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Quel absorbant saturable pour verrouiller en phase efficacement un laser à fibre de puissance ?
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Amélie Cabasse 1*, Gilles Martel 1, Dmitry Gaponov 1, Samir Abbas 1, H.T. Nguyen 2, Jean-Louis Oudar 2
1. CNRS-CORIA, UMR6614, Avenue de l’Université BP12, 76801 ROUEN _ St Etienne du Rouvray, France
*. Current address : CNRS-CELIA, UMR5107, 351 Cours de la libération, 33405 Talence, France
2. CNRS-LPN, UPR20, 91460 Marcoussis, France
3. ONERA, French Aerospace Agency, 93322 Palaiseau, France
OR
T
IN
GL
E
W. N.
T.
PECIFICof
S -Five
S5IZ
ES
OR
T
IN
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E
W. N.
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PECIFICof
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S5IZ
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ERA-NET Nanoscience
ANR-06-NSCI-0006 - FP 6
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Outline
• Mode-locked fiber laser Energy scaling: the role of dispersion in cavitySaturable absorber mirrors
Multiple quantum wells SAM- Description- Linear & Nonlinear characterizations- Harvesting energy/pulse from Mode-locked fiber las er - Experimental configuration of the Er-doped fiber l aser- Numerical simulations : The role of the dispersio n
• Investigation of a new SAM type - Carbon nanotubes- Fabrication of CNT-SAM & Nonlinear characterizatio n- Results in laser cavity- Numerical simulations : The role of SA
• Conclusions
EnergyEnergy SCALING SCALING requestsrequests
ManagingManaging dispersion (n = n(dispersion (n = n(ωω))))
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
SolitonSoliton ΣΣΣΣββββiL i < 0
StretchedStretched ΣΣΣΣββββiL i < 0 ou ΣΣΣΣββββiL i > 0Dispersion managed Soliton
CPOCPO
New Concept Chirped & Amplified pulses within Oscillator (µJ-Level)
ΣΣΣΣββββiL i > > 0
- GVD, NL, Gain SA--GVD, NL, Gain SA
+GVD, NL, Gain SAAllAll --normalnormal
ΣΣΣΣββββiL i > 0Chirped Pulses
+GVD, NL, Gain AS+GVD
�ββββ2 < 0 (D > 0) : Anomalous dispersion
�ββββ2 > 0 (D < 0) : Normal Dispersion
Mode-locked fiber laser :The role of dispersion
+GVD -GVD, NL, Gain SA
How to self-start mode-locking within Fiber Lasers
SATURABLE ABSORBERSSATURABLE ABSORBERS
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
CW Regime
Low peak power
Unsaturated Absorber
(at rest !)
Regime with High Losses
Pulsed Regime
High Peak Power
Saturated Absorber
(Excited !! )
Regime with Low losses
Inverse Saturable Absorption
Two – photons Absorption
���� Avoid Q-switching !??
�� NPE NPE �� MQWsMQWs--basedbased�� Nanotubes or Nanotubes or GrapheneGraphene--basedbased ??
Reflectivity
TimeAPL1999-V74-N26 p3927 Kartner TPA in SESAMAPB2000 V70 S41 Kartner Suppression of QSML…
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Outline
• Mode-locked fiber laser Energy scaling: the role of dispersion in cavitySaturable absorber mirrors
Multiple quantum wells SAM- Description: Linear & Nonlinear characterizations- Harvesting energy/pulse from Mode-locked fiber las er - Experimental configuration of the Er-doped fiber l aser
Investigation of a new SAM type - Carbon nanotubes- Fabrication of CNT-SAM & Nonlinear characterizatio n- Results in laser cavity- Numerical simulations : The role of SA
• Conclusions• Perspectives
Multiple Quantum wells-based SAM Description & Characterization
MQWs-based SA (from LPN laboratory/Marcoussis-Paris)
1) Linear optical properties (RESONANTRESONANT-SAM)
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,800,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
= 28 nm
λλλλ = 1560 nmλλλλR=1548 nm
CC1
1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,800,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
= 28 nm
λλλλ = 1560 nmλλλλR=1548 nm
CC1
1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,80
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
λλλλR=1553 nm
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
= 27 nm
λλλλ = 1560 nm
CB1
1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,60 1,65 1,70 1,75 1,80
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
λλλλR=1553 nm
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
= 27 nm
λλλλ = 1560 nm
CB1
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
H4
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
=40nm
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
=64nm∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λ
FWHM=69nm
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
=44nm
∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λFWHM
=60nm
1520 nm < λλλλR < 1610 nm
Wavelength (µm)
1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
λλλλRés = 1572 nm
Reflectivity Point 1 ∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λ
FWHM=40 nm
Reflectivity Point 2 ∆λ∆λ∆λ∆λ
FWHM=47 nm
Reflectivity Point 3 ∆λ ∆λ ∆λ ∆λ
FWHM=30 nm
Low
Flu
ence
Ref
lect
ivity
Wavelength (λ) nm
MB7
Measured with 10 ps pulse (reproduced in-cavity cond itions):
MB7
0,1 1 10 100 10000,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65CB1 f
SESAM=8mm f
f ibre out=11mm
filter IN+OUT12-09-11
Rabs user2 (User)Fit of D
Rab
sFluence, µJ/cm2
Rabs calibration - silver mirror - 99% -> 70.3%
Equationy=y=exp(-x*P4)*P1* ln(1+P2/P1*(exp(x*P3)-1))/(x*P3);
D
P1 0,65215 0,00346
P2 0,33979 0,003
P3 0,05151 0,00237P4 3,72372E- 5 2 ,24879E-6
CB1
0,1 1 10 100 10000,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
Rabs user1 (User)Fit of E
Rab
s
Fluence, µJ/cm2
H4 fSESAM=8mm ffibre out=11mm
filter IN+OUT
12-09-11
Equ ationy=P1*ln(1+P2/P1*(exp(x*P3)-1))/(x*P3);
E
P1 0,7308 0,00299P2 0,52955 0,00468P3 0,02665 0,00313
H4
∆R
Multiple Quantum wells-based SAM Description & Characterization
MQWs-based SA (from LPN laboratory/Marcoussis-Paris)
2) Non-Linear optical properties
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Measured with 1 ps pulse:
1 10 10010
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ref
lect
ivity
(%
)
Rns
R0
∆R
Fsat
Sample MB7 Sample H4
1 10 1005
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Sample CB1
F2Fluence, µJ.cm-2
No TPA ! In working region for in-cavity SESAMs
(90% to 95 % energy extracted)
High modulation depth ∆∆∆∆R >30%!
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Energy scaling of ML fiber lasers
Experimental configuration
Laser cavity optimizationtoward the
dissipative solitonic(C.P.O.)
regime
�
�
�
�
Erbium-doped fiber (depending on the requested cavity)HOT750αunpumped = 17 dB/m @ 1530 nm / β2 = -1.2 ps²/km @ 1550 nmHOT742αunpumped = 14 dB/m @ 1530 nm / β2 = +35 ps²/km @ 1550 nmOFS80αunpumped = 80 dB/m @ 1530 nm / β2 = +60 ps²/km @ 1550 nm
��
�
�
Dispersion compensation fiber (DCF)β2 = +116 ps²/km @ 1550 nm
Couplers
Varying from 50/50 to 95/05
Max. value of the coupleur: output sides
To extract max. energy/pulse
To decrease fluence on SAM
� � A.Cabasse et al ., Opt. Express 16, 19322 (2008)� � A.Cabasse et al ., Opt. Express 17, 9537 (2009)
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
MQW’s based SAM – Experimental Results in Laser Cavity
Quasi-All Normal Regime
Lower losses
No mode-locking
HigherΤΤΤΤrelax
Lower Threshold Higher TPA thresh.
High Nonlinearity
A.Cabasse et al ., Opt. Letters, 36 (15th July), 2620, (2011)G.Martel et al ., JOSA B (in preparation)
MQW’s based SAM – Best Results in Laser CavityQuasi-All Normal Regime with new pumping power
R-SAM – CB1
Mode-locked regime : 600 mW < Pp < 1 W (pump power limited)
With MQW-CB1 sample & optimized cavitylength (rep rate: 28 MHz) ββββ2 = +0.27 ps²
Average output Power :205 mW
Energy per pulse :7.1 nJ (rep rate 28 MHz)
Output Chirped Pulse10.4 ps
Dechirped pulse: 515 fs
Spectral width:12.1 nm
0 200 400 600 800 10000
50
100
150
200 with CB1 single pulse
CW
Ave
rage
Pow
er (
mW
)
Launched pump power (mW)
slope efficiency = 21.6%
205 mW
1 / (28 MHz)
0 200 400 600 800 10000
50
100
150
200 with CB1 single pulse
CW
Ave
rage
Pow
er (
mW
)
Launched pump power (mW)
slope efficiency = 21.6%
205 mW
1 / (28 MHz)
-40 -20 0 20 400.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 Ppump
=1 W Fit with Sech² Experiment
∆τFWHM
= 1,54x10.4 ps
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
Delay time (ps)
-4 -2 0 2 40.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 PPump
=1W
Exp.
∆τFWHM
= 1,54x515 fs
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
Delay time (ps)1550 1555 1560 1565 1570
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 CB1
Nor
mal
ized
Pow
er d
ensi
ty
Wavelength (nm)
PPump
=1W
Exp.
∆λFWHM
=
12.15 nm
R-SAM
100% gold mirror DCF Er3+-fiber (0.5m) (1.5m)
WDM
90/10
Pump diode @ 980 nm (1 Watt)
L1
L2 L3
Output 2
Output 1 (50% à 95%)
A.Cabasse et al ., Opt. Letters, 36 (15th July), 2620, (2011)
G. Martel et al .,JOSA B (in preparation)
Coupler 95/5:
3S photonics :
3S photonics.com/
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
MQW’s based SAM : Searching pump power limit..
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,40,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
Ps.
W
Plaunched, W
slope 21.8 %258 mW
R-SAM
100% gold mirror DCF Er3+-fiber (0.5m) (1.5m)
WDM
90/10
Pump diode @ 980 nm (1 Watt)
L1
L2 L3
Output 2
Output 1 (50% à 95%)
95% to 99%
R-SAM – CB1
Average output Power :260 mW
Energy per pulse :~ 7 nJ (rep rate 36.4 MHz)
Output Chirped Pulse~ 10 ps
Spectral width:~ 10 nm
New pump power !
�Single Transverse Mode @ 980 nm (ALS)
� Several Watts
Coupler 95/5:
2 wattMode-locked regime : 600 mW < Pp < 1.2 W (not pump power limited)
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 16201E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
OS
A s
igna
l, dB
m
λ,nm
Unstable modelockingregime: amplitude jitter and broad spectrum
- too much fluence on SESAM ?
Azur Light System :
azurlight-systems.com
Very new pumping power :
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Outline
• Mode-locked fiber laser Energy scaling: the role of dispersion in cavitySaturable absorber mirrors
Multiple quantum wells SAM- Description: Linear & Nonlinear characterizations- Harvesting energy/pulse from Mode-locked fiber las er - Experimental configuration of the Er-doped fiber l aser
Investigation of a new SAM type - Carbon nanotubes- Fabrication of CNT-SAM & Nonlinear characterizatio n- Results in laser cavity- Numerical simulations : The role of SA
• Conclusions• Perspectives
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Discovered in 1991 by S. Iijima
S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991)
A carbone nanotube = Graphene sheet roled in 2D like a cigarette / or spaghetti
n-m = 3p n-m ≠ 3p
Metallic
(1/3)
Semiconducting
(2/3)
21 amanC +=
L ≈ 1 mm
d ≈ 1 nm
2003 : pulsed mode-lock regime
with CNTs deposition on mirror by sputteringS. Set et al., IEEE LEOS Newsletter 17, 11 (2003)
Saturable Absorbers incorporating Nanotubes: SAINTDescription & Characterization
En
erg
ie d
e t
ran
siti
on
, e
V
(lo
ng
ue
ur
d’o
nd
e,
µm
)
(0,5)
(0,62)
(0,82)
(1,24)
(2,4)
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
0 E
M1
D(E) : M-SWNT
S1
S2
0 E
D(E) : SC-SWNTSemiconducting CNTs (SC-SWNT):
Density of states is null around Fermi
level (like all semiconductors) � PLMetalic CNTs (M-SWNT):
Density of states are non-zero
�very efficient relaxation rates of the
carriers � no PL
H. Lin et al., Nature Materials 9, 235 (2010)
H. Kataura et al., Synthetic metals 103, 2555 (1999)
Diagramme de Kataura
Diamètre des nanotubes (nm)
Saturable Absorbers incorporating Nanotubes: SAINTDescription & Characterization
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
500 1000 1500 20000,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
900 nm
Opt
ical
den
sity
Wavelength (nm)
1555 nm
Nanotubes 'ablation laser'
500 1000 1500 2000
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
Wavelength (nm)
Nanotubes 'CVD - CoMoCat'
1030 nm576 nm
1555 nm
Opt
ical
den
sity
500 1000 1500 20000,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
Wavelength (nm)
Opt
ical
den
sity Nanotubes 'arc électrique –
carbon solution'
1555 nm
1020 nm 1845 nm
Collaboration with ENS, Cachan & ONERA
Saturable Absorbers incorporating Nanotubes: SAINT
1/Linear characterization (Absorption spectroscopy_FTIR)� Measurements of the Van-Hoove (1D) transitions
of each CNTs layer
1/50
OR
T
IN
GL
E
W. N.
T.
PEC
IF
ICof
S -Five
S5IZ
ES
OR
T
IN
GL
E
W. N.
T.
PEC
IF
ICof
S -Five
S5IZ
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http://www.sfive.fr
ERA-NET Nanoscience
ANR-06-NSCI-0006 - FP 6
500 1000 1500 20000,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
1165 nm
Opt
ical
den
sity
Wavelength (nm)
Nanotubes 'HiPCO'
1310 nm
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
1 10 100 1000 1000062
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78Ablation laser
(V20-60gouttes)Fit
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²) 0,01 0,1 1 10 100
15,0
15,5
16,0
16,5
17,0
17,5
18,0
18,5
19,0
19,5
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²)
Ablation laser (V90-100gouttes)Fit
1 10 100 1000 100004
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²)
Ablation laser (V50-100gouttes)Fit
0,01 0,1 1 10 10017,5
18,0
18,5
19,0
19,5
20,0
20,5
21,0
21,5
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²)
HiPCO (50gouttes)Fit
50
Saturable Absorbers incorporating Nanotubes: SAINT2/ Non-linear characterization
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
1 10 100 1000 1000062
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78Ablation laser
(V20-60gouttes)Fit
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²) 0,01 0,1 1 10 100
15,0
15,5
16,0
16,5
17,0
17,5
18,0
18,5
19,0
19,5
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²)
Ablation laser (V90-100gouttes)Fit
1 10 100 1000 100004
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²)
Ablation laser (V50-100gouttes)Fit
0,01 0,1 1 10 10017,5
18,0
18,5
19,0
19,5
20,0
20,5
21,0
21,5
Réf
lect
ivité
(%)
Fluence (µJ/cm²)
HiPCO (50gouttes)Fit
Sample Name R0
(%)Rns
(%)∆∆∆∆R(%)
Fsat
(µJ.cm -²)F2
(µJ.cm -²)
V20-60 drops 65 76,6 11 120 2.104
V50-100drops 6 16 10 400 5.104
V90-100drops 15 18,6 3 5 1.104
HiPCO 19 21 2 2 600
Saturable Absorbers incorporating Nanotubes: SAINTNon-linear characterization
D. Gaponov, A. Cabasse, G. Martel , JOSA B (in pr eparation)
G. Martel et al. Laser Physics journal (2012) from Sarajevo LPHYS ’11 this invited talk
-100 -50 0 50 100
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Inte
nsité
(u.
a.)
Temps (ns)CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
02
20 .1 P
T
L
L
NL
D γβ
==
Limited energy due to
SOLITONIC AREA THEOREM
AnomalousAnomalous Dispersion Dispersion regimeregime
β2 = -0,1 ps² (« True » soliton)
Frép = 16 MHz
CNTs –Laser Ablation V20-60 gouttes
For Pumping power > 31 mW
MULTIPLE PULSING
Saturable Absorbers incorporating Nanotubes: SAINTExperimental results in laser cavities
R-SAM
100% gold mirror DCF Er3+-fiber (0.5m) (1.5m)
WDM
90/10
Pump diode @ 980 nm (1 Watt)
L1
L2 L3
Output 2
Output 1 (50% à 95%)
D. Gaponov, A. Cabasse, G. Martel , JOSA B (in pr eparation)
G. Martel et al. Laser Physics journal (2012) from Sarajevo LPHYS ’11 this invited talk
R-SAM
100% gold mirror DCF Er3+-fiber (0.5m) (1.5m)
WDM
90/10
Pump diode @ 980 nm (1 Watt)
L1
L2 L3
Output 2
Output 1 (50% à 95%)
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
1520 1540 1560 1580 16000,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Inte
nsité
(u.
a.)
Longueur d'onde (nm)
∆λFWHM
= 30,1 nm
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1000,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
∆τFWHM
= 1,54x6,1 ps
Inte
nsité
(u.
a.)
Temps de retard (ps)Performance (@23 mW)
Stretched Pulse duration = 6,1 ps - Spectral bandwidth = 30,1 nm
� dechirpable down to = 184 fs
Average Output Power = 1,6 mW � Eimp = 100 pJ
Saturable Absorbers incorporating Nanotubes: SAINTExperimental results in laser cavities
Dispersion managed Dispersion managed solitonicsolitonic regimeregime
β2 = +0.02 ps² « stretched pulse regime »)Frep = 15.6 MHz
Pulsed Regime for Pumping power of : 10 mW < Pp < 23 mWTheoretical deTheoretical de --Chirped Chirped PulsePulse
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
Delay Time (ps)
1.54x184 fs
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
∆∆∆∆T1/e = 320 fs
HiPCO
@ 1,55 µm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70.0
5.0x10-4
1.0x10-3
1.5x10-3
2.0x10-3
2.5x10-3
∆T
Temps (ps)
∆∆∆∆T1/e = 390 fs
Laser Ablation
@ 1,55 µm
∆∆∆∆T1/e = 200 fs
HiPCO
@ 1,32 µm
Interpretation : influence of contacts in between CNTs
P. A. Obraztsov et al., J. of Nano-electronics & Optoelectronics 4, 227 (2009) - H. Nong et al., Applied Physics Letters
96, 061109 (2010) - J.-S. Lauret et al., Physical Review B 72, 113413 (2005)
SEM Images
Interpretation : influence of contacts in between CNTs
0 500 1000 1500 2000-0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
∆ T/T
Temps, fs
Isolated CNTs � τrelax= 3,9 psBundles of CNTS � τrelax= 380 fs
Ten timesfaster !!
Collaboration with ENS, Cachan & ONERA
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
nsR
Quenching in between CNTs into SAINTs leads to :
� Ultra-short Relaxation Time
�Too low modulation depth to serve as an efficient SAM for self-starting
fiber oscillators with high gain / losses (i.e. DS_CPO)
� So no High energy pulsesup to date with CNTs
N.N.Akhmediev et al., Opt. Lett. 23, 280 (1998)
]))(1
(exp[)(2
dtE
tE
Ttf
SAMR
+= ∫
[ ]( ) ( ) ( )out in linI t I t R R q t= + ∆ −R
R 1q( t ) [ f ( t )dt 1 ]
f ( t ) T
∆= +∫avec :
→
Time-dependant Saturable Absorber 0
R SAM
( t ) ²q( t ) q( t ) qq( t )
t T E
ψ∂ −= − −∂
Interpretation : influence of contacts in between CNTs
-20 -10 0 10 200,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
∆R=0.35
Rlin
=0.15
Réf
lect
ivity
Time
Trelax
=100Tp |E
MAX|²=10E
SAM
Trelax
= Tp |E
MAX|²=10E
SAM
Trelax
=0,1 Tp |E
MAX|²=10E
SAMR
ns=0.5
D. Gaponov, A. Cabasse, G. Martel , JOSA B (in pr eparation)
G. Martel et al. Laser Physics journal (2012) from Sarajevo LPHYS ’11 this invited talk
CNRS – UNIVERSITE et INSA de Rouen
Conclusions
With MQWs based SA:�Generation of ultrashort pulses in a highly normal dispersion regime at 1.5 µm
� More than 7 nJ energy per pulse / 205 mW average power at 28 MHzWith CNTs based SA:�ML regime in a solitonic & in a stretched-pulse regime
� energy per pulse is limited (350 pJ) !� at higher pump power : multiple pulsing regime� BUT non-resonance of the CNTs-SAM allows 30nm/185
fs dechirped pulse in stretched pulse regime
� No ML regime in a highly normal dispersion regime� Limited by too fast recovery time inherent to bundle CNTs contacts� Up to date, MQWs-SA technology seems more efficient than CNTs-SA to generate high-energy pulses from fiber l asers
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