Quantitative_laili.pptx

8/12/2019 Quantitative_laili.pptx

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Research Philosophy in Health

Health Sciences

Health professional is not only user but

also developer

Human is dynamic

Relevance of logicbody of knowledge

Scientific steps, scientific question, scientificmethods


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Research Definition

Researchable >< managable

Research is scientific process of inquiry that

involves purposeful, systematic and

rigorous collection of data

Research aim is for developing an organized

body of scientific knowledge


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QualitativeReview

Philosophical underpinnings:

constructivism

Inductive logic

Data are represented textually or pictorially

Associated terms: grounded theory,

ethnography, case studies, purposivesampling, categorical vs. contextualizing

strategies, trustworthiness, credibility


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Quantitative Characteristics

Philosophical underpinnings:positivism/postpositivism (singular reality;objective; deductive)

Deductive logic

Data are represented numerically

Associated terms: survey research,

probability and non probability sampling,experimental and quasiexperimental

Designs: descriptive and inferential statistics


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Comparing Qualitative and

Quantitative

Qualitative Research RESEARCH ASPECT Quantitative Research

Discover Ideas, with General

Research Objects

COMMON PURPOSE Test Hypotheses or Specific

Research Questions

Observe and Interpret APPROACH Measure and Test

Unstructured Free Form DATA COLLECTION APPROACH Structured Response

Categories Provided

Research is Inelmately

involved. Result are subjective

RESEARCHER INDEPENDENCE Researcher uninvolved

Observer. Results are objective

Small samplesoften in

Natural setting

SAMPLES Large samples to Produce

Generalization Results (Results

that Apply to Other Situations)


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Quantitative Research

Asks specific, narrow questions, collects

quantifiable data from participants (a large

number of participants); analyzes these

numbers using statistics; and conducts the

inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.


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Quantitative Research

Dasar teori: variabel sebagai obyek (definisi

operasional), validitas, reliabilitas terukur.

Membangung fakta, hubungan antar

variabel, menaksir, maramalkan hasil

Disain: sturuktur, baku, formal, spesifik.

Data: kuantitatif, skala pengukuran terukur Sampel

Teknik pengumpulan data


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Karakteristik Peneliti dan Data

Hubungan peneliti dan yang diteliti.

Analisis data: deduktif dengan uji teoritis

dan empiris menggunakan sarana, misal

statistik.


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Quantitative Research Design

A. Descriptive:

1. Case studies/case report

2. Case series3. Ecological Study

4. Cross sectional/survey


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Quantitative Research Research

B. Analitic

1. Observational Study: Comparative-AnalyticalStudy

a. Cross sectional Comparative/Analytical Studiesb. Case Control Studies

c. Cohort Studies

2. Experimental Study/Intervention Study

Pure Experimental Study

Quasi Experiment


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Contoh

Hubungan antara typhoid dan

handwashing


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Populasi

Random

E+ (Terpapar)

D- (Tidak Sakit)

E+ (Terpapar)

D+ (Sakit)

E- (Tidak

terpapar)D- (Tidak Sakit)

E(Tidak

terpapar)D+ (Sakit)


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Population

Cases

(Sakit)

E+(Terpapar)

E- (Tidakterpapar))

Control(Tidak sakit)

E+(Terpapar)

E- (Tidakterpapar)


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Case control study

Disease

Controls

Exposure

?

?

Retrospective nature


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Population(D-)

E +

D+ D -

E -

D + D-


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ExposureFollow

upDisease

Cohort Study

Longitudinal Study/Follow up Study


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Analisis, Ukuran, Perhitungan


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Classic Table 2x2

D E a b

c d


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Prevalence Proportion

PP E = (a/a+b) x 100

PPE= (c/(c+d) x 100

Prevalence Ratio PR = PP E/ PPE

Prevalence Odd Ratio

POR = ad/bc

Prevalence Difference

PD = PP E- PPE`


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Odd Ratio

OR = D

D

OR = a/c = ad

b/d bc


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OR estimated to RR

RR = E

E

RR = a (a+b)

c (c+d)

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Quantitative_laili.pptx