Dr. Walter G. CopanUnder Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology& Director, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Quantum Information Science & NISTAdvancing QIS Technologies for Economic Impact

SUNY

July 10, 2019

A New Era of Quantum Everything

• Measurement units: SI• Sensing• Communications• Clocks• Simulation• Encryption• Engineering• Computing

• A metrologist’s dream!First fully programmable and reconfigurable quantum

computer module, 2016, Joint Quantum Institute (partnership of NIST and UMD)

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Inside the High Stakes Race to MakeQuantum Computers Work

The Next Tech Talent Shortage, Quantum Computer Researchers

Why Quantum Computers will be Super Awesome, Someday

The Day When Computers Can Break All Encryption is Coming

Business Bets on a Quantum Leap

Why Quantum Now?

1900’s

Understanding quantum science leads to lasers, transistors, semiconductors

Control and measurement of quantum states: creating powerful new technologies

Today

In today’s landscape, quantum science is essential to our national security and economic health

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Industry Sectors Likely to Benefit

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From Multinationals to Startups

A sampling of companies investing in how to exploit the potential of QIS

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How Big is Quantum Info Science?

Institute for Defense Analysis Boston Consulting Group

• Report: Initially small markets ($50 million to $500 million) for early commercial quantum applications including sensing & metrology.

• U.S. listed as the leader worldwide in this report. Notably, since 2017, China has overtaken the U.S. in patents and publications in the field.

• Private funding: $700 million in investments since 2012, center of international hub is U.S.

• Announced Public Funding QIS: China, $10B; US, $1.25B; EU, $1.1B, UK, $381M

• Possible $50B market for quantum computing by 2030.

https://www.ida.org//media/feature/publications/a/as/assessment-of-the-future-economic-impact-of-quantum-information-science/p-8567.ashx

https://www.bcg.com/en-us/publications/2018/next-decade-quantum-computing-how-play.aspx

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White House Roundtable & NQIP

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White House quantum roundtable with ~ 100 academic, industry and government leadersMay 2019

• Assuring U.S. Quantum leadership has bipartisan support

• Focus: collaboration, funding, workforce, market applications

National Quantum Initiative signed by President Trump Dec. 2018, $1.25 billion

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Building a Quantum Workforce

• White House Roundtable participants included NIST Joint Institute academic partners in QIS • JILA: University of Colorado –

Boulder• JQI / QuICS: University of

Maryland

• NIST / SRI Quantum Economic Development Consortium

NIST Director Walter Copan with former NIST Director Willie May (r), Morgan State University: Preparing the future quantum workforce

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NIST/SRI QED Consortium

• QEDC: Quantum Economic Development Consortium – 60+ corporate members

• Support enabling technology R&D and enhance the quantum ecosystem

• Foster industry/government collaboration

• Fill gaps in research or infrastructure

• Highlight use cases and grand challenges

• Foster access to intellectual property, supply chains, tech forecasting, quantum literacy

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NIST, a Long History in Quantum

NIST’s work in atomic clocks led the way for quantum information science

• 1994 – NIST hosts first ever quantum information workshop

• 2006 – Joint Quantum Institute established with Univ. of Maryland

• 2012 – NIST’s Dave Wineland shares Nobel Prize in Physics for quantum computing achievements

• 2014 – Joint Center for Quantum Information in Computer Science established with UMD

• 3 other related Nobel Prizes for NIST researchers, 1997 William Phillips (laser cooling), 2001 Eric Cornell (Bose Einstein Condensates) and 2005 Jan Hall (laser frequency comb)

NIST Nobel Laureate Dave Wineland and his research group in 1996

Extending Quantum Capabilities

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Measurement Science, Standards & Technology

Measurements essential to commerce, trade, and innovation

Federal role established in the U.S. Constitution

NIST Mission

To promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.

World-Leading Scientific and Engineering Research

Advanced Manufacturing National Programs

Technology Transfer and Innovation 13

2 CAMPUSESGAITHERSBURG, MD [HQ] BOULDER, CO

3,600+ ASSOCIATES

12 COLLABORATIVE INSTITUTES

5 NOBEL PRIZES

Thousandsof BUSINESSES USING NIST FACILITIES

3,400+ FEDERALEMPLOYEES

NIST at a GLANCEIndustry’s National Lab

NATIONAL OFFICE COORDINATING 15 MANUFACTURING INSTITUTES

51 MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP CENTERS

U.S. BALDRIGE PERFORMANCE EXCELLENCE PROGRAM

Programmatic Priorities

Advanced Manufacturing

Cybersecurity & Privacy

Disaster Resilience

Documentary Standards

Technology Transfer

Engineering Biology

Internet of Things

Quantum Science

Artificial Intelligence

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Measurement Dissemination

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The Quantum SI

SI Logo © BIPM, used with permissionhttps://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units/rev-si/

• Redefine the:– kilogram

– ampere

– kelvin

– mole

• Determined through best experiment,then fixing the values of:

– Planck constant

– Elementary electric charge (of electron)

– Boltzmann constant

– Avogadro constant

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Redefinition of the Kilogram

Le Grand KThe artifact kilogram The Kibble Balance

The electronic kilogram (The NIST-4 Watt Balance)17

Success! Redefinition of SI Units

• A global achievement!

• Most significant change to the SI Units in >130 years

• Unanimous agreement –Treaty of the Metre, CGPM Versailles, November 2018

• All key measurement units defined by natural constants.

• Effective date:

May 20, 2019

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Metrology Enables Innovation

NIST Atomic Clock Technology Enabling

• GPS Navigation• Telecommunications• Synchronized Smart

Infrastructure (Power Grids)

• Secure Financial Transactions

Photo credit (far left) © Geoffrey Wheeler

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Why NIST?

NIST has a world-leading capability and reputation in quantum

Excellence in quantum is critical to NIST’s metrology mission

Quantum supremacy impossible without leading-edge measurements

Credit: J. Consoli, University of Maryland

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Quantum Science as Strategic Priority

Critical to metrology

Critical to national security

Requires unique U.S. capabilities

Quantum Across NIST

Laboratories across NIST are leading and preparing for the second quantum revolution through basic research, applied research and engineering, and measurement mission delivery.

Quantum-Based Random Number

Generator

Post-Quantum Cryptography

Quantum photonics Stable Atomic Clocks

©Geoffrey Wheeler

Quantum Simulators

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NIST Quantum Science Strategic Vision

Quantum SIQuantum

Engineering

Foundational Quantum Metrology

NIST will accelerate the application of quantum information science,leverage advances in quantum technology for standards andmeasurements, and provide U.S. leadership in fundamental research intoquantum phenomena to establish the foundation for the future quantuminfrastructure of the U.S.

• Uses optical properties of materials to measure changes in temperature

• Smaller than a coffee bean

• Vapor cell on a chip contains rubidium atoms

• Frequency-comb enabled

Next-Generation Chip-Scale Atomic Clock

Chip-Scale Photonic Thermometer

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The Next Generation of Measurement

Optical Frequency Comb

Recent Results: Ytterbium Timekeeper

The leading edge of atomic clock performance:

• Uncertainty – 1.4 parts in 1018

• Stability – 3.2 parts in 109

• Reproducibility – two clocks match in frequency with better than one billionth of billionth

• Ytterbium atom, which “ticks” at higher optical frequencies is a candidate to replace the current SI timekeeper, cesium, which “ticks” at lower microwave frequencies

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JILA: Coldest Quantum Gas

Science cover feature: Feb. 22, 2019

• Created degenerate Fermi gas of molecules containing potassium and rubidium held just above absolute zero

• 100,000 molecules at 250 nK and as many as 25,000 molecules at 50 nK

• Molecules last for seconds

• Chemical reactions are suppressed

• New methods expected to aid control of qubits St

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Reversible Quantum Squeezing

https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2019/06/nist-team-supersizes-quantum-squeezing-measure-ultrasmall-motion

Improving Measurement of Ultrasmall Motions

• 7X more precise than previous methods

• A single magnesium is manipulated in an ion trap made with sapphire base and gold electrodes

• Boost sensitivity in quantum sensors & speed up process for quantum entanglement

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3D Lattice Strontium Atomic Clock

Images showing variations in atom numbers (1 to 5 atoms) and density in different lattice cells of JILA’s strontium lattice atomic clock.

• Interacting particle effects are key to quantum applications

• Observed shifts in clock frequency arising from multi-particle interactions when 3 or more atoms occupy a single cell.

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• New image technique measures the atoms’ quantum state

• Technique can help ensure one atom per lattice site or to enhance entanglement by packing 3+ atoms per lattice site

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Portable Quantum Pressure Sensor

At the heart of a new NIST portable pressure sensor is a dual cavity for laser measurements that is only 2.5 cm long.

Advancing Pressure Sensing Collaboration with MKS Instruments

• NIST Portable Fixed-Length Optical Cavity (FLOC), device that measures pressure more accurately and precisely than most commercial sensors, advanced with commercial partner

• Applications likely in chip manufacturing and aerospace, industries that depend on accurate pressure measurements

• Works by measuring differences of laser light frequency in vacuum compared to test channel filled with a gas at pressure

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JQI Startup IonQ’s latest news

“The real problem in the field is that we don’t know the killer app of quantum computers yet,” said Chris Monroe, IonQ’s co-founder and chief executive and a physics professor at the University of Maryland. “We have to build them and find out where they will resonate.”

“Perhaps the best quantum computer yet.”

• IonQs approach uses 79 fully connected ion qubits

• Significantly better error rates than some other approaches

• IonQ reported that it ran an Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm that relied on 11 of the qubits. The system returned the expected value 73 percent of the time

• IonQ says it will invite other experts to a private beta test of its systems

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Post Quantum Cryptographic Standards

Algorithms Advancing to the Post-Quantum Crypto ‘Semifinals’

Phase of evaluation and review now in progress, will last 12-18 months

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NIST-on-a-Chip

…that are self-calibrating, fit-to-function, manufacturable

A suite of quantum-based measurement technologies

…taking measurement services out of the lab and directly to the end user

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Chip-Scale DevicesResistanceGraphene Quantum Hall Resistor

VoltageAC and DC Josephson Junction Arrays

VacuumUHV and XHV

2 mm

2 µm

500 nm

Temperature Photonic Thermometer

Mass and ForceFlexure microbalance

RadiometersOptical-Fiber Power

Smart MirrorLaser, RF, & µwave Power

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Example: Quantum Optics & Radiometry

Project: Photonic Power Metrology

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Gen I - RPPM

Gen IIISmart Mirror

Gen IIBeam Box

Goal:

Unleashing American

Innovation

ROI Final Green Paper

• Green Paper published April 24, 2019 as NIST Special

Publication 1234

• 15 key findings to inform actions to modernize U.S.

technology transfer legislation, policy and practice

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Measure. Innovate. Lead.

Questions?

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Thank you!

@usnistgovwww.NIST.gov

References: NIST Recent Achievements

FLOC Takes Flight: First Portable Prototype of Photonic Pressure SensorFEBRUARY 25, 2019

JILA Researchers Make Coldest Quantum Gas of MoleculesFEBRUARY 21, 2019

JILA Researchers See Signs of Interactive Form of Quantum MatterOctober 31, 2018 (Many body physics story)

Also: National Quantum Coordination Officehttps://www.fedscoop.com/white-house-launches-national-quantum-coordination-office/

Not directly NIST-related, but Chris Monroe’s startup made advances in quantum computing late last year:https://gizmodo.com/this-could-be-the-best-quantum-computer-yet-1831085617