (1826) Limnophila punctata Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 14: 750 (1826) Limnophila punctata Blume var. subracemosa Benth., Prodr. (DC.) 10: 388 (1846) Terebinthina aromatica (Lam.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 467 (1891) Ambuli gratissima (Blume) Nakai ex Furumi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 111 (1916) Limnophila chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. subsp. aromatica (Lam.) T.Yamaz., J. Jap. Bot. 53: 313 (1978)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Allen, D.J.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V. & Smith, K.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Australia (Coral Sea Is. Territory, Northern Territory); Bangladesh; Bhutan; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi); India (Assam, Bihar, Goa, Karaikal, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Philippines; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: The species has a broad distribution, from India, Japan and the Korean Peninsula south to the Philippines and Indonesia, it is able to exploit anthropogenic habitats such as rice fields and is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the short term, it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 인도, 일본, 한반도에서 필리핀, 인도네시아에 이르기까지 광범위하게 분포하며 논과 같은 인위적 생육지 이용할 수 있으며 단기적으로 멸종 위기에 처할 가능성은 거의 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Allen, D.J. 2011. Limnophila aromatica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T169045A6568226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T169045A6568226.en

Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume구와말

Hottonia sessiliflora Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 2: 36 (1791) Ambuli sessiliflora (Vahl) Baill. ex Wettst., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4-3b: 73 (1891) Terebinthina sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 468 (1891)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Regalado, J. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Bhutan; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Hong Kong; India (Sikkim); Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic

People's Republic of; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Northern Mariana Islands; Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species has a broad distribution, from India east to Japan and south to Indonesia this, combined with its ability to exploit anthropogenic habitats such as rice fields means that it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the short term, it is therefore classed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 인도부터 일본, 인도네시아에 이르기까지 넓게 분포하며 논과 같은 인위적 생육지에 분포가 가능하여 단기적으로 멸종 위기에 처할 가능성은 거의 없다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2011. Limnophila sessiliflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168617A6523542. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168617A6523542.en

Microcarpaea minima (Retz.) Merr. / 진흙풀Paederota minima K.D.Koenig ex Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5: 10 (1789) Microcarpaea muscosa R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 435 (1810) Microcarpaea alterniflora Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 14: 744 (1826)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Mani, S.Reviewer(s): Rasingam, L., Gunaga, S., Lakshminarasimhan, P., Raghavan, R., Lansdown, R.V. & Allen, D.J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Australia; Bangladesh; China (Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh); Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Malaysia; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: In spite of its apparent extinction in Bangladesh, the species has a very wide distribution through much of southeast Asia, it is also capable of exploiting anthropogenic habitats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 방글라데시에서의 분명한 멸절에도 불구하고 본 종은 서남아시아의 대부분 지역에 매우 넓게 분포하며 인위적인 생육지를 이용할 수 있다. 따라서 본 종은 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Mani, S. 2011. Microcarpaea minima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T176943A7335606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T176943A7335606.en

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. / 큰물칭개나물Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. var. savatieri Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 3: 34 (1926)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K. & Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): García, N. & Tognelli, M.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Tierra del Fuego); Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bhutan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Chile; China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Ethiopia; Finland; France (Corsica, France (mainland)); Georgia; Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland), Kriti); Hungary; Iceland; India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy (Italy (mainland), Sardegna, Sicilia); Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Lesotho; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Morocco; Namibia; Nepal; Netherlands;


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Norway; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Peru; Poland; Portugal (Azores, Madeira, Portugal (mainland)); Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, Dagestan, East European Russia, Kaliningrad, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia); Saudi Arabia; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain (Baleares, Canary Is., Spain (mainland)); Sudan; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tunisia; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia, Turkey-in-Europe); Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Yemen (North Yemen, South Yemen); Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This species is assessed as Least Concern because it is widespread and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 직면한 주요한 위협이 없고 넓게 분포하는 종으로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다.

Citation: Gupta, A.K. & Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Veronica anagallis-aquatica.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164036A1019922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164036A1019922.en

THEACEAE

Camellia japonica L. / 동백나무Camellia tsubakki Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 172 (1766) Camellia florida Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 370 (1796) Thea camellia Hoffm., Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 177 (1824) Camellia mutabilis Paxton, Paxton's Mag. Bot. 2: t. 122 (1836) Thea japonica (L.) Baill., Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 4: 229 (1873) Thea japonica (L.) Baill. var. hortensis Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 25: 160 (1908) Thea japonica (L.) Baill. var. spontanea Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 25: 160 (1908) Camellia japonica L. f. albipetala H.T.Chang, Seikyu 32: 80 (1938) Camellia japonica L. f. longifolia Uyeki, Woody Pl. Distr. Chosen 76 (1940) Camellia japonica L. subsp. hortensis (Makino) Masam. & Yanagita, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 31: 319 (1941)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Wheeler, L., Su, M. & Rivers, M.C.Reviewer(s): Oldfield, S.Year Published: 2015Country Occurrence: China (Shandong, Zhejiang); Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Nansei-shoto, Shikoku); Korea, Republic of; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island))Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Camellia japonica is widespread from eastern China through to southern Korea, Japan (including Ryukyu islands) and Taiwan. This species is used extensively in horticulture, but also harvested for food oil, medicine and dyes. It is a very popular ornamental plant with hundreds of cultivars. The subpopulation from Japan is abundant. There are known threats to the subpopulations in Taiwan and in Republic of Korea. It has been judged as rare in China. However, globally this species can be categorised as Least Concern due to its wide range and abundance.

평가근거: 동백나무는 중국 동부에서 한국, 일본 (류큐 섬 포함)과 대만까지 널리 분포 한다. 본 종은 원예에서 광범위하게 사용되지만 식용유, 의약품 및 염료로도 수확된다. 수백 종의 품종이 있는 매우 인기 있는 관상용 식물이다. 일본의 아집단은 풍부하다. 대만과 한국의 아집단에 대한 알려진 위협이 있다. 중국에서는 희귀한 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 전 세계적으로 본 종은 넓은 범위와 풍부함으로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)로 평가된다. Citation: Wheeler, L., Su, M. & Rivers, M.C. 2015. Camellia japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T62054114A62054131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T62054114A62054131.en

TRAPACEAE

Trapa incisa Siebold & Zucc. / 애기마름Trapa bispinosa Roxb. var. incisa (Siebold & Zucc.) Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 171 (1875) Trapa maximowiczii Korsh., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 336 (1892) Trapa natans L. var. incisa (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 172 (1908)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X.Reviewer(s): Juffe Bignoli, D., Homsombath, K., Nophasead, L. & Bounphanmy, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan); India; Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: This aquatic plants is common in China and southeast Asia. It is found in ponds and marshes specie. Although threats have not been reported it has been recorded in many countries thus the extent of occurence is wide. It is listed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 이 수생식물은 중국과 동남 아시아에서 흔히 분포한다. 본 종은 연못과 습지 등지에서 발견되며 위협은 보고되지 않았지만 많은 국가에서 분포가 보고되어 분포범위가 넓다. 약관심(LC)으로 평기된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. 2013. Trapa incisa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T168675A6526227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T168675A6526227.en

UMBELLIFERAE

Bupleurum euphorbioides Nakai / 등대시호Bupleurum euphorbioides Nakai var. alpestre Sakata, J. Jap. Bot. 33: 30 (1958) Bupleurum tatudintze V.I.Baranov, Claves Pl. Chin. Bor.-Or. 254 (1959)

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B2ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: China (Jilin); Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation(West Siberia)Current Population Trend: DecreasingJustification: Bupleurum euphorbioides has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) including areas of South Korea, North Korea, and extending into China and Russia. However, its population is fragmented and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 184km². Currently it is known from 15 locations. The distances between each subpopulation range from 30–900 km, making the population severely fragmented (i.e., the subpopulations are likely too distant from each other to allow for effective gene flow). There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons B. euphorbioides has been assessed as Endangered.

평가근거: 등대시호는 한반도 및 중국과 러시아(연해주)까지 매우 광범위하게 분포한다. 그러나 그 집단은 파편화되어 있으며 추정 점유면적(AOO)은 약 184km²이다. 현재 15 지역에 알려져 있고 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 30-900km로 아집단은 심각하게 단편화되어있다 (즉, 아집단은 유요한 유전자 교류를 위해 너무 멀리 떨어져 있을 가능성이 있다). 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 생육지 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가있다. 이러한 이유로 등대시호는 적색목록의 평가 기준상 위기(EN)로 평가된다.


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Citation: Kim, H., Kim, Y.-S. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Bupleurum euphorbioides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188382A13189424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188382A13189424.en

Bupleurum latissimum Nakai / 섬시호Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1Assessor(s): Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2016Country Occurrence: Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: IncreasingJustification: Bupleurum latissimum has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of about 20 km². It occurs in six fragmented sites within one location. The distances between each subpopulation range from 1–12 km; the population is severely fragmented and subpopulations are very restricted with distances between them likely to be too great to allow for effective gene flow. There is clear and documented evidence of a continuing decline in quality and quantity of habitat due to a number of factors which include the effects of deforestation. For these reasons B. latissimum has been assessed as Critically Endangered.

평가근거: 섬시호는은 약 20km²의 추정 점유면적(AOO)을 보이고, 한 지역 내에 6개의 조각난 아집단을 형성하고 있다. 각 아집단 사이의 거리는 1~12km로 각 아집단은 심각하게 단편화되어 있어 유효한 유전자 교류를 허용하기에는 너무 멀다. 해당지역에 대한 산림벌채의 영향을 포함하는 여러 요인으로 생육지의 질과 양이 계속해서 감소했다는 명백하고 문서화 된 증거가 있다. 이러한 이유로 섬시호는 멸종위급(CR)으로 평가된다. Citation: Kim, Y.-S., Kim, H. & Son, S.-W. 2016. Bupleurum latissimum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188385A13189429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188385A13189429.en

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. / 병풀Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Sp. Pl. 234 (1753) Hydrocotyle reniformis Walter, Fl. Carol. 113 (1788) Hydrocotyle lunata Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3: 152 (1789) Trisanthus cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 176 (1790) Hydrocotyle biflora P.Vell., Fl. Flumin. 3: t. 93 (1825) Hydrocotyle inaequipes DC., Prodr. (DC.) 4: 63 (1830) Hydrocotyle pallida DC., Prodr. (DC.) 4: 63 (1830) Hydrocotyle tussilaginifolia Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 151 (1883) Hydrocotyle filicaulis Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 348 (1884) Centella boninensis Nakai ex Tuyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 31, f. 23 (1936)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Gupta, A.K.Reviewer(s): Lansdown, R.V., Allen, D. & García, N.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Angola (Angola); Australia; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African Republic; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Cote d'Ivoire; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; India (Andaman Is.); Japan; Kenya; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Mali; Mauritius (Mauritius (main island)); Mozambique; Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Nigeria; Pakistan; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Viet Nam; Yemen (Socotra); Zambia; ZimbabweCurrent Population Trend: StableJustification: The species is common throughout its range. It has no known major threats, and it is considered Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 전체 분포 범위에서 흔히 발견된다. 주요한 위협이 알려지지 않아 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 판단된다. Citation: Gupta, A.K. 2013. Centella asiatica.


Cicuta virosa L. / 독미나리Cicutaria aquatica Lam., Fl. Franc. (Lamarck) 3: 445 (1779) Sium cicuta F.H.Wigg., Prim. Fl. Holsat. 24 (1780) Cicuta angustifolia Kit., Oestr. Fl. (ed. 2) 1: 515 (1814) Cicuta tenuifolia Schrank, Denkschr. Königl. Akad. Wiss. München 7: 56 (1818) Cicuta virosa L. var. stricta K.F.Schultz, Prodr. Fl. Starg. Suppl. 17 (1819) Cicuta virosa L. var. tenuifolia (A.Fröhl.) K.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 282 (1836) Cicuta virosa L. var. angustisecta Celak., Prodr. Fl. Bohmen 563 (1875) Cicuta niponica Franch., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 26: 84 (1879) Cicuta pumila Behm, Bot. Not. 1887: 180 (1887) Cicuta orientalis Degen, Termeszettud. Kozl. 36: 38 (1896) Cicuta virosa L. f. angustifolia (Kit.) Schube, Verbreit. Gefässpfl. Schles. 233 (1903)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Smith, K.Year Published: 2014Country Occurrence: Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Yukon); China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan); Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (France (mainland)); Germany; Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; India (Jammu-Kashmir); Ireland; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Mongolia; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (North European Russia); Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)); United Kingdom; United States (Alaska)Current Population Trend: StableJustification: This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

평가근거: 본 종은 안정된 집단을 유지하면서 주요한 위협에 직면하지 않고 넓게 분포하여 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Lansdown, R.V. 2014. Cicuta virosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T167932A42415001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T167932A42415001.en

Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. / 큰피막이풀Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook., Exot. Fl. 1: t. 30 (1822) Hydrocotyle hirsuta Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 884 (1826) Hydrocotyle heyneana Wall., Numer. List 563 (1829) Hydrocotyle polycephala Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 366 (1834) Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. var. laxa Masam., J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4: 301 (1932)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Anitha, K.Reviewer(s): Daniel, B.A., Rasingam, L., Raghavan, R. & Gunaga, S.Year Published: 2013Country Occurrence: Australia (Queensland); Bhutan; Fiji; India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Indonesia; Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku); Korea, Republic of; Malaysia; Nepal; Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Solomon Islands; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Thailand; Viet NamCurrent Population Trend: UnknownJustification: Hydrocotyle javanica is a widely distributed species without any threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 큰피막이풀은 위협도 없고 광범위하게 분포하는 종이다. 따라서 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Anitha, K. 2013. Hydrocotyle javanica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T176955A7337925. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T176955A7337925.en


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Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. / 미나리Phellandrium stoloniferum Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 21 (1814) Sium javanicum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 881 (1826) Sium laciniatum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 881 (1826) Falcaria laciniata (Blume) DC., Prodr. (DC.) 4: 110 (1830) Oenanthe laciniata Zoll., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2: 139 (1854) Dasyloma javanicum (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 741 (1856) Dasyloma laciniatum (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 741 (1856) Dasyloma japonicum Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 59 (1867) Oenanthe stolonifera (Roxb.) DC. var. laciniata (Zoll.) Kanitz, Anthophyta Jap. Legit EmanuelWeiss 27 (1878) Oenanthe decumbens Koso-Pol., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 29: 130 (1916) Oenanthe decumbens Koso-Pol. var. laciniata (Zoll.) Koso-Pol., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk.Bot. Sada 36: 9 (1920) Oenanthe japonica (Miq.) Nakai ex T.Mori, Enum. Pl. Corea 272 (1922) Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. var. japonica (Miq.) Honda, Nom. Pl. Japonic. 250 (1939)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Zhuang, X. & Lansdown, R.V.Reviewer(s): Allen, D.J., Regalado, J. & Maxwell, J.Year Published: 2011Country Occurrence: Australia; Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Macao; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Nepal; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Russian Federation; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet Nam Current Population Trend: StableJustification: The species occurs over a very wide area and although the habitats in which it occurs are often threatened by drainage, forest clearance, logging, poor watershed management and development, it is unlikely to become extinct in the short term and so is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 매우 넓은 지역에서 발생하며, 생육지가 배수로, 산림개발, 벌목, 잘못된 유역관리 및 개발에 의해 종종 위협을 받기는 하지만 단기간에 멸종 될 가능성은 거의 없으므로 적색목록상 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Zhuang, X. & Lansdown, R.V. 2011. Oenanthe javanica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168749A6532868. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168749A6532868.en

VALERIANACEAE

Patrinia saniculifolia Hemsley / 금마타리Fedia saniculifolia (Hemsl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 302 (1891)

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1Assessor(s): Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H.Reviewer(s): Chang, C.-S.Year Published: 2017Country Occurrence: Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic ofCurrent Population Trend: Unknown Justification: The species is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Currently there is no evidence of decline, and although there are threats in place in various parts of its range, it is unclear whether these would have a sufficient impact to justify to categorise this species as threatened at present. Therefore, P. saniculifolia is assessed as Least Concern.

평가근거: 본 종은 한반도의 고유종이다. 현재 쇠퇴의 증거는 없으며 다양한 범위에서 위협이 존재하지만 현재 위협 범주로 분류하기에 충분한 영향이 있는지 여부는 불분명하다. 따라서 약관심(LC)으로 평가된다. Citation: Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. 2017. Patrinia saniculifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T97538395A104407958.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T97538395A104407958.en


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Chang, C.S., Kim, H. and Chang, K.S. 2014. Provisional Checklist of Vascular Plants for the Korea Peninsula Flora. Designpost, Korea.

Chang, C.S., Kim, H., Son, S. and Kim, Y.S. 2016. Red List of Selected Vascular Plants in Korea. Korea National Arboretum and Korean Plant Specialist Group, Pocheon.

Flora of Korea Editorial Committee. 2007. The genera of vascular plants of Korea. Seoul (Korea): Academy Publishing Co.

Hyun, J.O. 2016. Reporting on Rare and Endangered Species and Improving Endangered Species Management. Final Project Report. NIBR, Ministry of Environment (in Korean).

IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc (July 31, 2018).

IUCN. 2012. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iii + 41pp.

IUCN. 2018. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (July 31, 2018).

Kim, H., Lee, B.C., Kim, Y.S., and Chang, C.S., 2012a. Critiques of ‘The endangered and protected wild species list in Korea’ proposed by Korea Ministry of Environment and listing process - Is this the best process for the current national management of endangered wildlife and plants in Korea? Journal of Korean Forestry Society 101(1): 7-19 (in Korean).

Kim, H., Lee, B.C., Kim, Y.S., and Chang, C.S., 2012b. An Assessment and Review of IUCN Red List for Vascular Plants in Korean Peninsula. Journal of Korean Forestry Society 106(2): 111-120 (in Korean).

Korean National Arboretum 2016. A Review of Progress in Implementation of the Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation 2020 by Korea National Arboretum. Pocheon, Korea.

Lee, W. C. and Yim, Y. J., 1978, Studies of the distribution of vascular plants in the Korean peninsula, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 10, 1-33. (in Korean with English abstract)

Nakai, T., 1935. Pants of the far eastern Asia. Tokyo. Iwanami Zensye (in Japanese)

Park, C.-W. (ed.) 2007. The Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea. Academy Publishing Company, Seoul.

Uyeki, H., 1933, On the forest zone of Korea. Acta Phytotaxonomy and Geobotany, 2, 73-85.

WWF, 2018. World Wildlife Funds. Ecoregions; temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.https://www.worldwildlife.org/

Yim Y. J. and Kira, T. 1975. Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean peninsula, I. Distribution of some indices of thermal climate, Japanese Journal of Ecology, 25, 77-88.

Yim Y. J. and Kira, T. 1975. Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean peninsula, II. Distribution of some indices of thermal climate, Japanese Journal of Ecology, 26, 157-164.

Park, C.-W. (ed.) 2007. The Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea. Academy Publishing Company, Seoul.

5. References


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EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. NEAR THREATENED (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. LEAST CONCERN (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

6. Appendix Red List Status of Selected KoreanVascular Plants


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THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 90% over

the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.

2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.

3. A population size reduction of ≥ 80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of the following:(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 80% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and estimates indicating at

least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:


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(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:



C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decl ine of at least 25% within three years or one generation,

whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals, OR(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:


the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or


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parasites.


parasites.

3. A population size reduction of ≥ 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of the following:(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 50% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:

1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:



2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence


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(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2,500 mature individuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decl ine of at least 20% within f ive years or two generations,



(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals, OR(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.


D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:


the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are: clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.


parasites.

3. A population size reduction of ≥ 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and


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specifying) any of the following:(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 30% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridizat ion, pathogens, pol lutants, competitors or

parasites.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2, and estimates indicating at

least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:



2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2,000 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:



C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decl ine of at least 10% within 10 years or three generations,



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(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals, OR(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.


D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following:1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1,000 mature individuals.2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically less than 20 km2) or number

of locations (typically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years.


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Documents

hosting03.snu.ac.krhosting03.snu.ac.kr/~quercus1/적색목록_2018_190520.pdf · 2019-05-23 · The Red List of Vascular Plants in Korea updated 2018 AUTHORS Chin Sung Chang is a