quantitatif asessment

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research is called the traditional method, because this method is

long enough to use so it's been a tradition as a method for research. This method is

referred to as the positivistic method because based on the philosophy of

positivism. This method is a scientific method because it has met the scientific

principles that concrete / empirical, objective, measurable, rationally and

systematically. This method is also called the method of discovery, because with

this method can be found and developed a variety of new science and technology.

In this paper will be discussed on

A. esearch !esain" cross#sectional research design and pre and post

research design

$. %ampling &ethods" simple random sampling, stratified random sampling,

dan cluster sampling

. compare the (uantitative and (ualitative research methods

). esearch !esign

a. cross#sectional research design

cross#sectional research design *hris +lsen &athematics

!epartment eorge washington -igh %chool edar apids, Iowa

and !iane &arie &. %t. eorge &aster's rograms in ublic -ealth

alden 0niversity in hicago, Illinois1 epidemiology is the study

of public health. %ome common e2amples of epidemiological

studies are usually associated with the causes of infectious disease

outbrea3s and epidemics. when we first found out about %A%

*%evere Acute espiratory %yndrome1 in 4554, epidemiologists are

unsung heroes who try to discover the cause of the outbrea3. +ne

of the many design studies 3nown generally is a cross sectional

study design. This research involves either the entire population or

partially elected, and of those, the data collected to help answer

research (uestions of interest. This is called cross#sectional because

information about the 6 and 7 are collected represents what

happens just at a time. 8or e2ample, in a simple cross#sectional

study an epidemiologist might try to determine whether there is a

relationship between television viewing and the value of the

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student because he believes that students who watch a lot of

television does not have time to do homewor3 and did poorly in

school.*+lsen,4 5591.

%o epidemiology ma3e some (uestions about the number of

hours spent watching television and of course the value, and then

sent the (uestion sheet for all children in school. Activities he did

was cross sectional studies and documents which he submitted a

list of simple (uestions. In studying public health research, you

may find a lot of terms that appear to be used interchangeably"

cross sectional study, survey, (uestionnaire, survey (uestionnaires,

survey tools, survey instruments, cross#sectional survey. Althoughmany terms are needed are used interchangeably, they are not all

the same

According to :umar *455;1 :umar cross sectional

approach attention to any information on the phenomenon. ross

sectional approach includes three aspects"

). %urvey method

4.> pur> or sor> and

veer> or >> velor> which means >> lebih> and melihat> respectively.

%urvey described as a picture and intrepetasi what e2ists today. In a

survey we are more focused on


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pre and posttest design is the only design with

none(uivalent group, one of the simplest methods of testing the

effectiveness of interventions. In this study design we used two

groups were given inrtervensi / action during the same time period,

are treated the same tests.

After the test against the two groups, then the data was

analy?ed with statistical methods will determine how much

influence the intervention. At posttest not too many uses, limited in

scope and threaten the validity of the data it is in because decision#

ma3ing random initial data.

esults of the study is limited to the scope and resources

allow. retest#posttest design is a single unit. osttest only designs

with groups of non#e(uivalent is usually reserved for trials

conducted after the fact, as a medical researcher who wants to see

the effects of drugs that have been given.

The Two roup ontrol roup !esign

This design is the simplest in design pretest and posttest, is

a useful way to ensure the level of internal validity. The study

involved two groups, the test group and the control. $oth groups

were tested pretest, and groups into two in iuji podtest. The main

difference is a given treatment group. Internal validity of this

design is robust, because pretest ensure that similar groups. @arious

analy?es that can be performed in the control group were the two

groups. roblems ith pretest posttest design" The main problem

in the study using this design is the high degree of internal validity

but mempenngaruhi e2ternal validity is low. There is no way to

assess whether the process of pre#testing actually influenced the

results because there is no baseline measurement of the groups

remained completely untreated. 8or e2ample, children are given

education pretest may be inspired to try a little harder in their

lessons, and both groups should outperform the child is not given a

pretest, ma3ing it difficult to generali?e the results to include all

children. Another problem in this design that generally affect

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sociological research and education are not able to isolate all

members of the population.

Two groups of control group design is a research method

that is very useful, as long as the limitations are fully understood.

8or e2tensive research and very important, many researchers use a

method %olomon groups of four, the design is more e2pensive, but

avoid the many drawbac3s of the sample pretest#posttest design.

4. %ampling &ethods

in the Quantitative research has a big population. because of that we must use

the sampling methods. In These research used the probability sampling. in

probaliliti sampling is the same all population has opportunity.dalam probabititysampling, sample that is in use must repesentatif.and are included in the non#

probability samples are simple random samples, systematic samples, stratified

samples, cluster samples, stagesamples, and multi# samples.in phase eviews

These assessments have a2plain about"

a. simple random sampling

simple random sampling techni(ue is simple random

sampling manner. This techni(ue can be used when the population

is homogeneous, which means every member of the population has

an e(ual opportunity to become a research sample. how the

selection of the members of the population sample can be

performed by randomly selected from the tables list the name of

the respondent, the entire population must be clear about the

characteristics masing4 member pupasi.cara random selection can

be mengguan3an list of members of the population or it can also be

used in the random lottery system. *cohen lois, 4551.according to :umar *455;1 simple random sampling is

random sampling .te3ni3 this can be done by" throw a coin, roll the

dice, $lind folded method, or can also use a table of random

'Tippett Table'

As for the advantages of using simple ando %ampling among

others" the researchers just enough to 3now that a simple sampling

method, the results more objective, provide data according to the

purposes of research and observation of the sample can be used as

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an addition diferensial.di destination among other shortcomings as

for sample does not necessarily represent members population, do

not use the 3nowledge and conclusions of the study population

according to the si?e of the sample.

methods. In this method, the subjects are chosen from the

population with e(ual probability of selection. +ne may use a

random number table, or use techni(ues such as putting the

names of the people into a hat and selecting the appropriate

number of names blindly. ecently, computer programs have

been developed to draw simple random samples from a given

population. The simple random sample has the advantages that it

is easy to administer, is representative of the population in the

long run, and the analysis of data using such a sampling scheme

is straightforward. The disadvantage is that the selected sample

may not be truly representative of the population, especially if

the sample si?e is small.*-+, 455)1

b. stratified random sampling

stratified random sampling is used if the study population is

not homogeneous, it can be grouped together based on common

characteristics. 8rom the results of these data pengelomp3an then

obtained sub#populations that are called the BstrataB. &embers of

the population of each # each of these strata are homogeny.setelah

from each strata can be drawn at random to be made in the sample.according to :othari *45591 in using this sampling method

must 3now how to form a strata, grouping members of the

population in each # each strata that have been made, and how

much sample diambing of each # each stratum.

To form the strata then we must 3now the characteristics of

members of the population that is most homogeneous and

heterogeneous characteristic for distinguishing. Cet's suppose that

of all members of the population earn 4 strata items, namely %)

and %4 +nce the strata in for the entire population in the study

based on the characteristics of each # each then entered into strata.

$e +btained the proportion of each stratum. %uppose a population

of ;555 +btained the number of members of the population %) D,

4555 *the proportion of %i D 4555/;5551 and %4 D 9555 *proportion

%4 D 9555/;5551. The ne2t way is to calculate the sample. sample

si?e has been determined using the formula of the samples or use

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the table *n1 will be ta3en from each strata is the formula n.%) it

can be obtained .misal3an number of samples in the sample

amount can be 95 then from each strata can be retrieved using

rumor follows" %trata ) D 95 2 4555/;555 D )= %tata 4 D 95 2

9555/;555 D 4E. In determining the characteristics of the strata

should be as simple as possible, so it can be analy?ed using

(uantitative analysis. *ohen lois, 4551

There are three types of stratified sampling method that is

non#proportional sampling, sampling and optimum aplication

proportional stratified sampling.

The drawbac3 with this method is more representative of

the data on random sampling, better than simple random sampling,

systematic sampling, observations can be used with the aim of

iferensial. And the shortcomings of this study are difficult

menenti3an researcher stratification criteria, can only use ) criteria

for statifi3asi, cost and time is needed more, sample represents just

one strata criteria that has been set, there is a ris3 in generali?ing.

c. luster %ampling

This sampling method is used when the population has

been floc3ing but no class order. in this case as an e2ample is a

group based on religion, race etc.

population in this method is used in case of very large and

dispersed population, when done with simple random smpling

would entail huge costs. ith this the researcher can choose a

place that has a certain criteria. in this method the possibility of

researchers re(uire stratification method to obtain a sample group

*cohen lois, 4551.luster sampling method has its advantages and

disadvantages. Among the advantages of this method lainsangat

representative, the method is easy to use, economical, practical and

very suitable in educational research, the observation can be used

as a destination inreferensial. The following losses the use of

cluster sampling method that is not free of mista3es and not

comprehensive

=. ompare The Quantitative And Qualitative esearch &ethods

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a. goal investigation

Qualitative research found an association between

variables, to test the theory, loo3ing for generali?ations that have

predictive value. In this study will also produce proof of the

hypothesis that has been previously specified.

the results of (uantitative research in the form of the

(uantitative data the data in numeric form and presentation of the

the data in the form of a table. (ualitative research found a pattern

of interactive relationship, discovered the theory, describing the

comple2 reality and gain an understanding of meaning. in

(ualitative research hypothesis in the set previously in other words

not to prove the hypothesis. *Acaps,45)41

b. sample si?e and sampling method

The number of samples in (uantitative research is greater

than (ualitatif.besar research sample determined from the total

number of samples can be mngguna3an populasi.menetu3an besra

great formula sample that is if it has determined the percentage.

In terms of techni(ue to obtain the amount *si?e1 of the

respondents *sample1 (uantitative approach si?e *large number of1

the sample is representative *representative1 and obtained by using

the formula, percentage, or table#population#sampled and have

been determined prior to data collection.

Qualitative research 3nown when the number of

respondents e2periencing saturation data collection. !ata

collection started from interviewing informants#early or

informants#3ey and stop the umpteenth respondents as a source

that is not providing new information again. That is stopped till theumpteenth informant when the information is Bno longer (ualifiedB

through the snowball techni(ue *snow#ball1, because the same

information given or not vary more with informants before. %o the

(ualitative research the number of respondents or informants based

on a process of achieving (uality information.

c. !ata collection and method of data collection

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In (uantitative research in general use sampling.&etode

probability of data collection in (uantitative research that is using

the following method"

)1 Interviews" the (uantitative study researchers usually use

interviefw guide with closed (uestions

41 +bservation" observation done in one time. !iu methods that

can be used are cross#sectional, pre and post test method.

esearchers use a chec3list for this observation method.

=1 Questionnaire" researchers used a sheet (uesionner in

collecting data and then made its way to the respondent.

!ocument %tudies" study loo3ed at data from official

documents concerning the respondent data.The main (ualitativemethods for collecting the data are Individual interviews, 8ocus

groups, +bservations, Action esearch

Referance

Acaps *45)41 , Qualitative and Quantitative esearch Techni(ues for

-umanitarian Feeds Assessment

ohen Couis *4551. esearch &ethods In


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quantitatif asessment