Seite 1

Implemented by

Quality of wood fuel, suitable operating regimes

of biomass boilers and different types of business

organisation for biomass projects

Belgrade, 18th of October 2018

C. Letalik, Dipl. Ing. agr.

C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.

Heat from Biomass – multilateral, reliable, sustainable

Seite 2

Implemented by

Who is C.A.R.M.E.N. e. V.?Central Agricultural Raw materials Marketing and

Energy Network , registered non profit association

Coordination office for renewable resources in Bavaria

Founded in 1992, 70 members, 40 employees

Consulting, public relations and project management

regard to energetically use of biomass, bank reports

Project assessment and project evaluation for the

Bavarian Ministry of Economy, Media, Energy and Technology

Further information: www.carmen-ev.de

Christian Letalik, cl@carmen-ev.de *49(0)160-8575069

Germany

City of

Straubing

Seite 3

Implemented by

380 Biomass Heat Plants: BioKlima Program

16 Woodgas CHP in BioSol Program

More than ●380 biomass

heat plants (0,2

MWth. – 5 MWth.)

(with heat grid)

in Bavaria.

Supported with

investment

subsidies by

the Bavarian

Government,

evaluated over

7 to 12 years

sources for

long term tech-

nical and eco-

nomical data.

Criteria of efficiency

➢ Biomass boiler

➢ 2,500 full load hours

in a bivalent system

➢ 2,000 h monovalent

➢ Heat pipeline

➢1,500 kWh/m, year

heat density in the

District Heating grid

➢1 km 1,500 MWh

heat demand by all

clients in the district

heating

Seite 4

Implemented by

• One third of

renewables - based

electricity supply

from biomass, but

dominated by

biogas plants (18%).

Only 8% from solid

fuels.

• Biogenic liquid

fuels only have very

small relevance.

• One third from wind

energy onshore,

wind energy

offshore is

increasing rapidly.

• One third from PV

and hydropower.

Solid Biomass: 8% of 153TWh = 12.000

GWh with 1,5 GWel = 8.000 full load

hours

Wind: 34% of 153 TWh = 51.000 GWh

with 34 GWel = 1.500 full load hours

PV: 20,5% of 153TWh = 31.000 GWh

with 36 GWel = 860 full load hours

Hydropower: 14% of 153TWh

= 21.000 GWh with 4,5 GWel

= 4.700 full load hours

Electricity from renewables – a good mixture in Germany

Seite 5

Implemented by

88 % bioenergy share on

renewable heat supply

means 13 % of total heat

demand in 2015

39,8 % biogenic solid

fuels for households

6,4 % solid fuels

in services sector

17,1% biogenic solid

fuels for industry

3,9 % biogenic solid

fuels heat plants/CHP

1,3 % biogenic

liquid fuels

11,6 % biogas

7,5 % biogenic

share in residual

waste

5,0% solar

heat

7,4 % geothermal

heating

geothermal

pgggggggggower Source: BMWi, AGEE-Stat, FNR 2016

Renewable Energy Heat Supply in Germany 2015

Seite 6

Implemented by

Biomass plant

with wood chip

bunker

Different heat sinks

with different annual

curve and peak load

COOLING?!

Hospitals do need

heat (cooling) and

hot water all year

round same

conditions in

tourism (hotels,

spa…) and e.g. food

industry

(processing heat)

Schools need the

heat up to eight

months a year

Outdoor swimming

pools need the heat

five months a year

e.g. Church: very

low demand for

heat supply

Biomass Heat Plant System – Technical Design

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Heizenergie

Warmwasser

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Heizenergie

Warmwasser

Heat demand

and heat load of

all clients must

be well

evaluated

Ask for former

energy

consumption

(heat oil, natural

gas, wood logs,

electricity…)

Regard the

efficiency of old

boilers and

respect the

„diversity

factor“ 70-90%

1.000 kW

100 kW

50 kW

150 kW

200 kW

100 kW

heat load of all

clients = 2.000

kW „diversity

factor“ 80%

heat load in the

DH system:

1.600 kW

Heat grid 1,000 m

Biomass Heat Plant System – Technical Design is essential !!!!

Seite 7

Implemented by

Jahresdauerlinie ab Heizhaus (HH)

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

1 8760Stunden [h]

Erf

ord

erl

ich

e u

nd

vo

rha

nd

en

e W

ärm

ele

istu

ng

ab

He

izh

au

s (

HH

)

[kW

]

Ölkessel 1200 kw GasÖl-Kessel Kessel [kW_th] Leistung: 1200 kW_th von verfügbaren 1200 kW_th; Energieanteil:16,2% von geliefert

Strohkessel 800 kW Feststoff-Kessel Kessel [kW_th] Leistung: 800 kW_th; Energieanteil: 83,8% von geliefert

Erforderliche Leistung 2000 kW thermisch

Definierte Leistung 2000 kW thermischMax. heat load at 1.600 kW; peak load >

800 kW and low load < 240 kW from fossil

fuel boiler (Ø 10-20% of total heat prod.)

oil/gas = 5-10%

wood chips = 80-90% = 2.500 MWh

oil/ gas = 5-10%

Wood Chip boiler with 800 kW thermal out-

put; base load from 240 kW up to 800 kW

hours 8,760 h

2,500 kW

0 h

H

E

A

T

L

O

A

D

in

K

W

Dimensioning of Wood Chip Boiler - bivalent system

Wood Chips:

800 tons per

year = 3.000

m3; storage

at the plant

for 2-3 weeks

in winter

time about

150 - 250 m3

Seite 8

Implemented by

67,067,4

75,173,7

69,0 69,2

63,265,4

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Full costs for heat production Heat prices (income)

all heat plants

Biomass boilersFull load hours:< 2.500

Biomass boilersFull load hours:2.500 < x > 3.500

Biomass boilersFull load hours:> 3.500

Dimensioning of Wood Chip Boilers – Ø Full Load Hours

Seite 9

Implemented by

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5

Ne

tzve

rlu

ste

[%

]

be

zog

en

au

f d

ie z

ug

efü

hrt

e W

ärm

em

eg

e

Wärmebelegungsdichte [MWh/(m*a)]

20 W/m

25 W/m

30 W/m

35 W/m

Spezifische

Verlustleistung der

Nahwärmeleitung:

Zielwert Netzverluste: max. 10 %

How to reduce heat

losses in the pipeline?

Heat demand in MWh/(m*a)

Heat

losses i

n %

in

pip

eli

ne

Specific Heat

losses in W/m

► Minimal proportion of heat demand should be 1,5 MWh/m, year.► example: 1 km of heat pipe should transport at least 1.500 MWh of heat to the clients (replacing 150.000 litres of heat oil)

► heat losses in DH should be kept as low as possible in terms of efficiency and profitability. Target value: maximum 15%

Seite 10

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Important details:➢Insulation standard➢Diameter of pipeline➢Size of grid pumps➢Insulation standard➢Level of supply temperature ➢Temperature spreading➢Hydraulic reconciliation➢Efficiency in the entire grid➢Efficiency in parts of the grid➢Year round operation or not

Heat demand in MWh/(m*a)

Heat

losses i

n %

in

pip

eli

ne

PARAMETERS TO REDUCE HEAT LOSSES

Seite 11

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++ public pools, hospitals, dormitories, old age home

++ wood processing plants with drying station, laundries,

dairies, breweries, slaughterhouses, food industry in

general (fish, fruit, meat…), greenhouses, farming, medium

temperature process heating in industry

++ hotels, spa areas, restaurants residential areas / apart-

ment buildings; FOSSIL DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS

very good

conditions

- low energy houses

- residential areas with few houses

- small individual objects with low

heat demand such as storage halls

worse

conditions

+ new developement areas, densely populated

+ municipal and office buildings, schools

+ commercial areas and industrial areas

+ farming such as chicken / poultry breeding

maybe combination with solar heat and “waste heat”

good

conditions

WHERE DISTRICT HEATING WITH BIOMASS?

Seite 12

Implemented by

► Capital Investment (amount of annuity) – Overhead costs

► Investment for building (heating house, bunker,

chimney) and heat pipe

► wood chip fired boiler; fossil boiler for peak demand

► hydraulic systems, control technology

► pumps, compressor and other components

► installation and commissioning

► technical planning and design, building permission

► Consumption bound costs – variable costs

► wood chips, heating gas oil, natural gas;

► electricity, waste (ash) management

► Operating and other costs

► manpower costs for maintenance and repair, cleaning

► management, insurances, measurement of fume etc.

Seite 13

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Structure of costs in %, figures on

the left in €/MWh

Fuel costs for biomass: ~ 30 - 40 %

Fuel costs for gas or fuel oil: ~ 5-10 %

Costs for electricity: ~ 3 - 5 %

Capital costs: ~ 25 - 35 %

Operating costs: ~ 15 - 20%

Costs for ash disposal: 1-3 %

• Fuel costs for (natural) biomass

with about 30 - 40 % of total costs

– same share as capital costs

• Price for wood chips in

Germany = 2,5-3,5 ct/kWh (!!!!) 2018: same structure;

average full costs 9-10 ct/kWh

Structure of costs of a Biomass Heat plant Project

Seite 14

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Which factors are influencing the decision for the kind of business organisation?

There are different ways of capital procurement for the company Stock Company (not very common); Cooperatives (about 1,000 in Germany)

Limited Ltd. with minimum 25,000 € original share capital (very common)

GmbH (& Co. KG) with Ltd. and Holding

There are different ways of decision making in the company e.g. 51%//49% or 24,9%//24,9%//50,2% or 4 x 25% OR numerous share holders

Energy Cooperative with numerous members – and voting rights identification

Heat clients are owners of heat production facility and heat grid and also are investors

There are different ways of collateralisazion / backup within the company e.g. Wood chip suppliers like forestry companies and / or sawmill owners

more stability for the whole project // sharing risks and costs

There are different ways of economical liability / responsibility GmbH (& Co. KG) – Ltd. Company with limited liability and limited partnership

e.g. Entrepreneur plus wood chip supplier plus municipality plus church plus banks

(as clients and opinion leaders)

Different forms of business organisation for Energy Production

Heat Contracting Company as Service Provider e.g. specialized Contractor or municipal utilities

Seite 15

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Development of Numbers of Energy Cooperatives in Germany

N

ew

EE

G 2

014

Seite 16

Implemented by

Energy Cooperatives in Bavaria

Source: GVB (2012): Erfolgsmodell Genossenschaft: Die Energiewende gemeinsam gestalten

Heat supply

Energy supply

Seite 17

Implemented by

C.A.R.M.E.N. Index for Prices of Solid and Fossil Fuels

Prices for wood chips, wood pellets, split logs

fuel oil and natural gas in Germany

Fuel oil

Natural Gas

Split logs

Wood pellets

Wood chips

C.A.R.M.E.N. Index for Prices of Solid and Fossil Fuels

Seite 18

Implemented by

ORGANISATION OF PRICE INDEX

➢ Per telefax or online schedule (pdf) // 270 direct inquiries

➢ Permanent acquisition by E-Mail and phone (more efficient)

➢ Participants get all data and charts for free in reward

➢ Average value is calculated of all published prices

➢ Unrealistically high prices (as high as the moon) and

- if there were - unrealistically low prices are eliminated

➢ The size of enterprise (amount of products) is not relevant

➢ Wood chip prices every three months, pellet prices monthly

➢ Clear definition of quality features, especially for wood chips

(moisture, particle size) is important.

➢ Wood chips from forestry, not saw mill

➢ Additional information:

➢ Indication of prices only in € per ton

➢ Prices and participants on website

➢ Publishment allowed with reference source

*Bulk quantity

(30 m3/80 m3)

*Delivery (20km)

*Taxes VAT

Seite 19

Implemented by

USERS WHO ARE INTERESTED IN THE INDEX

➢ Clients and users of biomass boilers; operators of biomass heat

plants – price check and market transparency Buyers and

brokers of solid biomass fuels (wood chips, pellets, brickettes)

➢ Operators of District Heating System - Contracting Companies

to elaborate price variation clauses in long-ranging heat

contracts. HERE: most important for this group of index users is

the relative development of C.A.R.M.E.N. wood chip index.

➢ Often it is not the absolute price which has priority for the users.

➢ Decision makers who want to develop a biomass heat plant

concept and need serious basic economic data for the full cost

calculation of their project. CONSULTING.

➢ Decision makers in the field of energy transition

who want to elaborate alternative concepts

based on biomass compared with fossil variants.

➢ Economic evaluation of different heat (CHP) systems.

Seite 20

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Period Description

Month Wood Chips Briquettes Wood Pellets Overall Results

Jan 18 2.465 197 3.230 5.892

Feb 18 1.876 172 2.621 4.669

Mrz 18 1.895 141 2.869 4.905

Apr 18 1.529 144 2.296 3.969

Mai 18 1.458 150 2.560 4.168

Overall Results 9.223 804 13.576 23.603

WOOD CHIPS, PELLETS, BRIQUETTES - CLICKS

Monthly numbers of visits to our website

concerning price index for solid biomass fuels

Seite 21

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OVERVIEW ON SOLID BIOFUELS

Solid

biofuels

Energy

f crops

Woody

Biomassg

Stalk

Biomassg

Cereal

plants

Miscanthusgf

Energy

grass

SRC

Wood

Residual

materials

Stalk

biomass

Woody

Biomassg

Residues

from

stand

Residues

from

processin

g

Residues

after

usage

kUntreated

waste

wood

Treated

waste

wood

Industrial

waste wood

Saw mill

residues

Forest

residues

Small

wood

Pruning of

fruit trees,

winestock,

landscape

material

Straw

Hayg

Roadside

grassgReference:

Holzabsatzfonds

Seite 22

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Prices for wood chips, wood pellets, split logs

and other solid biomass fuels in Germany

Fuel oil Wood

chips

(35%

H2O)

Split

logs

33 cm

Wood-

pellets

corn Straw Straw -

pellets

Miscan-

thus

Olive

residues

(nuclei)

in Spain

Cur-

rent

price

0,80

€/l

80

€/t

60

€/m3

220

€/t

200

€/t

80

€/t

150

€/t

80

€/t

150

€/t

Costs

per

kWh

in €-

cent

8,0 3,0 4,5 5,0 4,0 2,0 3,5 2,0 3,5

Prices of Solid and Fossil Fuels in €-Cent per kWh netto

Price for natural gas: 5 €-Cent up to 10 €-Cent per kWh !!

Prices of Solid and Fossil Fuels in €-Cent per kWh netto

Seite 23

Implemented by

• Raw material: saw dust from untreated wood

• Homogenously , standardized fuel (DIN EN ISO) with high

energy density (2 kg = 1 Liter fuel oil)

• Efficiency up to 90 %; low particulate, CO and NOx emissions

• Many small plants up to 50 kW, but also plants up to 5 MW

• High level of convenience

• Delivery with tankers with injection technology

• Fully automatic and failure-free operation

• Little ash (only about 1% of the pellet‘s weight)

• Good option in rural AND urban areas – combination with

solar heat is a good possible commonly - ENplus and DINplus

PELLET HEATING SYSTEMS

Seite 24

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+ Straw is available in rural areas (mind humus!)

+ Technology for burning, harvesting and storage is

state of the art (special German, Austrian and

Danish boiler technology is available)

Although ash melting point is significantly lower

Storage = harvest campaign during few weeks

Higher ash content, higher Cl and S

content could lead to corrosion problems

Higher requirements to the combustion

technology and flue gas cleaning (bag

filter, electric filter)

Removal of humus feedstock and C by

straw utilization

Ash melting

temperaturegf

Strawgf

Woodgf

STRAW AS A SOLID FUEL FOR HEATING?

Seite 25

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TEST: Firing pellets from Olive residues – no slag

Olive

nuclei

nutshells

Source:

Split logs

Pellets from Olive residues

Residues from oil / wine and other food production - solid fuels?

Seite 26

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Quelle:

LWF

Moisture (% of fresh

matter)

Calo

ric

valu

e H

u (

MW

h/t

)10 20 30 40 50 60

0

5

4

3

2

1

0

Correlation

caloric value -

moisture

Quality of Solid Fuels – Fines?

Hackgut-klasse

zulässige und jeweilige Bandbreite für Teilchengröße (Siebanalyse)

zulässige Extremwerte für Teilchen

max.20 % 60-100% max. 20% max. 4%max. Quer-

schnitt

Länge

G 30 >16 mm16-2,8

mm1,8-1 mm <1 mm 3 cm² 8,5 cm

G 50 <31,5 mm31,5-5,6

mm5,6-1 mm <1 mm 5 cm² 12 cm

G 100 >63 mm63-11,2

mm11,2-1

mm<1 mm 10 cm² 25 cm

Seite 27

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Reference: LWF, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft

Forest

residues

Pulpwood

Forest

residues

Merchandable wood = Wood > diameter 10 cm

Trunk

wood

Efficient Use of Timber Wood AND Forest Residues

Seite 28

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Efficient Wood Chipping along the Forest Road• Allocation as decoupled process step with large mobile wood

chipper

• On-site chipping can be approved if the truck can approach

properly (driveway should be 8-10 m wide, flat and not steep)

• Raw material should be stored consitently with the thicker end

horizontally right angled to the forest road

• Feeding of chippers often is organized on the right!

• Highest productivity for round timber is Ø 100 m³/h, for forest

residues (crown and branches) Ø 75 m³/h

• The stronger the chipper‘s gear the higher the output

• Output/h for softwood > hardwood

• Knife sharpness is very important!

• Overall efficiency is dependent on adjusting the logistics to the

chipper‘s efficiency – to avoid waiting time!

• Avoid input of soil, stones etc.

Efficient Wood Chipping along the Forest Road

Seite 29

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Different resources for wood chips different quality

Fotos: www.haeckselzug.de

Seite 30

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Different qualities Different technologies

Seite 31

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Different qualities Different technologies

Seite 32

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Chipping

and sievinggfDrying

gf

Storagegf

Transportgf

Preparing Quality Solid Fuels from Tree Cuttings - one efficient

Working Step on a Biomass Logistic and Trade Center - BLTC

Seite 33

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Preparing Solid Fuels from Landscape Material in a

Composting Plant – Drying with Heat from Biogas CHP

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Problems caused by bad quality wood chips

Seite 35

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Problems because of low wood chip quality

Seite 36

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▪ Switch from fossil fuels to solid biomass

in District heating systems in Serbia

▪ Plants with several hundreds of MWth

to large for a complete conversion into biomass CHP

▪ „Rule of thumb“: per MWel installed capacity and 7.000 h

(full load hours) in a heat conducted operation we need

▪ about 10.000 tons of wood chips per year and MWel

▪ 5 MWel = 15 MWth = 25 MW furnace thermal capacity

▪ 5 MWel means 50.000 tons of biomass fuels

▪ 10 trucks per day for fuel supply 10.000 hectares of

forest area using forest residues for energy production

* Example – 5 MW el.

CHP with Biomass in

the City of Pfaffenhofen

Seite 37

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Jahresdauerlinie ab Heizhaus (HH)

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

1 8760Stunden [h]

Erf

ord

erl

ich

e u

nd

vo

rha

nd

en

e W

ärm

ele

istu

ng

ab

He

izh

au

s (

HH

)

[kW

]

Ölkessel 1200 kw GasÖl-Kessel Kessel [kW_th] Leistung: 1200 kW_th von verfügbaren 1200 kW_th; Energieanteil:16,2% von geliefert

Strohkessel 800 kW Feststoff-Kessel Kessel [kW_th] Leistung: 800 kW_th; Energieanteil: 83,8% von geliefert

Erforderliche Leistung 2000 kW thermisch

Definierte Leistung 2000 kW thermisch

2 Wood Chip boilers with 1,400 kW and 700 kW

thermal output; groundload up to 200 kW from

biogas CHP; monovalent cascade system

Max. heat load at 2.300 kW; in winter time 2 boilers

are running; in summer time only heat from biogas

No heatoil / natural gas !!

Heat from

bioenergy = 100%

Biogas Biogas Biogas Biogas Biogas Biogas Bio

CHPBiogas Plant

* Best Practice Example – 2,1 MWth. Biomass Heat Plant

in Combination with Biogas CHP in Triesdorf

H

E

A

T

L

O

A

D

in

K

W

Seite 38

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BEST PRACTICE: AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

TRIESDORF

Bioenergy project „LLA Triesdorf“ about 50 km in the west of Nuremberg,

Bavaria a combination of▪ Biomass heat plant with 2 wood chip boilers 1,4 MW and 0,7 MW

▪ Biogas plant with 250 kW electrical output and 200 kW thermal output from cogeneration

unit

▪ 40 buildings (diary, university, offices, restaurant, stables, operating rooms etc.) are 100 %

supplied by heat from biomass all over the year. No fossil fuels.

▪ Groundload up to 200 kW th. from Biogas cogeneration unit (CHP) for 8,000 hours per year.

▪ Middle load supplied by one of the wood chip boilers depending on season (spring /

autumn)

▪ In the high winter season both wood chip boilers are running.

▪ Biogas Plant is fed by maize and grass silage and slurry from the own agricultural holding.

Seite 39

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For the region

• Use of resources from the region – decentral concepts

– short distances

• Lower quality wood like forest residues can be used

• Higher benefits in the region

BENEFITS of BIOMASS DISTRICT HEATING: For the client

• High comfort – no personal work for heating – less

space in house needed, competitive prices for heat

For the environment

• Less green house gas emissions (CO2)

• Opportunity for installation of CHP

Thank you

for jour

attention.

Do you have

questions ?

Seite 40

Implemented by

More Informations

www.carmen-ev.de

C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V., Schulgasse 18, 94315 Straubing

Tel.: 0049-9421 960-300, Fax: 09421 960-333

contact@carmen-ev.de, www.carmen-ev.de

Christian Letalik: cl@carmen-ev.de

*49(0)9421/960-346 Mobil: *49(0)160/8575069

Seite 41

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Max. heat load 800 kW; heat demand

1,700 MWh/a; 2,125 full load hours

❖ 180 rooms and apartments

❖ Outdoor pool, indoor pool

❖ Wellness, beauty, sauna,

whirlpool, steam bath, fitness

center etc.

❖ Different restaurants, bars

❖ Full summer/winter season

❖ Heat demand 1,700 MWh/a

❖ For heating and hot water

❖ Full Service Heat Contracting

Hotel Facility – Real Case Best Practise Example with Biomass

Seite 42

Implemented by

Calculation of Biomass Heatplant - Hotel Complex 800 kW heat load

Heat Demand 1.700 MWh/a 210,000 liters of heat oil

Heat losses in pipeline 2,5 %

Heat Production 1.745 MWh/a

Pellet boiler Heat oil boiler

Share of heat production 85 % 15 %

Heat production 1.483 MWh/a 262 MWh/a

Thermal output 0,54 MW 0,80 MW

Fuel Wood pellets Heat oil

Caloric value of fuel 4,9 kWh/kg 10 kWh / liter

Thermal efficiency full load 90 % 90 %

Thermal efficiency 365 days 85 % 85 %

Full load hours 3.231 h/a 385 h/a

Fuel demand 360 t/a pellets 30.788 liters / a

Electricity consumption 1,5 % of heat demand 0 %

Electricity consumption in MWh 26 MWh/a 0 MWh/a

Price for electricity 180 €/MWh 180 €/MWh

Jahresdauerlinie ab Heizhaus (HH)

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

1 8760Stunden [h]

Erf

ord

erl

ich

e u

nd

vo

rha

nd

en

e W

ärm

ele

istu

ng

ab

He

izh

au

s (

HH

)

[kW

]

Ölkessel 1200 kw GasÖl-Kessel Kessel [kW_th] Leistung: 1200 kW_th von verfügbaren 1200 kW_th; Energieanteil:16,2% von geliefert

Strohkessel 800 kW Feststoff-Kessel Kessel [kW_th] Leistung: 800 kW_th; Energieanteil: 83,8% von geliefert

Erforderliche Leistung 2000 kW thermisch

Definierte Leistung 2000 kW thermisch

Wood pellets 85% Heat Oil

Heat Oil

Biomass Heatplant Calculation – Real Case HOTEL

Seite 43

Implemented by

Biomass Heat Plant - supplying a hotel complex

with 180 units Invest in T€ netto

Name of component specification SUM in € % of invest

Biomass components (boiler, buffer tank, conveyer …) 540 kW Pellets 145 31

Peakload components (2 boilers, existing) 800 kW heatoil 20 4

Hydraulic systems 20 4

Building (heating house, bunker etc) separate building 160 34

Heat pipeline 170 meters 105 22

House connection/heat exchanger (incl. in pipeline) 0 0

Planning costs 25 5

Other costs 0 0

Total investment 475 100

Subsidies 100 21

Total investment minus subsidies 375 79

Biomass Heatplant Calculation – Real Case HOTEL

Seite 44

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5,600 € less capital

costs because of 21%

subsidies means

3,30 € less per MWh =

0,33 ct / kWh less

for total heat demand

= 1.700 MWh per year

Capital costs

Invest Operating Rate of Annuity Capital Reserves Reserves Investment

netto life interest costs for for repairs costs

€ a % % €/a repairs €/a €/a

%

Biom 145.000 15 2,5 8,07 11.704 2 2.900 14.604

Peak 20.000 15 2,5 8,08 1.615 2 400 2.015

Hydr. 20.000 15 2,5 8,08 1.615 2 400 2.015

Build 160.000 40 2,5 3,98 6.374 1 1.600 7.974

Grid 105.000 40 2,5 3,98 4.183 1 1.008 5.191

Grid 0 40 2,5 3,98 0 1 0 0

Plan 25.000 30 2,5 4,81 1.202 0 0 1.202

other 0 30 2,5 4,81 0 0 0 0

∑ 475.000 26.693 6.308 33.001

Subs 100.000

∑ 375.000 21.087 6.308 27.395

Biomass Heatplant Calculation – Real Case HOTEL

Seite 45

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Wood

pellets:

220 €/ton =

4,5ct/kWh

caloric value

Wood chips:

80 €/ton =

2,5ct/kWh

caloric value

Calculation of Biomass Heatplant - Hotel Complex 800 kW heat load

Price for pellets / heat oil 220 €/t 0,7 €/liter

Fuel costs pellets / heat oil 79.188 €/a 21.550 €/a

Costs for electricity 4.590 €/a

Sum of fuel costs 79.190 €/a 21.550 €/a

Sum of costs for fuel and electricity 105.330 €/a

Manpower requirement 357 h/a 0 h/a

Wages per hour 14 €/h 14 €/a

Manpower costs/year 5.000 €/a 0 €/a

Insurance 0,3% of total invest

~ Operating life 30 a

Rate of interest 2,50 %

Length of pipeline 170 m

Heat losses per year 45 MWh

Heat losses / m pipeline 30 W/m

Heat losses in pipeline 2,5 %

Max. heat load kWth. 800 simultaneity factor 0,9 (890 kW*0,9)

Installed heat capacity 1.340 kW

Biomass Heatplant Calculation – Real Case HOTEL

Seite 46

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Total costs calculation - Hotel Complex 800 kW – Pellet boiler

Using wood chips

(530 t/a) instead of

woodpellets (360 t/a)

= 45,000 €/a

instead of 79,000 €/a

costs for solid fuels

77,40 €/MWh

1,5ct/kWh less

Total Costs Calculation

Pellet boiler (ground load) Peak load (oil/gas)

Fuel costs 79.190 €/a 21.550 €/a

Electricity 4.590 €/a 0 €/a

Disposal of ash 1.270 €/a 0 €/a

Sum 85.050 €/a 21.550 €/a

Sum of consumption costs 106.600 €/a 68%

Management costs 5.000 €/a Administration

Preventive maintenance 5.000 €/a Service

Maintenance costs 5.000 €/a Cleaning

Insurance/regulations 2.500 €/a Metering

Sum of operating costs 17.500 €/a 11%

Sum of investment costs 33.001 €/a 21%

Total costs per year 157.101 €/a

Total costs per MWh 92,41 €/a 1,7 GWh/a

Total costs calculation - Hotel Complex 800 kW – wood pellet boiler

Seite 47

Implemented by

Total costs calculation - Hotel Complex 800 kW – wood chip boiler

Using wood chips

(530 t/a) instead of

woodpellets (360 t/a)

= 45,000 €/a

instead of 79,000 €/a

costs for solid fuels

77,40 €/MWh

1,5ct/kWh less

Total Costs Calculation

Pellet boiler (ground load) Peak load (oil/gas)

Fuel costs 45.150 €/a 21.550 €/a

Electricity 4.590 €/a 0 €/a

Disposal of ash 3.000 €/a 0 €/a

Sum 52.740 €/a 21.550 €/a

Sum of consumption costs 74.290 €/a 56%

Management costs 5.000 €/a Administration

Preventive maintenance 5.000 €/a Service

Maintenance costs 9.800 €/a Cleaning

Insurance/regulations 2.500 €/a Metering

Sum of operating costs 22.300 €/a 17%

Sum of investment costs 35.034 €/a 27%

Total costs per year 131.624 €/a

Total costs per MWh 77,43 €/a 1,7 GWh/a

wood chip boiler

Seite 48

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80 kW

88 MWh/a

20 kW

32 MWh/a

25 kW

40 MWh/a

15 kW

24 MWh/a150 kW

195 MWh/a

70 kW

100 MWh/a

250 kW

485 MWh/a

30 kW

36 MWh/a

30 m

70 m

30 m

20 m

20 m

50 m

30 m

30 m

90 m100 m

10 m

20 m

Analysis of

heat sinks

here 650 kW

incl. 10 kW

(90 MWh)

Heat losses

=1.090 MWh

of heat

demand per

year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Heizenergie

Warmwasser

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Heizenergie

Warmwasser

Heat grid 500 m

School

Different heat sinks

with different annual

curves and peak load

Hospitals do need heat (cooling) and hot

water all year round same conditions in

tourism (hotels, spa…) and e.g. in food

industry (processing heat)