Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology

Quantum Mechanicsin

Nanotechnology

Thomas PrevenslikQED Radiations

Discovery Bay, Hong Kong

Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014

1

Classical physics assumes the atom always has heat capacity, but QM requires the heat capacity to vanish at the nanoscale

QM = quantum mechanics

Unphysical results with Classical Physics

Nanofluids violate mixing rules

Thermal conductivity of thin films depends on thickness

Nanostructures do not charge

The Universe is expanding

Nanoparticles do not damage DNA

Molecular Dynamics is valid for nanostructures

And on and on

Background


2

QM Consequences


Without heat capacity, the atom cannot conserve EM energy by the usual increase in temperature.

Conservation proceeds by the creation of QED induced non-thermal EM radiation that charges the nanostructure

or is lost to the surroundings

QED = quantum electrodynamicsEM = electromagnetic.

Fourier’s law that depends on temperature changes is not applicable at the nanoscale

3

Advantages of QM


Unphysical interpretations of the nanoscale are avoided

Nanofluids obey mixing rules

Thermal conductivity of thin films remains at bulk

Nanostructures create charge or emit EM radiation

The Universe is not expanding

Nanoparticles damage DNA Molecular Dynamics is valid for nanostructures

Nanocomposites cross-link by EUV radiation

And on and on4

QM at the Macroscale


Applying a nano coating on macrostructures avoids natural convection and conserves heat by emission of

QED radiation instead of temperature increases

Suggesting:

QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer?( 3 modes known: Conduction, Radiation, Convection)

Turbine blade coolingCooling of Conventional Electronics

Moore’s law and 13.5 nm LithographyDrinking water Purification

5

4th Mode of Heat Transfer


QED radiation

NanoCoating avoids natural convection and conserves Joule heat by QED radiation instead of

temperature increase

Joule heat

ConventionalElectronics

Coating

Natural convection

6


Theory

Heat Capacity of the Atom

TIR Confinement

QED Heat Transfer

QED Emission Spectrum

7

Heat Capacity of the Atom

1 10 100 10000.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

TIR Confinement Wavelength - l - microns

Pla

nck

Ene

rgy

- E

- e

V

1

kT

hcexp

hc

E

NEMS


In MEMS, atoms have heat capacity, but not in NEMS

MEMS kT 0.0258 eV

Classical Physics

QM

8

Since the RI of coating > electronics, the QED radiation is confined by TIR

Circuit elements ( films, wires, etc) have high surface to volume ratio, but why important?

The EM energy absorbed in the surface of circuit elements provides the TIR confinement of QED radiation.

QED radiation is spontaneously created from Joule heat dissipated in nanoelectronics.

f = (c/n) / and E = hf

TIR Confinement


For thin film of thickness d, = 2d

For NPs of diameter D, = D9

QED Heat Transfer

Excitons

Excitons = Hole and Electron Pairs → Photons

QED Excitons = EM radiation + Charge

Conservation by QED Excitons is very rapidQabs is conserved by photons before thermalization only after which phonons respond

No thermal conduction 0Fourier solutions are meaningless

Conductivity remains at bulk

Q|¿|¿


Phonons

Qcond

Charge

QED Radiation

10

QED Emission Spectrum


1 10 100 10000.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

Coating Thickness - d - nm

QE

D R

adia

tion

Wav

elen

gth

- -

mic

rons

Zinc Oxide

Silicon

IR

VIS

UV

EUV

QED radiation emission in VIS and UV radiation

11

Applications


Thin FilmsQED Heat Transfer

Electronics Circuit DesignNanocompositesEUV Lithography

Validity of Molecular DynamicsNanochannels

Expanding Universe

12

Thin Films


13

Thermal Conductivity


The reduced thermal conductivity of thin films has been known for over 50 years.

Today, the BTE derives the steady state thickness dependent conductivity of thin films.

BTE = Boltzmann transport equation.

But the BTE solutions show reduced conductivity only because QED radiation loss is not included in heat balance.

If the QED loss is included, no reduction in conductivity The conductivity remains at bulk.

14

QED Heat Transfer


15

QED v. Natural Convection


Classical convective heat transfer dissipates heat Q by,

H is the heat transfer coefficient, and A the surface area.

By QM , the temperatures of the coating and surroundings are the same, T = To

QED heat transfer is significant, hQED >> H

16

Electronics Design


17

Electronics Design


0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10000.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Characteristic Size - d = / 2 - microns

TIR

Pla

nck

Ene

rgy

E =

hc

/ 2nd

- e

V

n = 3

n = 1.5Zinc Oxide

Optimum Design 0.05 < d < 20 microns

Fourier equation and BTE invalid Use QED heat transfer

Optimum

No 1/f NoiseNo Hot Spots

1/f Noise

No Hot Spots

NEMS Silicon

E > 3 eVCharged atoms

18

Optimum NEMS/MEMS electronics circuit element occurs with 0.05 to 20 micron thick printed circuits.

• No hot spots or 1/f noise

• Design electronic circuits using QED

QED supersedes natural convection, but requires nanoscale coatings on heat transfer surfaces

Optimum


19

Nanocomposites


20

Mechanical Properties


Nano Composites comprising NPs in a polymer are observed to display significantly enhanced mechanical properties.

The NPs are thought to enhance the polymer properties by forming an interphase adjacent the NP.

But the mechanism is not well understood. 21

Interphase Dilemma


Rationally, the design of nanocomposites cannot proceed without knowing the interphase properties

Stress-strain curves are required, but tensile tests are not possible because the interphase is nanoscopic.

Currently, MD has been proposed to derive the properties of the interphase.

But MD simulations based on Lennard-Jones or even ab-initio potentials can never be shown to duplicate the stress-strain curve of the interphase, if unknown

22

Design of Nano Technology?


The interphase dilemma is similar to the difficulty in the rational design throughout nanotechnology

Solution

Experimental characterization . (Build and test, forget computer simulations)

Hand wave classical physics to obtain unphysical explanations

23

RVE Characterization?


In nanocomposite design, assume a stress-strain curve for the interphase and use the RVE procedure in 3D

FEA with ANSYS and COMSOL.

RVE stands for representative volume element.

The FEA should simulate the experimental test of the nano-composite design application.

Iterate on the assumed stress-strain curve until the true stress-strain curve is found upon convergence.

But the RVE approach is meaningless, as the experiment already verifies if the nanocomposite

design is acceptable.

Need experimental stress-strain curve24


Radical polymerization may be dismissed as enhancements are observed without photo initiators.

UV induced cross-linking may be dismissed as nanocomposite properties are enhanced even if the polymer

is known not to exhibit UV cross-linking.

Only if EUV radiation is used do ALL polymers cross-link. EUV stands for extreme ultraviolet.

Enhanced properties of nanocomposites are therefore caused by the EUV cross-linking of the polymer.

What is the source of EUV?

QED Induced Radiation

Cross-linking Mechanism

25

Characterization


Prepare polymer tensile specimens, say < 1 mm diameter wires or 3 micron thick flat geometries from

the natural polymer.

Determine the wavelength of the EUV emission expected from the NPs based on their diameter and RI

. 1 10 100

1

10

100

1000

NP diameter - d - nm

QE

D W

ave

len

gth

-

- n

m

Silicon

Zinc Oxide

EUVUV + VIS

26

EUV Source


Table-top EUV sources have recently been developed similar to that used in EUV lithography.

But QED induced EUV provides a far simpler way of irradiating the tensile specimens

TensileSpecimen

EUV

Coating

Vacuum chamberTensile

specimen

Coating

EUV Source


Electrical current is passed through the housing by applying voltage in short pulses. Joule heat is produced, but the

temperature in the coating does not increase because of QM.

Instead, QED creates EUV to irradiate the tensile specimen. The wavelength of the EUV is given by

= 2 nd.

For zinc oxide having n = 2 and taking d = 10 nm, QED creates 40 nm EUV.

28

EUV Fluence from NPs


The NPs emit a EUV fluence F,

F = 1.5 NkT / A

where N is the number of atoms in the NP, d is the atom diameter; and A is the NP surface

N = (D/d)³ and A = D².

At 300 K, the carbon atom d = 0.134 nm gives the steady EUV fluence F = 0.82 mJ/cm². During thermal processing at

temperatures T ~ 500 K, F exceeds 2 mJ/cm².

EUV Lithography 1-10 mJ/cm².

29

EUV Lithography


30

Moore’s law


31

EUV lithography with light at 13.5 nm is planned in the next generation of computer chips.

However, difficulty in producing the EUV light source is questioning whether extending Moore's law � is possible

The difficulty in extending Moore’s law may be traced back to classical physics that requires EUV light to be created upon

the ionization of atoms in high temperature plasmas.

Nevertheless, LPP have evolved as the primary source of EUV light in 13.5 nm lithography.

LPP = laser produced plasmas

LPP Lithography


32

LPP systems for 13.5 nm computer chips are very expensive costing as much as USD 120 million.

The LPP plasma requires high energy 20 kW CO2 lasers to vaporize tin and lithium targets.

Collector mirrors require a multilayer coating to reflect the largest amount of 13.5 nm EUV light.

Periodic heating of mirrors at 400 C is required to evaporate tin and lithium debris in order to maintain the reflectivity and

enable long lifetimes.

LPP Light Sources


33

The LPP light sources use high power CO2 lasers to heat solid tin and gaseous helium targets, the plasmas of which

produce the EUV light by atomic emission.

EUV light is collected and focused by an elliptical mirror that delivers the focused EUV light to the silicon wafer

EUV by QED


34

A heater is provided on the back surface, the heat flowing through the lens thickness into the coating is converted by

QED into EUV light that is focused on the wafer.

For zinc oxide n ~ 2, and d < 5 nm, the EUV < 20 nm

BackSurface Heater

Nano Coating Focal

Point

Spherical Lens

EUV

The EUV by QED comprises a glass lens provided on the front surface with a nanoscale zinc oxide coating

QED Lithography


35

Unlike the LPP requirement of high mirror reflectivity, QED lithography only requires a zinc oxide nanoscale coating.

Instead of high energy CO2 lasers, QED lithography is far more efficient as pulsed < 5 W power.

QED lithography avoids the need for debris control.

LPP requires large 320 mm diameter collector mirror. But QED lithography uses small < 100 mm spherical glass lenses.

Nano-structuring of materials using desktop LPP lithography may be performed with a hand-held EUV Source.

Validity of Molecular Dynamics


36

Molecular Dynamics MD is commonly used to simulate heat transfer at the nanoscale in the belief:

Atomistic response using L-J potentials (ab initio) is more accurate than macroscopic finite element FE programs, e.g.,

ANSYS, COMSOL, etc.

In the following, it is shown:

FE gives equivalent heat transfer to MD, but both are invalid at the nanoscale by QM

And present:

Invalid and valid MD solutions by QM

Valid and Invalid MD


37

MD and FE Restrictions

MD and FE are restricted by statistical mechanics SM to atoms having thermal heat capacity


38

Validity

Historically, MD simulations of the bulk performed under PBC assume atoms have heat capacity

PBC = periodic boundary conditions

In the macroscopic bulk being simulated, all atoms do indeed have heat capacity

MD is therefore valid for bulk PBC simulations


39

Today, MD is not used for bulk simulations, but rather for the atomistic response of discrete nanostructures

Problem is MD programs based on SM assume the atom has heat capacity that is the cause of the

unphysical results, e.g.,

Conductivity in Thin films depends on thickness

Nanofluids violate mixing rules, etc

Why is this so?

MD Problem


40

MD - Discrete and PBC

Akimov, et al. “Molecular Dynamics of Surface-Moving Thermally Driven Nanocars,”

J. Chem. Theory Comput. 4, 652 (2008). Sarkar et al., “Molecular dynamics simulation of effective thermal conductivity and study of enhance thermal transport in nanofluids,”

J. Appl. Phys, 102, 074302 (2007).

MD for Discrete kT = 0, But MD assumes kT > 0

Car distorts but does not move

Macroscopic analogy, FE = MD

Classical Physics does not work

QM differs No increase in car temperature

Charge is produced by excitons Cars move by electrostatic interaction

MD for kT > 0 is valid for PBC because atoms in macroscopic nanofluid

have kT > 0


41

MD - NW in Tensile Test


Lw

w

F F

T. Prevenslik, “Nanowire Stiffening by Quantum Mechanics , MNHTM2013-220025, Hong Kong, Dec. 11-14, 2013

Silver 38 nm NWs x 1,5 micron long were modeled in a smaller size comprising 550 atoms in the FCC configuration with at an atomic spacing of 4.09 Ȧ. The

NW sides w = 8.18 Ȧ and length L = 87.9 Ȧ.

42

MD - NW in Tensile Test


To obtain valid MD solutions, the Coulomb force Fij between atoms is modified by the ratio of thermal energy UkT of the atom to the

electrostatic energy UES from the QED induced charge by the excitons.

𝑈𝑘𝑇=32𝑘𝑇 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑝

𝑈 𝐸𝑆=3𝑒2

20 𝑜𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

= 0.0065

𝐹 𝑖𝑗=e2

4 𝑜𝑅𝑖𝑗2

43

MD - NW in Uniaxial Tension


0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 100008.74E-09

8.76E-09

8.78E-09

8.80E-09

8.82E-09

8.84E-09

8.86E-09D

isp

lam

en

t L

oa

din

g -

- m

Solution Time Step

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

-2E+05

-1E+05

0E+00

1E+05

Str

ess

- x

, y

, z

-

psi x and y

z

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 100000E+00

1E+07

2E+07

3E+07

4E+07

Yo

un

g's

M

od

ulu

s -

Y -

p

si

Solution Time Step

= 0.5 Ȧ

= 0.15 Ȧ

= 0.25 Ȧ

44

MD – NW in Triaxial Tension


0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

-50000

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

Solution Time Step

Str

ess

- ps

i

x and y

z

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 100000E+00

1E+07

2E+07

3E+07

4E+07

5E+07

6E+07

Solution Time Step

You

ng's

Mod

ulus

- Y

- p

si

= 0.001 Solution 15% of kT

= 0.002

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 100000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Solution Time Step

Poi

sson

's R

atio

-

=0.001

= 0.002

IncompressibleLimit

45

Nanochannels


46

High Fluid Flow


47

Water flow through nanochannels is observed to be 2-5 orders of magnitude higher than predicted by the Hagen-

Poiseuille equation of continuum mechanics

Slip at the channel wall cannot explain the high flow because the calculated slip-lengths exceed the slip on non-wetting

surfaces by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude.

High flow is more likely caused by the size effect of QM that causes the viscosity of the fluid to vanish in nanochannels allowing the Hagen-Poiseuille equation to remain valid as

the Bernoulli equation for frictionless flow.

QM Restrictions and QED


48

Vanishing viscosity is the consequence of QM denying the atom the heat capacity to conserve viscous heating by an

increase in temperature.

Instead, viscous heat is conserved by QED inducing atoms in fluid molecules to create EM radiation

The EM radiation ionizes the fluid molecules, the Coulomb repulsion of atoms avoiding atomic contact to reduce viscosity.

Charged Atom Flow


49

Neuron Synapse


50

Lennard-Jones Potential


51

Radius - R

Ato

m a

nd C

harg

e P

oten

tial

s

Atom

Charge0

Atom + Charge

U=4 [(𝑟 )

12

−( 𝑟 )

6] - Repulsion - Attractive

Simulate vanishing viscosity by taking the attractive potential 0

Valid MD Simulations


52

MD valid by QM require the viscous heat is conserved by charging the atoms – not by an increase in temperature. MD

solutions are therefore made near absolute zero temperature,

Conserve viscous heat by creating charge repulsion between atoms usually conserved by temperature

Hence, a discrete 2D model comprising 100 atoms in a BCC configuration of liquid argon under a constant shear stress

was selected

2D Distorted MD Model


53

Bernoulli Equation


54

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 1400001E-08

1E-07

1E-06

1E-05

1E-04

1E-03

Iteration

Vis

cosi

ty -

-

Pa

- s

= 120 k

= 1.2 k

Viscosity ( reduced 144 X )

QED induced charged flow in nanochannels converges to frictionless flow given by the Bernoulli equation.

Expanding Universe


55

Background

Prior to 1910, the Universe was thought static and infinite

In 1916, Einstein‘s theory of relativity required an expanding or contracting

Universe

In 1929, Hubble measured the redshift of galaxy light that by the Doppler Effect showed the Universe was expanding.

But you probably do not know

Cosmic dust of submicron NPs permeate space and redshift galaxy light without Universe expansion


56

Dusty Galaxies


NGC 3314

57

Redshift Z > 0 without Universe expansion

NP

Surface AbsorptionQED under TIR


QED Redshift

Vc=

(Z+1 )2 −1

( Z+1 )2+1 0.966 !!!

NP Velocity

58

Redshift Photon

lo = (1+Z)

Z=𝑜−

In ISM, D < 500 nm.Take D = 300 nm, n = 1.5 o = 900 nm

Z = 6.4

o

Single galaxy photonLyman Alpha

= 121.6 nm

QED Redshift


0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Cosmic Dust NP radius - D/2 - microns

QE

D R

edsh

ift -

Z

Gal

axy

velo

city

rat

io -

V/c

V/c

Z

Z

Ly- = 0.1217 micron

Amorphous Silicate: n = 1.5

H- = 0.656 micron

59

Redshift v. Wavelength?


60

Hubble’s redshift by the Doppler effect requires the same Z for ALL wavelengths

QED induced Z is not the same for ALL wavelengths

Available data supports Doppler shift at low Z < .05(Astrophys J 123, 373-6, 1956)

To obtain Hubble Z, redshift measurements Zmeas are corrected with measured Z for Ly- and H- lines,

Z = Zmeas – ( ZLy- - ZH-)

Water Purification


61

QED Induced UV


62

Theory


63

Disinfection occurs as the body heat from the hands of the person holding the drinking bowl is transferred to the coating.

Because of QM, the body heat cannot increase the coating temperature as the heat capacity vanishes under TIR.

Instead, conservation proceeds by QED inducing the heat to be converted to UV radiation. The TIR wavelength ,

= 2 n d

n and d are the refractive index and thickness of the coating.

Optimum UV wavelength to destroy bacteria is 250 - 270 nm

Zinc oxide coating having n = 2 requires d = 65 nm.

UV Intensity


64

Guidelines for the UV intensity suggest the minimum dose at all points in the water 16 to 38 mW / cm2. For a 20 cm

drinking bowl, the required heat is about 5 to 10 W.

The 5 to 10 W is consistent with the sudden application of body temperature TH = 37 C to the coating at TC = 20 C

where, is the density, C the heat capacity, and A the area of the coating. H is the heat transfer coefficient between hand and bowl. QM requires C to vanish instantaneous UV.

Questions & Papers

Email: [email protected]

http://www.nanoqed.org


65

http://www.nanoqed.org/

Documents

Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology