Quality Standards and Quality Grade

8/1/2019 Quality Standards and Quality Grade

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Quality Standards and Quality

Grade

Apparel Standards Specifications and

Quality control

Quality Standards & Quality Grade 1


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Outline

Definition of a Standard & Grade

Difference between Grade and Standard

Importance of Standards Standards for Different Levels

Quality Standard & Price relationship



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Standards & Specifications

Many companies have established sets of

expectations for the products they produce or

sell.

These expectations describe various factors,

including the sizes or size range, features or

style components, appearance aspects,

materials, and performance.



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Expectations

Expectations may exist in a written and organizedform, in a series of memos from variousindividuals within the company or in an unwrittenform.

These expectations may be stated in generalterms, or they may incorporate very specificnumerical descriptions.

Companies that are committed to quality are far

more likely to have complied their expectations inan organized, detailed written quality assurancemanuals.



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We have all come acrossthe term standard or

standards in reference toquality control, but what

exactly is a standard andwho makes the standards ?


What is STANDARD ?


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Standards - Introduction

A standard may be defined asa) Something that is established by the authority,

custom or general consent as a model or example tobe followed;

b) Something established for use as a rule or basis ofcomparison in measuring or judging capacity,quantity, content, extent, value, quality, etc.

c) The type, the model or example commonly orgenerally accepted or adhered to; criterion set forusage or practice;

d) A level of excellence, attainment, etc. regarded as ameasure of adequacy.



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Standards

Standards are commonly agreed upon aids for

communication and trade.

Standards are set of characteristics or

procedures that provide a basis for resource

and production decisions.

Standards are used to define the quality level,

characteristics and performance for a firms

products.



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Standards Definition by ISO

According to ISO, standards are documented

agreements containing technical specifications

or other precise criteria to be used

consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions

of characteristics, to ensure that materials,

products, processes and services are fit for

their purpose.



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Standardization

Standardization is the process of developing

and applying rules for a consistent and

uniform approach to a specific activity for the

benefit and with the cooperation of all

concerned.

Standardization involves a series of actions by

a group of individuals who work toward aspecific goal.



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Developing Standards

Standards are developed with the cooperation of

producers, suppliers, manufacturers, government

agencies and consumers, because a need is

perceived within an industry, a company, or anotherarea of interest.

Often a standard reflects one companys interest that

has been broadened to reflect a wider range of

applications.

Standards are evaluated and revised many times

before they are acceptable to all groups



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Benefits of Standards

Standards facilitate communication and prevent

misunderstanding.

Standards make parts interchangeability possible and

as a result mass production is possible Standards can be used in marketing strategy to

promote purchase of products that meet nationally

recognized requirements, especially, when

conformance is backed by a certification program

Standards reduce cost and save money.



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Types of Standards

ASTM develops six types of full-consensus

standards

Test methods

Specifications

Practices

Terminology

Guides

Classifications



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Test methods

A definite procedure for identification,

measurement, and evaluation of one or more

qualities, characteristics, or properties of a

material, product, system or service thatproduces a test result



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Specification

A precise statement of set of requirements to

be satisfied by a material, product, system, or

service that indicates the procedures for

determining whether each of therequirements is satisfied. They often are given

as numerical requirements with appropriate

units and within reasonable limits.



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Practice

A definite procedure for performing one or

more specific operations or functions that

does not produce a test result. These are not

down-graded tests. They include statisticalprocedures, writing statements on precision,

and selecting, installing and operating

equipment.



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Terminology

A document comprising definitions of terms,

descriptions of terms, and explanations of

symbols, abbreviations.



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Guide

A series of options or instructions that do not

recommend a specific course of action. Guides

suggest approaches, offer guidance for a

procedure, increase awareness of availabletechniques and provide information regarding

evaluation and standardization



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Classification

A systematic arrangement of materials,

products, systems or services into groups

based on the similar characteristics such as

origin, composition, properties, or use.



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Other types of Standards in the

Industry

A Company Standard

Industry Standards

Voluntary Standards Mandatory Standards



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Company Standards

A company standard reflects a consensus among

employees for products or services provided.

Company standards are used throughout the

company in product development, production,purchasing and quality assurance.

Company standards describe general characteristics

or features of a product or service or they describe a

required level of performance.



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DISCUSS A Company Standard for a

KNIT SHIRT


DISCUSS A Company Standard for

a SERVICE INDUSTRY


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Industry Standards

Industry standards reflects consensus among

many companies in an industry or among

individual members of a profession.

Industry standards are not common in the

textile industry in terms of product

performance.



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Industry Standards Contd..

Very few industry wide standards exist for

performance of materials, in spite of what

vendors may indicate.

Standards are much more common in terms of

materials.

There are several standard types on the

market, so that companies can buy the type

and quality needed for their products



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Voluntary Standards

Voluntary Standards allow individuals or companies

to determine on their own whether to adopt

standard.

ASTM standards are examples of voluntarystandards. No organization or group forces adoption

of these standards.

However voluntary standards may become

incorporated into laws, regulations or contracts.



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MandatoryStandards

With mandatory standards, adoption is

required, generally by a law or regulation.

Most mandatory standards relate to safety or

health issues.

For example, with textile products, childrens

sleepwear has to meet mandatory standards

in terms of its minimal burning behaviour.



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International Standards

Since standards have become so important to

many industries worldwide, standards are

used internationally to facilitate trade and

technology transfer among nations.

international standards describe a situation in

which majority of the products or services

conform to the same standard regardless ofwhere a product was produced or service was

performed.



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International standards exist for many industries including

Information Processing

Banking

Energy production

Communication &

Textiles

Often standards that are widely used by one country involved

in international trade become part of the international

standards simply because they are widely used in many partsof the world.



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More than 150 countries are involved in developing

international standards.

Some of the national standards organization that work with

ISO are

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC)

The Standards Council of Canada (SCC),

American National Standards Institute (ANSI),

Standards New Zealand (SNZ)

British Standards Institute (BSI)

Many standards relate to the textile industry.



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APPLICATION

OF STANDARDS

TO

TEXTILE

INDUSTRY



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Introduction of Standards in business

Standards reflect business objectives that deal with

meeting target market needs and expectations.

Standards must exist when communicating among

producers, suppliers, vendors, retailers andconsumers.

Standards guide product development, materials

selection, prototype analysis and refinement,

production and finishing, labeling, packaging,

shipping, and other activities within a company.



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Uses of NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL standards

for business

National standards address labeling and

supplying information for consumers at point

of purchase. International standards relate to

information necessary to do business.

International standards relate to information

necessary to do business in a global market.

ISO 9000 standards are one example.



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Purpose of standards & specification

The purpose of standards and specifications is to

incorporate the desired quality into the products

based on the those documents and requirements.

One does not write or develop quality standards, butappropriate aspects of quality are incorporated into

standards and specifications as they are developed.

Quality cannot be added to the products after

production, so quality standards enforced at that

stage merely separate first quality merchandise from

second quality merchandise



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Focus of Company towards Quality Standard

Company should focus on identifying the factors that

contribute to a quality product and on incorporating

standards that address those concerns.

A company needs to examine each element of itsproduct and relate those elements to consumer

expectations and satisfaction.

Many divisions of the company will be involved in

the process of developing and continuously

examining and refining company standards.



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Marketing

Provides feedback from the customers and mayseek out information from consumers.

Production

Analyses the requirements and capabilitiesrelated to equipment, skills and training costs,and quantity

Merchandising

Examines product requirements in terms ofmaterials, products and customer expectations


These information is integrated to form the

standards related to the product line


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A company is likely to develop standards for

Size based on its basic blocks for patterns,

Grading rules used in developing the size range for each

style

Expectations for fit

Performance of materials used in the product line Basic elements regarding product construction

Special needs of the user

Appearance of the finished products

Packaging



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Product Size

Product size is based on basic pattern blocks.

The basic block is the starting point for developing the pattern

for specific style.

It is the block and the grading rules used to change the size of

that determine the dimension of the finished product.

A consumer may discover that one company basic block fits

her/his figure better than another companys basic block.

Many companies have developed dimensions that are

acceptable for each size.

The dimensions incorporate a plus / minus tolerance or range

overlaps into adjacent sizes



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Product Fit

In terms of product fit, companies may develop standards that

describe a loose or tight fit.

Fit standards must be consistent so that the products fits in a

constant and consistent manner.

Some companies may combine some aspects of fit with those

of appearance. (Ex. A company may have a standard that all

the side seams are perpendicular to the floor)

Thus requirements for pattern, fit, and construction should

address meeting this standard.



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Performance of Materials and Products

Performance of materials and products may be addressed by standards.

In some companies only materials performance is addressed. This practice

assumes that if materials meet the standard, then the products will also

meet the standard.

Materials performance may focus on

requirements for care

Ability to be spread

Cut

Sewn & Finished in the production facility

Durability

Comfort

Appearance retention



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Some common terms included in Standards

Terms which are commonly used by the

consumers may be included in the standards.

Care may be described as easy care, machine

washable and dryable, or dry cleanable.

Durability requirements may use terms such as

strong, abrasion resistance, pill resistant, and long

wearing.



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Construction Standards

Construction standards may address how components are

assembled. Standards might be listed as

Shirts always have a separate collar stand,

Hems are circular (Side seams are produced first, then garment is

hemmed) Elastic are stitch in place

All shirts have seven button fronts

Construction standards do not describe the specific steps in

production, but they address expectations for productcharacteristics and performance for consumers



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Special Consumer needs

Special consumer needs may be addressed in

company standards.

Companies that produce buttons for mens shirt may

focus on producing buttons that do not crack whensubjected to pressure, heat, and seam in commercial

laundry presses.

Companies that produce childrens wear may focus

on incorporating features that enable children to

dress themselves.



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Appearance of the finished product

Company standards may also address the

appearance of the finished product.

Standards may be as simple as

Stating that fabric and thread colors match Hems do not roll

Product appearance is one of the very first

characteristics that attracts the attention of the

consumer, appearance should address those

characteristics that consumer may consider in

assessing products.



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Packaging

Packaging is the another area that standards

may address. Many companies have packaging

standards that minimize environmental

impact.

In addition, bar code labeling is commonplace.

Standards of location of bar codes

information incorporated in the bar codes isimportant.



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Documents

Quality Standards and Quality Grade