Quantitative Analysis and Fractal Modeling on the Mosaic Structure of Landscape in the central area of Shanghai Metropolis

8/13/2019 Quantitative Analysis and Fractal Modeling on the Mosaic Structure of Landscape in the central area of Shanghai M

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CHINESE GEOGR APHICAL SCIENCEVolum e 13, Num ber 3, pp. 199-206, 2003Science Press, Beijing, China

Q U N T I T T I V E N LY S I S N D F R C T L M O D E L I N G O NT H E M O S I C S T R U C T U R E O F L N D S C P E IN T H E

C E N T R L R E O F S H N G H I M E T R O P O L I S

X U J i a n - h u a 1, A I N a n - s h a n 2, C H E N Yo n g 2, M E I A n - x i n 1, L I A O H o n g - j u a n 1(1. Department of Geography, East China Norma l University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China;

2. School of Arch itecture Environment, Sichuan U niversity, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China)

A B S T R A C T The m osaic structure of landscape o f the central area of Shang hai Metropolis is studied by quantitativemethods of landscape ecology based on Rem ote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in this pa-per. Firstly , landscapes are classified into eight categories: residential quarter, industrial quarter, road, other urbanlandscape, farmland, village and sm all town, on-building area, river and other water bodies (such as lake, etc.). Sec-ondly, a GIS is designed and set up based on the remote sensing data and field investigation, and a digital map o flandscape mosaic is made. Then the indexes o f diversity, dominance, fragmen tation and isolation, and fractal dimen-sion of each type o f landscape in different periods are calculated b y using spatial analysis method o f GIS. W ith refer-ence to the calculated results, a series o f relative issues are discussed.K E Y W O R D S urban landscape; mosaic; modeling; Shanghai

CLC number: Q149 Document code: A Article ID:1002-0063(2003)03-0199-08

1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

L a n d s c a p e , a s t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l e n t i t y w i t h o b v i o u s l yv i su a l c h ar ac te ri st ic s ( F O R M A N a n d G O R R O N ,

1 9 8 6; F O R M A N , 1 9 9 5 ), i s f o r m e d w i t h d i f fe r e ntp a t c h e s o f l a n d a n d i n l a id w i t h d i f f e re n t e c o s y s t e m s .I t i s a m a j o r s u b j e c t s t u d i e d b y b o t h e c o l o g i s t s a n d

g e o g r a p h e r s ( L I , 1 9 9 9 ; X I A O , 1 9 9 9 ) . I n e c o l o g y ,p a r t i c u l a r l y i n l a n d s c a p e e c o l o g y , h e t e ro g e n e i t y, v i s i -b i l i t y a n d p h y s i c a l i t y o f l a n d s c a p e s a r e e m p h a s i z e dw h i l e g e o g r a p h y is m o r e f o c u s e d o n s p a t ia l i ty, r e -

g i o n a l i t y a n d c o m p r e h e n s i b i l i t y o f l a n d s c a p e s ( X I -A O , 1 9 9 9 ) .

I n a p a r t i c u l a r r e g i o n , v a r i o u s l a n d s c a p e s m a yf o r m a l a n d s c a p e m o s a i c , i n w h i c h o n e l a n d s c a p e i si n la i d i n a b i g g e r l a n d sc a p e ( F O R M A N a n d G O R -R O N , 1 9 8 6; F O R M A N , 1 9 9 5 ). A c it y, a s a t y p ic a ll a n d s c a p e m o s a i c en t i t y, i s f o r m e d w i t h t h e f o l l o w -i n g th r e e ty p e s o f e l e m e n t s ( Z H A N G a n d N I , 2 0 0 1 ) :1 ) a r t i f ic i a l l ands capes such a s roads , r e s iden ces ,

f a c t o r i es , m a r k e t s a n d m a n y o t h e r b u i l d i n g s ; 2 ) s e -m i - n a t u r a l a n d s e m i - a r t if i c ia l l a n d s c a p e s s u c h a s

p a r k s , p u b l i c g r e e n s p a c e s a n d fa r m l a n d ; 3 ) n a t u r a ll a n d s c a p e s u n d e r t h e d i s t u r b a n c e o f h u m a n a c t i v i ti e ss u c h a s r i v e rs , l a k e s a n d n a t u r e r e s e r v e s . U r b a nl a n d s c a p e m o s a i c m a y b e d i f f e r e n t f r o m o t h e r l a n d -s c a p e m o s a i c i n s t r u c t u r e a n d f u n c t i o n s . C i t i e s u s u a l -l y h a v e a s i m p l e r p a t t e r n o f l a n d s c a p e s w i t h a h i g hd e g r e e o f f r a g m e n t a t i o n . T h e m a i n f u n c t i o n o f u r b a nl a n d s c a p e m o s a i c i s to s u p p l y a p l a c e f o r h u m a n sl i v i n g a n d p r o d u c t i o n .

S h a n g h a i , a s o n e o f t h e l a rg e s t c i ti e s i n t h e w o r l d ,i s a l s o a m a j o r e c o n o m i c c e n t e r i n C h i n a . D u r i n gt h e p a s t 5 0 y e a r s f r o m 1 9 4 7 t o 1 9 9 6 , p a r t i c u l a r l y a f -t e r t he f o u n d a t io n o f t h e P e o p l e s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n ai n 1 9 4 9 , a d r a s ti c d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a t r e m e n d o u sc h a n g e t o o k p l a c e i n S h a n g h a i . E v o l u t i o n o f u r b a nl a n d s c a p e m o s a i c i n S h a n g h a i i s a d i r e c t e x h i b i t i o no f u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t . B y u s i n g t h e l a n d s c a p e q u a n -t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s a n d f r a c t a l t h e o r y b a s e d o nG I S a n d R S , t h i s p a p e r s t u d i e d t h e p a t t e r n o f u r b a nl a n d s c a p e m o s a i c a n d i t s e v o l u t i o n i n t h e c e n t r a la r e a o f S h a n g h a i M e t r o p o l i s i n 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 9 6 .

Received date: 2002-12-09Foundation item : Under the auspices o f the National Natural Science Foundation o f China (No. 4 0171069)Biography: XU Jian-hua (1 96 5-), m ale, a native of Gansu Province, professor, specialized in GIS and Geo-computation


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2 0 0 XU Jian-huc~

2 S T U D Y A R E A , D ATA A N D M E T H O D S

2.1 Study Area

Since 1949 S hanghai has great ly expanded i ts urbanarea and its administrative districts have been readjust-ed for several t imes. In order to compare urban land-scape mosaics in different per iods, a s tudy area is de-f ined based on adminis t ra t ive boundary classif icat ionof Shanghai in 1988. The central urban area o f Shang-hai is divided into 10 dis t ric ts , na me ly Huang pu, N an-sh i , L uw an , J ing an , H ongkou , Xuhui , Changning ,Putuo, Z habei , and Y angpu dis t r ic ts , wi th a total areaof over 280.45km 2.

2.2 Data Co l lect ion and Pre-processing

Rem ote sensing image, the pr incipal data source inour s tudy, includes aer ia l photographs and astronaut icones. W e have col lected aer ial photographs of seventime phases altoge ther (1947, 1964, 1979, 1984, 1988,1993, 1994), MSS images from the early 1970s to themiddle 1980s and TM images from the middle 1980sto the midd le 1990s, based on which we can go onfurther interpretat ion and mapping.

Bes ides images o f remote sens ing , we a l so co l -

lected the adminis t ra tive map o f Shanghai in 1947 asa referenc e for interpretat ion, the topographic map(1:20 000) in 1958 for fur ther modif icat ion, and topo-graphic maps in 1993 (1:20 000) and 1996 (1:25 000)which served as base maps for interpretat ion af terchecked and modi f ied .

The im ages in different per iods ref lected the realfeatures of Shanghai object ively. Minis t ry of Con-struction of P. R. China publ ished GBJ137-90UrbanLand Use Class~c at ion an d Planning and Constr-

A1 Nan-shah CHE N Yong e t a l.

uction Land Use Standards(1991) including urbanland-use classi f icat ion, which consis ts of 10 largersorts, 46 middle sorts and 73 smallest sorts. Thisclassif icat ion s tandard is employed in our imageinterpretation so that land-use classification isbased on the same classifying s tandard and differ-en t maps and da ta a re compared .

The range of image interpretation is the centralci ty map while the topographic ma p (1:20 000) is abas ic map fo r t r ans formed mapping . In the imagesbefore 1988, m ain geographic features such as roadsand r ivers were not mo dif ied, but wh ich in the im-ages af te r 1988 were modi f ied when we t rans formedvarious sor ts of patches to the topographic m ap.

After interpretation and feature t ransformation, wedigi ta l ized the land-use map got ten from the topo-graphic map (1:20 000) w ith t ransform ed geographicfeatures , and f inal ly ma ppe d land-use maps (electr icm aps) o f 1947, 1958, 1964, 1979, 1984, 199 3 and1996.

In order to s tudy dynamic raws of the evolut ion ofurban landscape mosaic , urban land uses were dividedinto eight landscape types of res ident ia l quarter, indus-t r ia l quarter, road, other urban landscape, farmland,vi l lage and small town, on-bui lding area, r iver and

other water bodies according to the above land-usemap s as wel l as landscape heterogen ei ty and differentfunc tions o f u rban landscape ecosys tems . And theclassificat ion results were show n in Tab le 1 .

2 .3 Methods

2.3.1 Landscape indicatorsHaving consu l ted a number o f re levan t re fe rences

(WANG, 1999; XIAOet al. 1997; ZHANGet oi.

Ta b l e 1 Ty p e s o f l a n d s c a p e i n S h a n g h a iL a n d s c a p e t y p e F u n c t i o n C o n n o t a t i o n

Res iden t ia l quar te r

Indus t r ia l quar te r

R o a d

O t h e r u r b a n l a n d s c a p e

F a r m l a n d

Vi l l a g e a n d s m a l l t o w n

O n - b u i l d i n g a r e a

R i v e r a n d o t h e r w a t e r b o d i e s

R e s i d e n c e f o r u r b a n i n h a b i t a n t

P r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d a r y i n d u s t r y )

M o v e m e n t o f p e o p l e a n d f l o w o f m a t e r i a ls

P r o d u c t i o n a n d s e r v i c e o f t h e t e rt i a r y in d u s t r y )

P r o d u c t i o n o f th e p r i m a r y i n d u s t r y )

R e s i d e n c e f o r v il l a g e rs a n d p e o p l e i n t o w n s

U r b a n c o n s t r u c t io n a n d l a n d s c a p e r e n o v a t i o n

N a t u r a l c i r c u l a t i o n a n d p u r i f ic a t i o n o f w a t e r

R e s i d e n t i a l d i s t ri c t s , s t re e t s , c o m p a c t s e t t l e m e n t s a n d r e s i d e n -t i a l quar te r s o f en te rpr i ses and ins t i tu t ions , e tc .

Fac tor ies , mines and the i r a t t ached fac i l i t i e s e tc .

M a i n r o a d s, s e c o n d a r y m a i n r o a d s , a n d f e e d e r ro a d s e x c l u d i n groads in res iden t ia l quar te r and indus t r ia l quar te r )

P u b l i c p l a c es s u c h a s p l a z a s a n d p a r k s e t c. a n d o t h e r s e r v ic ep l a c e s s u c h a s m a r k e t s , h o t e l s , s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s a n d b a n k s ,

etc.

A l l k i n d s o f a g r ic u l t u ra l l a n d s c a p e s u c h a s v e g e t a b l e p l o t s ,f i e lds , cu l t iva ted lands , e tc .

Vi l l a g e s a n d s m a l l t o w n s b e i n g d i f f e r e n t f ro m u r b a n l a n d s c a p e

L a n d b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d

R i v e r s a n d o t h e r w a t e r s u r f a c e s


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Quantitative A nalysisand Fractal Modelingon MosaicStructureof Landscape in CentralArea of Shanghai Metropolis

2000; HULSHO FF, 1995; TUR NER and GARD NER ,1991 ) , d i fferent landscape indices were com pared, a nddivers i ty, dom inance, f ragmentat ion and isolat ion etc .were selected as indicators to make a quant i ta t ive

study of the landscape mo saic s t ructure in S hanghai .(1) Diversi ty. I t is used to descr ibe the abundant

degree and ev en degree of landscape type in a com -prehensive way. The divers ity index is calculated byform ula (1) :

S

H =- ~ P~lnP (1)i - 1

where , S is the numbe r of landscape types, P~ is theproport ion of area of the i th landscape type in totallandscape area; H is landscape divers i ty index. Thegreater the value of H is , the m ore abun dant the land-scape typ e is and the larg er the diversity is.

(2) Dom inance. I t is used to indicate the dominan tdegree of one or several landscape types.The domi-nance index is calculated by formula (2) :

S

D=lnS+ ~ P ln ~ (2 )i = l

where , S is the numbe r of landscape types, D is dom -inance index. The greater the value of D is, the mo redom inant the one or several landscape types are .

(3) Fragmentat ion. I t i s expressed in the number of

patches in per uni t area, indicat ing the fragmentat iondegree of landscape patches. The calculat ion formulaof f rag me ntat ion index is:

S

F=- ~.~ nJ a (3)k = l

whe re, S is the numb er of landscape types, nk is num -ber o f patches o f the kth landscape type, A is the totallandscape area and F is the fragme ntat ion index. Theb igger the va lue o f F i s, the more f ragmenta ry thelandscape patches are .

(4) Isolation. It reflects the distribution of the dif-ferent patches in the same type in landscape mosaicent i ty. The isolat ion index can be calculated by:

1 V ~2Ik- A ~ 4 )

Awh ere, Ik is the isolation of the kth lands cape type, nkhas the same mean ing as the formu la (3) , Ak is thearea o f the kth landscape type.2.3 .2 Frac ta l mod el

Landscape patch is a typical f ractal geometr ic ob-ject in nature (AI and LI, 1993; XUe t a / . , 2001a,2001b, 2001c; ZHA O and W AN G, 1995) . The formsof landscape patches can therefore be s tudied quant i ta-

201

t ively by using fractal theory methods.MA ND ELB RO T (1982) s tud ied the fo rm of f rac tal

geom etr ic s t ructure and set up the fol lowing mod el :1 1

[S r ) l~ - IV r ) ]7 (5)where , S r ) is the area of surface area ,V r ) is thevolume , r is the me asuring scale and D is f ractal di-mension.

DO NG Lian-ke(1991) got the fractal s tructure mo d-el f i t for Eucl id space o f n dimen sions as fol lowing:

1 1n - - D , , ) / D ~

[S(r)]D -I =kr - [V(r)] (6)where, supposing n=2, w e can get the fractal s t ructuremode l o f 2 d imens ions space :

I/D~ 1 D, /D~ I/2_

[P(r)] =kr [A (r)] (7)where , P r ) is perime ter, A (r) is area, k is a co nstant, D~is the fractal dimension in a two-dimensional Eucl idspace.

Whether the per imete r and a rea o f a l andscape pa tchcould be sat isf ied in the form ula (7) or not? Or does alandscape form be a f ractal s t ructure? As some releva nts tud ies have p roved (XUet al.,2001a, 2001b, 2001c;Z H A O et al., 1995; LI , 2000; T UR NE R and GA RD -NE R, 1991), for any type of landscape , i ts form is afractal.

I f formula (7) t ransposes a t logari thm, w e c an get :

ln[A r)]= 211n[P r)]+C (8)

For a cer ta in landscape, we can get the fractal dimen -sion D~ if we set up a regression mode l and calculatethe coeff ic ient2/D~according to the area and gir th da-ta o f patches.

3 R E S U LT S A N D D I S C U S S I O N S

3.1 Spat ia l Expansion o f Urban Lan dscape

In order to show the evolut ion of landscape mosaic inShangha i in 1947-1996 , bo th GIS and RS have beenused to set up a spatia l -temporal database. Based onsuch a database, e lectronic maps can be made to de-scr ibe landscape mosaic in different per iods (1947,1958, 1964, 1979, 1984, 1988, 1993, 1996). Thesemaps ref lect vividly the spat ia l - temporal evolut ionaryprocess of landscape mosaic s t ructure in Shanghai .Fig. 1 demo nstrates only the urban landscape m osaicborders of S hanghai in different per iods.

The spat ia l expansion of urban landscape in Shang-hai in 19 47-1 996 was different f rom other c i ties inChina , which usua l ly expanded even ly f rom cen te r toperiphery. The expansion of the urban landscape of


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202 XU Jicuz-hua A I Nan-shan CHE N Yon g et ~d.

1947 1958 1964

1984 1988 1993 1996

Fig. 1 Urban bou ndary of Sh anghai in different periods

1979~:o

Shanghai was uneven not only in t ime, but also inspace. Industrial quarter and residential quarter, as twomajor types of landscape in Shanghai, have been play-ing a decisiv e role in the formation o f urban lan dscapepattern since 1950.

In 1947 industrial quarter, main ly scattering at theperiphery of residential quarter was located on the ur-ban border l ike a piece of lace . Yangpu industrial

quarter, Putuo industrial quarter and Nanshi industrialquarter were discontinuous in space and residentiallandscape dominated in the whole central area ofShanghai. Owing to rapid developm ent of industries inthe early 1950s, mor e than 1800 factories we re set upinside the present inner ring road in 1964, whic hturned the discontinuous industrial quarter into a cir-cular zone. In 1979 this industrial circular zone totallysurrounde d the central urban area, and residentialquarter and industrial quarter wer e inter-located, sothe whole urban landscape appeared in a form of mo-

saic. Afterwards w ith expansion o f urbanized area, in-dustrial quarter stretched out like feelers along sev-eral main developm ent axes. So me residential quarterswere formed between feelers. They alternated with in-dustrial quarters that extended along development ax-es, w hile som e farmland (vegetable plot) spread be-twe en mo re distant feelers. So the spatial pattern thatgreen space landscape alternated with urban landscapewas formed.

3.2 Com prehensive Quantitative Characteristics of the

Landscape Mosaic

In order to reveal evolution of the landscape mosaicstructure in the central area of Shanghai Metropo lis,

we calculated indexes of diversity, dominance, andfragmentation in 1947, 1958, 1964, 1979, 1984, 1988,1993, 1996 respectively by using formula (1)-(3 ). Theresults are shown in Fig. 2.

7

5

~4~3

A

Diversity

D o m i n a n c e

ragmentation2 l__.___ll.__.--.-- 1 ; ~ [

I

I I I I I I I I0 1947 1958 1961 1979 1981 1988 1993 1996

Ye a r

Fig.2 Indexes of diversity d omi nanc e fi-agmentationof landscape in different periods

As shown in Fig. 2, diversity index becam e biggerwhile dominance smaller prior to 1988. In 1947 diver-sity was 1.6281 and dom inance was 0.4514 whilefragmentation was 5.5661, which means the numb erof landscape patches was 5.5661 per square kilometer.At that time, in present central area, farmland, as asingle dominant landscape, accounted for 48.11% o ftotal land while residential quarter and other urbanlandscape accounted only for 14.14 % and 9.50 %, re-spectively. After the foundation o f the Peop le's Repub-lic of China in 1949, urban constructio n in Shanghaisped up. Although farmland w as sti l l a dominant land-

scape in 1958, i ts proportion dropped to 39.75% whilethe area of residential quarter and ot her urban land-scape rose to 20.16 % and 12.32 % in total area, re-spectively. The indexes of diversity, dominance and


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Quantitative Analysis and Fractal Modeling on Mosaic Structure of Landscape in Central Area of Shanghai Metropolis

fragm entation we re then 1.6913, 0.3881 an d 5.2380,respect ively. During the per iod from the 1960s to the1970s indexes of divers i ty and fragmentat ion in-c reased fu r the rmore whi le index of dominance re -

duc ed in Shang hai. Dive rsity index rose to 1.7998 in1964 and 1.8229 in 19 79 and frag me ntation index in-crea sed to 5.7479 in 1964 and 5.9119 in 1979, whiledom inance index dropped to 0 .2797 and 0.2566, re-spect ively in 1964 and 1 979 . Up to 1979 there hadbeen no major dom inan t landscape type when res iden-tial quarter, indu strial quarter, o ther urban landscap eand farmland accou nted for 23.64 , 16.50 , 16.80and 24.41 of total area, respect ively. Since imple-menta t ion o f the po l icy o f re form and open ing up inthe 1980s, urban construct ion of Shanghai sped up a-gain. In the central area of Shanghai divers i ty indexrose to 1.8380 and 1.8518, a nd fragm entatio n index to5.9654 and 5.9761, respe ctively in 1984 and 1988while dom inanc e index dropped to 0 .2414 in 1984 and0.2277 in I988. In 19 88 residential quarter, industrialquarter, road, other urban landscape and farmland ac-counted for 27.84 , 18.70 , 6 .64 , 18.58 and15.03 of total area respect ively. In the 1990s wh engovernment had a greater control on urban develop-ment ( including readjustment of urban funct ions) andPudong N ew Area( the eas tern , a rea o f Huangpu River )had go ne through a rapid developm ent , divers ity indexin the central area of Shanghai dropped a l it tle , and

203

dom inance index ha d a s l ight increase despite of a r iseof f ragme ntat ion index. Diversi ty index reduc ed to1.8039 in 199 3 and 1.8045 in 1996 while dom inan ceindex rose to 0 .2755 and 0.2749 a nd fragm entat ion to

6.5252 and 6.5324 in 1 993 and 1996, respectively. In1996 residential quarter, industrial quarter, road, otherurban landscape and farmland accou nted for 34.50 ,18.58 , 6.70 , 17.97 and 6.83 o f total area,which showe d that res ident ia l quarter had been a dom -inant landscape type. Par t icular ly to men t ion, the1990s was a per iod when Shanghai saw a drast ic de-velopm ent in urban construct ion. There were 247 and248 landscape patches under construct ion in the cen-tral urban area of Shanghai in 1993 and 1996, wh ichaccou nted for 4 .98 and 5.65 of total area, respec-tively.

3.3 Chang e of Isolation Index

As for a certain landscape, isolation index indicatesthe degree that this landscape was cut off or separatedby other landscapes and corr idors . That is to say, thebigger the isolation index is , the more dispersed thepatches o f such landscape are .

Using form ula (4) , the isolat ion indices of the cen-tral area in Shanghai Metropolis in 1947,1958,1964,1979,1984,1988,1993 and 19 96 wer e calculated(Table 2 ).

Table 2 Isolation index of different landscapes in different periods

Landscape type 1947 1958 1964 1979 1984 1988 1993 1996 Average

Residential quarter 3.1592 2.3691 2.2105 2.0679 1.9820 1.8853 1. 908 8 1 . 9 2 5 6 2. 18 86Industrial quarter 7.3309 5.7659 3.8992 3.5181 3 .3 43 0 3.3 148 3.175 7 3 .1 69 5 4.1 896Road 2.8495 2.8418 2.8480 2.9175 2. 63 48 2.5453 2.7095 2. 71 26 2.7574Other urban landscape 4.3203 3.8157 3.5821 3.18 36 3. 17 40 3.0 995 3.182 8 3 .1 73 4 3.4 414Farmland 1.2018 1.2768 1.7184 2.0 542 2.21 11 2.3923 4.1 647 4 . 4 5 5 1 2. 434 3Village and small town 7.8695 8.1957 10 .0 54 6 10 .6 398 10. 736 4 11. 822 1 12. 18 08 12. 304 0 10.4753On building area 12.5109 45 .1 39 3 21 .0 56 6 28. 623 6 21. 522 6 12.1772 9.4187 8. 32 15 19.8463River and other water bodies 1. 89 42 1.7897 1.9037 1.8585 1.7315 1.8915 1.7133 1.7152 1.8122

From Table 2 we f ind out the cha nge of isolat ionindex. 1) In the t ime ser ies of landscape evolut ion,isolation indices of residential quarter, industrialquarter and other urban landscape showed a decl iningtendency , isolat ion indices of farmland and vil lagesand sm al l towns showed a inc reasing t endency andisolat ion indices of roads a nd r iver c hang ed a l it tle . 2)Isolat ion index of on-going area was the greatest in

1958 (45.1393), second in 1979 (28.6236) and beganto reduc e s ince 1988. Their isolat ion indexes were12.1772, 9.4187 and 8.3215, respe ctively in 1988,1993 and 1996. Despi te of i r regular i ty in their change,

the ind ices may have shown the rhy thms of u rbanconstruct ion in S hanghai . T he greatest isolation indexin 1958 may ref lect that landscape patches underconstruct ion were very few and the average dis tancebe tween pa tches once g rea t ly inc reased when the rewa s litt le urban construction. Dur ing the late 1980sand 1990s when Shanghai Metropol is was in a rapidurban construct ion, an increasing num ber o f landscape

patches under construct ion appeared and the averagedis tance betw een patches reduced. Isolation indexwas therefore beco min g smaller. 3) O f al l types oflandscape, f iver and other water bodies enjoy ed the


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204

smallest isolation index since their distributionpat terns were determ ined by the natural water systemand usua l ly remained to be no t changed desp i te o fmany new bridges constructed during the past 50years . M oreover, isolat ion indices of res ident ia lquarter, industrial quarter, o ther urban land scape andfarmland were smaller s ince populat ion densi ty inShanghai was very high, industries and trade weredeveloped and farmland was cut into pieces by othertypes of urban landscape.

3.4 Fractal Character is t ics of Patch Form Evolut ion

For a landscape, the fractal dime nsion shows the com -plexi ty and s tabi l ity of i ts patch form. The v alue o f Dtm ay range from 1 to 2 . The greater the value is, them ore complicated the patch form is . Dl=l shows thatthe patch form is a square. D1=2 shows the patch formis most complicated. When Dt=l .5 , i t shows the mo-saic s t ructure of the patch fo rm is in a ran dom states imi la r to a Brownian movem ent , nam ely in a mos tunstable state. The mo re close to 1.5 D~ is, the lesss tab le the pa tch fo rm is DON G, 199 1; Z HA O andWANG, 1995; XUe t d . 2001c) . S ome relevant s tud-ies indicated that the patch form of natural landscapesis more c omp licated and less regular than that of ar t i -f ic ia l landscapes AI and LI , 1993; XUe t a l . 2001a,2001b, 2001c) .

In order to s tudy evolut ion of different landscapesin 194 7-1996, a f ractal mo del for landscape form hasbeen establ ished and the fractal dimensions ofland sca pe for m in 1947, 1958, 1964, 1979, 1984,1988, 1993 and 1996 have been calculated Fig. 3) .

1 .9

1 . 8

1 . 7

1 6

1 . 5

~o 1 .4

~u 1 ,3

J

XU Jian-hua A I Nan-shah CHE N Yong et d.

Acc ording to the calculat ion, the fol lowing resul tscan be presented:

1) In term s of average value of f ractal dimensions,landscapes types can be ranked as: road 1.7507)> r iv-er and other water bodies 1 .4925)> farmland1.3470)> residentia l quarter 1 .2531) > vi l lage and

small town 1.2449)> industria l quarter 1 .1960)>on-bui lding area 1.1945) >other urban landscape1.1803) . The rank can be understood as the rank of

com plexi ty of landscape pat terns . O f al l landscapes,road was the most complicated landscape pat tern, andriver and other water bodies was a re la t ively less com-pl icated landscape pat tern s ince they are determinedby environment and natural water system in Shanghai .Industria l quarter landscape, other urban landscapeand on-bu i ld ing a rea l andscape were s imple r and ma ybe close to a regular square.

2) Concerning evolut ion of landscape pat terns , wecan m ake conclusions as fol lows: 1) Fractal dime n-sion of res ident ia l quarter showed a s lowly increasingtrend . It wa s 1.2392 in 1947, 1.2519 in 1964, 1.2575in 1988 and 1.2623 in 1996. This indicates that thepa tch fo rm of res iden t ia l quar te r t ended to becom emo re and more com pl ica ted s ince houses m ay be con-structed as long as there is a piece of emp ty land. 2)Fractal dimensions of industria l quarter, road, otherurban landscape, farmland and vi l lage and small townshowe d an increasing t rend in 1947 -199 6. For a l lthese landscapes, their f ractal dimen sion were thelowe st in 1947 and increa sed to the greate st in 1988.Since 1988 their f ractal dime nsion have beg un to re-duce gradual ly. All these show that evolut ion of theabove f ive landscapes have gone through a processfrom simple to complicated and then to s imple again.I t can be concluded that urban planning did play an

_. impo rtant role in urban cons truction befo re 1998,

make urban landscapes more and more compl ica ted .Since 1988 urban landscape pat terns have becomesimpler and m ore regular again due to the effec t of ur-ban planning. 3) Since on-bui lding areas were t ransi-t ional landscapes, their patch pat terns were i r regular.Their f ractal dimen sion m ay change i r regular ly. 4)Fractal dimension o f r iver and other wa ter bodies didnot show great change s ince their patch form did notchange much .

1 , 1

I

1 9 4 7 1 9 5 8 1 9 6 4 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 6

Ye a r

- x - Res iden t i a l qua r t e r ~ R o a dIndus t r i a l qua r t e r - ~ O t ~ e ru r b a n l a n d s c a p e

- t - F a r m l a n d - o - O n b u i l d i n g a r e a

- -. o - V i l l a g e a n d s m a l l t o w n + R i v e r a n d o t h e r w a t e r b o d i e s

Fig.3 Fractaldimensionsof landscapesin different periods

3.5 Factors Affect ing Landscape Pat tern and I ts Evo-

lution

By ut i l iz ing GIS funct ions on spatia l analysis overlayand buffer e tc . ) , we f ind that the factors affect ing


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Quantitative Analysis and F ractal M odeling on M osaic Structureof Landscape in CentralAre a of Shanghai Metropolis

landscape pat tern of Shanghai and i ts evolut ion in-clude r iver corridors , or iginal foundat ion of the ci ty,t raff ic corr idors , econo mic develop me nt and urbanplanning, etc.

(1) River corr idors . The Shanghai Metropol is wasrevi ta lized and dev eloped due to i ts advantageo us geo-graphic locat ion and natural environm ent . River corr i -dors have played an important role in the formationof urban landscape pat tern of Shanghai . O f a l l r ivercorr idors, the Hua ngpu River m ay have a most inf lu-ent ia l effect on the city 's landscape pat tern. Before1990 deve lopment o f Shangha i was ch ie f ly concen-trated in the western par t o f the Hu angpu R iver (PuxiArea) while developm ent in the eastern par t of theHuangpu River (Pudong A rea) was l imi ted on ly to ther iverside zone. Urban develop men t on both s ides ofthe Huangpu River seemed asymmet r ic . Only when anew bridge and a tunnel crossing the r iver were f in-ished and op ened in the 1990s that the landscape pat-tern in Shanghai began to be changed. Despi te of adrast ic development in Pudong area in the past 10years, the asymmet r ic pa t te rn o f u rban deve lopmenthas not changed. The main direction for urban devel-opment in Shanghai s ince 1949 has been along withthe Huangpu River and the W usong River.

(2) Developm ental foundat ion. Thou gh Shanghaihas got ten a rapid developm ent s ince 1949, i ts devel-opm ental base fo rme d before 1949 is st il l importantfor the formation of the present urban landscape pat-tern in Shanghai . In 1947 whe n landscape of Shanghailooked l ike o , the m ain par t of Shanghai was in thesou th and wes t o f the conf luence o f the Huangp u Riv-er and the W usong R iver and i ts ta i l pointed to thelower reache s of the H uangpu River in the northeast .Except for the northeastern par t of Yangpu Distr ic t ,the old c i ty was al l s i tuated within the inner r ing roadof present Shanghai (with an total area of 115.22km z,in wh ich Puxi Area is 84.36km 2 and Pudo ng A rea is30.86km2). The old city is stil l the core of pres entShangh ai. In addition, the three old industrial areasform ed before 1949 have la id foundat ion for es tablish-me nt o f new industr ia l belts .

(3) Traff ic corr idors. A conve nient t ransportat ionsystem is fundamental for rapid urban development .The r ise o f Shanghai is par t ia l ly due to i ts conve nientwa ter t ransportation. Shanghai l ies in the mouth of theChangj iang (Yangtze) River and in the middle par t ofChina 's coast line. I t is a lso co nnec ted with Taihu LakeBasin by the Huangpu River and the Wusong River.W ater t raff ic corr idors have been the bases for form a-t ion of present landscape pat tern in Shanghai . Urban

2O5

landscape usual ly extends along roads. Dev elopm entof road ma y promote exchange be tween the c i ty andi ts adjacent areas . The several conspicuous feelersm ay e xtend along t raff ic corr idors . Traff ic corr idors in

the c i ty may under take the t ask o f exchanging mat te r,energy and information between different urban land-scape patches.

(4 ) Eco nom ic deve lopment . The evo lu tion o f l and-scape pat tern in Shanghai has been i r regular or rhyth-mic on t ime scale . During 1947-1 964 the area of ur-ban landscape increased fast. During 1964-19 79 ur-ban expansion was not so fast as that in the previousperiod. During 1979-1988 urban expansion speede dup again. In the fol lowing four years there was a s l ightdecl ine for speed of urban developmen t . After 1993urban deve lopment was rapid aga in . These rhy thmicchanges have been in co nformi ty wi th eco nomic de-ve lopment in Shangha i . Econom ic deve lopmentplayed a m ajor role in evolut ion of urban landscapepattern in Shanghai.

(5) Urban planning. Urban planning may play a de-cis ive role in form ation of urban landscape pat tern a ndits evolution. Urban landscape under the strict controlo f u rban deve lopment in accordance wi th u rban p lan-ning usual ly shows a regular and s imple form with aclear c lass i f icat ion of urban funct ions. I f urban plan-ning is not imp lem ented or urban dev elopm ent is nots t r ic t ly control led, there wou ld be no classif icat ion ofurban funct ions. In the process of urban developm entin Shanghai, Puxi and Pudon g had different pol ic iesfor u rban deve lopment . Pux i has been implement ingthe radiating and f i ll ing up pol icy while Pudon ga t tached more impor tance to de ve lopment o f ne w d i s -t r ic ts with a c lear funct ion. At p resent there have b eenma ny new funct ional dis t ric ts in Pudong. Pux i is how-ever facing the problem of readjust ing funct ions of ur-

ban dist r ic ts . Urban planning m ay need to be revisedin different per iods of urban developm ent .

4 C O N C L U S I O N S

Acc ording to above analysis , we can get the fol-lowing conclusions:

(1) Urba n expansion in Shanghai was i r regular notonly on spat ia l scale but a lso on temporal scale . For

this viewpoint Shanghai was different f rom many oth-er c i t ies in China, whic h usual ly expan ded concentr i -cal ly f rom ce nter to per iphe ry evenly.

(2) On the whole, the divers i ty and fragmentat ionindexes of urban landscape in Shangha i had an in-c reas ing tendency, whi le dominance index had a de -


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2 6

creas ing tendency.3) O f a l l types of landscape in Shanghai , res iden-

tial qua rter, industrial quarter, and other urba n land-scape were less i sola ted dur ing thei r evolut ion whi lefarm land, v i l lage and smal l town were more isola ted .Isola t ion degrees of road and r iver and other waterbodies have not largely changed.

4) In regarding fractal dimen sion at an averagelevel of d i fferent types o f landscape, road > r iver and

other water area > farmland > residential quarter > v il-lage and sm al l tow n > indust r ia l quar ter > on -bui ld ingarea > other urban landscape. Th is hierarchy mayshow the complex i ty o f d i f f e ren t t ypes o f l andscapepat tem.

5 ) As evo lu t iona ry p rocess o f d i f fe ren t t ypes o flandscape pat tern indicates , f rac ta l d ime nsion ofpatches o f res ident ia l quar ter show ed a s lo wly increas-ing t rend, wh ich reveals that patches of res ident ia lquar ter tends to be more and more co mp l icated. Frac-ta l d imen sions o f patches o f indust r ia l quar ter, road,other urban landscape, farmland and vi l lage and smal ltown showed an inc reas ing t r end in 1947-1988 . Af t e rreaching the highest in 1988, they began to reducegradual ly. I t show s that the f ive types of landscapehave exper ienced a process f rom s imple to compl icat -ed and then to s im ple again .

6) The main fac tors affect ing format ion of land-scape pattern in Shanghai and i ts evolution are riverriver corridor), original found ation o f the city, roadtraff ic corridor) , econ om ic develop men t , and urban

planning.

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Quantitative Analysis and Fractal Modeling on the Mosaic Structure of Landscape in the central area of Shanghai Metropolis