Quan Ly Chat Thai Ran Do Thi

8/7/2019 Quan Ly Chat Thai Ran Do Thi

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QUN L CHT THI RN

TP 1 : CHT THI RN TH

CHNG 1 : MU

1.1. C S KHOA HC CA VIC QUN L CHT LNG MI TRNG V

QUN L CHT THI.

1.1.1. Khi nim chung v qun l mi trng :

Qun l cht lng mi trng l s tc ng lin tc, c t chc, c phng hng v mc

ch xc nh ca mt ch th (con ngi, a phng, quc gia, t chc quc t v.v...) i vi

mt i tng nht nh (mi trng sng) nhm khi phc, duy tr v ci thin tt hn mi

trng sng ca con ngi trong nhng khong thi gian dnh.

Bn cht ca vic qun l mi trng l hn ch hnh vi v thc hoc c thc ca con

ngi trong qu trnh sng , sn xut - kinh doanh gy tc ng n mi trng ch yu (cc

hnh vi c tc ng xu n mi trng ) to ra c mi trng n nh, lun trng thi

cn bng.

Cc hnh vi v thc l cc hot ng do khng nhn thc v khng nm bt c cc quy

lut ca t nhin, x hi v ca b phn d dng trong h sinh thi (cc sinh vt ln tiu th -

cc sinh vt n sinh vt, m ch yu l con ngi) gy ra. Chnh cc hnh vi v thc ny

ph v trng thi ni cn bng ca mi trng hoc y xa mi trng ra ngoi trng thi ni

cn bng .

Cc hnh vi c thc l cc hot ng c chch ca con ngi v li ch c nhn, cc b

nht thi gy ra lm o ln trng thi ni cn bng ca h mi trng (ngun nc, ngun nh

sng, t ai, thm thc vt, ch sa dng ca cc loi, ch s m thanh, kh hu, v.v).


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Qun l mi trng c cc c th sau :

- Qun l mi trng l hot ng mang tnh trch nhim c thc ca con ngi;

- Cc hot ng qun l mi trng mang tnh lin tc theo thi gian v theo khng gian;

- Cc hot ng qun l mi trng l trch nhim ca mi ngi theo mi quan h rng bucln nhau (c t chc);

- Cc hot ng qun l mi trng phi nhm t c nhng mc ch cbn l bo v m

trng v pht trin bn vng;

- Hot ng qun l mi trng cn l cng vic i hi phi c s n lc chung ca mi

quc gia trn ton th gii.

1.1.2. Cc nguyn tc qun l mi trng :

Cc nguyn tc qun l mi trng l cc quy tc cho nhng tiu chun hnh vi m cc cquan qun l mi trng phi tun th trong qu trnh qun l. Cs ra cc nguyn tc

qun l mi trng l mc tiu qun l v cc i hi ca cc quy lut khch quan trong vic

qun l mi trng .

Hot ng qun l mi trng c da trn nhng nguyn tc cbn sau :

- Bo m duy tr trng thi cn bng ca h sinh thi bng mt t hp cc bin php kinh t

k thut , x hi;- C mi lin h ngc (feedback);

- Mang li hiu qu v c kh nng thc thi;

- a dng ha;

- Phn cp v chuyn mn ha;

- Gn hiu qu hin ti vi tng lai;

- Th - Sai - Sa.

Bo v mi trng ngy nay trthnh mt vn v cng bc bch v trng yu ca mi

quc gia, v n lin quan n vn sng cn ca nhn loi. Cng vi s pht trin khoa hc v

cng ngh, cng vi pht kin v th gii xung quanh v ng c lm giu mt cch v k

nhiu quc gia, nhiu cng ty, tp on xuyn quc gia tn ph mi trng - ci ni nui

dng chnh h, v con ngi bc u nhn thc ra c nguy cny. T chc mi trng


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ca Lin Hp Quc v ca nhiu quc gia thng xuyn ban hnh cc quy c quc t v

mi trng , cc quyt nh nghim cm tc thi v lu di v.vNhn loi thy rng, vn

mi trng l vn ca ton cu. thc c tm quan trng ca vn ny, nc ta

chnh thc tham gia cc cng c quc t v mi trng.

1.1.3. Cc tc ng ca cht thi rn ti cht lng mi trng.

Hin nay (nm1999) tng lng rc sinh hot thi ra hng ngy cc th nc ta vo

khong trn 9000m3, nhng mi thu gom c 45% - 50%. iu kin ch yu m bo tt

trng thi v sinh khu dn c th l phi c k hoch lm sch, qut dn thng xuyn cc

loi cht thi rn cc khu nh . l cc loi rc sinh hot, thc n d tha , cc loi rc

ng ph, (chi tit c m tchng 2). Cc loi cht thi rn s gy nhim, nhimkhun i vi mi trng bao quanh con ngi : t, khng kh , nc , cc nh v cng trnh

cng cng Rc thi thu gom c ch yu vo cc bi rc mt cch tm b, i khi m

khng c x l, chn lp theo quy hoch v hp v sinh gy nh hng xu ti mi trng

ngun nc mt v nc ngm. Thit b thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi hu ht cc th

Vit Nam cn lc hu v t i - khng p ng c nhu cu thu gom hin ti.

Khi lng cht thi rn trong cc th ny cng tng do tc ng ca s gia tng dn spht trin kinh t x hi v s pht trin v trnh v tnh cht tiu dng trong th. Lng

cht thi rn nu khng c x l tt s dn n hng lot hu qu tiu cc i vi mi trng

sng. Tc ng ca vic x l khng hp l cht thi thc minh ha hnh 1.1.

tr li cu hi: "Sng trong mt x hi c nhiu cht thi c ngha l g ?" chng ta hy

hnh dung bc tranh v ngi tiu dng M nm b mt khi lng ng kinh ngc, cc cht

thi rn bao gm :

- Lng nhm bi ch trong 3 thng cng ch to ton b my bay ca nc M.

- Lng thy tinh vt b ch trong hai tun cht cao bng trung tm thng mi quc t

cao 412 m.

- Lng lp bi trong mt nm qun quanh hnh tinh 3 ln.


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- Lng cc, a bi dng trong mt nm phc v 6 ba n cho tt c mi ngi trn

ton cu.

- Mt lng vi bi khong 18 triu n v trong mt nm, nu ni li tu nn u kia

ni lin vi mt trng v trv 7 ln.- Bi khong 2 t li dao co ru; 1,6 t bt ch, 500 triu bt la trong mt nm.

- Khong 8 triu ti vi mi nm.

- Mi gikhong 2,5 triu chai cht do khng s dng li c.

- Khong 14 t catalog, v 38 t cc mnh vn bu phm mi nm.

V iu ny ch l mt phn ca 1,5% ca tt c cc loi cht thi rn th nh c minh

ha hnh 1.2.

Nh vy, v kha cnh qun l mi trng c th ni cht thi l ngun gc ch yu dn tiph hoi mi trng sng. Nu con ngi khng quan tm tha ng ti cht thi hm nay, th

ngy mai cht thi s loi b chnh con ngi ra khi mi trng sng.

Vit Nam, tuy dn s th ch mi chim hn 20% dn s ca c nc nhng do csh

tng k thut qu km li t c chm sc nn tnh trng v sinh mi trng b sa st nghim

trng. Tnh hnh ng rc do thiu cc trang thit b k thut cn thit v hiu qu qun l mi

trng km ang gy trngi cho s pht trin kinh t trong nc v chnh sch mca kinh tvi nc ngoi.

Qu trnh th ha Vit Nam trong nhng thp k trc y pht trin chm vi t l th

ha thuc loi th p nht so vi cc nc trong khu vc, t khi chuyn sang nn kinh t th

trng c s qun l ca nh nc , tc th ha ang c tng nhanh hn. S gia tng

dn s th trong khi cha c iu kin chun b tt v csvt cht gy nn nhiu hu qu v

kinh t, x hi nghim trng. Kt cu h tng csca cc th nh cp nc , thot nc

nh , giao thng th, v sinh mi trng v.v cn yu km khng p ng c nhu cu

ngy cng tng ca x hi.

1.2. H THNG QUN L CHT THI RN TH

1.2.1. Ccu v s t chc qun l cht thi rn th :


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Qun l cht thi rn l vn then cht ca vic m bo mi trng sng ca con ngi m

cc th phi c k hoch tng th qun l cht thi rn thch hp mi c th x l kp thi v

c hiu qu. Mt cch tng qut, cc hp phn chc nng ca mt h thng qun l cht thi rn

c minh ha hnh 1.3.S tng th ca h thng qun l cht thi rn mt s th ln Vit Nam c trnh

by hnh 1.4.

1.2.2. Nhim v ca cc cquan chc nng trong h thng qun l cht thi rn mt s

th ln Vit Nam:

B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng chu trch nhim vch chin lc ci thin mi trng

chung cho c nc, t vn cho nh nc trong vic xut lut l chnh sch qun l mi

trng quc gia.B xy dng hng dn chin lc qun l v xy dng th, qun l cht thi.

y ban Nhn dn thnh ph cho y ban nhn dn cc qun, huyn, SKhoa hc Cng

ngh v Mi trng v SGiao thng Cng chnh thc hin nhim v bo v mi trng th

chp hnh nghim chnh chin lc chung v lut php v bo v mi trng ca Nh nc

thng qua vic xy dng cc quy tc, quy ch c th trong vic bo v mi trng ca thnh

ph.

Cng ty Mi trng th l cquan trc tip m nhn nhim v x l cht thi rn, bo vv sinh mi trng thnh ph theo chc trch c SGiao Thng Cng Chnh thnh ph giao.

1.3. CC YU CU CHUNG TRONG QUN L CHT THI RN CC TH

VIT NAM :

Vic qun l cht thi rn cc th ni chung, v cbn phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

- Phi thu gom v vn chuyn ht cht thi. y l yu cu u tin, cbn ca vic x l cht

thi nhng hin ang cn l mt kh khn, i hi phi c nhiu c gng khc phc.

- Phi bo m vic thu gom, x l c hiu qu theo ngun kinh ph nh nht nhng li thu

c kt qu cao nht. Bo m sc khe cho i ng nhng ngi lao ng trc tip tham gia

vic qun l cht thi ph hp vi kh nng kinh ph ca thnh ph v Nh nc.

- a c cc cng ngh v k thut , cc trang thit b x l cht thi tin tin ca cc nc

vo s dng trong nc, o to i ng cn b qun l v lao ng c y kin thc, kinh


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nghim v lng yu ngh, c trch nhim vi vn mi trng ca t nc. Ph hp vi c

ch qun l ca Nh nc theo hng chp nhn mca v cnh tranh vi nhiu thnh phn

kinh t. Cc bin php k thut x l cht thi ch yu th hin trong hnh 1.5.

1.4. MT S VN BN PHP LUT LIN QUAN TI QUN L CHT THI RN

THVIT NAM :

- Lut Bo v mi trng (BVMT) do ch tch nc k sc lnh ban hnh s 29-L/CTN ngy

10/ 01/1994;

- Nghnh s 175 v Hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng ban hnh ngy18/10 /1994;

- Lut Hng hi Vit Nam ban hnh ngy 30/6/1990;

- Lut Bo v sc khe cng ng ban hnh nm 1991;- Lut Du m, ban hnh thng 7/1993;

- Lut t ai, ban hnh thng 7/1993;

- Lut Khong sn, ban hnh ngy 20/3/1996;

- Lut Thng mi, ban hnh ngy 10/5/1996;

- Quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi, ban hnh ngy 16/7/1999;

- Tiu chun Vit Nam v phn loi nhng hp cht c hi v yu cu an ton,

TCVN3164 - 1979, ban hnh ngy 01/01/1981;- Tiu chun Vit Nam v ha cht nguy him, Quy phm an ton trong sn xut, s dng, bo

qun v vn chuyn, TCVN 5507-1991, ban hnh nm 1991;

- Chin lc Qun l cht thi rn th v Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ngy 10/7/1999

ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt chin lc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu

cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2000;

- Quy ch qun l cht thi y t - B Y t - H Ni 1999.

- Tiu chun cho php ca kh thi l t cht thi y t TCVN 6560 - 1999;

- Cht thi rn - bi chn lp hp v sinh - Yu cu chung v bo v mi trng TCVN 6696-

2000;

- Vn bn hng dn thc hin bo v mi trng trong qun l v pht trin th, nng thn

v u t xy dng nm 2000.


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Chng 2

NGUN GC, PHN LOI CHT THI RN TH

2.1. NH NGHA CHT THI RN:Theo quan nim chung: Cht thi rn l ton b cc loi vt cht c con ngi loi b trong

cc hot ng kinh t - x hi ca mnh (bao gm cc hot ng sn xut, cc hot ng sng v

duy tr s tn ti ca cng ng v.v). Trong quan trng nht l cc loi cht thi sinh ra t

cc hot ng sn xut v hot ng sng.

Theo quan im mi: Cht thi rn th (gi chung l rc thi th) c nh ngha l: Vt

cht m con ngi to ra ban u vt bi trong khu vc th m khng i hi c bi

thng cho s vt b. Thm vo , cht thi c coi l cht thi rn th nu chng c

x hi nhn nhn nh mt th m thnh ph phi c trch nhim thu gom v tiu hy.

Theo quan im ny, cht thi rn th c cc c trng sau:

- B vt b trong khu vc th;

- Thnh ph c trch nhim thu dn.

2.2. NGUN TO THNH CHT THI RN TH:

Cc ngun ch yu pht sinh ra cht thi rn th bao gm:

- T cc khu dn c (cht thi sinh hot);

- T cc trung tm thng mi;

- T cc cng s, trng hc, cng trnh cng cng;

- T cc dch v th, sn bay;

- T cc hot ng cng nghip;

- T cc hot ng xy dng th;

- T cc trm x l nc thi v t cc ng ng thot nc ca thnh ph.

Cc li cht thi rn c thi ra t cc hot ng khc nhau c phn loi theo nhiu cch.

a) Theo v tr hnh thnh: ngi ta phn bit rc hay cht thi rn trong nh, ngoi nh, trn

ng ph, ch

b) Theo thnh phn ha hc v vt l: ngi ta phn bit theo cc thnh phn hu c, v c

chy c, khng chy c, kim loi, phi kim loi, da , gi vn, cao su, cht do


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c) Theo bn cht ngun to thnh - cht thi rn c phn thnh cc loi:

Cht thi rn sinh hot: l nhng cht thi lin quan n cc hot ng ca con ngi, ngun

to thnh ch yu t cc khu dn c, cc cquan, trng hc, cc trung tm dch v, thng

mi. Cht thi rn sinh hot c thnh phn bao gm kim loi, snh s, thy tinh, gch ngi vt, , cao su, cht do, thc phm d tha hoc qu hn s dng, xng ng vt, tre, g, lng

g vt, vi , giy, rm, r, xc ng vt, v rau qu v.v Theo phng din khoa hc, c th

phn bit cc loi cht thi rn sau:

- Cht thi thc phm bao gm cc thc n tha, rau, qu loi cht thi ny mang bn cht

d b phn hy sinh hc, qu trnh phn hy to ra cc cht c mi kh chu, c bit trong iu

kin thi tit nng m. Ngoi cc loi thc n d tha t gia nh cn c thc n d tha t cc

bp n tp th, cc nh hng, khch sn, k tc x, ch- Cht thi trc tip ca ng vt ch yu l phn, bao gm phn ngi v phn ca cc ng

vt khc.

- Cht thi lng ch yu l bn ga cng rnh, l cc cht thi ra t cc khu vc sinh hot ca

dn c.

- Tro v cc cht d tha thi b khc bao gm: cc loi vt liu sau t chy, cc sn phm

sau khi un nu bng than , ci v cc cht thi d chy khc trong gia nh, trong kho ca cc

cng s, cquan, x nghip, cc loi x than.- Cc cht thi rn tng ph c thnh phn ch yu l cc l cy, que, ci, nilon, v bao

gi

Cht thi rn cng nghip: l cc cht thi pht sinh t cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip

tiu th cng nghip. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi cng nghip gm:

- Cc ph thi t vt liu trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, tro , x trong cc nh my nhit

in;

- Cc ph thi t nhin liu phc v cho sn xut;

- Cc ph thi trong qu trnh cng ngh;

- Bao b ng gi sn phm.

Cht thi xy dng: l cc ph thi nht ct, gch ngi, b tng vdo cc hot ng ph

d, xy dng cng trnh v.vcht thi xy dng gm:


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- Vt liu xy dng trong qu trnh db cng trnh xy dng;

- t do vic o mng trong xy dng ;

- Cc vt liu nh kim loi, cht do

Cc cht thi t cc h thng csh tng k thut nh trm x l nc thin nhin, ncthi sinh hot , bn cn t cc cng thot nc thnh ph.

Cht thi nng nghip: l nhng cht thi v mu tha thi ra t cc hot ng nng nghip

th d nh trng trt, thu hoch cc loi cy trng, cc sn phm thi ra t ch bin sa, ca cc

l git m Hin ti vic qun l v x cc loi cht thi nng nghip khng thuc v trch

nhim ca cc cng ty mi trng th ca cc a phng.

d) theo mc nguy hi - cht thi rn c phn thnh cc loi:

Cht thi nguy hi: bao gm cc loi ha cht d gy phn ng , c hi, cht thi sinh hc dthi ra, cc cht d chy, n hoc cc cht thi phng x, cc cht thi nhim khun, ly lan.

c nguy ce da ti sc khe ngi , ng vt v cy c.

Ngun pht sinh ra cht thi nguy hi ch yu t cc hot ng y t, cng nghip v nng

nghip.

Cht thi y tnguy hi: l cht thi c cha cc cht hoc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh

gy nguy hi trc tip hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi vi mi trng v sc

khe ca cng ng. Theo quy ch qun l cht thi y t, cc loi cht thi y t nguy hi cpht sinh t cc hot ng chuyn mn trong cc bnh vin, trm x v trm y t. Cc ngun

pht sinh ra cht thi bnh vin bao gm:

- Cc loi bng bng, gc, np dng trong khm bnh, iu tr , phu thut;

- Cc loi kim tim, ng tim;

- Cc chi th ct b, t chc m ct b;

- Cht thi sinh hot t cc bnh nhn;

- Cc cht thi c cha cc cht c nng cao sau y: ch, thy ngn, Cadimi, Arsen

Xianua

- Cc cht thi phng x trong bnh vin.


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Cc cht nguy hi do cc cscng nghip ha cht thi ra c tnh c tnh cao, tc ng xu

n sc khe, do vic x l chng phi c nhng gii php k thut hn ch tc ng c

hi .

Cc cht thi nguy hi t cc hot ng cng nghip ch yu l cc loi phn ha hc, cc loithuc bo v thc vt.

Cht thi khng nguy hi: l nhng loi cht thi khng cha cc cht v cc hp cht c mt

trong cc c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc tng tc thnh phn.

Trong s cc cht thi ca thnh ph, ch c mt t l rt nh c th sch dng ngay trong

sn xut v tiu dng, cn phn ln phi hy b hoc phi qua mt qu trnh ch bin phc tp

qua nhiu khu mi c th s dng li nhm p ng nhu cu khc nhau ca con ngi. Lng

cht thi trong thnh ph tng ln do tc ng ca nhiu nhn t nh: s tng trng v phttrin ca sn xut, s gia tng dn s, s pht trin v trnh v tnh cht ca tiu dng trong

thnh ph v.v Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi v phn loi cht thi c trnh by hnh 2.1


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2.3. LNG CHT THI RN TH PHT SINH

Lng cht thi to thnh hay cn gi l tiu chun to rc c nh ngha l lng rc thi

pht sinh t hot ng ca mt ngi trong mt ngy m (kg/ngi.ng).

Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngi i vi tng loi cht thi rn mang tnh c th

ca tng a phng v ph thuc vo mc sng, vn minh ca dn cmi khu vc(bng 2.1)

Bng 2.1. Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngii vi tng loi cht thi rn th

Tiu chun (kg/ngi.ng)Ngun

Khong gi tr Trung bnh

Sinh hot th(1) 1 -3 1,59

Cc hot ng kinh tx hi ca con ngi

Cc qutrnh

sn xut

Cc qutrnh

phi snxut

Hot ngsng v ti

sn sinh conngi

Cc hotng

qun l

Cc hotng giao

tip vi ngoi

Cht Thi

Dng lng Dng kh Dng rn

Bnga

cng

Chtlng

du m

Hichi

Cht thisinh hot

Cht thicng

nghip

Ccloikhc

Hnh 2.1. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi v phn loi cht thi


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Cng nghip

Vt liu ph thi b tho d

Ngun thi sinh hot khc (2)

0,5 - 1,6

0,05 - 0,4

0,05 - 0,3

0,86

0,27

0,18

Ghi ch:(1)

: kc nh v trung tm dch v thng mi(2)

: khng knc v nc thi.

Cc yu tnh hng ti tiu chun, thnh phn cht thi rn th bao gm:

- iu kin sinh hot;

- iu kin thi tit, kh hu;

- Cc yu t x hi;

- Tp qun.H s khng iu ha:

Kng =tbR

Rmax

Trong :

Rmax : lng rc thi ln nht theo ngy, thng, nm

Rtb : lng rc thi trung bnh theo ngy, thng, nm.

Gi tr ca h s khng iu ha K ph thuc nhiu vo quy m ca th, vo mc sng vcc yu t khc, thng c gi tr Kng = 1,2 2; Kh = 1,5 2,5

2.4. THNH PHN V TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN

Thnh phn l, ha hc ca cht thi rn th rt khc nhau ty thuc vo tng a phng

vo cc ma kh hu, cc iu kin kinh t v nhiu yu t khc (bng 2.2).

% trng lng m (%)Trng lng ring

(kg/m3)

Hp phn Khong

gi tr

Trung

bnhKGT TB KGT TB

Cht thi thc phm

Giy

6 - 25

24 - 45

15

40

50 - 80

4 - 10

70

6

12 - 80

32 - 128

28

81,6


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Catton

Cht do

Vi vn

Cao suDa vn

Sn phm vn

G

Thy tinh

Can hp

Kim loi khng thp

Kim loi thpBi, tro, gch

3 - 15

2 - 8

0 - 4

0 - 20 - 2

0 - 20

1 - 4

4 - 16

2 - 8

0 - 1

1 - 40 - 10

4

3

2

0,50,5

12

2

8

6

1

24

4 - 8

1 - 4

6 - 15

1 - 48 - 12

30 - 80

15 - 40

1- 4

2 - 4

2 - 4

2 - 66 - 12

5

2

10

210

60

20

2

3

2

38

38 - 80

32 - 128

32 - 96

96 - 19296 - 256

84 - 224

128 - 1120

160 - 480

48 - 160

64 - 240

128 - 1120320 - 960

49,6

64

64

128160

104

240

193,6

88

160

320480

Tng h p 100 15 - 40 20 180 - 420 300

2.4.1. Cc phng php phn tch thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi rn :

Ba phng php cbn sau thng c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch thnh phn v tnh

cht ca cht thi rn:

- Phn tch / kim tra trc tip (nghin cu phn loi cin);

- Phn tch sn phm th trng (t cn bng vt cht ca khu vc);

- Phn tch sn phm ca cht thi (t cc qu trnh x l).

* Mi phng php u c u nhc im ring. Khng c phng php n c no c th

phn tch c ton b tnh cht ca phthi.

* Ti nhng khu vc thiu cc sliu v cc phng tin, cn thit phi phi hp cc phng

php tc kt qu hon chnh, tin cy.

2.4.2. Nguyn tc ly mu cht thi rn:

Ty thuc mc ch nghin cu, cc mu cht thi rn thng c ly nhng bi rc tp

trung, trn xe ti ca tng khu vc, tng phng. Phi iu tra theo ma v phi c tin hnh

theo cc quy trinh sau:

Bc 1:i vi cc mu phn loi l hc


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- 14 -

B

CDA

a) cc cht thi c thu gom xung sn;

b) Trn k cc cht thi;

c) nh ng cht thi theo hnh nn;

d) Chia thnh 4 phn bng nhau v ly 2 phn cho nhau (A + D) (B + C), nhp 2 phn vinhau v trn u.

e) Chia mi phn cho phi thnh 2 phn bng nhau;

f) Phi cc phn cho thnh 2 ng, sau li ly ra mi ng 1/2 phn (xp x khong

2030 kg) phn loi l hc.

Bc 2: i vi cc mu phn loi ha hc. Mu phn tch c ly theo quy trnh nhhnh

2.2.

2.4.3. Nguyn tc phn loi l hc:Mu cht thi thu c t bc 1 c phn ra cc loi sau b tng loi vo trong thng

ng ring nh nhau:

1. Cc cht chy c:

a) Giy;

b) Rc (bao gm c tht nhng khng bao gm phn xng, v s);

c) Hng dt;

d) G, c , rm, r;e) Cht do;

f) Da v cao su.

2. Cc cht khng chy c:

a) Kim loi st;

b) Kim loi khng phi st;

c) Thy tinh;

d) v snh s (khng bao gm xng v v s).

3. Cc cht hn hp:

a) Cc cht hn hp c kch thc ln hn 5 mm;

b) Cc cht hn hp c kch thc nh hn 5 mm. (tch cc cht hn hp c kch thc nh

hn 5mm v ln hn 5mm bng cch sng qua mt cp sng, phn cng nhiu loi cng tt).


15/171

- 15 -

Cn v ghi li trng lng ca tng loi vo trong mu ghi sn trn csca trng lngi

t v biu th theo phn trm ca ton b mu.

2.5. CC CH TIU L HC

2.5.1. Trng lng ring hay trng lng th tchNguyn tc: Ly mu cht thi thu c theo quy trnh mc 2.4.2.

Th tch mu khong 50 100 lt.

1. Cho mu cht thi mt cch nh nhng vo mt thng cha bit dung tch (thch hp nht

l thng c dung tch 100 lt) cho ti khi thng c lm y.

2. Nhc thng ln cch mt sn khong 30 cm v th xung, lp li iu ny 4 ln.

3. Tip tc lm y thng.

4. Cn v ghi li kt qu trng lng ca c thng v cht thi.5. Ly kt qubc 4 tri trng lng ca thng cha.

6. Ly kt qubc 5 chia cho dung tch ca thng cha ta thu c t trng theo n v

kg/lt. Lm iu ny 2 ln v ly kt qu trung bnh.

Trng lng ring ca cht thi rn (BD) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

2.5. m

m ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l lng nc cha trong mt n v trng lng

cht thi trng thi nguyn thy. Xc nh m c tun theo cng thc:

m =a

ba 100(%)

Trong :

a - trng lng ban u ca mu.

b - trng lng ca mu sau khi sy kh 105oC.

m v trng lng ring ca cc hp phn trong cht thi rn thc biu thbng

2.2. Cc nh ngha chi tit ca thnh phn cht thi c trnh by bng 2.3.

(Trng lng thng cha + cht thi) - (Trng lng thng cha)BD =

Dung tch thng cha


16/171

- 16 -

Bng 2.3. nh ngha cc thnh phn l hc ca cht thi rn

Thnh phn nh ngha Th d

1. Cc cht chy c

a) Giy

b) Hng dt

c) Thc phm

d) C, g ci, rm r

e) Cht do

f) Da v cao su

2. Cc cht khng chy

a) Cc kim loi st

b) Cc kim loi phi st

c) Thy tinh

d) v snh s

3. Cc cht hn hp

Cc vt liu lm t giy v btgiy

C ngun gc t cc si

Cc cht thi ra tn thc

phm

Cc vt liu v sn phm c

ch to t g, tre v rm

Cc vt liu v sn phm cch to t cht do

Cc vt liu v sn phm c

ch to t da v cao su

Cc loi vt liu v sn phm

c ch to t st m d b

nam chm ht.

Cc loai vt liu khng b nam

chm ht

Cc loi vt liu v sn phm

ch to t thy tinh

Bt k cc lai vt liu khng

chy khc ngoi kim loi v

thy tinh

Tt c cc loi vt liu khc

khng phn loi bng ny.

Cc ti giy, cc mnh ba,giy v sinh

Vi , len , nylon

Cc cng rau , v qu, thn

cy, li ng

dng bng g nh bn

gh, thang, ging, chi

Phim cun, ti cht do, chail cht do, cc u vi bng

cht do, dy bn

Bng, giy, v, bng cao su

V h p, dy in, hng ro,

dao, np l

V h p nhm, giy bao gi,

ng

Chai l , ng bng thy

tinh, bng n

V trai, c , xng, gch ,

gm

cui, ct, t, tc


17/171

- 17 -

Loi ny c th c chia

thnh 2 phn: Kch thc ln

hn 5 v loi nh hn 5mm


18/171

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Cht thi th

Phn tch thnh phn l hc Phn tch thnh phn ha hc

2 m3 phn tch trng lngring v thnh phn

100 - 120 kg to mu ban u

1 - 2 kg cht thi ti 20 k

m pHSy kh nhit 102 - 105oCcho ti khi trng lng khng i

Nghin nh cho ti kch thc 1mm bng my nghin

Sy kh li ti nhit 75oC trong vng 2 gi

Bo qun trong bnh cch m

Ly 25g mu sy

6gCc chtbay hi

5gChtbo

50mgCac bon

2,5gNit

3gPhotpho

2gNhit lng

th

1gSulfua

1gHydrocacbon

tro

Cht lngT s C/N Protein Nhit tr tinh Nhit tr th

Hnh 2.2.S phn tch cht thi rn


19/171

- 19 -

2.6. CC CH TIU HA HC

2.6.1. Cht hu c: Ly mu, nung 950oC. Phn bay hi i l cht hu chay cn gi l tn

tht khi nung, thng thng cht hu cdao ng trong khong 40 - 60%. Trong tnh ton, ly

trung bnh 53% cht hu c.2.6.2. Cht tro: Phn cn li sau khi nung - tc l cc cht trd hay cht v c.

2.6.3. Hm lng cacbon cnh: l lng cacbon cn li sau khi loi cc cht v ckhc

khng phi l cacbon trong tro, hm lng ny thng chim khong 5 - 12%, trung bnh l 7%

Cc cht v ckhc trong tro bao gm thy tinh, kim loi i vi cht thi rn th, cc

cht ny c trong khong 15 - 30%, trung bnh l 20%.

2.6.4. Nhit tr: Gi tr nhit to thnh khi t cht thi rn. Gi tr ny c xc nh theo

cng thc Dulng:

n v nhit tr

Kg

KJ= 2,326 [145,4C + 620

OH

8

1+ 41.S ]

Trong :

C : Lng cacbon tnh theo %

H : Hydro tnh theo %

O : Oxi tnh theo %

S : Sunfua tnh theo %Thnh phn ha hc ca cc hp phn chy c - c trnh by bng 2.4.

Bng 2.4. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc hp phn chy c ca cht thi rn

% trng lng theo trng thi khHp phn

C H O N S Tro

Cht thi thc phm

Giy

Catton

Cht do

Vi, hng dt

Cao su

48

3,5

4,4

60

55

78

6,4

6

5,9

7,2

6,6

10

37,6

44

44,6

22,8

31,2

Khng x

2,6

0,3

0,3

Khng x

4,6

2

0,4

0,2

0,2

Khng x

0,15

Khng x

5

6

5

10

2,45

10


20/171

- 20 -

Da

L cy, c

G

Bi, gch vn, tro

60

47,8

49,5

26,3

8

6

6

3

11,6

38

42,7

2

10

3,4

0,2

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,1

0,2

10

4,5

1,5

68

S liu trung bnh v cc cht d trv nhit nng ca cht thi rn thc trnh by

bng 2.5.

Bng 2.5. S liu trung bnh v cc cht d tr

v nhit nng ca cht thi rn th

Cht d tr*(%) Nhit tr KJ/KgHp phn

Khong gi tr Trung bnh Khong gi tr Trung bnhCht thi thc phm

Giy

Catton

Cht do

Vi vn

Cao su

Da vn

L cy, c

G

Thy tinh

Can hp

Phi kim loi

Kim loi

Bi, tro, gch

2 - 8

4 - 8

3 - 6

6 - 20

2 - 4

8 - 20

8 - 20

2 - 6

0,6 - 2

96 - 99+

96 - 99+

90 - 99+

94 - 99+

60 - 80

5

6

5

10

2,5

10

1

4,5

1,5

98

98

96

96

70

3.489 - 6.978

11.630 - 1.608

13.956 - 17.445

27.912 - 37.216

15.119 - 18.608

20.934 - 27.912

15.119 - 19.771

2.326 - 18.608

17.445 - 19.771

116,3 - 22,6

232,6 - 1.163

Khng xc nh

232,6 - 1.163

2.326 - 11.630

4.652

16.747,2

16.282

32.564

17.445

23.260

17.445

6.512,8

18.608

18.608

697,8

Khng x

697,8

6.978

Tng h p 9.304 - 12.793 10.46

Ghi ch: * : Cht d trl cht cn li sau khi chy hon ton+ : Da trn kt qu phn tch.


21/171

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2.7. C IM V THNH PHN RC THI CC TH VIT NAM

Vit Nam, tc pht sinh rc thi ty thuc vo tng loi th v dao ng t 0,35 - 0,8

kg/ngi.ngy.

Lng cht thi rn trung bnh pht sinh t cc th v thnh ph nm 1996 l 16.237tn/ngy; nm 1997 l 19.315 tn/ngy. Con s ny t n gi tr 22.210 tn/ngy vo nm

1998. Hiu sut thu gom dao ng t 40 - 67% cc thnh ph ln v t 20 - 40% cc th

nh; Lng bn cn cng thng ly theo nh k hng nm, s lng c tnh trung bnh cho

mt ngy l 822 tn.Tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh v t l thu gom c th hin bng2.6

Trng lng ring ca cht thi rn ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic la chn thit b thu

gom v phng thc vn chuyn. S liu ny dao ng t 480 - 580 kg/m3 ti H Ni; Ti

Nng : 420 kg/m3

; Hi Phng: 580 kg/m3

; Thnh ph H Ch Minh: 500 kg/m3

.Thnh phn ca cht thi rn rt a dng v c trng theo tng loi th (thi quen, mc

vn minh, tc pht trin). Cc c trng in hnh ca cht thi rn nh sau:

- Hp phn c ngun gc hu ccao (50,27 - 62,22%)

- Cha nhiu t ct, si vn, gch v

- m cao, nhit tr thp (900 kcal/kg).

Vic phn tch thnh phn cht thi rn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn cng ngh

x l. Thnh phn cht thi rn ca mt s th Vit Nam theo cc s liu nghin cu nm1998 c trnh by bng 2.7.

Bng 2.6. Lng cht thi rn to thnh v t l thu gom trn ton quc t1997 - 1999

Lng pht sinh (tn/ngy) Lng thu gom (%)Loi cht thi

1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999

Cht thi sinh hot

Bn, cn cng

Ph thi xy dng

Cht thi y t nguy hi

Cht thi cng nghip nguy hi

14.525

822

1.798

240

1.930

16.558

920

2.049

252

2.200

18.879

1049

2.336

277

2.508

55

90

55

75

48

68

92

65

75

50

75

92

65

75

60

Tng cng 19.315 21.979 25.049 56 70 73

Ngun: sliu quan trc - CEETIA


22/171

- 22 -

Bng 2.7. Thnh phn cht thi rn mt s th nm 1998 (theo % trng lng)

STT Thnh phnTi

H Ni

Ti

Hi Phng

Ti TP

H Long

Ti

Nng

Ti TP

HCM

1 Cht hu c 51,10 50,58 40,1 - 44,7 31,50 41,252 Cao su, nha 5,50 4,52 2,7 - 4,5 22,50 8,78

3 Giy, catton, gi vn 4,20 7,52 5,5 - 5,7 6,81 24,83

4 Kim loi 2,50 0,22 0,3 - 0,5 1,40 1,55

5 Thy tinh, s, gm 1,80 0,63 3,9 - 8,5 1,80 5,59

6 t, ,ct, gch vn 35,90 36,53 47,5 - 36,1 36,00 18,00

m

troT trng - tn/m3

47,7

15,90,42

45 - 48

16,620,45

40 - 46

11,00,57 - 0,65

39,05

40,250,38

27,18

58,750,412

Ngun: sliu quan trc - CEETIA

Din bin v thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ti H Ni t nm 1995 n 1998 c th hin

bng 2.8.

Bng 2.8. Din bin v thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ti H Ni tnm 1995 n 1999

Thnh phn 1995 1996 1997 1998

Giy vn

L cy, rc hu c

Ti nilon, nha

Kim loi, v hp

Thy tinh, snh , gm

t, ct v cc cht khc

Tng cng

m ca rc thi

tro

T trng trung bnh-T/m3

2,20

45,90

1,70

1,20

1,40

47,60

100

52,0

12,0

0,432

2,90

50,40

3,20

1,80

2,60

39,10

100

47,6

10,5

0,416

2,30

53,00

4,10

5,50

3,80

31,30

100

50,0

21,4

0,420

4,20

50,10

5,50

2,50

1,80

35,90

100

47,70

15,90

0,420

Ngun : s liu quan trc - CEETIA


23/171

- 23 -

2.8. CHT THI RN NGUY HI

Hin nay thc hin vic phn loi nguy hi u cha c x l hoc mi chc x l rt

sb sau c em chn lp cng cc loi cht thi sinh hot ti cc bi chn lp, cht thi

nguy hi Vit Nam. Lng rc thi nguy hi pht sinh hng ngy t cc csy tc tnh t50 - 70 tn/ngy (chim 22% tng rc thi y t pht sinh). Thnh phn ca rc thi y t theo cc

khu vc khc nhau Vit Nam c trnh by bng 2.9.

Bng 2.9. Thnh phn ca rc thi y t theo cc khu vc khc nhau Vit Nam

Thnh phn rc thi y tT l

(%)

C thnh phn cht thi

nguy hi

Cc cht hu c

Chai nha PVC, PE, PPBng bng

V hp kim loi

Chai l thy tinh, xilanh thy tinh, ng thuc thy tinh

Kim tim, ng tim

Giy cc loi, catton

Cc bnh phm sau m

t, ct, snh s v cc cht rn khc

Tng cng

T l phn cht thi nguy hi

52,9

10,18,8

2,9

2,3

0,9

0,8

0,6

20,9

100

22,6

Khng

CC

Khng

C

C

Khng

C

Khng

Ngun : B Y t, 1998.

T trng trung bnh ca rc thi y t l 150 kg/m3. m : 37 - 42%. Nhit tr: 400 - 2.150

kcal/kg.

Cht thi rn cng nghip: theo s liu thng k ca 4 thnh ph ln (H Ni, Hi Phng,

Nng v TP.HCM), tng lng cht thi rn cng nghi p chim 15 - 26% ca cht thi rn

thnh ph. Trong cht thi rn cng nghi p c khong 35 - 41% mang tnh nguy hi. Thnh

phn ca cht thi cng nghip nguy hi rt phc tp, ty thuc vo nguyn liu sn xut, sn

phm to thnh ca tng cng ngh v cc dch v c lin quan.


24/171

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Lng cht thi nguy hi to thnh hng ngy t cc hot ng cng nghip nm 1997 c

tnh khong 1.930 tn/ngy (chim 19% cht thi rn cng nghip). Con s ny tng ti 2.200

tn/ngy vo nm 1998 v ln ti 2.574 tn/ngy vo nm 1999.

Lng cht thi rn pht sinh t mt s ngnh cng nghip in hnh mt s thnh ph nm1998 c trnh by bng 2.10.

Bng 2.10. Lng cht thi rn nguy hi pht sinh ti mt s tnh,

Thnh phVit Nam (tn/nm)

Tnh/Thnh ph

Cng

nghip

in,

in t

Cng

nghip

ckh

Cng

nghip

ha cht

Cng

nghip

nh

Ch bin

thc

phm

Cc

ngnh

khc

Tng

cng

H Ni

Hi Phng

Qung Ninh

Nng

Qung Nam

Qung Ngi

TP.HCM

ng Nai

B Ra - Vng Tu

1.801

58

-

-

-

-

27

50

-

5.005

558

15

1.622

1.544

-

7.506

3.330

879

7.333

3.300

-

73

-

-

5.571

1.029

635

2.242

270

-

32

-

10

25.002

28.614

91

87

51

-

36

10

36

2.026

200

128

1.640

420

-

170

219

40

6.040

1.661

97

10.108

4.657

15

1.933

1.783

86

46.172

34.884

1.830

Tng cng 1.936 20.469 17.941 56.261 2.574 10.287 109.468

Ngun : Cc Mi trng 1999

Chng 3

THU GOM, LU GIV XL TI CH

CHT THI RN TNH

Thu gom cht thi l qu trnh thu nht rc thi t cc nh dn, cc cng shay t nhng im

thu gom, cht chng ln xe v chn a im x l, chuyn tip, trung chuyn hay chn lp.

Dch v thu gom rc thi thng c th chia ra thnh cc dch v "scp" v "th cp". S

khc bit ny phn nh yu t l nhiu khu vc, vic thu gom phi i qua mt qu trnh hai


25/171

- 25 -

giai on: thu gom rc t cc nh v thu gom tp trung v ch cha trung gian ri t li

chuyn tip v trm trung chuyn hay bi chn lp. chng 3 s tp trung trnh by cc vn

thu gom scp. Giai on thu gom scp nh hng trc tip i vi ngi dn cng nhi

vi m quan th v hiu qu ca cc cng on sau .Thu gom scp (thu gom ban u) l cch m theo rc thi c thu gom t ngun pht

sinh ra n (nh hay nhng c s thng mi) v chn cc bi cha chung, cc a im

hoc bi chuyn tip. Thng th cc h thng thu gom scp cc nc ang pht trin bao

gm nhng xe chrc nh, xe hai bnh ko bng tay thu gom rc v chn cc bi cha

chung hay nhng im chuyn tip.

Do vy, thu gom ban u sc cn n trong mi h thng qun l thu gom v vn chuyn

cn thu gom th cp li ph thuc vo cc loi xe c thu gom c la chn hay c th c cv vo h thng v cc phng tin vn chuyn ti ch.

Khi thu gom rc thi t cc nh hay cng s thng t chi ph hn so vi vic qut dn

chng tng ph ng thi cn phi c nhng im cha khong cch thun tin cho

nhng ngi c rc v chng cn c quy hoch, thit k sao cho rc thi c a vo thng

cha ng ng v tr to iu kin thun li cho thu gom th cp.

3.1. THU GOM CHT THI RN TTRONG NH (THU GOM S CP)

Trong h thng ny, cc h gia nh c th tham gia hoc khng cn tham gia vo qu trnhthu gom. Nhng ngi thu gom rc si vo tng nh (sn hay vn), mang thng rc ra vo

xe ca h v sau tr v ch c. H thng ny ch yu chi ph cho nhn cng lao ng v mt

nhiu thi gian vo ra tng cn nh v t nh ny sang nh khc. Tuy nhin, nhng nc c

thu nhp thp - lao ng thng kh r nn hnh thc ny tng i tt.

Mt dng khc ca hnh thc ny l nhng ngi thu gom rung chung hay g ca tng nh

v i ch nh mang rc ra ca. thng th nhng chic xe chrc cng c ting ng cc

c dn bit v sn sng vi thng rc ca h. iu ny v mt vi im no , tng t nh

nhng h thng thu gom cbn c trnh by trn.

Trong phm vi cun sch, thut ng "nh thp tng" c s dng tng i vi nhng ngi

nh c s tng nh hn 4. thut ng " nh cao tng" c s dng i vi nhng ngi nh c

s tng ln hn 7. i vi nhng nh c s tng t 4-7 th c xem l nhng nh c cao


26/171

- 26 -

trung bnh. Vic thu gom ti ch l ton b nhng hot ng c lin quan ti thu gom cht thi

rn ti khi chng lu gi trong cc cngtentrc khi c vn chuyn bng cc phng tin

thu gom bn ngoi. Ngun nhn cng v thit b thu gom ti chc trnh by bng 3.1.

Bng 3.1. Ngun nhn cng v cc thit b thu gom ti chNgun pht sinh rc thi Ngi chu trch nhim Thit b thu gom

1. T cc khu dn c

- Nh thp tng

- Nh trung bnh

- Nh cao tng

- Dn c ti khu vc, ngi

lm thu.

- Ngi lm thu, nhn vin

phc v ca khu nh, dch v

ca cc cng ty v sinh.- Ngi lm thu, nhn vin

phc v ca khu nh, dch v

ca cc cng ty v sinh.

- Cc dng thu gom ti nh, cc

xe gom.

- Cc mng t chy, cc thang

nng, cc xe gom, cc bng

chuyn chy bng kh nn.- Cc mng t chy, cc thang

nng, cc xe gom, cc bng

chuyn chy bng kh nn.

2. Cc khu vc kinh

doanh, thng mi

Nhn vin, dch v ca cc

cng ty v sinh.

Cc loi xe thu gom c bnh ln,

cc cngten lu gi, cc thang

nng hoc bng chuyn.

3. Cc khu cng nghi p Nhn vin, dch v ca cc

cng ty v sinh.

Cc loi xe thu gom c bnh ln,

cc cngten lu gi, cc thang

nng hoc bng chuyn.

4. Cc khu sinh hot

ngoi tri (qung

trng, cng vin )

Ch nhn ca khu vc hoc

cc cng ty cng vin, cy

xanh.

Cc thng lu gi c mi che hoc

np y.

5. Cc trm x l nc

thi

Cc nhn vin vn hnh trm Cc loi bng chuyn khc nhau

v cc thit b.

6. Cc khu nng nghi p Ch nhn ca khu vc hoc

cng nhn.

Ty thuc vo trang b ca tng

n vn l.


27/171

- 27 -

3.1.1. Thu gom t cc nh thp tng

Ngi nh hoc ngi thu c nhim v qut dn v gom rc vo thn cha hay cc ti ng

bng nha. Vic tp trung v thu gom cht thi cc khu nh ny thng l t nht 1ln/ngy

c bit i vi cc khu nh chut c thu nhp thp bi v nhng khu ny c mt dn ctng i chen chc hn nhng khu nh bnh thng. Lng rc tp thnh thng dao ng

nhiu v c kh nng ti ch. Lu rng lng cht thi rn theo u ngi trong nm s rt t

nhng ni thc hin tun hon dng li cc loi cht thi (thy tinh, giy, kim loi )

3.1.2. Thu gom t cc nh trung v cao tng

i vi nh loi ny, mi cn h phi c ngi thu dn hoc gom rc a xung tng

di cng vo b cha. Tin b hn, ngi ta p dng cng ngh gom rc ch yu bng

cc ng ng. Cc ng ng thi rc thng c tit din trn hay ch nht, xy bng thp, btng hoc gch. ng knh 300 - 900mm, trung bnh 500 - 600mm. S thu gom rc thi t

nh trung, cao tng c th hin hnh 3.1.

Chi tit h thng thu gom t cc tng c biu thhnh 3.2.

Nhng yu t quan trng nht cn c xem xt khi xy dng mt dch v thu gom scp bao

gm:

- Cu trc hnh chnh v qun l i vi dch v;

- Cc tiu chun ca dch v sc a ra;- Cquan chu trch nhim thu gom (chnh quyn thnh ph, x nghip, cquan trong thnh

ph, nhng ngi nht rc, cc gia nh);

- a im thu gom (t cc gia nh, t lng, t bi rc cng cng);

- Loi xe thu gom sc s dng;

- Liu s phn loi ti ngun cc vt liu dng li c kh nng kinh t khng v cn phi c

cho php?

- Tn sut thu gom.

3.2. CC PHNG TIN LU, CHA TI CH V TRUNG GIAN

Cc loi thng rc c thit k khc nhau c thc s dng cha rc ti cc khu nh hay

nhng khu c mt dn c cao nh nhng khu chung c. Cng c th thit k nhng im thu

gom cng cng m rc thi c trc tip vo nhng thng cngtennc t bn trong


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im thu gom, mi gia nh u nhng thng rc ca h vo im thu gom ny. Vic ny to

iu kin thun li cho bc trc tip rc thi vo nhng xe thu gom th cp, gip cho gim bt

bc dbng th cng.

Cc nguyn tc thc t khi la chn hay thit k mt h thng cha rc thi bao gm:- Chn cc vt liu ca a phng, vt liu dng li, hay c sn:i khi thit k mt loi

thng rc c dng v hp dn v ng nht li c th lm thay i ng k cch rc ca qun

chng v nh hng n thi ca h. Vic s dng thnh cng nhng thng mu xanh bng

vt liu dng li Bc M kch thch v thc y s chp nhn cc vt liu dng li v lm

tng t l thu li t 20% ln ti 75% mt s ni.

- Chn thng cha ddng nhn thy, bt kbng hnh dng, mu sc hay nhng du hiu

c bit:y cng l mt u im ch r mt loi thng cha ng nht khi bt u a vomt h thng thu gom mi, v iu ny ni ln tnh chnh thc ca thu gom v a thm tm

quan trng vo s chp nhn. Ngoi ra, nu cc thng ny l d dng nhn ra th iu ny cng

c th c mt phn vai tr chng trm cp.

- Chn cc thng cng dsa cha hoc thay th:iu ny l cn thit i vi tnh lu di

ca h thng thu gom v mt tin cy ca h thng v chi ph. cng l cn thit m bo

rng cc thng cha s khng b gi thi bay i mt hay d b b qua do nhng ngi bi rc

hay sc vt bi.- Chn loi thng m khng ngn cn nhng ngi bi rc: Nu nhng ngi bi rc cm

thy kh khn khi tm kim, h c th s lt c thng ra v lm cho rc vng vi ra ph, do

vy th tiu mt mc ch ca thng rc.

-Xem xt vic nhn din thng rc: theo cc ch nhn bng a ch, tn hay m s. i khi tn

v a ch trn thng rc li mang li mt thc tt hn v trch nhim v c xu hng gi cho

thng rc c sch hoc ly v ngay khi im rc sau khi ht.

- Chn thng rc ph hp vi a hnh: Chn loi c bnh xe nu l nhng ng ph

c lt bng phng, bng vt liu khng thm nc nu c nhiu ma, bng vt liu nng

nu hay c gi mnh

- Chto thng rc bng nhng vt liu khng hp dn k trm: thng c s lo lng l cc

thng rc nu c a ra rt c th s bn trm. C th gim thiu s ri ro do mt trm ny


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bng vic ch to nhng thng rc bng nhng vt liu khng c gi tr, th d nh loi nha

khng ti sinh c.

Nhn chung, cc phng tin thu cha rc phi tha mn cc tiu chun sau:

- Chng s xm nhp ca sc vt, cn trn.- Bn, chc, p v khng b h hng do thi tit.

- D c ra.

3.2.1.Cc phng tin lu, cha ti ch

Dung tch trung bnh ca phng tin thu cha c quyt nh bi s ngi trong gia nh

s lng nh c phc v v tn sut thu gom rc thi. Dung tch trn c tnh ton vi mc

thi rc 0,5 - 0,8 kg/ngi.ngy. C cc loi phng tin thu cha sau:

Ti ng rc khng thu hi: Ti c lm bng giy hoc bng cht do, nhng ti lm bngcht do cn c cc khung kim loi ti khi rc vo, cn ti bng giy th cng hn

Kch thc v mu sc ca ti c tiu chun ha trnh s dng ti ng rc vo mc ch

khc.

Thngng rc: thng ng rc thng dng thng lm bng cht do, dung tch loi thng

trong nh 5 - 10 lt;loi dng ti cquan, vn phng thng 30 - 75 lt, i khi 90 lt. Thng

phi c np y. Nhn chung kch thc ca cc loi thng rc c thc la chn theo quy

m v v tr thng cha.- Thng rc trong nhc s dng cha rc thi trong nh v c a ra ngoi vo thi

im c nh trc .

- Thng rc bn ngoi l nhng thng cha ln hn t bn ngoi nh v bn lng

khi chthu gom.

- Thngng rc sdng khi thu gom bng cc phng tin y kn rc. l cc thng

ng rc c np lp vo bn l mt h thng moc c th rc bng my vo trong xe qua

mt ca c bit. Dung tch thng thng t 110 - 160 lt v thng lm bng cht do.

- Thngng rc di ng: Thng ng rc bng st hoc bng cht do, c np y lp vo

bn l. di chuyn c d dng, cc thng ny c t trn cc bnh xe: 2 bnh xe nh c

nh i vi loi thng nh v 4 bnh xe xoay c cho loi thng ln. Mt h thng moc cho

php rc bng my vo xe thu rc. C 3 c: cnh 500 lt, cva 750 lt, cln 1000 lt.


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Gm c 2 loi:

- Loi thng dng cho nhng loi rc thi c khi lng trung bnh 0,15 kg/l.

- Loi bn chc cho nhng loi rc thi c khi lng trung bnh l 0,4 kg/l. Loi "thng rc

ln thng dng" thng c s dng trong nhng khu nh cao tng.Phng tin lu cha rc cho cc ta nh thng l cc thng kim loi (cnh); b cha rc

hoc cc h rc.

Mt s thng cha rc vn t sn bn ng ph v ni cng cng hin nay hu nh khng

c rc trong. Sdnh vy l v ngi dn rt ngi khi vt rc vo thng li phi dng tay

nng np y thng ln. S mt s loi thng cha c trnh by hnh 3.3. Khi thit k

cc loi thng cha rc vn loi ny phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:

- p v v sinh- D s dng

- c t cnh trn h ph.

3.2.2. cc phng tin lu , cha trung gian

Thu cha rc trn cc xe y tay ci tin: rc cc h dn c, c cng nhn s dng xe y

tay i thu gom em tp trung ti v tr xc nh. Sau , cc thng rc ca xe y tay (xe y tay

c thng xe ri) c cu ln vo xe chuyn dng.

3.2.3. Chi ph cho vic thu gom cc cht thi ti chCc chi ph cho vic thu gom cc cht thi khu vc thng ly t qu phc li ca th

(chi ph cng cng). Khi vic chi ph ny thuc v phc li cng cng th vic thu nht cc loi

cht thi c kh nng ti ch sc dn chng thu nht mt cch t nguyn.

Gi thnh thu nht, tp trung, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn theo u ngi trong mt nm

c trnh by bng 3.2.

Bng 3.2. Gi thnh thu nht, tp trung, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn

theo u ngi trong mt nm

Ngun thu nht Gi thnh thu nht (USD/ngi/nm)


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Trung bnh i vi tt c th

Thu nht mt ln/tun

Thu nht hai ln/tun

Trung bnh i vi tt c cc thCc trm trung chuyn trong thnh ph

5,39

5,60

6,82

1,422,17

3.3. U NHC IM CA CC PHNG THC THU GOM TI CH

Nhng thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc thu gom, lu gi cht thi rn ti chc

trnh by bng 3.3.

Bng 3.3. Cc thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc thu gom, lu giti ch

Phng thc Thun li Bt liKhu dn cv thng mi

- Cht ng

- Kho cha cnh

(xy bng gch)

- Ti cht do

- Bc cng nh

- B cha cht thi

(nhiu h gia nh)

D dng i vi dn

G p nhm cht thi thu

gom

V sinh, ly nhanh, t

phi qut. Bc kn cc

cht thi

Kinh t hn v c th ti

sinh, thu nhanh hn.

Khng phi qut.

Dn d s dng. Tp

trung cht thi.

Mt v sinh. Km m quan v ri

vi bi nhng ngi nht rc.

i hi sng gp t nguyn ca

dn. Mt thi gian khi chuyn giao.

Km m quan v ri vi bi nhng

ngi nht rc.i hi phi thu gom tng nh.

Dn phi mua ti.

i hi phi thu gom tng nh, c

mi, cc thng cha d b mt cp,

phi lau chi thng xuyn.

Kh thc hin vic thu gom c

phn loi i vi b mt ngn. Kh

khuyn khch nhn dn, s dng

khng c hiu qu.


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- Cngtenn (nhiu h gia

nh v cht thi xy dng)

Gp nhm cht thi. Thu

gom v vn chuyn d

dng.

i hi sng gp t nguyn ca

dn. Phi c khng gian. Km m

quan v ri vi bi nhng ngi

nht rc.ng cng cng

- Thng rc nh cnh

- Xe y cnh 350 lt

- Cngtenn

D s dng cho ngi

qua li.

Thu gom v vn chuyn

d dng.

Gp nhm cht thi. Thu

gom v vn chuyn d

dng

C kh nng trn y.

Km m quan, d b ph hoi.

Xa nh . Khng c nhiu khng

gian. Km m quan. Ri vi bi

nhng ngi nht rc.Cquan v x nghip

- Kho cnh

- Cngtenn

Gp nhm cht thi.

Gp nhm cht thi. Thu

gom v vn chuyn d

dng.

Mt thi gian khi chuyn giao. Ri

vi bi nhng ngi thu nht rc

v cc nhn vin.

Phi c sn khng gian. Km m

quan.

Phng thc s dng cc cngtenn lu gi tm thi cc loi cht thi rn l phng thc

c p dng ph bin cc nc ang pht trin v n cho php nhng ngi dn khng c ti

nha ng cht thi ca h, c x rc m khng nh hng tiu cc. ng thi phng

thc ny cng cho php gim gi thu gom cng nh gp phn lm sch thnh ph mt cch

ng k, c bit i vi cc khu nh ng c, cc cquan, nh my v dng cho cc cht thi

xy dng.

Vic s dng cc loi ti nha i hi phi ng vin mnh m dn chng c s thay i ln

cc thi quen ca h.

Cc b cha cht thi cc khu dn c nhiu h gia nh cng c p dng thnh cng

nhiu nc phng Ty. Tuy nhin cc ni dn cng c, cn phi b tr xy dng cc b

lu gi hai ngn to iu kin cho vic sn cht thi, nng cao gi tr ti s dng li hoc ti

ch.


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3.4. CC BIN PHP GIM VIC PHT SINH CHT THI RN

Khi lng rc sinh ra ti cc ngun x ngy cng ln v vy vic gim khi lng v c tnh

cc cht thi rn l nhng vn k thut i hi x hi phi gii quyt vi mc tiu lu di

ph hp vi tnh hnh pht trin v bo v mi trng , bo m cn bng sinh thi.Hin nay nhu cu ca dn chng ngy cng cao, s lng cht thi khng l ngy cng tng

v do vy c nhiu s c xy ra trong qu trnh qun l, gii quyt cht thi rn to thnh v xu

thnh hng ca cht thi rn ti mi trng thin nhin ngy cng tng. Giai on u ca

vic gim lng cht thi l phi nhn thc c rng cht thi rn l loi cht thi khng mong

mun, khng bit trc c qu trnh trao i ca n trong vng v nhng tc ng ca n gy

ra mang tnh x hi. Cc vn lin quan di y s tr li cu hi ti sao vic to ra t cht

thi v t nhim l cch la chn tt nht:1. Tit kim nng lng v cc ngun nng lng gc;

2. Gim s khai thc, x l, s dng cc ngun gy tc ng xu ti mi trng;

3. Tng cng sc khe cng nhn v s an ton bi vic gim s xut hin cc vt liu c

tnh c hi hay nguy him.

4. Gim chi ph khng ch nhim v qun l cht thi (chi ph ny ang tng rt nhanh hn

c t l tng sn phm cng nghip) v kh nng mc phi trong tng lai i vi cht thi c

hi v nguy him.Phng thc gim cht thi v nhim:

- Tng mc tiu th;

- Thit k li cc quy trnh sn xut v sn phm sao cho s dng t nguyn liu hn;

- Thit k v to ra cc sn phm t gy nhim v t cc ngun gy cht thi hn khi s dng;

- Loi b sng gi khng cn thit.

p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn trong sn xut. Mc tiu ca cng ngh ny l hn ch

s dng ti nguyn v gim thiu cht thi. Trong tng lai c th to ra cng ngh hiu qu

hn, to ra qu trnh sn xut mi, cng nh bo v v ti s dng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin

k c vic chuyn ha cht thi thnh nng lng.

3.5. CC PHNG PHP XL S B V XL TI CH CHT THI RN


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Nh cp cc phn trc, nhiu h thng thu gom rc thi thnhng thnh ph c

thu nhp thp u phi i mt vi nhng vn tng t trong x l rc thi. l s trng

lp khng cn thit ca vic cha v x l rc thi. rc thi c thc x l ti bn ln hoc

nhiu hn trong qu trnh thu gom, iu lm tng thm thi gian v chi ph cho qu trnhng thi lm gim hiu qu. Cc quy trnh x l n gin in hnh hin ang s dng cc

nc ang pht trin c th hin bng 3.4.

Bng 3.4. Cc quy trnh xl ti chin hnh

Quy trnh x l hin ti in hnh Mc tiu

- Rc c ng trn ng ph

- Rc c vun, thu gom v vo ccthng rc trn ph

- Rc thi c thu gom th cng v cht

vo nhng xe chrc khng t

- D rc bng th cng ti cc im trung

chuyn, phn loi v bc xc ln xe ch

i chn lp

Rc c cha trong cc gia nh trong cc

thng cha u tin

rc thi trc tip t cc thng rc ring voxe rc hay vo nhng thng rc ch i c

(thng rc th cp)

Rc thi c chuyn trc tip khng qua bc

th cng v cc xe thu gom th cp

(thu gom th cp)

Drc bng cgii ti im trung chuyn hoc

chn lp. nu l ti im chuyn tip th drc

ra sn b tng v bc xc bng cgii.

Cn thit phi c cc bin php x l sb rc thi bng cc phng php c th nhm gim

th tch, ng nht kch thc cht thi rn, phn cc hp phn nng ring, nh ring to iu

kin thun li cho cc bc tip theo. X l sb cng nhm mc ch d vn chuyn v d

x l.

3.5.1. X l sb bng phng php nn p

i vi cc ta nh trung bnh v nh cao tng, qu trnh x l vn hnh i vi cht thi t

cc nh ring bao gm: nn m, t, nghin, t v to thnh bt nho, hoc cng c khi

nghin nh v phn loi nhcc nh t tng.


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- m nn: gim dung tch cht thi rn, khi thu gom ngi ta thng dng cc thit bm

nn cc ta nh ln. Thit bm nn c t u di ng ng tng di cng. Cht

thi sau khi ri xung y ng ng, ngi ta dng t bo quang in hoc nt bm y rc -

cht thi rn n thit bm nn. Ty thuc thit k ch to thit bm nn, cht thi rn cthc nn thnh kin v tng xp ti vo thng kim loi hoc ti giy. khi cc kin c

hnh thnh v thng hoc ti y th my m nn li tng y i v c th lp i lp li

Trng lng cht thi khng thay i nhng dung tch gim c 20 - 60% so vi dung tch ban

u. Cht thi rn c m cht rt thun li cho vic y vo cc bi rc thi. Khi dng

phng php t th cht thi c m nn li phi c xi ln d chy v chy ht

trong l t. Cho d cht thi rn c xi ln th cng khng thu hi c cc vt liu cn hoc

c th thu hi. S x l sb bng nn p c th hin hnh 3.4.

Hnh 3.4. S ca x l sb bng nn p

a) Bt u chu trnh nn Ca rc cc tng

Thng nhcdi ng

Rc thi

Khung thp

b) Ko khi bung nn

c) Nn p trong thng


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3.5.2. X l ti ch cht thi rn bng phng php sinh hc ti ch

l cht rc thi thnh ng, trong di tc dng ca oxy v s hot ng ca vi sinh vt

m qu trnh sinh ha din ra phn hy cht hu cthnh mn. y l phng php ph bin

x l rc, to iu kin cho rc c phn hy thnh mn, c th dng lm phn bn phc vtrng trt. Trong cc ng rc, do kt qu ca qu trnh sinh ha, nhit c tht ti 60oC

v hn na. Vi nhit v cc yu t khc, cc vi khun ng rut khng to nha bo

(thng hn, tiu chy, l ) v trng giun s b tiu dit.

Cc yu tnh hng ti qu trnh bao gm: nhit , m, pH, hp phn nguyn liu

Sau thi gian th cc mm bnh s b tiu dit. phng php ny c ngh p dng x

l cc b cht thi do cc khu dn c c din tch khng nm trong khu vc trung tm th v

cho cc x nghip ch bin hoa qu, thc phm cng nh cc khu vc khc c to ra t l caoca thnh phn hu ctrong rc thi.

Bi rc (cnh ng rc): Rc c khu vc ring bit. Trong cnh ng ngi ta

chia thnh cc khu vc ln lt rc.

Nu tnh ton sb th 1000 dn cn 0,13 - 0,15 ha din tch , c trng cy xanh cch ly vi

cc khu vc xung quanh.

H rc: xy dng cc h rc ngoi tri, o trc tip di t. Tuy nhin cn lu trnh

gy nhim ngun nc ngm.B sinh hc: B c dung tch 5 - 15 m3. tng hiu qu qu trnh ngi ta cgii ha

khu np v ly rc ra ngoi. Qu trnh sinh ha trong b ch yu nhs tham gia tch cc ca

cc vi sinh vt hiu kh hoc ym kh ty tin. tng cng qu trnh sinh ha trong b, ngi

ta phi thc hin lm thong, thng hi tt v phi xy dng sau cho gic nhit cao

trong .

V tr xy dng b phi c sng ca cquan v sinh dch t v qun l mi trng. S

mt s b sinh hc c trnh by hnh 3.5.


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Cc thun li v bt li v bt li ca tng phng thc cht thi rn ti chc trnh by

bng 3.5.

a) Loi h vi ro chn n gin b) Loi thng ba ngn theoqu trnh phn hy sinh hc

c) Loi hnh trng vi dung tch 200 lt


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Bng 3.5.Cc thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc cht thi rn ti ch.

Phng thc Thun li Bt li

Lm phn nh Khng nh hng g ti mi

trng. R tin. Khuyn khchnhn dn v li ch ca phn

Cn c s ng h v theo di.

Ch p dng i vi rc thi huc.

Phn ti ch

(nhiu h gia nh)

C th p dng cho mt chng

trnh mang tnh cng ng

nng cao gi tr khu dn c.

ng vin nhn dn bo v mi

trng ca h.

Gim chi ph v lp t.

Cn c s tham gia ca dn.

Cn c thi gian.

Phn ti ch

(ti cc khu cng

nghip v cquan)

Ngi s dng c dng nhng

sn phm ci thin ni tr ng

ca mnh.

Cn khng gian. Cn c s kim

tra.

Trong tng lai, cc chng trnh lm phn nhiu h gia nh, cc cquan, trng hc s

phi c thc hin phng php ny. Cn lu ti cc cht cn c lm phn cc c

sx nghip, trng hc v lu l ti vic s dng cui cng ca cc sn phm .

3.5.3. Phng php thiu t

Phng php ny tuy chi ph cao, thng thng l 20 23 USD/tn, nhng chu trnh x l

ngn , ch 3-4 ngy. V gi thnh t nn ch c cc nc pht trin p dng nhiu. cc nc

ang pht trin nn p dng phng php ny vi quy m nh x l cht thi c hi nh

cht thi bnh vin, cht thi cng nghip

Nhthiu t, dung tch cht thi rn c gim nhiu ch cn khong 10% so vi dung tch

ban u; trng lng gim ch cn 25% hoc thp hn so vi ban u. Nh vy s to iu kin

thun li cho vic thu gom v gim nhu cu v dung tch cha ti ch, ngay ti ngun, ng thi

cng d dng chuyn chra bi chn lp tp trung nu cn. Tuy nhin phng php t rc thi

ti ch s gy nhim khng kh cho khu vc dn c xung quanh, ng thi lm mt m quan

th, v vy phng php ny ch dng ti cc a phng nh, c mt dn s thp.


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Ngoi ra cn c cc k thut mi nh cht thi l v bo, v tru, mn ca em p p lc cao

vi keo tng hp lm thnh tm tng, trn nh, t, bn gh, hoc x l du cn dng li

Chng 4

THU GOM TP TRUNG V VN CHUYNCHT THI RN TH

Thut ng thu tp trung (hay cn gi l thu gom th cp) bao hm khng ch vic thu gom

nht cc cht thi rn t nhng ngun khc nhau m cn c vic chuyn chcc cht thi ti

a im tiu hy. Vic d cc xe rc cng c coi nh l mt phn ca hot ng thu gom

th cp. Nh vy thu gom th cp l cch thu gom cc loi cht thi rn t cc im thu gom

chung (im cu rc) trc khi vn chuyn chn theo tng phn hoc c tuyn thu gom n mt

trm trung chuyn, mt csx l hay bi chn lp bng cc loi phng tin chuyn dng c

ng c.

4.1.CC KHI NIM

Quy hoch thu gom cht thi rn: l vic nh gi cc cch thc s dng nhn lc v thit b

tm ra mt s sp xp hiu qu nht. Mun vy cn xem xt cc yu t sau:

- Cht thi rn c to ra: S lng (tng cng v tng n v); t trng; ngun to thnh.-

Phng thc thu gom: Thu gom ring bit hay kt hp.- Mc dch v cn cung cp: Lng; li i; khi nh- Tn sut thu gom v nng sut thu gom: S nhn cng v t chc ca mt kp; Lp l trnh

thu gom theo tng khu vc; ghi chp nht k vo bo co.

- S dng hp ng thnh ph hoc cc dch v t nhn- Thit b thu gom: Kch c; chng loi; s lng; s thch ng vi cc cng vic khc.- Khi phc ngun lc: Gi thnh; th trng; thu gom; phn loi- Tiu hy: Phng php; a im; chuyn ch; tnh php l- Mt dn s: Kch thc nh ca; s lng im dng; lng cht thi rn ti mi im

nhng im dng cng cng

- Cc c tnh vt l ca khu vc: Hnh dng v chiu rng ng ph; a hnh; m hnhgiao thng (gicao im, ng mt chiu)


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- Kh hu: Ma; gi; nhit - i tng v khu vc phc v: Dn c (cc h c th v nhng im dng cng cng)

doanh nghip; nh my

-

Cc ngun ti chnh v nhn lc.Dch v thu gom tp trung cht thi rn l cng vic kh khn phc tp v nhng l do sau:

- Cc ngun to cht thi rn tn mn theo khng gian v thi gian;- Cht thi rn ngy cng gia tng v s lng v chng loi;- Gi thnh chi ph nhn cng v nhin liu ngy cng cao;Chi ph cho cng on thu gom, tp trung chim t 60 80% tng chi ph thu gom tp trung

x l v x cht thi rn.

Cc tiu ch chnh c trng cho hiu qu thu gom:1. S tn cht thi c thu gom trong mt gi;2. Tng s hc phc v trong mt gilm vic ca mt kp;3. Chi ph ca mt ngy thu gom;4. Chi ph cho mi ln dng thu gom;5. S lng ngi c phc v bi mt xe trong mt tun.

4.2. CC PHNG THC THU GOM

Thu gom theo khi: Trong h thng ny cc xe thu gom chy theo mt quy trnh u n theotn sut c tha thun trc (2-3ln/tun hay hng ngy). Nhng xe ny dng ti mi

ng ba, ng t v rung chung. Theo tn hiu ny, mi ngi dn ph quanh mang nhng

st rc ca hn vo xe. C nhiu dng khc nhau ca hnh thc thu gom ny c

p dng nhng im chung l mi gia nh c yu cu phi c thng rc ca ring mnh

trong nh v mang n cho ngi thu gom rc vo nhng thi im c quy nh trc. Trong

mt s trng hp chnh quyn cung cp nhng thng rc c tiu chun ha , mc d vn

chi ph cho s tiu chun ha ny cn phi c xem xt mt cch cn thn.

Thu gom bn lng: H thng thu gom ny i hi mt dch vu n v mt thi gian

biu tng i chnh xc. Cc c dn cn phi t li thng rc sau khi c ht rc. iu

quan trng l nhng thng ny phi c dng chun. nu khng s dng nhng thng rc chun

th c th c hin tng rc khng c ht ra khi thng (th d nh cc loi gi, thng


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catton). Trong nhng iu kin ny, rc c th b gi thi hay sc vt lm vng vi ra, do vy

lm cho qu trnh thu gom rc trnn km hiu qu. nhng nc c thu nhp thp, hnh thc

thu gom bn lng thng khng hon ton ph hp. Mt s vn thng ny sinh trong

cch thu gom ny, v d nhng ngi nht rc c th s nhng thng rc ny ra nht trcthng rc c th b mt cp, sc vt lm hay c th b vt li trn ng ph trong mt thi

gian di.

4.3.H THNG THU GOM VN CHUYN CHT THI RN

4.3.1. cc loi thit b tp trung vn chuyn cht thi rn

C th phn loi theo nhiu cch nh:

- Theo kiu vn hnh hot ng- Theo thit b, dng cc s dng nh cc loi xe ti cln, nh- Theo loi cht thi cn thu gom.Theo kiu vn hnh hot ng gm: H thng xe thng di ng (tch ri), h thng xe thng

cnh.

- H thng xe thng di ng(HT) l h thu gom trong cc thng cha y rc c

chuyn chn bi thi ri a thng khng v v tr tp kt rc ban u. H thng ny ph hp

vn chuyn cht thi rn t cc ngun to ra nhiu cht thi rn., cng c th nhc thng rc

y ln xe v thay bng thng rng ti im tp kt.- H thng xe thng cnh(HTC) l h thu gom trong cc thng cha y rc vn c

nh t ni tp kt rc, tr mt khong thi gian rt ngn nhc ln rc vo xe gom rc (xe

c thnh xung quang lm thng).

H xe thng di ng i hi phi c xe ti v trang thit b. Bng 4.1 trnh by h thng xe thu

gom loi di ng.

Dng cc thng ln gim c thi gian bc d, v sinh hn so vi vic dng nhiu thng

nh.

H xe thng di ng c u im l a dng v hnh dng v v kch thc cho nn cng

thch hp vi nhiu loi cht thi rn, thu gom c tng loi cht thi rn.


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thng mi, cc cng trnh a nng, cc trm trung chuyn cht thi rn. V c dung tch ln

v vn chuyn tng i tt nn loi xe thng nghing c dng rt rng ri.

Bng 4.2. Cc loi thng ln i km vi loi xe vn chuyn cht thi

Kch thc mmLoi xe thugom

Dung tchthng

hoc xe

ti(m3)

Strc

xe

Thnghoc xe

c dung

tch m3

Rng Cao DiPhng

php

x

H xe thng di ng

Xe nng 5 - 10 2 8 84 80 - 100 110 - 150 Ri t do

m

Xe snnghing

10 - 36 3 24 96 80 - 90 220 - 300 Ri t do ng

Xe c ti 12 - 30 3 32 96 90 - 150 220 - 450 Ri t do -

nghing

H xe thng cnh, c trang b b nn cgii

Bc xp

pha trc

15 - 30 3 24 96 140 150 240 290 Nng thy

lc

Bc xp

pha bn

7,6 27 3 24 96 132 150 220 260 Nng thy

lc

Bc xp

pha sau

7,6 22 2 15 96 125 135 210 230 Nng thy

lc

H xe thng cnh, c trang b nn th cng

Bc xp

pha trc

7,6 28 3 28 96 132 - 150 240 300 Nng thy

lc

Bc xp

pha sau

7,6 22 2 15 96 125 - 135 210 - 230 Nng thy

lc


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Xe thng c ti ko: ging nh loi xe thng c sn nghing, dng rng ri thu gom

chuyn chcht thi rn nh ct, g x nh ca, mnh vn kim loi, tc l dng cho vic ph d

nh ca cng trnh (demolition).

H thng xe thng cnh v trang b: h thng ny c s dng rng ri thu gom miloi cht thi rn. Nhng h thng ny c s dng ty thuc vo s lng cht thi rn cn

thu dn v sim (ngun) to cht thi rn.

H thng ny c hai loi chnh:

+ H thng vi b nn v t bc d(ckh): thng vn chuyn cht thi rn n khu tri

bi thi v sinh, trm trung chuyn hoc trm x l cht thi rn .

Loi ny kh a dng v hnh dng v kch thc. Tuy nhin c nhc im l khng thu gom

c cc loi cht thi rn nng, cng knh nh ca cng nghip, cng trng xy dng, ph dcng trnh

+ H thng vi xe bc dth cng: loi ny ph bin dng chuyn chbc dcht thi rn

cc khu nh . Loi bc dth cng c hiu qu hn loi bc dcgii trong cc khu nh

bi v lng cht thi rn cn bc xp ri rc cc ni vi s lng t, thi gian tip xc , bc

xp ngn.

4.3.2. ngha kinh t ca hot ng trung chuyn (transper oporation) v vn chuyn cht

thi rnHot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn cht thi rn bao gm cc ng tc: cht thi rn

thng cha (hoc bn thn cc xe thu gom) chn ni tp kt. Hot ng trung chuyn c

th kinh t khi :

- Cc xe thu gom nh bc xc th cng c dng thu gom cht thi rn sinh hot v chi xa;

- Lng cht thi rn nhiu phi chi rt xa;- C trm trung chuyn vi mt s xe thu gom.

4.3.3.Nhu cu lao ng

Nhu cu lao ng ty thuc vo vic t chc thu gom v loi h thng xe thu gom.


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+ H xe thng di ng: Nhu cu nhn lc ch cn mt ngi va li xe, va cht y cht thi

ln xe, va dcht thi rn ti bi chn lp. Tuy nhin an ton thng bin ch hai ngi

(ngi li v ngi ph). Ngi li chnh c trch nhim vn hnh my, cho my hot ng

Ngi ph c nhim vng mxe xch, cp ti khi bc dcht thi rn. Trng hp vi chtthi rn nguy hi, nht thit phi b tr hai nhn lc.

+ H xe thng cnh(bc dcgii): cng nhi vi h thng xe thng di ng. Khi c hai

ngi th ngi li chnh cn phi gip ngi li ph trong vic cng nng cc thng rc vo

xe, h thng v v tr.

Khi c nhiu im thu gom tn mn xe khng n tng ni c cn phi khing thng rc t

ni t n xe thu gom hoc a thng khng v ni t th cn phi c 3 ngi.

+ H thng xe cnh (bc d th cng): cng yu cu t 1-3 ngi ty thuc loi cng tcthu gom v trang b dng c thu gom. Khi thu gom cht thi rn lng, ng xm li i ch

cn 1 ngi. Khi a bn rng, nhiu sn bi sau nh cn nhiu ngi (3 ngi)

4.4. Phn tch h thng thu gom

xt nhu cu v dng c, phng tin, nhn cng i vi h thng thu gom, ngi ta phi

xc nh thi gian , n v, nh mc, thi gian hon thnh tng nhim v, cng on. Bng

cch phn chia cc hot ng ngi ta c th :

- Xc nh cc s liu thit k, t chc v xc lp cc mi quan h trong h thng.- nh gi cc phng n trong hot ng thu gom cht thi rn v kim sot cc v tr c

bit.

4.4.1. S ha h thng thu gom

m hnh ha h thng thu gom cht thi rn ngi ta phi phn bit tng nhim v, tng

cng on.

4.4.2. Phn tch h thng vn chuyn

Qu tnh vn chuyn bao gm 4 thao tc cbn l : Bc xp chuyn chcc thao tc ti

im tp trung hot ng ngoi hnh trnh.

Bc xp: thi gian bc xp cht thi rn t thng ln xe c tnh ton nh sau:

- Vi h thng xe thng di ng kiu thng thng (hnh 4.1a)TBc xp = Tt thng khng xung + TDi chuyn + TBc xp ln xe (4-1)


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- Vi h thng xe thng tch ri kiu thay thng (hnh 4.1b):

TBc xp = TBc xp ln xe + Tt thng khng xung (4-2)

- Vi h thng xe thng cnh:

TBc xp = Nt.Tbc xp ln xe + (Np - 1).Thnh trnh thu gom (4-3)Trong :

Tt thng : Thi gian t mt thng khng xung (pht/ thng)

Tdi chuyn : Thi gian di chuyn trung bnh gia cc v tr t thng cht thi rn(pht/im

pht/chuyn).

Tbc xp ln xe : Thi gian bc xp cc thng cha y cht thi rn ln xe(pht/chuyn)

Nt : S thng cht thi rn lm y 1 chuyn xe (thng/chuyn)

Thnh trnh thu gom : Thi gian di chuyn trung bnh gia cc v tr t thng cha i vi h thngxe cnh.

Cn lu rng khi tnh ton phi chuyn i n v thi gian pht thnh gi.

Chuyn ch: thi gian chuyn ch l thi gian vn chuyn cht thi rn t cc v tr t cc

thng cha cht thi rn ti im tp trung (trm trung chuyn, trm x l hoc bi chn lp)

Vi h thng xe thng di ng (tch ri):

Tchuyn ch = ttim tp kt im tp trung + tbi tp trung im tp kt tip theo (4-4)

Vi h thng xe thng cnh:Tchuyn ch= ttim cui ca hnh trnh im tp trung + tim tp trung im u ca hnh trnh ti (4-5)

Thao tc ti bi thi: Thi gian thao tc ti bi thi c xc nh nh sau:

Tbi = tbc d+ tchi (4-6)

Thi gian hotng ngoi hnh trnh: Bao gm thi gian khng hiu qu (thi gian v ch):

+ Thi gian tnh ton kim tra phng tin;

+ Thi gian i t cquan ti v tr bc xp u tin;

+ Thi gian khc phc do ngoi cnh gy ra;

+ Thi gian bo dng, sa cha thit b.

y l thi gian bt buc phi chi ph. Ngoi ra hot ng ca ngoi hnh trnh cn bao gm

thi gian khng bt buc:

+ Thi gian ko di khi n ung, ngh ngi v thi gian chi i, ni chuyn.


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Thng thng tnh n thi gian ny ngi ta s dng h s ngoi hnh trnh W. H s

ngoi hnh trnh W c gi tr dao ng t 0,10 0-,25 ; a s trng hp W = 0,15.

4.5.XC NH CC THNG S TNH TON I VI H VN CHUYN HTHNG XE THNG DI NG (TCH RI).

Thi gian yu cu cho mt chuyn , mt hnh trnh ca mt xe(gi tt l mt chuyn xe):

Tyu cu = (Tbc xp + Tchuyn ch + Tbi ).1/(1-W) (4-7)

Trong :

Tyu cu : Thi gian yu cu cho mt chuyn xe (gi/chuyn).

Tbc xp : Thi gian bc xp cho mt chuyn xe (gi/chuyn) c xc nh theo cng thc

(4-1), (4-2) v (4-3).Thi gian bc xp v bc dthng t thay i.

Tchuyn ch: Thi gian chuyn chcho mt chuyn (Tchuyn ch= a + bx) (4-8)

Thi gian chuyn chph thuc vo chiu di qung ng v tc ca xe. Kt qu phn

tch nhiu s liu cho thy thi gian chuyn chc th biu th gn ng theo cng thc (4-8).

a : Hng s thc nghim (gii/chuyn).

a = 0,060

b : Hng s thc nghim (gi/km)b = 0,042

x : khong cch vn chuyn cho mt chuyn i v v (km/chuyn).

Tbi : Thi gian thao tc bi thi (gi/chuyn) c xc nh theo cng thc (4-6).

T cng thc (4-7) v (4-8) ta c:

Tyu cu = (Tbc xp + Tbi + a + bx)/(1-W) (4-9)

Trong W: h s ngoi hnh trnh

S chuyn xe thc hin c trong mt ngy:

Nngy =)(

)1(

~ chochuyniabpxcbcuyu TTT

WH

T

H

++

= (4-10)

Trong :

Nngy : s chuyn xe thc hin c trong mt ngy (chuyn/ngy);


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H : S gilm vic trong` ngy (gi/ngy)

Thi gian yu cu lm vic trong mt tun:

Dw = Xw(Tbc xp + Tbi + Tchuyn ch)HW)1(

1

(4-11)

Trong :

Dw : S ngy yu cu lm vic trong mt tun;

Xw : S chuyn xe yu cu trong mt tun (chuyn/tun);

Xw =fV

Vw

.(4-12)

Vw : Lng cht thi rn to ra trong mt tun (m3/tun);

V : Th tch trung bnh ca xe(m3/chuyn);

f : H s s dng dung tch xe tnh theo ti trng, thng f = 0,8

Lu : c th tnh ton Xw theo cng thc (4-12) sau lm trn s.

Xc nh nhu cu lao ng (NCL): Nhu cu lao ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

S ngy cng lao ng/1tun = Dw S ngi cn phc v.

4.6. XC NH CC THNG S TNH TON I VI H VN CHUYN H

THNG XE THNG CNHDo c s khc nhau trong khu bc xp nn ta phi xt cc trng hp khc nhau:

a) Bc xp cgii

Thi gian yu cu cho mt chuyn xe:

Tyu cu = (Tbc xp + Tbi + a + bx)W1

1(4-13)

Trong : Tbc xp : c xc nh theo cng thc (4-3)

TBc xp

= Nt.T

bc thng ln xe+ (N

p- 1).T

hnh trnh thu gom(4-14)

Tbi : Thi gian thao tc bi thi (gi/chuyn);

Cc thng s a, b, x nh gii thch cng thc (4-8), (4-9);

Nt : s thng cht thi lm y mt chuyn xe;

Np : sim bc xp cho mt chuyn xe;


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S thng cht thi lm y mt chuyn xe c xc nh:

fV

rVN

t

t .

.=

Trong :

Nt : S thng cht thi rn lm y mt chuyn xe (thng/chuyn);

V : Dung tch trung bnh ca thng xe (m3/chuyn);

r : H sm nn r = 2

Vt : Dung tch trung bnh ca mi thng cht thi rn (m3/thng);

f : H s s dng (dung tch) ca thng nhng tnh theo trng lng.

S chuyn xe yu cu thc hin trong mt tun:

rVVX ww .= (chuyn/tun) (4-15)

Trong :

Vw : Lng cht thi rn c to ra trong mt tun (m3/tun);

V,r : Dung tch trung bnh ca thng xe(m3/chuyn) v h sm nn r = 2

Thi gian yu cu lm vic trong mt tun:

Dw = Xw(Tbc xp + Tbi + Tchuyn ch)HW)1(

1

(4-16)

Trong :

Dw : S ngy yu cu lm vic trong mt tun;

Xw : S chuyn xe yu cu trong mt tun (chuyn/tun);

Xw =fC

Vw

.(4-17)

Vw :lng cht thi rn c to ra trong 1 tun (m3/tun);

C : th tch trung bnh ca thng xe (m3/chuyn);

f : h s s dng dung tch thng xe theo ti trng, thng f = 0,8;

H : thi gian lm vic trong ngy (gi/ngy);

Nu lm trn s chuyn trong ngy th thi gian lm vic trong mt ngy l:

H = Nng(Tbc xp + Tbi + Tchuyn ch)W1

1(4-18)


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Hay :

H = Nng(Tbc xp + Tbi + a + bx)W1

1(4-18a)

Nng : s chuyn xe thc hin trong mt ngy (chuyn/ngy).

Sau tip tc xc nh c nhu cu lao ng v s lng xe cn thit vn chuyn cht thi

rn .

b) Bc xp th cng

Vic phn tch vn chuyn tp trung cht thi rn bng th cng cho thy:

- Nu bit H l thi gian lm vic trong ngy (gi/ngy);- Nu bit Nng l s chuyn xe lm vic trong ngy (chuyn/ngy)Theo cng thc (4-15) tnh c thi gian bc xp Tbc xp v tnh c cc thng s khc.

Sim cn bc xp cho mt chuyn xe:

Np = 60.Tbc xp .pt

N(4-19)

Trong :

Np : Sim cn bc xp cho mt chuyn xe (im/chuyn);

Tbc xp : Thi gian bc xp cho mt chuyn (gi/chuyn);

60 : H si t gisang pht;N : S ngi tham gia bc xp, thu dn (ngi)

tp : Thi gian bc xp thu dn cho mt im cht thi rn (ngi/pht/im);

Dung tch ca thng xe c xc nh khi bit sim cn bc xp cho mt chuyn xe (Np):

V = Vp.Npr

1(4-20)

Trong :

V : dung tch trung bnh ca thng xe (m3/chuyn);

Vp : lng cht thi rn ca mt im (m3/im);

r : t sm nn;

S chuyn xe yu cu trong mt tun:

Nw = TppN

F (4-21)


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Trong :

Tp : Tng sim cn bc xp (im);

F : Tn sut (s ln) thu gom trong mt tun F = 2 3 (ln/tun);

Nhu cu lao ng hng tun:NC =

w

w

T

D(4-22)

Trong :

NC : nhn cng hay s ngi lao ng cn thit trong mt tun;

Dw : s ngy lm vic trong tun(ngy/tun);

Tw : tng thi gian lm vic ca mt ngi trong 1 tun (gi/ngi.tun);

S lng xe yu cu cho cng tc vn chuyn:

Xyu cu =65

wD (4-23)

Cc s liu trung bnh tnh nhu cu trang thit b v nhu cu lao ng i vi cc h thu

gom c trnh by bng 4.3.

Loi xe

Phng

php bc

xp

T lm

nn

(r)

Thi gian cn thit

bc x p nhc

thng v t thngkhng v v tr

Tbc xp

(h/chuyn)

Thi gian

cn

thng chay CTR

Tbc xp

(h/thng)

Thi gian

bi thi khutri Tbi

(h/chuyn)

H xe thng di ng

Xe nng Cgii - 0,067 0,053

Xe sn nghing - 0,40 0,127

Xe c ti ko 2 4 0,40 0,133H xe thng cnh

C b nn Cgii 2 2,5 0,05 0,10

C b nn Th cng 2 2,5 - 0,10


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4.7. CHN TUYN NG THU GOM VN CHUYN

Sau khi xc nh c thng s tnh ton vi nhu cu vn chuyn chung nh my mc, thit

b, nhn cng, th phi vch tuyn thu gom sao cho hp l.

4.7.1. Cc yu t cn xt n khi chn tuyn ng vn chuyn- Xt n chnh sch v quy tc hin hnh c lin quan ti vic tp trung cht thi rn, s ln thu

gom 1 tun;

- iu kin lm vic ca h thng vn chuyn, cc loi xe, my vn chuyn;

- Tuyn ng cn phi chn sao cho lc bt u v kt thc hnh trnh phi ng ph chnh;

- a hnh dc th hnh trnh nn xut pht tim cao xung thp;

- Cht thi pht sinh ti cc nt giao thng, khu phng c th phi c thu gom vo cc gi

c mt giao thng thp;- Nguyn nhn ngun to thnh cht thi rn vi khi lng ln cn phi t chc vn chuyn

vo lc t gy ch tc, nh hng cho mi trng ;

- Nhng v tr c cht thi rn t v phn tn th vic vn chuyn phi t chc thu gom cho ph

hp.

4.7.2. To lp tuyn ng vn chuyn

- Chun b bn v tr cc im tp trung cht thi rn trn ch r s lng, thng tin

ngun cht thi rn;- Phi phn tch thng tin v s liu, cn thit phi lp bng tng hp thng tin;

- Phi sb chn tuyn ng theo 2 hay 3 phng n;

- So snh cc tuyn ng cn nhc bng cch th dn chn c tuyn ng hp l;

4.8. CNG NGH V THIT B THU GOM RC BI NG

4.8.1. Rc mt ng cc th

Rc trn cc mt ng thc hnh thnh do nhiu ngun: do hng ha ven ng, do

ngi b hnh, do s phng u ca gia nh mt ng, do ri vi ca cc phng tin chuyn

chvt liu xy dng, do cc phng tin giao thng mang t, do biDo vy rc trn mt

ng rt a dng v chng loi, v kch thc, v hnh dng v khi lng ring:

- Loi nh nh ht ct, bi;- Loi ln nh trang giy, vin , mnh gch;


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- Loi nh nh mt, ming bng;- Loi nng nh hn gch, vin ln.m ca rc mt ng thay i ln ph thuc vo s thay i thi tit. Thnh phn ca rc

mt ng thay i ph thuc vo tnh cht ca khu ph (cng chc hay bun bn).4.8.2. Cng ngh v phng thc thu gom rc mt ng

Cng ngh v phng thc thu gom thay i ph thuc v cc iu kin c th. C nhng

phng thc sau:

- Thu gom bng th cng (qut tay) v bng xe cgii;- Thu gom kh v c ti nc ;- Thu gom 1 giai on v 2 giai on (th v sch);

4.8.3.Cc thit b thu gom bi nga. Theo nguyn tc thu gom:

- Xe qut v dn rc bi thnh ng dc theo lng;

- Xe qut thu rc bi: lm sch mt ng bng qut v thu ng trong thng cha ring;

- Xe ht rc bi: lm sch v vn chuyn bng ht;

- Xe qut ht rc bi;

- Xe thu gom c bit: dng thu cc vt th c khi lng ln.

b. Theo dn ng:- Xe dn ng chung: qut gi v chi qut u c dn ng bng ng cca xe csqua

cc b trch cng sut v b truyn;

- Xe dn ng ring: c trang b thm mt ngun ng lc(my n) quay qut ht v chi

qut. Tc qut v chi qut sc lp vi tc chuyn ng ca xe. dn ng quay chi

qut, ngi ta s dng ngay ng cca xe csqua b trch cng sut. Vi dn ng ring

qut gi lun lm vic n nh khng ph thuc vo tc xe chy, do vy mt ng lun

c lm sch , khng ph thuc vo tc di chuyn ca xe trn ng.

- Ngoi ra cn phn bit : xe thu gom kh v ti nc .

4.8.4. Chn cng ngh , phng thc thu gom rc bi ng

Do rc bi mt ng phc tp, a dng nn chn phng thc thu gom 2 giai on:

Thu gom kh: qut dn rc nng c kch thc ln bng qut th cng.


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- Qut dn sch bi: dng xe ht dng kh (khng ti m) s dng phng thc qut htkh lm kt cu xe n gin v trnh cc phin phc do phi b sung nc khi lm vic

trn ng, xe qut ht thu gom bi v rc nh, nh cn li trn ng sau khi lm sch

cc rc nng kch thc ln. Xe qut ht c kch thc nh vi cc tnh nng sc nu cc mc 4.9.2.

4.9. CNG NGH V THIT B THU GOM PHN X MY

4.9.1. Cc loi cng ngh thu chuyn

Cng ngh thu gom v vn chuyn cc b x t hoi v bn t hoi bao gm cc phng

thc sau:

- Ht v chuyn phn bng xe ht phn chuyn dng;- Mc th cng v chuyn bng cc phng tin th s;Hnh thc sau thng p dng i vi cc cng trnh v sinh ti cc v tr ng hp , ngoi tm

vi ca cc loi xe ht phn hin c.

4.9.2.Cng ngh v thit b ht chuyn phn x thoi

1. Dng xe ht chuyn cnh:

Theo gii php ny c th tip cn c cc b x trong xm su ng hp cn ch to loi

xe ht phn c kch thc nh song nng lc ht ln. Kch thc bao ca xe ht khng ln hn

4200 2500 mm. Kch thc vt bnh xe khng ln hn: di rng = 2700 1500mm. Dungtch thng cha khng t hn 2m3, c ly ht khng t hn 70m trn cng cao vi b x.

Gii php ny, xe ht trc ti p tip cn b pht, ht phn vo thng cha t trn xe ri

chuyn n ni x.

Dng thit b ny khng nhng m rng c phm vi hot ng ca xe ht chuyn phn

vn su vo cc b x xm su ng hp m cn mang li li ch kinh t ln cho cc b pht

dung tch nh hn 1,5m3. Vi cc b pht khi dng xe ht loi nh s gim c chi ph so

vi khi thu xe c ti trng v dung tch ln. iu ng khch l l s lng cc b pht c dung

tch di 1,5 m3 l a s hin nay.

2. Dng lin hp bm ht y:


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Theo gii php ny th ngoi xe bm ht cnh k trn cn ch to thm mt rmoc bm

y chuyn dng c kch thc nh. Kch thc bao ca xe rmoc ny khng ln hn: di

rng = 1400800mm. Nng lc bm y khng nh hn:

-

Chiu cao ht H = 2m- Chiu xa y L = 250m3. c tnh k thut ca xe ht phn (loi Multicar)

- Trng lng khng ti : 1950 kg

- Trng lng y ti : 3950 kg

- Phn b ti trng

Trc trc : 1450 kg

Trc sau : 2500 kg- Dung tch thng cha : 2 m3

- Dung tch cha cho php : 1,5 m3

- Nng sut ht : 30 m3/h

- C ly ht cho php : 80 m

- Kch thc bao

Di : 4380 mm

Rng : 1700 mmCao : 2520 mm

S mt s loi xe thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn thc trnh by hnh 4.3.


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Chng 5

XL CHT THI RN TH

5.1. CSLA CHN PHNG PHP XL

Mc tiu ca x l cht thi rn l gim hoc loi b cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong

cht thi nh cc cht c hi, khng hp v sinh, tn dng vt liu v nng lng trong cht

thi. Cc k thut x l cht thi rn c th l cc qu trnh:

- Gim th tch chc (nn, p);- Gim th tch ha hc (t);- Gim kch thc chc (bm, ct, nghin..);- Tch loi theo tng thnh phn (th cng hoc cgii);- Lm kh v kh nc (gim m ca cn);

Khi la chn cc phng php x l cht thi rn cn xem xt cc yu t sau:

- Thnh phn tnh cht cht thi rn:Thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi rn sinh hot;

Thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi rn cng nghip;

Thnh phn nguy hi v khng nguy hi;

- Tng lng cht thi rn cn c x l;- Kh nng thu hi sn phm v nng lng;- Yu cu bo v mi trng .

5.2. CC PHNG PHP XL CHT THI RN

Cc phng php c th p dng x l cht thi rn th bao gm:

a) Phng php chc:- Tch kim loi, thy tinh, giy ra khi cht thi;- Lm kh bn b pht (sch);- t cht thi khng c thu hi nhit;- Lc , to rn i vi cc cht thi bn lng;


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b) Phng php cl:- Phn loi vt liu trong cht thi;- Thy phn;-

S dng cht thi nh nhin liu;- c , p cc cht thi cng nghip lm vt liu xy dng .c) Phng php sinh hc:- Ch bin phn sinh hc;- Metan ha trong cc b thu hi kh sinh hc.i vi cht thi rn sinh hot , do c thnh phn cht hu cchim t trng ln (44-50%

trng lng) nn c th tn dng sn xut phn hu c, cung cp cho khu vc ngoi thnh

ci to t nng nghip, v nh vy vic p dng phng php i vi thnh phn hu csph hp.

Cc thnh phn cht d chy nh giy vn, gi rch, nha, cao su, da , cy g m khng cn

kh nng ti ch c th dng phng php t gim th tch sau chn lp, loi ny thng

chim t 5-10% trng lng cht thi rn th.

Thnh phn cht ti chc thu hi ti s dng bao gm ch yu l thy tinh (0,31-2,1%)

kim loi (1,02-5,0%), giy, cht do (4,71-9,5%).

Cht thi rn xy dng v cc thnh phn khng chy c khc nh vc, xng , gch sn s v tp cht kh phn hy chim t 38,5-27,5% a i san nn hoc chn lp trc tip ti

bi chn lp.

i vi cc loi bn, phn s dng phng php sinh hc (composting) chung vi thnh

phn hu ctrong rc thi sinh hot.

Cc ph thi ca cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip c phn loi t x nghip thu hi

phn c ti ch, phn loi b, ty theo mc nguy him, c hi phi p dng cc bin php

x l c bit a i chn lp.

Hin nay trn ton th gii c mt s cng ngh mi x l, ch bin cht thi cng nghip

v ph thi xy dng c lin kt li bng cht lng hn hp v polime ha v c p, to

thnh cc tm, khi vt liu dng trong xy dng. Mt s hng Nht Bn v Ha K gii

thiu cng ngh ny nc ta nh cng ngh pasta, hydromex. Vic p dng cc cng ngh trn


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theo gii thiu ca cc hng Nht Bn v Ha K cho php tn dng nhng cht thi cng

nghip, gim cc chi ph x l, chng lp Vic mt s cht c hi c c p v polyme

ha c nguy cgy nhim mi trng v mc nguy c nh th no cn c xem xt

Tuy nhin mc nhim nh hn nhiu so vi vic chn lp n thun cc cht thi ny trongcc bi chn lp.

Thnh phn cht thi bnh vin bao gm cc loi bng bng, gc, cc loi kim tim, ng tim

cc chi th v t chc m ct b, cht thi sinh hot ca bnh nhn. Tr cht thi sinh hot ra

cc loi ny hu ht u cha vi trng v mm bnh c th ly lan v truyn bnh. Bin php tt

nht x l l t dit trng v gim th tch, phn tro a i chn lp.

Thnh phn cht phng x, cc kim loi nng, cht c hi, cc cht d chy, d n, cc cht

thuc loi axit, baz, cc ha cht c Vi cc cht thuc loi ny cn phi c thu gom, xl v chn lp ring.

5.2.1. Xl sb cht thi rn th

Gim thtch bng phng php chc

Nn rc l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l cht thi rn. nhiu th, mt s

phng tin vn chuyn cht thi rn c trang b thm b phn cun p v nn rc, iu ny

gp phn lm tng sc cha ca xe v tng hiu sut chuyn chcng nh ko di thi gian

phc v cho bi chn lp. Cc thit b nn p c th l cc my nn cnh v di ng hoc ccthit b nn p cao p.

+ My nn p cnh c s dng cc khu vc:

- Vng dn c- Cng nghip nh hoc thng mi- Cng nghip nng- Trm trung chuyn vi lc p nh hn 689,5 kN/m2+ My p di ng c s dng cho:

- Cc xe trung chuyn vi khi lng ln- Cngtenn- Cc thng cha c bit


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Gim th tch bng phng php ha hc: ch yu bng phng php trung ha, ha rn kt

hp vi cc cht ph gia ng cng , khi th tch ca cht thi c th gim n 95%.

Gim thtch bng phng php chc: ch yu l dng phng php ct hoc nghin.

Tch, phn chia cc hp phn ca cht thi rn: thun tin cho vic x l, ngi ta phitch, phn chia cc hp phn ca cht thi rn. y l qu trnh cn thit trong cng ngh x l

thu hi ti nguyn t cht thi rn, dng cho qu trnh chuyn ha bin thnh sn phm hoc

cho cc qu trnh thu hi nng lng sinh hc. Hin nay ngi ta p dng cc phng php tch

phn chia cc hp phn trong cht thi rn bng th cng hoc bng cgii.

- Bng phng php th cng: Dng sc ngi- Bng phng php cgii: Trong cng ngh c sy kh, nghin, sau mi dng thit b

tch (qut gi, xyclon)V tr tch, phn chia cc hp phn c th nh sau:

- Tch ngay t ngun cht thi rn- Tch ti trm trung chuyn- Tch trm tp trung khu vc- Tch ti trm x l cht thi rn : phc v cho vic x l sao cho c hiu qu- Tc kim loi ra khi cht thi rn , tch cc loi giy, catton, polietylenKhi lng v cc hp phn c tch, phn chia ph thuc vo v tr phn tch. in hnh

nht l cc loi giy vn, catton, thy tinh, kim loi mu (nhm, ng), kim loi en (st, thp)

cht do

a) Tch cc hp phn cht thi rn bng qut gi(trng lc):phng php ny c s dngnhiu trong cng ngh tch hp phn ca cht thi rn kh. Cc hp phn c trng lc nh

ch yu l hu ctch khi hp phn nng ch yu l v c.

S h thng qut gi c s dng phn tch cc hp phn trong cht thi rn c th

hin hnh 5.1

Nguyn tc : Qut gi hot ng to p lc ln hn p lc kh quyn. Cc cht nng ri

xung, vt nh sc cun theo lung kh v c tch ra xyclon.

Trong thc t, phng php ny dng tch cc vt nh nh giy vn, ti cht do hoc cc

vt liu nh khc khi hn hp cht thi.


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Chn thit b phn chia bng qut gi: Vic la chn thit b phn chia bng qut gi c da

trn csnh: c tnh ca vt liu sau khi nghin (kch thc ht sau khi nghin, hm lng

m cn li sau khi sy v nghin); c im, tnh cht vt liu nh cn tch; ngoi ra cn ph

thuc vo cc phng php vn chuyn cht thi t nh my nghin ti thit b phn chia , vntc treo, lu lng khng kh, p sut v phng php np cht thi rn vo thit b phn chia.

Ch t l cht thi trn 1 m3 khng kh; cc c im vn hnh, yu cu bo dng, nng

sut ca thit b phn chia nh mc n, kh nng gy nhim mi trng ; c im ca nh

xng, phng php nghin v cc vn v mi trng .

Cc loi thit b tch, phn chia hp phn ca cht thi rn c th chia thnh cc loi:

- Loi n gin- Loi ziczac- Loi rung- Loi khcT l cht thi rn v khng kh bin ng t 0,2 0,8 i vi vt liu nh. Vn tc treo(l

lng) i vi thit b phn tch bng kh c th hin bng 5.1

Vn tc (m/s)

Hp phn Thit b ziczac

D = 50 mm

Trong ng thng

ng

D = 150 mm

1. Ti cht do2. Giy bao gi kh, m 25%3. Giy bao giy kh c nghin nh vi chu

vi 25 mm

4. Loi hn hp giy bo, giy catton5. Giy bo nghin m (m 25%)6. Loi giy catton c sng, nghin kh7. Giy catton c sng, ct vung, chu vi 25 mm8. Vt liu xp dng ng bao gi

2

2 2,5

2,5

3

3,8

3,5 3,8

5

3,8 5,1

1,8

1,8

2

-

2 2,5

3,5

-


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9. Cao su bt c din tch 1,5 cm210.Cao su cng c nghin nh c din tch 1,5

cm2

11

17,5

-

-

c)Tch cc hp phn tcht thi rn bng t:phng php chung nht thu hi st vn t

cht thi rn l dng phn chia bng t. Vt liu st thng c thu hi sau khi ct v trc khi

phn chia bng qut gi hoc sau khi ct v phn chia bng qut gi. mt s trm ln, h

thng phn chia t thng t u dy chuyn trc khi ct. Khi cht thi l khi d chy

trong cc l t thnh ph th vic phn chia bng t c tht sau khi t tch cc mnh vn

kim loi ra khi tro t. H thng thu hi bng t cng c tht khu bi thi. Nhng v tr

c bit ni vt liu st cn thu hi ty thuc mc tiu cn t, chng hn vic gim-kh cc c, rch trong qu trnh sb v thit b phn chia, mc trong sch ca sn phm cn t

hiu qu thu hi cn thit. phng php ny c p dng thu hi cc kim loi st trong cng

nghip nh : thu hi st trong cc nh my ckh hay thu hi cc thnh phn st r nhm m

bo s trong sch ca sn phm

Chn thit b phn chia, tch loi bng t: Vic la chn thit b phn chia bng tc da

trn cc cssau:

- V tr thu hi st- c tnh cht thi c cha st- Lng st c trong cht thi rn nhiu hay t, st c kch thc ln phi tch ring

nghin nh

- Thit b np cht thi rn ti thit b phn chia bng t.- c tnh thit k, ti trng, nng sut, kch thc ca my phn chia bng t, mnh ca

t.

- Nhu cu v nng lng bo dng ca thit b.- Mi trng: ting n, tnh trng khu tri, kho bi, iu kin tch t.Cc thit b phn tch bng t gm cc loi nh : Thit b phn tch bng t treo (a); t kiu

trc (b); trng t treo (c); kiu bng ti (d). S th hin cc thit b ny c th hin hnh

5.2.


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b) Tch cc hp phn cht thi rn bng sngSng lm nhim v phn chia cht thi rn c kch thc khc nhau thnh 2 hoc nhiu loi

khc nhau ty theo kch

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